CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>1877 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ef28c12d-143c-4eed-8afb-da37aff1ca67","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"1877","wgTitle":"1877","wgCurRevisionId":1281379397,"wgRevisionId":1281379397,"wgArticleId":34771,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1: long volume value","Use mdy dates from March 2011","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","1877"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"1877","wgRelevantArticleId":34771,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7773","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="875"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/800px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="583"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/640px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="467"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="1877 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-1877 rootpage-1877 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=1877" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=1877" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=1877" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=1877" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>January–March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>April–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Births-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>January–March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>April–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>July–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deaths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>January–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>July–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1877</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 178 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-178" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">178 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1877 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1877 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1877 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1877 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B7_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۸۷۷ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸۷۷ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD" title="১৮৭৭ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮৭৭" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_n%C3%AE" title="1877 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1877 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1877 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1877 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877." title="1877. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1877." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1877 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1877 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B7" title="۱۸۷۷ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۸۷۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4" title="1877年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1877年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%EB%85%84" title="1877년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1877년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD" title="१८७७ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८७७" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877." title="1877. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1877." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AD" title="মারি ১৮৭৭ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৮৭৭" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1877-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1877-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%AD%E0%B3%AD" title="೧೮೭೭ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೮೭೭" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1877 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1877 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1877 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1877 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1877-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1877-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1877 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1877 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B8" title="1877 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1877 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877._gads" title="1877. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1877. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1877 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1877 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_m." title="1877 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1877 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD" title="१८७७ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१८७७" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD" title="इ.स. १८७७ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १८७७" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B7%DB%B7" title="۱۸۷۷ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۸۷۷" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1877 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1877 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%88%E1%81%87%E1%81%87" title="၁၈၇၇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈၇၇" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD" title="ई सं १८७७ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १८७७" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4" title="1877年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1877年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1877 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1877 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%AD%E0%AD%AD" title="୧୮୭୭ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୮୭୭" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD" title="१८७७ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१८७७" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1877" title="Joohr 1877 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1877" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1877 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1877 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%AD" title="१८७७ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१८७७" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%D8%B9" title="1877ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1877ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A8%D9%A7%D9%A7" title="١٨٧٧ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٨٧٧" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877." title="1877. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1877." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1877 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1877 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2420" title="พ.ศ. 2420 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2420" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1877" title="Соли 1877 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1877" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1877 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1877 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%D8%A1" title="1877ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1877ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_nienz" title="1877 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1877 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4" title="一八七七年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一八七七年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4" title="1877年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1877年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4" title="1877年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1877年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%E5%B9%B4" title="1877年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1877年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877" title="1877 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1877" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7773#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1877" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:1877" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1877"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1877"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/1877" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/1877" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&oldid=1281379397" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=1877&id=1281379397&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1877"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1877"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=1877&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1877" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/1877" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7773" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Years</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Decades</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s">1890s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1874">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1875" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1875">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1876">1876</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1877" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1877">1877</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1878">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1879" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1879">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1880" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1880">1880</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Year_nav" title="Template:Year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Year_nav" title="Template talk:Year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1877" title="Category:1877">1877 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Humanities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_animation" title="1877 in animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_archaeology" title="1877 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_architecture" title="1877 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_art" title="1877 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_literature" title="1877 in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_poetry" title="1877 in poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_music" title="1877 in music">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Australia" title="1877 in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Belgium" title="1877 in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Brazil" title="1877 in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Canada" title="1877 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_China" title="1877 in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Denmark" title="1877 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_France" title="1877 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Germany" title="1877 in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_New_Zealand" title="1877 in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Norway" title="1877 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Portugal" title="1877 in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Russia" title="1877 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_South_Africa" title="1877 in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Sweden" title="1877 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1877 in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_the_United_States" title="1877 in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_rail_transport" title="1877 in rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_science" title="1877 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_sports" title="1877 in sports">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_entities_in_the_19th_century" title="List of political entities in the 19th century">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1877" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1877">Sovereign state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_19th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century">Territorial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 19th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_in_law" title="Category:1877 in law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_births" title="Category:1877 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_deaths" title="Category:1877 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_establishments" title="Category:1877 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_disestablishments" title="Category:1877 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877_works" title="Category:1877 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1877 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1877<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MDCCCLXXVII</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2630</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1326<br />ԹՎ ՌՅԻԶ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6627</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>33–34</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1798–1799</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1283–1284</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2827</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>40 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a> – 41 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2421</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1239</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7385–7386</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">丙子</a>年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a>)<br />4574 or 4367<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />丁丑年 (Fire <a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a>)<br />4575 or 4368</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1593–1594</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3043</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1869–1870</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5637–5638</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1933–1934</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1798–1799</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4977–4978</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11877</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>877–878</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1255–1256</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1293–1294</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> 10<br />(明治１０年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1805–1806</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 12 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4210</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>35 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前35年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>409</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2419–2420</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳火鼠年<br />(male Fire-<a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a>)<br />2003 or 1622 or 850<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴火牛年<br />(female Fire-<a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox</a>)<br />2004 or 1623 or 851</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1877" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1877">1877</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak,_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/220px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/330px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/440px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a>: Start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>1877</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDCCCLXXVII</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday" title="Common year starting on Monday">common year starting on Monday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Saturday" title="Common year starting on Saturday">common year starting on Saturday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1877th year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 877th year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 77th year of the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, and the 8th year of the <a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a> decade. As of the start of 1877, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> is proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Titles_Act_1876" title="Royal Titles Act 1876">Royal Titles Act 1876</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Mountain" title="Battle of Wolf Mountain">Battle of Wolf Mountain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a> and his warriors fight their last battle with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">United States Cavalry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – The Conference of Constantinople ends, with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turkey</a> rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a>, a revolt of disaffected <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> is appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Sudan">Governor-General of the Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nineteenth_Century_(periodical)" title="The Nineteenth Century (periodical)">The Nineteenth Century</a></i> magazine is founded in London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a>: The <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a> is resolved with the selection of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> as the winner, even though <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> won the popular vote on <a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> the <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>'s ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i> debuts in Moscow.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand_in_1876%E2%80%9377" title="English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77">English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> match is held between England and Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – For the only time in history, <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a> between the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – Following years of murders of <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South-Eastern American States</a>. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and begins the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> when large businesses begin <a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">monopolization</a> of the American economy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Human_cannonball" title="Human cannonball">human cannonball</a> act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Rossa_Matilda_Richter" title="Rossa Matilda Richter">Rossa Matilda Richter</a> ("Zazel") at the London <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aquarium" title="Royal Aquarium">Royal Aquarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> <ul><li>The United Kingdom annexes the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>, violating the <a href="/wiki/Sand_River_Convention" title="Sand River Convention">Sand River Convention</a> of <a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> is officially established in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> declares war on the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a> leads his band of <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> into <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Miles">Nelson Miles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – Chief <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Sioux">Oglala Sioux</a> surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a>–<a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">11</a> – At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show" title="Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show">Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show</a> is held.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/1877_Iquique_earthquake" title="1877 Iquique earthquake">Iquique Earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 <a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave magnitude">M<sub>s</sub></a> occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/16_May_1877_crisis" title="16 May 1877 crisis">16 May 1877 crisis</a> in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">President MacMahon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> (May 9 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a>) – By a speech in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament of Romania</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a>, the country declares itself independent from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (recognized in <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a> after the end of the Romanian independence war).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ossian_Flipper" title="Henry Ossian Flipper">Henry Ossian Flipper</a> becomes the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> cadet to graduate from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">the U.S. Military Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Bird_Canyon" title="Battle of White Bird Canyon">Battle of White Bird Canyon</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</a> defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a>. This begins the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> installs the world's first commercial telephone service in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Molly_Maguires" title="Molly Maguires">Molly Maguires</a> are hanged at <a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbon County, Pennsylvania">Carbon County</a> Prison, in <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania" title="Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania">Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – The eruption of the volcano <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to <a href="/wiki/Besika_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Besika Bay">Besika Bay</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – The serial publication of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i> is concluded, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Messenger" title="The Russian Messenger">The Russian Messenger</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – An F4 tornado touches down near <a href="/wiki/Gap,_Pennsylvania" title="Gap, Pennsylvania">Gap, Pennsylvania</a>, and moves towards <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County</a>. A woman is killed near <a href="/wiki/Ercildoun,_Pennsylvania" title="Ercildoun, Pennsylvania">Ercildoun</a>; a man is killed near <a href="/wiki/Parkesburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Parkesburg, Pennsylvania">Parkesburg</a>; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a> stages the first <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon Championships</a> in lawn tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English cricketer <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gore_(sportsman)" title="Spencer Gore (sportsman)">Spencer Gore</a> becomes first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wimbledon_gentlemen%27s_singles_champions" title="List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions">Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion</a> (the only event held).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>: Riots by <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> railroad workers in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> lead to a <a href="/wiki/Sympathy_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathy strike">sympathy strike</a> and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> calls in the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>: The first battle in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">siege of Plevna</a> is fought.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>: The second battle in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">siege of Plevna</a> is fought.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a> and massacre the inhabitants.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Big_Hole" title="Battle of the Big Hole">Battle of the Big Hole</a> – Near <a href="/wiki/Big_Hole_River" title="Big Hole River">Big Hole River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, a small band of <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce people</a> who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>, the outer <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – Asaph Hall discovers <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>, the inner moon of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lovcha" title="Battle of Lovcha">Battle of Lovcha</a>, third battle in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">siege of Plevna</a>, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at <a href="/wiki/Lovech" title="Lovech">Lovcha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>: Oglala <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayoneted</a> by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> is concluded between several mainly <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Crossing" title="Blackfoot Crossing">Blackfoot Crossing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a>, settling the Blackfoot on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a> in what will become southern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama" title="Battle of Shiroyama">Battle of Shiroyama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, Japan: The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel <i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> (who is killed), ending the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Blantyre_mining_disaster" title="Blantyre mining disaster">Blantyre mining disaster</a> in Scotland kills 207 miners.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s first contemporary realist drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Society" title="The Pillars of Society">The Pillars of Society</a></i> is premièred at the <a href="/wiki/Odense_Teater" title="Odense Teater">Odense Teater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> announces his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on <a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/College_lacrosse" title="College lacrosse">college lacrosse</a> game is played between <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_University" title="Manhattan University">Manhattan University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – The fourth battle of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War</a> is fought, concluding the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">siege of Plevna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – Disastrous premiere of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)">Third Symphony in D minor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Brahms)">Brahms' Symphony No. 2</a> premieres in Vienna.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93March_2"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Landau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Edmund_Landau.jpg/100px-Edmund_Landau.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Edmund_Landau.jpg/150px-Edmund_Landau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Edmund_Landau.jpg/200px-Edmund_Landau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Slava_Ra%C5%A1kaj" title="Slava Raškaj">Slava Raškaj</a>, Croatian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Hull" title="Josephine Hull">Josephine Hull</a>, American actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, German economist, politician and banker (d. <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Dongen" title="Kees van Dongen">Kees van Dongen</a>, Dutch-French painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cochems" title="Eddie Cochems">Eddie Cochems</a>, father of the <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American football</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a>, British mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Tanzler" title="Carl Tanzler">Carl Tanzler</a>, German-born <a href="/wiki/Radiology_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiology technologist">radiology technologist</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a>, French industrialist, founder of <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> automobile company (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a>, German mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Eberhardt" title="Isabelle Eberhardt">Isabelle Eberhardt</a>, Swiss explorer, writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" title="André Maginot">André Maginot</a>, French politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter" title="Gabriele Münter">Gabriele Münter</a>, German painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Hornbostel" title="Erich von Hornbostel">Erich von Hornbostel</a>, Austrian musicologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Consuelo_Vanderbilt" title="Consuelo Vanderbilt">Consuelo Vanderbilt</a>, Duchess of Marlborough (d. <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Morgan" title="Garrett Morgan">Garrett Morgan</a>, American inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Ellegaard" title="Thorvald Ellegaard">Thorvald Ellegaard</a>, Danish track cyclist (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a>, Mexican politician, substitute <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a>, 1930–1932 (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a>, German Nazi Minister of the Interior (d. <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ville_Kiviniemi" title="Ville Kiviniemi">Ville Kiviniemi</a>, Finnish politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a>, American psychic (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June_2"><span id="April.E2.80.93June_2"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Montgomery_Flagg_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/James_Montgomery_Flagg_%281%29.jpg/120px-James_Montgomery_Flagg_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/James_Montgomery_Flagg_%281%29.jpg/250px-James_Montgomery_Flagg_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg" title="James Montgomery Flagg">James Montgomery Flagg</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_Kolbe" title="Georg Kolbe">Georg Kolbe</a>, German sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Pape" title="Lionel Pape">Lionel Pape</a>, English actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alliott_Verdon_Roe" title="Alliott Verdon Roe">Alliott Verdon Roe</a>, English aviation pioneer (d. <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_B._Toklas" title="Alice B. Toklas">Alice B. Toklas</a>, American writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Abraham" title="Karl Abraham">Karl Abraham</a>, German psychoanalyst (d. <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Bryant" title="Samuel W. Bryant">Samuel W. Bryant</a>, American admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Billy_Murray_(singer)" title="Billy Murray (singer)">Billy Murray</a>, American singer (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>, American dancer (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Otto Wieland</a>, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a>, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Vivien" title="Renée Vivien">Renée Vivien</a>, British poet who wrote in French (d. <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Thomas C. Hart</a>, American admiral, politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bathori" title="Jane Bathori">Jane Bathori</a>, French opera singer (d. <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg" title="James Montgomery Flagg">James Montgomery Flagg</a>, American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coburn" title="Charles Coburn">Charles Coburn</a>, American actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September_2"><span id="July.E2.80.93September_2"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg/120px-Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg/250px-Hermann_Hesse_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg/100px-Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg/150px-Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg/200px-Georg_Hackenschmidt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Latham_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Latham_1931.jpg/120px-John_Latham_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Latham_1931.jpg/250px-John_Latham_1931.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Soddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Frederick_Soddy.jpg/120px-Frederick_Soddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Frederick_Soddy.jpg/250px-Frederick_Soddy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_De_Nicola_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Enrico_De_Nicola_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Enrico_De_Nicola_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Enrico_De_Nicola_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Enrico_De_Nicola_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Enrico_De_Nicola_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Enrico_De_Nicola_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg/100px-Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg/150px-Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg/200px-Marshal_of_the_RAF_Sir_Edward_Ellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellington" title="Edward Ellington">Edward Ellington</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_Cuneo" title="Rinaldo Cuneo">Rinaldo Cuneo</a>, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Massy" title="Arnaud Massy">Arnaud Massy</a>, French golfer (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erik_Scavenius" title="Erik Scavenius">Erik Scavenius</a>, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Swan" title="Thomas Walter Swan">Thomas Walter Swan</a>, United States Circuit Judge, served 1926 to 1975 (d. <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fielder" title="Arthur Fielder">Arthur Fielder</a>, English cricketer (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Ernst von Dohnányi">Ernst von Dohnányi</a>, Hungarian conductor (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Bolus" title="Louisa Bolus">Louisa Bolus</a>, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a>, Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d. <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace H. White, Jr.">Wallace H. White, Jr.</a>, U.S. Senator from Maine (d. <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Salchow" title="Ulrich Salchow">Ulrich Salchow</a>, Swedish figure skater (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roque_Rua%C3%B1o" title="Roque Ruaño">Roque Ruaño</a>, Spanish priest, civil engineer (d. <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a>, Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Latham_(judge)" title="John Latham (judge)">John Latham</a>, Australian politician, judge (d. <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_C._Douglas" title="Lloyd C. Douglas">Lloyd C. Douglas</a>, American minister, author (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rolls" title="Charles Rolls">Charles Rolls</a>, Welsh co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> car firm, pioneer aviator (d. <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pound" title="Dudley Pound">Dudley Pound</a>, British admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a>, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Beach" title="Rex Beach">Rex Beach</a>, American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a>, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Bolden" title="Buddy Bolden">Buddy Bolden</a>, American jazz musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Seppala" title="Leonhard Seppala">Leonhard Seppala</a>, Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alan_Goldsborough" title="Thomas Alan Goldsborough">Thomas Alan Goldsborough</a>, American politician, member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> from 1921 to 1939 and a United States district judge from 1939 to 1951 (d. <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, Mexican general and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a>, 1924–1928; known as <i>Jefe Maximo</i> ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a>, Swiss pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gwenn" title="Edmund Gwenn">Edmund Gwenn</a>, English actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_De_Vriese" title="Bertha De Vriese">Bertha De Vriese</a>, Belgian physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December_2"><span id="October.E2.80.93December_2"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Morris,_1st_Viscount_Nuffield" title="William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield">William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield</a>, British businessman, philanthropist (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Helen_Ware" title="Helen Ware">Helen Ware</a>, American stage, film actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a>, Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d. <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Twort" title="Frederick Twort">Frederick Twort</a>, English bacteriologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcisa de Leon">Narcisa de Leon</a>, Filipino film producer (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Hugo Celmiņš">Hugo Celmiņš</a>, 2-time prime minister of Latvia (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Else_Ury" title="Else Ury">Else Ury</a>, German writer, children's book author (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claire_McDowell" title="Claire McDowell">Claire McDowell</a>, American silent film actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo" title="Carlos Ibáñez del Campo">Carlos Ibáñez del Campo</a>, 2-time President of Chile (d. <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a>, 1st President of Italy (d. <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Allama Iqbal">Allama Iqbal</a>, Indian philosopher, one of the founding fathers of the Muslims of India (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Hope_Hodgson" title="William Hope Hodgson">William Hope Hodgson</a>, English author (d. <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lahm">Frank Lahm</a>, Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pitman" title="Herbert Pitman">Herbert Pitman</a>, British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d. <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endre_Ady" title="Endre Ady">Endre Ady</a>, Hungarian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Gamper" title="Joan Gamper">Joan Gamper</a>, Swiss-born businessman, founder of <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Kalbfus" title="Edward C. Kalbfus">Edward C. Kalbfus</a>, American admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pearse" title="Richard Pearse">Richard Pearse</a>, New Zealand airplane pioneer (d. <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Morris_Alexander" title="Morris Alexander">Morris Alexander</a>, South African politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kichisabur%C5%8D_Nomura" title="Kichisaburō Nomura">Kichisaburō Nomura</a>, Japanese admiral and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Swan" title="Thomas Walter Swan">Thomas Walter Swan</a>, American jurist and judge on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> from 1926 until 1975 (d. <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellington" title="Edward Ellington">Edward Ellington</a>, British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d. <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._X._Gouraud" title="F. X. Gouraud">F. X. Gouraud</a>, French physician and dietitian (d. <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Tali%E2%80%99a" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Tali’a">Rashid Tali’a</a>, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–June"><span id="January.E2.80.93June"></span>January–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: January–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/110px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/165px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/220px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrietta_A._Bingham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Henrietta_A._Bingham.png/120px-Henrietta_A._Bingham.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Henrietta_A._Bingham.png/250px-Henrietta_A._Bingham.png 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_A._Bingham" title="Henrietta A. Bingham">Henrietta A. Bingham</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg/110px-Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg/165px-Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg/220px-Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._L._Runeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Runeberg">J. L. Runeberg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/110px-Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/165px-Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-Koningin_Sophie_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="3941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie of Württemberg</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Urban" title="Karl von Urban">Karl von Urban</a>, Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b. <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a>, Scottish inventor (b. <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, American entrepreneur (b. <a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dato_Maharajalela_Lela" class="mw-redirect" title="Dato Maharajalela Lela">Dato Maharajalela Lela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> nationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rayko_Zhinzifov" title="Rayko Zhinzifov">Rayko Zhinzifov</a>, Bulgarian poet and translator (b. <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_A._Bingham" title="Henrietta A. Bingham">Henrietta A. Bingham</a>, American editor (b. <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_M._Goldsborough" title="Louis M. Goldsborough">Louis M. Goldsborough</a>, United States Navy admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1805" title="1805">1805</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Simon" title="Marie Simon">Marie Simon</a>, German nurse (b. 1824)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a>, Nepalese ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1817" title="1817">1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Patek" title="Antoni Patek">Antoni Patek</a>, Polish watchmaker (b. <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a>, British businessman, essayist and journalist (b. <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Chisholm" title="Caroline Chisholm">Caroline Chisholm</a>, Australian humanitarian (b. <a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a>, American-born Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Blackbirder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirder">blackbirder</a> (killed) (b. 1827 or 1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ant%C3%B3nio_Gomes_Jr." title="Bernardino António Gomes Jr.">Bernardino António Gomes</a>, Portuguese physician and naturalist (b. <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Bernhard_von_Voigts-Rhetz" title="Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz">Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz</a>, Prussian general (b. <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/J._P._C._Emmons" title="J. P. C. Emmons">J. P. C. Emmons</a>, American attorney and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/J._L._Runeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Runeberg">J. L. Runeberg</a>, Finnish national poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charlotta_Djurstr%C3%B6m" title="Charlotta Djurström">Charlotta Djurström</a>, Swedish actress and theater manager (b. <a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kido_Takayoshi" title="Kido Takayoshi">Kido Takayoshi</a>, Japanese statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ritter_von_K%C3%B6chel" title="Ludwig Ritter von Köchel">Ludwig Ritter von Köchel</a>, Austrian musicologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie of Württemberg</a>, queen consort of the Netherlands (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Cabot_Abbott" title="John Stevens Cabot Abbott">John Stevens Cabot Abbott</a>, American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1805" title="1805">1805</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_R._Goldsborough" title="John R. Goldsborough">John R. Goldsborough</a>, U.S. Navy commodore (b. <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–December"><span id="July.E2.80.93December"></span>July–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: July–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_McLean_(congressman)" title="Samuel McLean (congressman)">Samuel McLean</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressman">congressman</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(Chartist)" title="John Frost (Chartist)">John Frost</a>, British Chartist leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_von_Steinmetz" title="Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz">Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz</a>, Prussian field marshal <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Lovett" title="William Lovett">William Lovett</a>, British Chartist leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aaron" title="Isaac Aaron">Isaac Aaron</a>, English-born physician, owner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Medical Journal">Australian Medical Journal</a></i> and secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Medical_Association" title="Australian Medical Association">Australian Medical Association</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, American Mormon leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Raphael Semmes</a>, American and Confederate naval officer (b. <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a>, Greek politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, French historian, politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a>, American Oglala Lakota chief (b. <a href="/wiki/1840" title="1840">1840</a>-45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emily_Pepys" title="Emily Pepys">Emily Pepys</a>, English child diarist (b. <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Alexandre Herculano</a>, Portuguese writer and historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a>, English photographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, Japanese <i>samurai</i> (b. <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Bayley" title="James Roosevelt Bayley">James Roosevelt Bayley</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Newark" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark">Roman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey</a>, and eighth <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Baltimore">Archbishop of Baltimore</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Baiter" title="Johann Georg Baiter">Johann Georg Baiter</a>, Swiss philologist, textual critic (b. <a href="/wiki/1801" title="1801">1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Barri%C3%A8re" title="Théodore Barrière">Théodore Barrière</a>, French dramatist (b. <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julia_Kavanagh" title="Julia Kavanagh">Julia Kavanagh</a>, Irish novelist (b. <a href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a>, American Confederate Civil War General, first <a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizard" title="Grand Wizard">Grand Wizard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Oliver P. Morton</a>, American politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Graf_von_Wrangel" title="Friedrich Graf von Wrangel">Friedrich Graf von Wrangel</a>, Prussian field marshal (b. <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a>, Brazilian novelist (b. <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27Aurelle_de_Paladines" title="Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines">Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines</a>, French general (b. <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Singleton Van Buren</a>, Acting <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Cormick" title="William Cormick">William Cormick</a>, physician in Qajar Iran of British origin (b. <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, French painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown_2">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Golescu" title="Nicolae Golescu">Nicolae Golescu</a>, 9th Prime Minister of Romania (b. <a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMounsey1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Mounsey" title="Augustus Henry Mounsey">Mounsey, Augustus H.</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/satsumarebellio01moungoog"><i>The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satsuma+Rebellion%3A+An+Episode+of+Modern+Japanese+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Mounsey&rft.aufirst=Augustus+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsatsumarebellio01moungoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Crabitès, <i>Gordon: The Sudan and Slavery</i> (Routledge, 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guinness Book of Records">The Guinness Book of Records</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack1985" class="citation book cs1">Black, Lowell Dwight; Black, Sara Harrington (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1zfAAAAMAAJ"><i>An Officer and a Gentleman: The Military Career of Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper</i></a>. Dayton, Ohio: Lora Co. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-96246-590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-96246-590-1"><bdi>978-0-96246-590-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129060155/https://books.google.com/books?id=L1zfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Officer+and+a+Gentleman%3A+The+Military+Career+of+Lieutenant+Henry+O.+Flipper&rft.place=Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Lora+Co.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-96246-590-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Lowell+Dwight&rft.au=Black%2C+Sara+Harrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1zfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStenbock-Fermor1975" class="citation book cs1">Stenbock-Fermor, Elizabeth (1975). <i>The Architecture of Anna Karenina</i>. B.R. Grüner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588116751" title="Special:BookSources/1588116751"><bdi>1588116751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Anna+Karenina&rft.pub=B.R.+Gr%C3%BCner&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=1588116751&rft.aulast=Stenbock-Fermor&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://midsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu/index.php?cw=ctp">"Requested Information for Lancaster County, PA"</a>. <i>NWS State College Tornado Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924110605/https://midsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu/index.php?cw=ctp">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NWS+State+College+Tornado+Database&rft.atitle=Requested+Information+for+Lancaster+County%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmidsouthtornadoes.msstate.edu%2Findex.php%3Fcw%3Dctp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0"><bdi>0-14-102715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102715-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Bruce" title="Robert V. Bruce">Bruce, Robert V.</a> (1959). <i>1877: Year of Violence</i>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1877%3A+Year+of+Violence&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanssen2001" class="citation web cs1">Hanssen, Jens-Morten (August 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibsen.net/index.gan?id=473">"Facts about Pillars of Society"</a>. <i>Ibsen.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibsen.net&rft.atitle=Facts+about+Pillars+of+Society&rft.date=2001-08-10&rft.aulast=Hanssen&rft.aufirst=Jens-Morten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibsen.net%2Findex.gan%3Fid%3D473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lex.dk/Thorvald_Ellegaard">"Thorvald Ellegaard (1877-1954) - Dansk cykelrytter"</a>. <i>Lex</i> (in Danish). September 30, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lex&rft.atitle=Thorvald+Ellegaard+%281877-1954%29+-+Dansk+cykelrytter&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flex.dk%2FThorvald_Ellegaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/9067/Pascual%20Ortiz%20Rubio">"Pascual Ortiz Rubio"</a> (in Spanish). Busca Biografias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531174423/https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/9067/Pascual%2520Ortiz%2520Rubio">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pascual+Ortiz+Rubio&rft.pub=Busca+Biografias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buscabiografias.com%2Fbiografia%2FverDetalle%2F9067%2FPascual%2520Ortiz%2520Rubio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190315165100/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910748.aspx">"Kansanedustajat: Ville Kiviniemi"</a> (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910748.aspx">the original</a> on March 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansanedustajat%3A+Ville+Kiviniemi&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduskunta.fi%2FFI%2Fkansanedustajat%2FSivut%2F910748.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/8944/Plutarco%20Elias%20Calles">"Plutarco Elías Calles"</a> (in Spanish). Busca Biografias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531174432/https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/8944/Plutarco%20Elias%20Calles">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plutarco+El%C3%ADas+Calles&rft.pub=Busca+Biografias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buscabiografias.com%2Fbiografia%2FverDetalle%2F8944%2FPlutarco%2520Elias%2520Calles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1968" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsout0000unse_p0x9/page/10/mode/2up">"Alexander, Morris"</a>. In De Kock, W. J. (ed.). <i>Dictionary of South African Biography</i>. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). p. 10. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85921202">85921202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%2C+Morris&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+South+African+Biography&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85921202&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofsout0000unse_p0x9%2Fpage%2F10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIgor_I._Kaliganov2020" class="citation book cs1">Igor I. Kaliganov, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inslav.ru/publication/materials-virtual-museum-slavic-cultures-issue-ii-m-2020"><i>Materials for the virtual Museum of Slavic Cultures. Issue II</i></a>. Moscow: Institute of Slavic Studies of RAS. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7576-0440-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7576-0440-4"><bdi>978-5-7576-0440-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+for+the+virtual+Museum+of+Slavic+Cultures.+Issue+II&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Institute+of+Slavic+Studies+of+RAS&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-5-7576-0440-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finslav.ru%2Fpublication%2Fmaterials-virtual-museum-slavic-cultures-issue-ii-m-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaufe2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haufe, Kay (May 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saechsische.de/dresden/lokales/die-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html">"Die vergessene Dresdner Heldin: Marie-Simon-Grab erneuert"</a> [The Forgotten Dresden Heroine: Marie Simon Grave Renewed]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826051400/https://www.saechsische.de/dresden/lokales/die-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A4chsische+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+vergessene+Dresdner+Heldin%3A+Marie-Simon-Grab+erneuert&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft.aulast=Haufe&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saechsische.de%2Fdresden%2Flokales%2Fdie-vergessene-dresdner-heldin-marie-simon-grab-erneuert-5858585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCresswell2016" class="citation news cs1">Cresswell, Jenita (February 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finland.fi/arts-culture/runeberg-a-patriotic-rapper-of-the-19th-century/">"Runeberg: a patriotic 19th-century rapper"</a>. <i>Thisisfinland</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124153729/https://finland.fi/arts-culture/runeberg-a-patriotic-rapper-of-the-19th-century/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thisisfinland&rft.atitle=Runeberg%3A+a+patriotic+19th-century+rapper&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.aulast=Cresswell&rft.aufirst=Jenita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Farts-culture%2Fruneberg-a-patriotic-rapper-of-the-19th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMomen1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cormick-william-b">"Cormick, William"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. VI fasc. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">275–</span>276. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524082710/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cormick-william-b">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cormick%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcormick-william-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanannualc22unkngoog"><i>1877 Annual Cyclopedia</i> (1878)</a> highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1877; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 827 pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellesiles2010" class="citation book cs1">Bellesiles, Michael A. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1877americasyear00bell"><i>1877: America's Year of Living Violently</i></a></span>. New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595584410" title="Special:BookSources/9781595584410"><bdi>9781595584410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1877%3A+America%27s+Year+of+Living+Violently&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781595584410&rft.aulast=Bellesiles&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1877americasyear00bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1957" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert V. (1957). <i>1877: Year of Violence</i>. I.R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780929587059" title="Special:BookSources/9780929587059"><bdi>9780929587059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1877%3A+Year+of+Violence&rft.pub=I.R.+Dee&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9780929587059&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1877" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1877yearofviolen0000bruc">online</a></li> <li>Lloyd, John P. "The strike wave of 1877" in <i>The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History</i> (2009) pp 177-190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmVsBgAAQBAJ&dq=1877&pg=PA177">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Piper, Jessica. "The great railroad strike of 1877: A catalyst for the American labor movement." <i>History Teacher</i> 47.1 (2013): 93-110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/THT-NHDPiper.pdf">online</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1877&oldid=1281379397">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1877&oldid=1281379397</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1877" title="Category:1877">1877</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2011">Use mdy dates from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 March 2025, at 00:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1877&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">1877</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>178 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-wdm2p","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.832","walltime":"1.170","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6643,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":74166,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4741,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":81923,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 913.247 1 -total"," 22.00% 200.909 1 Template:Year_nav"," 21.68% 198.033 1 Template:Year_article_header"," 21.06% 192.367 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.01% 182.696 1 Template:C19_year_in_topic"," 18.82% 171.896 1 Template:Year_article_header/zc"," 18.58% 169.682 2 Template:Sidebar"," 15.83% 144.579 1 Template:Lang"," 14.10% 128.792 8 Template:Cite_book"," 9.34% 85.300 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.487","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21020109,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-4k8r6","timestamp":"20250320230346","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"1877","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1877","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7773","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7773","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-15T15:27:17Z","dateModified":"2025-03-20T00:34:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d1\/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG","headline":"year"}</script> </body> </html>