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tabindex="0" class="nf ng fj nh bh ni"><div class="mw mx my"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh md nj c" width="700" height="350" loading="eager" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div></figure><h1 id="c4db" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Introduction</h1><p id="b4a4" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk"><a class="af pg" href="https://kroma.network/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Kroma</a>, launched in September 2023, is an L2 blockchain and a member of the <a class="af pg" href="https://www.superchain.eco/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Optimism Superchain</a>. It is currently preparing to enhance its security by updating to a <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/kroma-network/kroma-specs/blob/f13368ebfaa6a1b379b3714b551e20b8ebbe3cb5/specs/glossary.md#zk-fault-proof" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">ZK Fault Proof System</a>. This document aims to explain the technical concepts and implementation details of this update.</p><p id="e67d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">While Optimism designed its Challenge protocol using the <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/fault-proof/stage-one/fault-dispute-game.md#preimageoracle" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">PreimageOracle</a> and <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/fault-proof/stage-one/fault-dispute-game.md" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Dispute Game</a> mechanisms, Kroma has adopted a design based on Zero-Knowledge Proofs. This approach is more cost-efficient compared to Optimism’s structure, which requires storing all Preimage data on the L1 EVM. Leveraging this technical advantage, Kroma recently received recognition in <a class="af pg" href="https://round5.retrolist.app/project/0x8c76c13d8d0e63a7de499d47b9da5a4495d1151c0b2003c92379f41f14e404c0" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Optimism’s Retro PGF Round 5</a>.</p><h1 id="1f25" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Background: Optimism’s L2 Chain Derivation</h1><p id="1337" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">Optimism’s <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/glossary.md#l2-chain-derivation" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">L2 Chain Derivation</a> (Derivation) refers to the process of reconstructing and executing L2 blocks based on L2 transactions stored on L1. The diagram below visually represents the process of Derivation using trusted RPCs of L1, L2, and Beacon.</p><figure class="pn po pp pq pr ne mw mx paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nf ng fj nh bh ni"><div class="mw mx pm"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh md nj c" width="700" height="238" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="ps ff pt mw mx pu pv bf b bg z du">Figure 1. Optimism’s L2 Chain Derivation</figcaption></figure><p id="cad7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk"><strong class="ok gv">For a given L2 block Bi, the following steps are performed:</strong></p><ol class=""><li id="7d0a" class="oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf pw px py bk">Verify the hash of the L1Origin block in the first transaction of Bi, the <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/glossary.md#l1-attributes-predeployed-contract" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">L1 Attributes Tx</a>.</li><li id="059c" class="oi oj gu ok b ol pz on oo op qa or os ot qb ov ow ox qc oz pa pb qd pd pe pf pw px py bk">Extract the L1 Attributes Tx and <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/protocol/deposits.md#user-deposited-transactions" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">User Deposited Txs</a> from the L1Origin block.</li><li id="8468" class="oi oj gu ok b ol pz on oo op qa or os ot qb ov ow ox qc oz pa pb qd pd pe pf pw px py bk">Repeat the following logic to identify the batch block containing the transactions of Bi:<br/>a. Incrementally advance the L1Origin block.<br/>b. If a <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/background.md#sequencers" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Sequencer</a> transaction is found, extract the transaction</li><li id="d5fb" class="oi oj gu ok b ol pz on oo op qa or os ot qb ov ow ox qc oz pa pb qd pd pe pf pw px py bk">Once all transactions are collected, execute Bi.</li></ol><p id="24ce" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">In scenarios where connected RPCs cannot be fully trusted or in trustless systems like ZK Proving Schemes, additional validation logic is required to ensure the integrity and consistency of the data. For example, it is necessary to verify that the hash of the block retrieved using the L1Origin hash matches the L1Origin hash itself. Additionally, the parent hash of Oi+1 must be checked to confirm it matches the hash of Oi. These measures ensure the reliability and correctness of the data within the system.</p><h1 id="aec9" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Background: Optimism’s Fault Dispute Game</h1><p id="80c2" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk"><a class="af pg" href="https://www.optimism.io/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Optimism</a>, an Ethereum (L1) L2 blockchain, finalizes transactions by having a single Sequencer determine which transactions to include in a block and then transmitting them to L1. Optimism nodes consistently retrieve L2 blockchain transactions through the Derivation process illustrated in Figure 1. The Validators continuously execute blocks composed of finalized transactions and submit the execution results to L1 every 1800 blocks. If a Validator submits incorrect execution results, a <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/fault-proof/stage-one/fault-dispute-game.md#l2-block-number-challenge" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Challenge</a> protocol, known as the <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/fault-proof/stage-one/fault-dispute-game.md" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Fault Dispute Game</a>, can correct them, though, if no Challenge occurs within 7 days, the execution result is considered valid.</p><p id="11f1" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">The Fault Dispute Game leverages the Derivation program compiled into MIPS architecture. The Validator and Challenger identify the first MIPS instruction that produces differing states, which is then computed on the L1 MIPS contract to determine whether the Validator or Challenger provided an incorrect execution result. Since the Derivation process requires external data such as L1, L2, and Beacon data (Preimages), this data must be pre-stored in the PreimageOracle contract.</p><h1 id="be3c" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System</h1><p id="2305" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">Kroma currently follows the same block generation process as Optimism while introducing an improved challenge protocol, the ZK Fault Proof System. The Validator and Challenger compare the execution results of each block to identify the first block with disagreed results. The Challenger then submits a zkEVM proof for the execution of the identified block to the Challenge (named <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/kroma-network/kroma-specs/blob/f13368ebfaa6a1b379b3714b551e20b8ebbe3cb5/specs/fault-proof/challenge.md#contract-interface" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Colosseum</a>) contract. If the proof is verified, it conclusively proves that the Validator’s execution result is incorrect.</p><p id="7f15" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">The ZK Fault Proof System is more cost-efficient compared to the Fault Dispute Game. In the <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/kroma-network/kroma-specs/blob/f13368ebfaa6a1b379b3714b551e20b8ebbe3cb5/specs/fault-proof/challenge.md#bisection" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Bisection</a> process, identifying the first point of disagreement is performed at the instruction level in the Fault Dispute Game, whereas in the ZK Fault Proof System, it is conducted at the block level. While the execution of MIPS instructions is cost-executable on-chain, executing the entire block on-chain is significantly more expensive. The ZK Fault Proof System simplifies this process by replacing block execution with zk proof submissions, reducing the complexity of the Bisection process. As a result, the search range in the ZK Fault Proof System is at least 10,000 times smaller, leading to lower gas costs for submitting execution results to the Challenge contract on L1 at each step of the Bisection process.</p><p id="300e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">In the Fault Dispute Game, MIPS instructions executed on-chain require external data (called Preimages) to be pre-stored to PreimageOracle on L1, which yields significant costs. In contrast, the ZK Fault Proof System executes blocks off-chain and submits only the zkEVM proof to verify the execution. During this process, Preimages are concealed as witnesses and do not need to be directly submitted to L1, resulting in substantial cost savings.</p><h1 id="3588" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Advancing Proving System</h1><p id="0aa0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">To enhance Kroma’s existing ZK Fault Proof System, two updates to the Proving Scheme are planned. First, to improve security, a transition from zkEVM to zkDerivation will be implemented. Second, to increase efficiency in project management and auditing, a shift from <a class="af pg" href="https://zcash.github.io/halo2/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Halo2</a> to <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/succinctlabs/sp1" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">SP1 zkVM</a> is scheduled.</p><h1 id="6964" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Update: Extend to zkDerivation</h1><p id="b466" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">zkEVM is a system that takes a given transaction as input and proves the correctness of its EVM execution. Extending this, zkDerivation incorporates additional logic to verify whether the transaction was submitted by the Sequencer, thereby proving the accurate execution of Optimism’s Derivation process. To enhance security, the ZK Fault Proof System is being updated from zkEVM to zkDerivation.</p><h1 id="7876" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">zkDerivation</h1><p id="76f4" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">A malicious Prover can arbitrarily manipulate the Ot block in Figure 1 to alter the transactions in Bi. This vulnerability arises because the integrity of Ot, which is linked to the Blob containing the origin of Bi’s transactions, is not verified. The following diagram illustrates the enhanced Derivation process.</p><figure class="pn po pp pq pr ne mw mx paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="nf ng fj nh bh ni"><div class="mw mx pm"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh md nj c" width="700" height="245" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="ps ff pt mw mx pu pv bf b bg z du">Figure 2. Derivation Process for zkDerivation</figcaption></figure><p id="ac27" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk"><strong class="ok gv">For a given L2 block Bi, the following steps are performed:</strong></p><ol class=""><li id="07e7" class="oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf pw px py bk">Execute the Derivation process as shown in Figure 1.</li><li id="eabc" class="oi oj gu ok b ol pz on oo op qa or os ot qb ov ow ox qc oz pa pb qd pd pe pf pw px py bk">Advance the L1Origin to the specified Block C.</li><li id="d6b2" class="oi oj gu ok b ol pz on oo op qa or os ot qb ov ow ox qc oz pa pb qd pd pe pf pw px py bk">Emit the hash value of Block C as a public input.</li></ol><p id="9a03" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">The ZK Proving Scheme allows data to be selectively disclosed as either a public input or a private witness. In zkDerivation, the block hash of Ot or an arbitrary L1 block C after Ot should be emitted as a public input. All data used in the Derivation process is cryptographically linked through a chain of hashes, ensuring data integrity based on the emitted L1 block hash.</p><p id="0894" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">When a challenge is created on L1, the hash of the corresponding block is stored. If the derivation program designates Block C as the block whose hash matches the one stored in the Challenge contract, the integrity of all data used by the derivation program can be verified On-chain.</p><h1 id="9337" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Update: Move to zkVM</h1><p id="74d7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">The Halo2-based Proving Scheme used in Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System requires the development of complex custom circuits (constraints). Since the methodologies for implementing general programs and circuits differ, circuits implementing the same logic as general programs are not intuitively relatable, resulting in significant auditing costs. Additionally, applying all updates from Ethereum and Optimism to a Halo2-based zkEVM for compatibility is considered inefficient.</p><p id="310d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">A zkVM (Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine) is a virtual machine that executes guest programs written using standard programming languages and libraries, producing zero-knowledge proofs of their execution. It does not require the design of complex custom circuits to generate execution proofs, enabling faster implementation of ZK applications while also reducing auditing costs.</p><p id="8b59" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk"><a class="af pg" href="https://www.succinct.xyz/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Succinct</a> has completed an audit of the v3.0.0 SP1 zkVM and provides a stable Network Prover Service. Additionally, the SP1 team has demonstrated user-friendliness by offering examples of generating SP1 zkVM proofs for guest programs related to EVM and Derivation. Based on these advantages, Kroma is transitioning the Proving Scheme of its ZK Fault Proof System from Halo2 to SP1 zkVM.</p><h1 id="0618" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Kroma Guest Program</h1><p id="9af7" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">Kroma’s guest program is implemented based on Kona, which incorporates the Derivation process described in Figure 2. All data required for the Derivation process is concealed as witnesses, eliminating the costs associated with setting up the PreimageOracle, as required in the Fault Dispute Game. The guest program is designed to expose only the necessary public inputs for the ZK Fault Proof System: the <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/cc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d/specs/glossary.md#l2-output-root" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">OutputRoots</a> at Bi-1 and Bi, as well as the hash of L1 block C.</p><h1 id="29f7" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Kroma Host Program</h1><p id="2f1c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">Since a zkVM operates in an isolated environment, it has no capability to access external data, such as through RPCs. However, Kona’s Derivation program relies on external RPCs, requiring it to be adapted for execution within the zkVM. To address this, the Host program first executes Kona natively to collect all necessary external data. Then, during the second execution within the zkVM, the collected data is provided as input. After the zkVM execution is completed, the Host program retrieves the SP1 zkVM proof along with the public inputs disclosed by the guest program. The proof is then submitted to the Verifier contract to be validated.</p><h1 id="ad0d" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Summary</h1><p id="1cde" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System eliminates the need for setting up a PreimageOracle and simplifies the process of Bisection between the Validator and Challenger, resulting in lower execution costs compared to Optimism’s Fault Dispute Game. This efficiency was recognized by Optimism, earning Kroma an award in Retro PGF Round 5, with expectations that it will be adopted as one of the <a class="af pg" href="https://specs.optimism.io/fault-proof/stage-one/dispute-game-interface.html#types" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Multi-type Fault Proof Systems</a> in Optimism. Furthermore, Kroma is proactively preparing for a transition to zkRollup by introducing L2 block validity proofs into its Fault Proof System. This update enhances the security of Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System, simplifies audits, and reduces the risk of potential bugs.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb qe qf qg qh" role="separator"><span class="qi by bm qj qk ql"></span><span class="qi by bm qj qk ql"></span><span class="qi by bm qj qk"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><h1 id="3922" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn qm np nq nr qn nt nu nv qo nx ny nz qp ob oc od qq of og oh bk">About Kroma</h1><p id="2e34" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk">Kroma is the most user and builder-friendly Layer 2 designed to bring gamified Web3 experiences to the mass. Built on the Superchain, Kroma has established itself as a technically advanced Layer 2 solution by launching the first permissionless validator network with ZK fault proofs and offering the first native token staking service.</p><p id="6540" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol ph on oo op pi or os ot pj ov ow ox pk oz pa pb pl pd pe pf gn bk">Kroma also maintains a blazing-fast ZK backend library called <a class="af pg" href="https://github.com/kroma-network/tachyon" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Tachyon</a> that simplifies proof generation with minimal changes, outperforming other current solutions.</p><h1 id="ea92" class="nk nl gu bf nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh bk">Follow us:</h1><p id="4bce" class="pw-post-body-paragraph oi oj gu ok b ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf gn bk"><a class="af pg" href="https://kroma.network/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Website</a> | <a class="af 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to zkVM: Enhancing Security and Auditability","socialTitle":"","socialDek":"","canonicalUrl":"","metaDescription":"","latestPublishedAt":1732611600125,"readingTime":6.85188679245283,"previewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"We are paving the way for #zkVM to enhance security and 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to zkVM: Enhancing Security and Auditability","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png","originalHeight":1536,"originalWidth":3072,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_1":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_1","name":"a60f","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*yHg9p-2QY9Q0mfvjup-wEA.png"},"text":"","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_2":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_2","name":"c4db","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Introduction","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_3":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_3","name":"b4a4","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma, launched in September 2023, is an L2 blockchain and a member of the Optimism Superchain. It is currently preparing to enhance its security by updating to a ZK Fault Proof System. This document aims to explain the technical concepts and implementation details of this update.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":5,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fkroma.network\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":75,"end":94,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.superchain.eco\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":163,"end":184,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fkroma-network\u002Fkroma-specs\u002Fblob\u002Ff13368ebfaa6a1b379b3714b551e20b8ebbe3cb5\u002Fspecs\u002Fglossary.md#zk-fault-proof","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_4":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_4","name":"e67d","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"While Optimism designed its Challenge protocol using the PreimageOracle and Dispute Game mechanisms, Kroma has adopted a design based on Zero-Knowledge Proofs. This approach is more cost-efficient compared to Optimism’s structure, which requires storing all Preimage data on the L1 EVM. Leveraging this technical advantage, Kroma recently received recognition in Optimism’s Retro PGF Round 5.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":57,"end":71,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fstage-one\u002Ffault-dispute-game.md#preimageoracle","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":76,"end":88,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fstage-one\u002Ffault-dispute-game.md","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":363,"end":391,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fround5.retrolist.app\u002Fproject\u002F0x8c76c13d8d0e63a7de499d47b9da5a4495d1151c0b2003c92379f41f14e404c0","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_5":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_5","name":"1f25","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Background: Optimism’s L2 Chain Derivation","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_6":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_6","name":"1337","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Optimism’s L2 Chain Derivation (Derivation) refers to the process of reconstructing and executing L2 blocks based on L2 transactions stored on L1. The diagram below visually represents the process of Derivation using trusted RPCs of L1, L2, and Beacon.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":11,"end":30,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Fglossary.md#l2-chain-derivation","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE","originalHeight":542,"originalWidth":1600,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_7":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_7","name":"6587","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*u6Bkum7DRNpbrbdE"},"text":"Figure 1. Optimism’s L2 Chain Derivation","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_8":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_8","name":"cad7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"For a given L2 block Bi, the following steps are performed:","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":59,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_9","name":"7d0a","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Verify the hash of the L1Origin block in the first transaction of Bi, the L1 Attributes Tx.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":74,"end":90,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Fglossary.md#l1-attributes-predeployed-contract","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_10":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_10","name":"059c","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Extract the L1 Attributes Tx and User Deposited Txs from the L1Origin block.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":33,"end":51,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Fprotocol\u002Fdeposits.md#user-deposited-transactions","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_11":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_11","name":"8468","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Repeat the following logic to identify the batch block containing the transactions of Bi:\na. Incrementally advance the L1Origin block.\nb. If a Sequencer transaction is found, extract the transaction","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":143,"end":152,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Fbackground.md#sequencers","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_12":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_12","name":"d5fb","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Once all transactions are collected, execute Bi.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_13":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_13","name":"24ce","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In scenarios where connected RPCs cannot be fully trusted or in trustless systems like ZK Proving Schemes, additional validation logic is required to ensure the integrity and consistency of the data. For example, it is necessary to verify that the hash of the block retrieved using the L1Origin hash matches the L1Origin hash itself. Additionally, the parent hash of Oi+1 must be checked to confirm it matches the hash of Oi. These measures ensure the reliability and correctness of the data within the system.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_14":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_14","name":"aec9","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Background: Optimism’s Fault Dispute Game","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_15":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_15","name":"80c2","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Optimism, an Ethereum (L1) L2 blockchain, finalizes transactions by having a single Sequencer determine which transactions to include in a block and then transmitting them to L1. Optimism nodes consistently retrieve L2 blockchain transactions through the Derivation process illustrated in Figure 1. The Validators continuously execute blocks composed of finalized transactions and submit the execution results to L1 every 1800 blocks. If a Validator submits incorrect execution results, a Challenge protocol, known as the Fault Dispute Game, can correct them, though, if no Challenge occurs within 7 days, the execution result is considered valid.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":8,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.optimism.io\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":489,"end":498,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fstage-one\u002Ffault-dispute-game.md#l2-block-number-challenge","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":522,"end":540,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fstage-one\u002Ffault-dispute-game.md","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_16":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_16","name":"11f1","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The Fault Dispute Game leverages the Derivation program compiled into MIPS architecture. The Validator and Challenger identify the first MIPS instruction that produces differing states, which is then computed on the L1 MIPS contract to determine whether the Validator or Challenger provided an incorrect execution result. Since the Derivation process requires external data such as L1, L2, and Beacon data (Preimages), this data must be pre-stored in the PreimageOracle contract.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_17":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_17","name":"be3c","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_18":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_18","name":"2305","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma currently follows the same block generation process as Optimism while introducing an improved challenge protocol, the ZK Fault Proof System. The Validator and Challenger compare the execution results of each block to identify the first block with disagreed results. The Challenger then submits a zkEVM proof for the execution of the identified block to the Challenge (named Colosseum) contract. If the proof is verified, it conclusively proves that the Validator’s execution result is incorrect.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":380,"end":389,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fkroma-network\u002Fkroma-specs\u002Fblob\u002Ff13368ebfaa6a1b379b3714b551e20b8ebbe3cb5\u002Fspecs\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fchallenge.md#contract-interface","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_19":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_19","name":"7f15","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The ZK Fault Proof System is more cost-efficient compared to the Fault Dispute Game. In the Bisection process, identifying the first point of disagreement is performed at the instruction level in the Fault Dispute Game, whereas in the ZK Fault Proof System, it is conducted at the block level. While the execution of MIPS instructions is cost-executable on-chain, executing the entire block on-chain is significantly more expensive. The ZK Fault Proof System simplifies this process by replacing block execution with zk proof submissions, reducing the complexity of the Bisection process. As a result, the search range in the ZK Fault Proof System is at least 10,000 times smaller, leading to lower gas costs for submitting execution results to the Challenge contract on L1 at each step of the Bisection process.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":92,"end":101,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fkroma-network\u002Fkroma-specs\u002Fblob\u002Ff13368ebfaa6a1b379b3714b551e20b8ebbe3cb5\u002Fspecs\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fchallenge.md#bisection","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_20":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_20","name":"300e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"In the Fault Dispute Game, MIPS instructions executed on-chain require external data (called Preimages) to be pre-stored to PreimageOracle on L1, which yields significant costs. In contrast, the ZK Fault Proof System executes blocks off-chain and submits only the zkEVM proof to verify the execution. During this process, Preimages are concealed as witnesses and do not need to be directly submitted to L1, resulting in substantial cost savings.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_21":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_21","name":"3588","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Advancing Proving System","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_22":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_22","name":"0aa0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"To enhance Kroma’s existing ZK Fault Proof System, two updates to the Proving Scheme are planned. First, to improve security, a transition from zkEVM to zkDerivation will be implemented. Second, to increase efficiency in project management and auditing, a shift from Halo2 to SP1 zkVM is scheduled.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":267,"end":272,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fzcash.github.io\u002Fhalo2\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":276,"end":284,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fsuccinctlabs\u002Fsp1","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_23":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_23","name":"6964","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Update: Extend to zkDerivation","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_24":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_24","name":"b466","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"zkEVM is a system that takes a given transaction as input and proves the correctness of its EVM execution. Extending this, zkDerivation incorporates additional logic to verify whether the transaction was submitted by the Sequencer, thereby proving the accurate execution of Optimism’s Derivation process. To enhance security, the ZK Fault Proof System is being updated from zkEVM to zkDerivation.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_25":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_25","name":"7876","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"zkDerivation","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_26":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_26","name":"76f4","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"A malicious Prover can arbitrarily manipulate the Ot block in Figure 1 to alter the transactions in Bi. This vulnerability arises because the integrity of Ot, which is linked to the Blob containing the origin of Bi’s transactions, is not verified. The following diagram illustrates the enhanced Derivation process.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt","originalHeight":558,"originalWidth":1600,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_27":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_27","name":"55ad","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*X-YDHyQCgypxe_Zt"},"text":"Figure 2. Derivation Process for zkDerivation","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_28":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_28","name":"ac27","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"For a given L2 block Bi, the following steps are performed:","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":59,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_29":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_29","name":"07e7","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Execute the Derivation process as shown in Figure 1.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_30":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_30","name":"eabc","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Advance the L1Origin to the specified Block C.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_31":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_31","name":"d6b2","type":"OLI","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Emit the hash value of Block C as a public input.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_32":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_32","name":"9a03","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The ZK Proving Scheme allows data to be selectively disclosed as either a public input or a private witness. In zkDerivation, the block hash of Ot or an arbitrary L1 block C after Ot should be emitted as a public input. All data used in the Derivation process is cryptographically linked through a chain of hashes, ensuring data integrity based on the emitted L1 block hash.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_33":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_33","name":"0894","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"When a challenge is created on L1, the hash of the corresponding block is stored. If the derivation program designates Block C as the block whose hash matches the one stored in the Challenge contract, the integrity of all data used by the derivation program can be verified On-chain.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_34":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_34","name":"9337","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Update: Move to zkVM","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_35":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_35","name":"74d7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The Halo2-based Proving Scheme used in Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System requires the development of complex custom circuits (constraints). Since the methodologies for implementing general programs and circuits differ, circuits implementing the same logic as general programs are not intuitively relatable, resulting in significant auditing costs. Additionally, applying all updates from Ethereum and Optimism to a Halo2-based zkEVM for compatibility is considered inefficient.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_36":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_36","name":"310d","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"A zkVM (Zero-Knowledge Virtual Machine) is a virtual machine that executes guest programs written using standard programming languages and libraries, producing zero-knowledge proofs of their execution. It does not require the design of complex custom circuits to generate execution proofs, enabling faster implementation of ZK applications while also reducing auditing costs.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_37":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_37","name":"8b59","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Succinct has completed an audit of the v3.0.0 SP1 zkVM and provides a stable Network Prover Service. Additionally, the SP1 team has demonstrated user-friendliness by offering examples of generating SP1 zkVM proofs for guest programs related to EVM and Derivation. Based on these advantages, Kroma is transitioning the Proving Scheme of its ZK Fault Proof System from Halo2 to SP1 zkVM.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":8,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.succinct.xyz\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_38":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_38","name":"0618","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma Guest Program","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_39":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_39","name":"9af7","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma’s guest program is implemented based on Kona, which incorporates the Derivation process described in Figure 2. All data required for the Derivation process is concealed as witnesses, eliminating the costs associated with setting up the PreimageOracle, as required in the Fault Dispute Game. The guest program is designed to expose only the necessary public inputs for the ZK Fault Proof System: the OutputRoots at Bi-1 and Bi, as well as the hash of L1 block C.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":405,"end":416,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fethereum-optimism\u002Fspecs\u002Fblob\u002Fcc81bffbdfe753bdeb7ea550768dbbfaffd5a82d\u002Fspecs\u002Fglossary.md#l2-output-root","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_40":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_40","name":"29f7","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma Host Program","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_41":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_41","name":"2f1c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Since a zkVM operates in an isolated environment, it has no capability to access external data, such as through RPCs. However, Kona’s Derivation program relies on external RPCs, requiring it to be adapted for execution within the zkVM. To address this, the Host program first executes Kona natively to collect all necessary external data. Then, during the second execution within the zkVM, the collected data is provided as input. After the zkVM execution is completed, the Host program retrieves the SP1 zkVM proof along with the public inputs disclosed by the guest program. The proof is then submitted to the Verifier contract to be validated.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_42":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_42","name":"ad0d","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Summary","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_43":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_43","name":"1cde","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System eliminates the need for setting up a PreimageOracle and simplifies the process of Bisection between the Validator and Challenger, resulting in lower execution costs compared to Optimism’s Fault Dispute Game. This efficiency was recognized by Optimism, earning Kroma an award in Retro PGF Round 5, with expectations that it will be adopted as one of the Multi-type Fault Proof Systems in Optimism. Furthermore, Kroma is proactively preparing for a transition to zkRollup by introducing L2 block validity proofs into its Fault Proof System. This update enhances the security of Kroma’s ZK Fault Proof System, simplifies audits, and reduces the risk of potential bugs.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":383,"end":413,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fspecs.optimism.io\u002Ffault-proof\u002Fstage-one\u002Fdispute-game-interface.html#types","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_44":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_44","name":"3922","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"About Kroma","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_45":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_45","name":"2e34","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma is the most user and builder-friendly Layer 2 designed to bring gamified Web3 experiences to the mass. Built on the Superchain, Kroma has established itself as a technically advanced Layer 2 solution by launching the first permissionless validator network with ZK fault proofs and offering the first native token staking service.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_46":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_46","name":"6540","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Kroma also maintains a blazing-fast ZK backend library called Tachyon that simplifies proof generation with minimal changes, outperforming other current solutions.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":62,"end":69,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fkroma-network\u002Ftachyon","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_47":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_47","name":"ea92","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Follow us:","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:65ad484dd71a_48":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"65ad484dd71a_48","name":"4bce","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Website | Twitter | Discord | Warpcast | Github | Docs | Ecosystem | Brand Kit | 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