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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أيغيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيغيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xida" title="Éxida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éxida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эгіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эгіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Егида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Егида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88gida" title="Ègida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ègida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gide" title="Ægide – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ægide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αιγίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιγίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gida" title="Égida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Égida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egido" title="Egido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egida" title="Egida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B3" title="ایجس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایجس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gide" title="Égide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Égide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aegis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xida" title="Éxida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Éxida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아이기스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이기스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egido" title="Egido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Egido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egida" title="Egida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ეგიდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგიდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эгида – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эгида" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egida" title="Egida – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Egida" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egid%C4%97" title="Egidė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigisz" title="Aigisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aigisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_(mythologie)" title="Aegis (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aegis (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%82%B9" title="アイギス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイギス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aegis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gide" title="Égide – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Égide" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egida" title="Egida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Egida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egida" title="Egida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gide" title="Égide – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Égide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aegis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эгида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эгида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aegis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Егида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Егида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egida" title="Egida – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egida" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigis" title="Aigis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aigis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aegis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Егіда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Егіда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%99%B8%E6%96%AF" title="埃癸斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃癸斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shield, buckler, or breastplate of Athena and Zeus bearing the head of Medusa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the shield used by Zeus in Greek mythology. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aegis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aegis (disambiguation)">Aegis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Lemnia_(SK_Dresden_49)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Athena_Lemnia_%28SK_Dresden_49%29_04.jpg/220px-Athena_Lemnia_%28SK_Dresden_49%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Athena_Lemnia_%28SK_Dresden_49%29_04.jpg/330px-Athena_Lemnia_%28SK_Dresden_49%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Athena_Lemnia_%28SK_Dresden_49%29_04.jpg/440px-Athena_Lemnia_%28SK_Dresden_49%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5328" /></a><figcaption>The aegis on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Athena_Lemnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Athena Lemnia">Athena Lemnia</a>, a Roman statue type often identified as a copy of a work by the Classical Greek sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pheidias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheidias">Pheidias</a> (Dresden Skulpturensammlung)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>aegis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-jis</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">αἰγίς</span> <i>aigís</i>), as stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, is a device carried by <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, variously interpreted as an animal skin or a <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> and sometimes featuring the head of a <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a>. There may be a connection with a deity named Aex, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and a nurse of Zeus or alternatively a mistress of Zeus (<a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Astronomica</i> 2. 13).<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern concept of doing something "under someone's <i>aegis</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source. The word <i>aegis</i> is identified with protection by a strong force with its roots in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Romans</a>; there are <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">parallels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a> as well,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for Norse and Egyptian mythology (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where the Greek word <i>aegis</i> is applied by extension. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἰγίς</span></span> <i>aigis</i> has many meanings, including:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"violent windstorm", from the verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀίσσω</span></span> <i>aïssō</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stem</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀιγ-</span></span> <i>aïg-</i>) = "I rush or move violently". Akin to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καταιγίς</span></span> <i>kataigis</i>, "thunderstorm".</li> <li>The shield of a deity as described above.</li> <li>"goatskin coat", from treating the word as meaning "something grammatically feminine pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>": Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἴξ</span></span> <i>aix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἰγ-</span></span> <i>aig-</i>) = "goat" + suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ίς</span></span> <i>-is</i> (stem <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ίδ-</span></span> <i>-id-</i>).</li></ol> <p>The original meaning may have been the first, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ζεὺς Αἰγίοχος</span></span> <i>Zeus Aigiokhos</i> = "Zeus who holds the aegis" may have originally meant "Sky/Heaven, who holds the thunderstorm". The transition to the meaning "shield" or "goatskin" may have come by <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> among a people familiar with draping an animal skin over the left arm as a shield.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Greek_mythology">In Greek mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Greek mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg/220px-Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg/330px-Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg/440px-Douriscup_83d40m_Athene_aegisWingedLionessOwl_pythonVomitsJason_fleeceInTree_Vatican.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Athena's aegis, with Gorgon, here resembles the skin of the serpent who guards the golden fleece (regurgitating Jason); cup by Douris, early fifth century BC (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>The aegis of Athena is referred to in several places in the <i>Iliad</i>. "It produced a sound as from <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> roaring dragons (<i>Iliad</i>, 4.17) and was borne by Athena in battle ... and among them went bright-eyed Athene, holding the precious aegis which is ageless and immortal: a hundred tassels of pure gold hang fluttering from it, tight-woven each of them, and each the worth of a hundred oxen."<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virgil imagines the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>'s forge, who "busily burnished the aegis Athena wears in her angry moods—a fearsome thing with a surface of gold like scaly snake-skin, and the linked serpents and the <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a> herself upon the goddess's breast—a severed head rolling its eyes",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> furnished with golden tassels and bearing the <i><a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">Gorgoneion</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>'s head) in the central boss. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> vase-painters retained an archaic tradition that the tassels had originally been <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpents</a> in their representations of the aegis. When the Olympian deities overtook the older deities of Greece and she was born of <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a> (inside Zeus who had swallowed the goddess) and "re-born" through the head of Zeus fully clothed, Athena already wore her typical garments. </p><p>When the Olympian shakes the aegis, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida" title="Mount Ida">Mount Ida</a> is wrapped in clouds, the thunder rolls and men are struck down with fear.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The tone or style of material in the vicinity of this tag may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. (January 2022)">tone</span></a></i>]</sup> "Aegis-bearing Zeus", as he is in the <i>Iliad</i>, sometimes lends the fearsome aegis to <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>. In the <i>Iliad</i> when Zeus sends <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> to revive the wounded <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>, Apollo, holding the aegis, charges the Achaeans, pushing them back to their ships drawn up on the shore. According to <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hamilton" title="Edith Hamilton">Edith Hamilton</a>'s <i>Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Aegis is the <a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">breastplate</a> of Zeus, and was "awful to behold". However, Zeus is normally portrayed in classical sculpture holding a thunderbolt or lightning, bearing neither a shield nor a breastplate. </p><p>In some versions, Zeus watched Athena and <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Triton's daughter, Pallas</a>, compete in a friendly <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">mock battle</a> involving spears. Not wanting his daughter to lose, Zeus flapped his aegis to distract Pallas, whom Athena accidentally impaled. Zeus apologized to Athena by giving her the aegis; Athena then named herself Pallas Athena in tribute to her late friend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_classical_poetry_and_art">In classical poetry and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In classical poetry and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/220px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/330px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/440px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption> First century BC depiction of Alexander wearing the aegis on the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> interpreted the Homeric aegis usually as a cover of some kind borne by Athena. It was supposed by <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> (<i>Ion</i>, 995) that the aegis borne by Athena was the skin of the slain <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the usual understanding<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that the <i>Gorgoneion</i> was <i>added</i> to the aegis, a <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offering</a> from a grateful <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>. </p><p>In a similar interpretation, Aex, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, represented as a great fire-breathing <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> serpent similar to the <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a>, was slain and flayed by <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, who afterwards wore its skin, the aegis, as a <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> iii. 70),<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as a <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Douris_(vase_painter)" title="Douris (vase painter)">Douris cup</a> shows that the aegis was represented exactly as the skin of the great serpent, with its scales clearly delineated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a> says<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that aegis was the skin of the monstrous giant <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a> whom Athena overcame and whose name she attached to her own. </p><p>In a late rendering by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a> (<i>Poetical Astronomy</i> ii. 13), Zeus is said to have used the skin of a pet <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> owned by his nurse <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(mythology)" title="Amalthea (mythology)">Amalthea</a> (<i>aigis</i> "goat-skin") which suckled him in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, as a shield when he went forth to do battle against the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aegis appears in works of art sometimes as an animal's skin thrown over Athena's shoulders and arms, occasionally with a border of snakes, usually also bearing the Gorgon head, the <i>gorgoneion</i>. In some pottery it appears as a tasselled cover over Athena's dress. It is sometimes represented on the statues of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperors, heroes, and warriors, and on coins, cameos and vases.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vestige of that appears in a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in a fresco from Pompeii dated to the first century BC, which shows the image of the head of a woman on his armor that resembles the Gorgon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg/170px-Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg/255px-Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg/340px-Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> shown with an <i>aegis</i> thrown over his shoulder as a divine attribute in the <a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a>; the hole for the head appears at the point of his shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> thought he had identified the source of the aegis in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">ancient Libya</a>, which was always a distant territory of ancient magic for the Greeks. "Athene's garments and aegis were borrowed by the Greeks from the Libyan women, who are dressed in exactly the same way, except that their leather garments are fringed with thongs, not serpents."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Myths" title="The Greek Myths">The Greek Myths</a></i> (1955) asserts that the aegis in its Libyan sense had been a shamanic pouch containing various ritual objects, bearing the device of a monstrous serpent-haired visage with tusk-like teeth and a protruding tongue which was meant to frighten away the uninitiated. In this context, Graves identifies the aegis as clearly belonging first to Athena. </p><p>One current interpretation is that the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> sacral hieratic hunting bag (<i>kursas</i>), a rough and shaggy goatskin that has been firmly established in literary texts and iconography by H. G. Güterbock,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a source of the aegis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323141618/https://www.lexico.com/definition/aegis">"aegis"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary</i>. Lexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/aegis">the original</a> on March 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary&rft.atitle=aegis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Faegis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAegis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer1987" class="citation book cs1">Homer (1987) [1st pub. c. 735 B.C.]. <a href="/wiki/The_Iliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iliad"><i>The Iliad</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by Martin Hammond. Penguin Classics. pp. <span class="nowrap">446–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-444-5"><bdi>978-0-14044-444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-14044-444-5&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAegis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ai)gi/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αἰγίς</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"to quickly move, to shoot, dart, to put in motion": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=a)i/ssw"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀίσσω</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=aegis-cn">"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), AEGIS"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities+%281890%29%2C+AEGIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aentry%3Daegis-cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAegis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 8.435–8, (Day-Lewie's translation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aegis" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aegis">Aegis</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aegis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAegis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part I, section I (Warner Books' United States Paperback Edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by Graves 1960, 9.a; <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Károly Kerényi</a>, <i>The Gods of the Greeks</i> 1951, p 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in Kerenyi 1951:50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>, <i>On Lycophron</i>, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Dyfri. <i>Masterpieces of Classical Art</i>, p. 296, 2009, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714122540" title="Special:BookSources/9780714122540">9780714122540</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>Histories</i> iv.189)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Güterbock, <i>Perspectives on Hittite Civilization: Selected Writings</i> (Chicago 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2000" class="citation journal cs1">Watkins, Calvert (2000). "A Distant Anatolian Echo in Pindar: The Origin of the Aegis Again". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Studies_in_Classical_Philology" title="Harvard Studies in Classical Philology">Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</a></i>. <b>100</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3185205">10.2307/3185205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3185205">3185205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=A+Distant+Anatolian+Echo+in+Pindar%3A+The+Origin+of+the+Aegis+Again&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3185205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3185205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAegis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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