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賯賱毓丞 丕賱兀禺囟乇 - 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕
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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ar"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="鬲賱賯賷賲丞 兀鬲賵賲 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-賯賱毓丞_丕賱兀禺囟乇 rootpage-賯賱毓丞_丕賱兀禺囟乇 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">丕賳鬲賯賱 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賱賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">丕賳賯賱 賱賱卮乇賷胤 丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-encyclopedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-encyclopedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 丕賱賲賵爻賵毓丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="夭乇 丕賱氐賮丨丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>丕賱氐賮丨丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻丞</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賲胤丕賱毓丞 爻乇賷毓丞 賱兀賴賲 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱噩丕乇賷丞"><span>丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱噩丕乇賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="賯丕卅賲丞 兀丨丿孬 丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賵賷賰賷. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>兀丨丿孬 丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-wrecentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9"><span>兀丨丿孬 丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇丕鬲 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 鬲氐賮丨 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-subjects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9"><span>兀亘噩丿賷</span></a></li><li id="n-portals" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD"><span>亘賵丕亘丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="丨賲賱 氐賮丨丞 毓卮賵丕卅賷丞 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>賲賯丕賱丞 毓卮賵丕卅賷丞</span></a></li><li id="n-Kiwix" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3"><span>鬲氐賮丨 賲賳 睾賷乇 廿賳鬲乇賳鬲</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-contributing" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-contributing" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賲卮丕乇賰丞 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7"><span>鬲賵丕氐賱 賲毓 賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="丨賷孬 鬲噩丿 丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丞"><span>賲爻丕毓丿丞</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86"><span>丕賱賲賷丿丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵賷賰賷亘賷丿賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" style="width: 7em; 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>丿禺賵賱</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 氐賮丨丕鬲 賱賱賲丨乇乇賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 爻噩賻賾賱賵丕 禺乇賵噩賴賲 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9" aria-label="鬲毓賱賻賾賲 丕賱賲夭賷丿 亘禺氐賵氐 丕賱鬲丨乇賷乇"><span>鬲毓賱賻賾賲 丕賱賲夭賷丿</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="賯丕卅賲丞 亘鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲 賯丕賲 亘賴丕 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱丌賷 亘賷 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>賲爻丕賴賲丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="賳賯丕卮 丨賵賱 丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲 賲賳 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱兀賷亘賷 賴匕丕 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> 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href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"鬲氐賳賷賮:賲匕丕亘丨 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞 丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賯鬲賱 丕賱賲丿賳賷賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"賲噩夭乇丞 賲爻鬲卮賮賶 丕賱賲毓賲丿丕賳賷\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱丕爻鬲賴丿丕賮 丕賱賲爻鬲卮賮賷丕鬲 賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003E賱丕 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#丕賱丿毓丕賷丞_丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞\" title=\"毓賲賱賷丞 胤賵賮丕賳 丕賱兀賯氐賶\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003E賱賱鬲囟賱賷賱 賵丕賱賰賷賱 亘賲賰賷丕賱賷賳\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"賵賯賮 廿胤賱丕賯 丕賱賳丕乇 賮賷 睾夭丞 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003E兀賵賯賮賵丕 丕賱丨乇亘\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... 賵丕賳卮乇賵丕 丕賱爻賱丕賲 丕賱毓丕丿賱 賵丕賱卮丕賲賱\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="丕賱賲賵賯毓"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">丕賳賯賱 賱賱卮乇賷胤 丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">丕賱賲賯丿賲丞</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賵氐賮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賵氐賮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>丕賱賵氐賮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賵氐賮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賯賱毓丞_丨丕賱賷丕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賯賱毓丞_丨丕賱賷丕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>丕賱賯賱毓丞 丨丕賱賷丕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賯賱毓丞_丨丕賱賷丕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賳馗乇_兀賷囟賸丕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賳馗乇_兀賷囟賸丕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>丕賳馗乇 兀賷囟賸丕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賳馗乇_兀賷囟賸丕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-丕賱賲乇丕噩毓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>丕賱賲乇丕噩毓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-丕賱賲乇丕噩毓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="鬲亘丿賷賱 毓乇囟 噩丿賵賱 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">鬲亘丿賷賱 毓乇囟 噩丿賵賱 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">賯賱毓丞 丕賱兀禺囟乇</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="賴匕賴 丕賱賲賯丕賱丞 鬲鬲賵丕噩丿 賮賯胤 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賱睾丞. 兀囟賮賴丕 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀囟賮 賱睾丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125497005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="廿囟丕賮丞 賵氐賱丕鬲 亘賷賳 丕賱賱睾丕鬲" class="wbc-editpage">兀囟賮 賵氐賱丕鬲</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳胤丕賯丕鬲"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1" title="丕毓乇囟 氐賮丨丞 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲賯丕賱丞</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4:%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1" rel="discussion" title="賳賯丕卮 氐賮丨丞 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>賳賯丕卮</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="睾賷賾乇 賱賴噩丞 丕賱賱睾丞" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賱毓乇亘賷丞</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="賲毓丕賷賳丞"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=edit" title="毓丿賱 丕賱賰賵丿 丕賱賲氐丿乇賷 賱賴匕賴 丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=history" title="丕賱賳爻禺 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱氐賮丨丞 [h]" accesskey="h"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲 丕賱氐賮丨丞"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="兀丿賵丕鬲" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">兀丿賵丕鬲</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">兀丿賵丕鬲</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">丕賳賯賱 賱賱卮乇賷胤 丕賱噩丕賳亘賷</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">兀禺賮</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="丕賱賲夭賷丿 賲賳 丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1"><span>丕賯乇兀</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=edit" title="毓丿賱 丕賱賰賵丿 丕賱賲氐丿乇賷 賱賴匕賴 丕賱氐賮丨丞 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>毓丿賾賱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=history"><span>鬲丕乇賷禺</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 毓丕賲 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="navbar noprint bordered" style="display:block;flex:auto;border-top:2px dotted #E1E1E1;width:100%"><span class="plainlinks" style="background:inherit;text-align:right;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&veaction=edit&section=0">鬲毓丿賷賱</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=edit&section=0">鬲毓丿賷賱 賲氐丿乇賷</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125497005" class="extiw" title="d:Q125497005">鬲毓丿賷賱 賵賷賰賷 亘賷丕賳丕鬲</a></span><span style="text-align:left;float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89" title="丨賵賱 丕賱賯丕賱亘"><img alt="丨賵賱 丕賱賯丕賱亘" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/30px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/45px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg/60px-Test_Template_Info-Icon_-_Version_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p><b>賯賱毓丞 丕賱兀禺囟乇</b> 兀賵 賯賱毓丞 丕賱賵丕丿賷 丕賱兀禺囟乇 賴賷 賯賱毓丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 鬲賯毓 賮賷 賯乇賷丞 丕賱兀禺囟乇 卮賲丕賱 睾乇亘 賲丿賷賳丞 <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83" title="鬲亘賵賰">鬲亘賵賰</a> 賵賯丿 亘賳賷鬲 毓丕賲 938 賴噩乇賷 丕賱賲賵丕賮賯 1532 賲 賵 兀毓賷丿 鬲乇賲賷賲賴丕 爻賳丞 1080 賴賭.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賵氐賮"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.88.D8.B5.D9.81"></span>丕賱賵氐賮</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="毓丿賱 丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱賵氐賮"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>賷馗賴乇 鬲禺胤賷胤 丕賱賯賱毓丞 毓賱賶 卮賰賱 賲乇亘毓 鬲賯乇賷亘賸丕 亘賲爻丕丨丞 16.8 賮賷 18.4 賲鬲乇貙 兀乇賰丕賳賴丕 亘夭丕賵賷丞 賯丕卅賲丞 賵賱丕 鬲丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 兀亘乇丕噩 賵賲丿禺賱賴丕 賷鬲賵爻胤 丕賱囟賱毓 丕賱卮賲丕賱賷 賵賷丐丿賷 廿賱賶 爻丕丨丞 兀賵 賮賳丕亍 兀亘毓丕丿賴丕 9.10脳5 賲鬲乇 賰賲丕 賷賵噩丿 亘卅乇 丿丕禺賱 丕賱賮賳丕亍 賷丿毓賶 亘卅乇 丕賱兀禺囟乇.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 賷丨賷胤 亘丕賱賮賳丕亍 睾乇賮 賲乇亘毓丞 賰賲丕 賷賵噩丿 賲爻噩丿 賮賷 丕賱噩賴丞 丕賱噩賳賵亘賷丞 賵 賷鬲賵爻胤 丕賱丨丕卅胤 丕賱噩賳賵亘賷 賱賱賯賱毓丞 賲丨乇丕亘 賲噩賵賮 賱賰賳 賯丿 胤賲乇鬲賴 丕賱乇賲丕賱 亘賷賳賲丕 賮賷 丕賱乇賰賳 丕賱噩賳賵亘賷 賲賳 丕賱賮賳丕亍 賷賵噩丿 爻賱賲 賷購賲賻賰賾賳賰賻 賲賳 丕賱氐毓賵丿 毓賱賶 爻胤丨 丕賱丨噩乇丕鬲 丕賱兀乇囟賷丞. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賯賱毓丞_丨丕賱賷丕"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.82.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.A9_.D8.AD.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>丕賱賯賱毓丞 丨丕賱賷丕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="毓丿賱 丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賱賯賱毓丞 丨丕賱賷丕"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鬲賴丿賲鬲 兀睾賱亘 兀噩夭丕亍 丕賱賯賱毓丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 毓賵丕賲賱 丕賱噩賵 賵 毓丿賲 丕賱鬲乇賲賷賲 賵 賲丨丕胤丞 丕賱丌賳 亘爻賷丕噩 賲賳 <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="賴賷卅丞 丕賱鬲乇丕孬">賴賷卅丞 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞</a> 賱鬲乇賲賷賲賴丕 賱丕丨賯賸丕. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賳馗乇_兀賷囟賸丕"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B8.D8.B1_.D8.A3.D9.8A.D8.B6.D9.8B.D8.A7"></span>丕賳馗乇 兀賷囟賸丕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="毓丿賱 丕賱賯爻賲: 丕賳馗乇 兀賷囟賸丕"><span>毓丿賱</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="胤乇亘丕賷 亘賳 賯乇丕噩丕">胤乇亘丕賷 亘賳 賯乇丕噩丕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83" title="鬲亘賵賰">鬲亘賵賰</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱丌孬丕乇 賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱兀孬乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞">賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱丌孬丕乇 賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱兀孬乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="丕賱賲乇丕噩毓"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>丕賱賲乇丕噩毓</h2><span 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617144227/http://saudiency.kapl.org.sa/Loader.aspx?pageid=30&BookID=103&TOCID=64">"賲賵爻賵毓丞 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱爻毓賵丿賷丞 - 鬲亘賵賰 禄 丕賱亘丕亘 丕賱孬丕賱孬: 丕賱丌孬丕乇 賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 禄 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱乇丕亘毓: 丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱兀孬乇賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵丕賱賲鬲丕丨賮 禄 兀賵賱丕賸: 丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱兀孬乇賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 禄 鬲賷賲丕亍 禄 賵丕丿賷 丕賱兀禺囟乇"</a>. 賲丐乇卮賮 賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudiency.kapl.org.sa/Loader.aspx?pageid=30&BookID=103&TOCID=64">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2023-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+-+%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83+%C2%BB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9+%C2%BB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%81+%C2%BB+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9+%C2%BB+%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%C2%BB+%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudiency.kapl.org.sa%2FLoader.aspx%3Fpageid%3D30%26BookID%3D103%26TOCID%3D64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617144926/https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/264842">"賯賱丕毓 鬲亘賵賰 .. 丨賰丕賷丕鬲 賵卮賵丕賴丿 毓賱賶 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞"</a>. 賲丐乇卮賮 賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/264842">丕賱兀氐賱</a> 賮賷 2023-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83+..+%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alwatan.com.sa%2Farticle%2F264842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67739214"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617144310/https://e3arabi.com/engineering/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83/">"賯賱毓丞 丕賱兀禺囟乇 賮賷 鬲亘賵賰"</a>. 賲丐乇卮賮 賲賳 <a rel="nofollow" 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