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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Мазмуну" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмуну</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">каптал тилкесине жылдыруу</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">жашыруу</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башына кайтуу</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Колдонулган_адабияттар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Колдонулган_адабияттар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Колдонулган адабияттар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Колдонулган_адабияттар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмуну" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмунду жашыруу/көрсөтүү" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмунду жашыруу/көрсөтүү</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Графит</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Башка тилдеги макалага өтүү. 90 тилде жеткиликтүү" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 тил</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet – африкаанча" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grafiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="غرافيت – арабча" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرافيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafitu" title="Grafitu – астурийче" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grafitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrafit" title="Qrafit – азербайжанча" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrafit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайжанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="قرافیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرافیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – башкырча" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкырча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%82" title="Графіт – беларусча" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Графіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%82" title="Графіт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Графіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – болгарча" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="গ্রাফাইট – бангладешче" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রাফাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бангладешче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – боснийче" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – каталончо" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="گرافیت – борбордук курдча" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرافیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="борбордук курдча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – чехче" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – чувашча" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – датча" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphit" title="Graphit – немисче" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graphit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C9%94%C9%94r%C9%94" title="Jɔɔrɔ – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Jɔɔrɔ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γραφίτης – грекче" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грекче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite – англисче" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Graphite" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англисче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grafito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito – испанча" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grafito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiit" title="Grafiit – эстончо" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grafiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito – баскча" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grafito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="گرافیت – фарсча" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرافیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiitti" title="Grafiitti – финче" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grafiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite – французча" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graphite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graif%C3%ADt" title="Graifít – ирландча" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Graifít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito – галисияча" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grafito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисияча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F" title="ગ્રેફાઇટ – гужаратча" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રેફાઇટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гужаратча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98" title="גרפיט – ивритче" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ивритче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्रेफाइट – хиндиче" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेफाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хиндиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – хорватча" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – венгерче" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Գրաֆիտ – армянча" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրաֆիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – индонезияча" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезияча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito – идочо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grafito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%ADt" title="Grafít – исландча" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grafít" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafite" title="Grafite – италиянча" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grafite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиянча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="グラファイト – жапончо" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラファイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pistabno" title="pistabno – ложбанча" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pistabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="გრაფიტი (მინერალი) – грузинче" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრაფიტი (მინერალი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – казакча" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казакча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಗ್ರ್ಯಾಫೈಟ್‌ – каннадача" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರ್ಯಾಫೈಟ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннадача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연 – корейче" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbago" title="Plumbago – латынча" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plumbago" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латынча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphit" title="Graphit – люксембургча" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Graphit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet – лимбургиче" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grafiet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiit" title="Grafiit – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grafiit" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafitas" title="Grafitas – литовчо" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grafitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовчо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C4%ABts" title="Grafīts – латышча" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjarano" title="Manjarano – малагасча" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Manjarano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – македончо" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്രാഫൈറ്റ് – малайаламча" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രാഫൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малайаламча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – малайча" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဂရက်ဖိုက် – бурмача" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရက်ဖိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бурмача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्राफाइट – непалча" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्राफाइट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiet" title="Grafiet – голландча" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grafiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafitt" title="Grafitt – норвежче (нинорск)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grafitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежче (нинорск)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafitt" title="Grafitt – норвежче (букмал)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grafitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежче (букмал)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – окситанча" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsaasoo" title="Irsaasoo – оромочо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Irsaasoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромочо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F" title="ਗਰੇਫ਼ਾਈਟ – пунжабиче" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੇਫ਼ਾਈਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пунжабиче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – полякча" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полякча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafite" title="Grafite – португалча" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grafite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – румынча" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – орусча" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орусча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite – шотландча" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Graphite" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – серб-хорват" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="මිනිරන් – сингалача" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනිරන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингалача" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Graphite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – словакча" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – словенче" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – албанча" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – сербче" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – шведче" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafati" title="Grafati – суахиличе" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Grafati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахиличе" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="கடுங்கரி – тамилче" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடுங்கரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="గ్రాఫైట్ – телугуча" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రాఫైట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугуча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – тажикче" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тажикче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แกรไฟต์ – тайча" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกรไฟต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – түркчө" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түркчө" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит – тувинче" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Графит" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%82" title="Графіт – украинче" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit – өзбекче" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grafit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбекче" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_ch%C3%AC" title="Than chì – вьетнамча" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Than chì" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨 – "У" диалектинде (Кытай)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石墨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name=""У" диалектинде (Кытай)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨 – кытайча" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石墨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кытайча" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chio%CC%8Dh-ba%CC%8Dk" title="Chio̍h-ba̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chio̍h-ba̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨 – кантончо" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石墨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантончо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башка тилдерге шилтемени түзөтүү" class="wbc-editpage">Шилтемелерди түзөтүү</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Аталыш мейкиндиктери"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Аспап кутусу</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Куралдар</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">каптал тилкесине жылдыруу</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">жашыруу</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Аракеттер </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82"><span>Окуу</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&veaction=edit" title="Бул баракты түзөтүү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Түзөтүү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit" title="Барактын кодун 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:CiteThisPage&page=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&id=478856&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Бул макаланы цитаталоо</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fky.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582"><span>URL'ди кыскартуу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fky.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582"><span>QR-кодду жүктөп алуу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Басып чыгаруу/экспорттоо </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82"><span>Китеп түзүү</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF форматында жүктөп алуу</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&printable=yes" title="Бул барактын басма түрү [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Басып чыгаруу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Башка долбоорлордо </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Graphite" hreflang="en"><span>Викиказына</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5309" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимаалымат элементи</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Көрүнүш"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Көрүнүш</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">каптал тилкесине жылдыруу</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">жашыруу</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия дан</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ky" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Min_graphite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Min_graphite.jpg/220px-Min_graphite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Min_graphite.jpg/330px-Min_graphite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Min_graphite.jpg/440px-Min_graphite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Графит.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Графит</b> (нем. Graphit, грекче Gripho — «жазам») <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал">минерал</a>, хим. элемент — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек">көмүртек</a> гексогоналдык сингониядагы кристаллдык модификациясы. Анын структурасындагы атомдор катмарлашкан тегиздиктерде жайгашкан. Бул тегиздиктер өз-ара байланышы начар, ошондуктан Г. жумшак келип колго жана кагазга жеңил жугат (карандаш катарында пайдаланылат). Өңү кара, металл сыяктуу жылтырайт. Электр тогун жакшы өткөрөт. К-тага туруктуу. Жаратылышта көп таралган, кристаллдык сланец менен жанар тоотектеринде көп кездешет. Техникада кокс менен чайырларды ысытуудан (2800°С) алынат. Газ түрүндөгү углеводородду колдонуп, жогорку темп-рада алынган Г. пирографит деп аталат. Г. металл эритүүчү тигелдерди, футеровка плиталарын, ысыткыч элементтерди жана электродду жасоодо колдонулат. Нейтрон сиңдиргич катарында ядролук реактордо пайдаланылат. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Колдонулган_адабияттар"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Колдонулган адабияттар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=1" title="«Колдонулган адабияттар‎» бөлүмүн түзөтүү" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>түзөтүү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Колдонулган адабияттар"><span>булагын түзөтүү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F:_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Химия: Энциклопедиялык окуу куралы (мындай барак жок)">Химия: Энциклопедиялык окуу куралы</a>/Мамлекеттик тил жана энциклопедия борбору, 2004. - 422 б. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD:BookSources/9967140216" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9967-14-021-6</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin:auto;;"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;width:100%;"><div style="float:left;width:3em"> </div><span style="font-size:110%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Karbonatom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Karbonatom.png/12px-Karbonatom.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Karbonatom.png/18px-Karbonatom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Karbonatom.png/24px-Karbonatom.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="344" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек">Көмүртек</a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="white-space:nowrap;"><br /></th><td style="width:100%"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Алмаз">Алмаз</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Графит</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Нефть">Нефть</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Битум">Битум</a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Көмүр">Көмүр</a></th><td style="width:100%"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%A3_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Күрөң көмүр">Күрөң көмүр</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Ташкөмүр">Таш көмүр</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Антрацит">Антрацит</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Көмүр кендери">Көмүр кендери</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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