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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Podjela_pleistocena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podjela_pleistocena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Podjela pleistocena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podjela_pleistocena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datiranje_pleistocena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datiranje_pleistocena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Datiranje pleistocena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datiranje_pleistocena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleistocenska_paleogeografija_i_klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleistocenska_paleogeografija_i_klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pleistocenska paleogeografija i klima</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pleistocenska_paleogeografija_i_klima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Pleistocenska paleogeografija i klima</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pleistocenska_paleogeografija_i_klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karakteristike_ledenog_doba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristike_ledenog_doba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Karakteristike ledenog doba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karakteristike_ledenog_doba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleociklusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleociklusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Paleociklusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleociklusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milankovićevi_ciklusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milankovićevi_ciklusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Milankovićevi ciklusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milankovićevi_ciklusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciklusi_razine_izotopa_kisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciklusi_razine_izotopa_kisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Ciklusi razine izotopa kisika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciklusi_razine_izotopa_kisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleistocenska_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleistocenska_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pleistocenska fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleistocenska_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unutarnje_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unutarnje_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unutarnje poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unutarnje_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleistocen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 93 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अभिनूतन युग – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अभिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="العصر الحديث الأقرب – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحديث الأقرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بليستوسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بليستوسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenu" title="Pleistocenu – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pleistocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleystosen_epoxas%C4%B1" title="Pleystosen epoxası – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pleystosen epoxası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Плейстацэн – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плейстацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্লাইস্টোসিন – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাইস্টোসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8" title="Plistocè – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plistocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pleistocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A6n" title="Pleistocæn – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pleistocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Πλειστόκαινο – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλειστόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistotseen" title="Pleistotseen – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pleistotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistozeno" title="Pleistozeno – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pleistozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلیستوسن – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیستوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseeni" title="Pleistoseeni – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pleistoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9istoc%C3%A8ne" title="Pléistocène – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pléistocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Pl%C3%A9istic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Pléisticéineach – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Pléisticéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoceno" title="Plistoceno – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plistoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="פלייסטוקן – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלייסטוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अत्यंतनूतन युग – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अत्यंतनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleisztoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleisztocén – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pleisztocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պլեյստոցեն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլեյստոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleist%C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Pleistósentímabilið – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pleistósentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლეისტოცენი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლეისტოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B8" title="플라이스토세 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라이스토세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pley%C3%AEstosen" title="Pleyîstosen – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pleyîstosen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_an_Rew" title="Oos an Rew – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos an Rew" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocaenum" title="Pleistocaenum – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pleistocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84isz%C3%A4italter" title="Äiszäitalter – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äiszäitalter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plestosene" title="Plestosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plestosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenas" title="Pleistocenas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pleistocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C4%93ns" title="Pleistocēns – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pleistocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плеистоцен – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плеистоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലീസ്റ്റോസീൻ കാലഘട്ടം – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലീസ്റ്റോസീൻ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلشیستوسن – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پلشیستوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रातिनूतनाश्म – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रातिनूतनाश्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceen" title="Pleistoceen – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pleistoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A8n" title="Pleistocèn – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pleistocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejstocen" title="Plejstocen – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plejstocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosena" title="Pleistosena – sjeverni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pleistosena" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sjeverni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්ලෛස්ටොසීන අවධිය – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්ලෛස්ටොසීන අවධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pleistocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceni" title="Pleistoceni – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pleistoceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плеистоцен – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плеистоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிலிசுடோசின் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலிசுடோசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్లైస్టోసీన్ – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లైస్టోసీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไพลสโตซีน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไพลสโตซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseno" title="Pleistoseno – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pleistoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="وسط حیاتی دور – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسط حیاتی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleystotsen" title="Pleystotsen – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pleystotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Pleistocen" title="Thế Pleistocen – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლეისტოცენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლეისტოცენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keng-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Keng-sin-sè – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keng-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Pleistocen&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocen"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocen"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Pleistocen" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Pleistocen" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&oldid=6362736" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Pleistocen&id=6362736&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPleistocen"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPleistocen"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pleistocen"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pleistocen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pleistocene" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25546" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><p><b>Pleistocen</b>, <a href="/wiki/Arhaizmi" title="Arhaizmi">arhaično</a> <b>diluvij</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epoha_(geologija)" title="Epoha (geologija)">geološka je epoha</a> u povijesti Zemlje kojom počinje period <a href="/wiki/Kvartar" title="Kvartar">kvartar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naziv dolazi od grčkih riječi <i>pleistos</i> (većina) i <i>ceno</i> (nov). Pleistocen slijedi <a href="/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen">pliocensku</a> epohu i prethodi <a href="/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen">holocenskoj</a> epohi. Trajao je od prije 2,58 milijuna do prije 11 700 godina.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraj pleistocena podudara se s krajem <a href="/wiki/Paleolit" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolit">paleolitskog</a> doba koje se koristi u <a href="/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija">arheologiji</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podjela_pleistocena">Podjela pleistocena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Podjela pleistocena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podjela pleistocena"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pleistocen se dijeli na četiri doba:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelasij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelasij (stranica ne postoji)">gelasij</a></i>: prije 2,58 milijuna godina – prije 1,80 milijuna godina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donji_pleistocen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donji pleistocen (stranica ne postoji)">donji pleistocen</a>:</i> prije 1,8 milijuna godina – prije 0,781 milijuna godina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednji_pleistocen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednji pleistocen (stranica ne postoji)">srednji pleistocen</a>:</i> prije 781 000 godina – prije 126 000 godina</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gornji_pleistocen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gornji pleistocen (stranica ne postoji)">gornji pleistocen</a>:</i> prije 126 000 godina – prije 11 700 godina</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datiranje_pleistocena">Datiranje pleistocena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Datiranje pleistocena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Datiranje pleistocena"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodno_povjerenstvo_za_stratigrafiju" title="Međunarodno povjerenstvo za stratigrafiju">Međunarodno povjerenstvo za stratigrafiju</a> (tijelo <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_unija_geolo%C5%A1kih_znanosti" title="Međunarodna unija geoloških znanosti">Međunarodne unije geoloških znanosti</a>) je promijenila <a href="/wiki/2009." title="2009.">2009.</a> godine početak pleistocenske epohe na 2,588 milijuna godina prije današnjice, tako da se početak pleistocena podudara s početkom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelasij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelasij (stranica ne postoji)">gelasija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kraj pleistocena određen je na 11 700 godina prije današnjice, izražen u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiokarbonska_godina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiokarbonska godina (stranica ne postoji)">radiokarbonskim godinama</a>. On pokriva veći dio razdoblja učestalih <a href="/wiki/Glacijacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacijacija">glacijacija</a>, sve do konačnog zahlađenja zvanog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mla%C4%91i_drijas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mlađi drijas (stranica ne postoji)">mlađi drijas</a>.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedija:Navođenje izvora">nedostaje izvor</a></i>]</sup> Mlađi drijas datiran je oko 9600. pr. Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kao referentna globalna stratotipska točka (<a href="/wiki/Engleski" class="mw-redirect" title="Engleski">eng</a>:<i>Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point - GSSP</i>) za početak pleistocena određen je lokalitet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_San_Nicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte San Nicola (stranica ne postoji)">Monte San Nicola</a> u <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodno_povjerenstvo_za_stratigrafiju" title="Međunarodno povjerenstvo za stratigrafiju">Međunarodno povjerenstvo za stratigrafiju</a> nije odredilo referentnu globalnu stratotipsku točku za gornju granicu pleistocen/holocen, ali je kao presjek predložena karotaža leda na poziciji 75° 06' N 42° 18' W u sklopu projekta <i>North Greenland Ice Core Project</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konstante u klimatskoj povijesti pliocena i pleisticena su jedan od razloga zašto je Međunarodna komisija za stratigrafiju obeshrabrila korištenje izraza "<a href="/wiki/Kvartar" title="Kvartar">Kvartar</a>". Zato se danas pleistocen drži epohom <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">neogena</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pleistocenska_paleogeografija_i_klima">Pleistocenska paleogeografija i klima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Pleistocenska paleogeografija i klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pleistocenska paleogeografija i klima"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg/220px-Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Maksimalni doseg <a href="/wiki/Ledeno_doba" title="Ledeno doba">ledenog pokrova</a> na sjevernoj hemisferi tokom pleistocena.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moderni <a href="/wiki/Kontinent" title="Kontinent">kontinenti</a> su u biti bili na današnjim pozicijama tijekom pleistocena, te se nisu pomakli dalje od 100 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karakteristike_ledenog_doba">Karakteristike ledenog doba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Karakteristike ledenog doba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Karakteristike ledenog doba"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pleistocensku klimu su karakterizirali učestali ledeni ciklusi tijekom kojih su <a href="/wiki/Ledenjak" title="Ledenjak">kontinentalni ledenjaci</a> na nekim mjestima napredovali do 40. <a href="/wiki/Paralela_(geografija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralela (geografija)">paralele</a>. Smatra se kako je na vrhuncu <a href="/wiki/Glacijacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacijacija">glacijacija</a> 30% Zemljine površine bilo pokriveno ledom. Uz to se zona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vje%C4%8Dni_led&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vječni led (stranica ne postoji)">vječnog leda</a> prostirala nekoliko stotina kilometara južno od ledenog pokrivača, u <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_Amerika" title="Sjeverna Amerika">Sjevernoj Americi</a> i u <a href="/wiki/Euroazija" title="Euroazija">Euroaziji</a>. </p><p>Svaki je prodor leda vezao velike količine vode u kontinentalnim ledenjacima debljine 1500-3000 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">m</a>, što je dovelo do privremenog pada razine mora od 100 m ili više na cijeloj površini Zemlje. Tijekom međuledenih doba, nalik na ovo u kojem danas živimo, često je bilo poplavljivanje obala, ponekad ublaženo izostatskim ili nekim drugim pomacima u određenim regijama. </p><p>Učinci glacijacije su bili globalni. <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a> je bila kroz cijeli pleistocen prekrivena ledom, isto kao i prethodnom <a href="/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen">pliocenu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ande" title="Ande">Ande</a> i <a href="/wiki/Patagonija" title="Patagonija">Patagonija</a> su također bile pokrivene polarnom kapom, a ledenjaci su postojali i na <a href="/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland">Novom Zelandu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tasmanija" title="Tasmanija">Tasmaniji</a>. Trenutno nestajući ledenjaci na <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenyiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaru</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori" title="Rwenzori">gorju Ruwenzori</a> na istoku i središtu Afrike bili su daleko veći. Ledenjaci su postojali u planinama <a href="/wiki/Etiopija" title="Etiopija">Etiopije</a> i na zapadu u <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(gorje)" title="Atlas (gorje)">gorju Atlas</a>. </p><p>Na sjevernoj se hemisferi veliki broj manjih ledenjaka stopio u jedan veliki. <a href="/wiki/Kordiljeri" title="Kordiljeri">Kordiljerski</a> ledeni pokrov se prostirao na sjeverozapadu Sjeverne Amerike, a istok je bio pokriven <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurentide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurentide (stranica ne postoji)">Laurentideom</a>. Skandinavski ledeni pokrov je pritiskao sjevernu <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europu</a>, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Britanija" class="mw-disambig" title="Britanija">Britaniju</a>, a alpski je ledeni pokrov pritsikao <a href="/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe">Alpe</a>. Manji dijelovi ledenog pokriva mogli su se naći u <a href="/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir">Sibiru</a> i na arktičkoj ploči. Sjeverna mora su bila zamrznuta. </p><p>Južno od ledenog pokrova formirala su se ogromna jezera kao posljedica blokade vodenih tokova te smanjenom isparavanju zbog hladnijeg zraka. Sjeverni dio središta Sjeverne Amerike bio je u potpunosti pokriven <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezero_Agassiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezero Agassiz (stranica ne postoji)">jezerom Agassiz</a>. Oko 100 bazena, sada uglavnom isušenih, bilo je ispunjeno vodom na zapadu Amerike. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezero_Bonneville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezero Bonneville (stranica ne postoji)">Jezero Bonneville</a>, na primjer, stajalo je gdje danas stoji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliko_slano_jezero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliko slano jezero (stranica ne postoji)">Veliko slano jezero</a>. U Euroaziji su se velika jezera formirala kao rezultat prodora ledenjaka. Rijeke su bile veće, imale stabilniji tok, te imale više pritoka. Afrička su jezera također bila veća, vjerojatno zbog smanjenog ispravanja. </p><p>Pustinje su, s druge strane, bile više suhe i prostranije, kao posljedica smanjenih padalina zbog smanjenog oceanskog i drugog ispravanja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleociklusi">Paleociklusi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Paleociklusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Paleociklusi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zbroj prijelaznih faktora koji djeluju na Zemljinu površinu je cikličan: klima, oceaske struje i drugi pomaci, struje vjetrova, temperature itd. Sve je to posljedica cikličnih promjena u kretanju planeta koji s vremenom sve te faktore uravnotežuje. Ovi su faktori izazvali učestale glacijacije u pleistocenu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milankovićevi_ciklusi"><span id="Milankovi.C4.87evi_ciklusi"></span>Milankovićevi ciklusi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Milankovićevi ciklusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Milankovićevi ciklusi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glacijacija u pleistocenu je bila niz glacijalija i interglacijacija, stadijala i inetrstadijala koji su pratili razdoblja promjene klime. Danas se vjeruje da su glavni faktor u klimatskim promjenama bili <a href="/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87evi_ciklusi" title="Milankovićevi ciklusi">Milankovićevi ciklusi</a>. To su periodičke varijacije u regionalnoj sunčevoj radijaciji uzrokovane promjenama u kretanju Zemlje. </p><p>Milankovićevi ciklusi nisu mogli biti jedini faktor, jer oni ne mogu objasniti početak ni kraj pleistocenskog ledenog doba, kao ni učestala ledena doba. Najbolje služe kao model unutar pleistocena te se na temelju njega mogu odrediti ledena doba svakih 100.000 godina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ciklusi_razine_izotopa_kisika">Ciklusi razine izotopa kisika</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Ciklusi razine izotopa kisika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ciklusi razine izotopa kisika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U analizi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciklus_razine_izotopa_kisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciklus razine izotopa kisika (stranica ne postoji)">razine izotopa kisika</a>, varijacije u odnosu O-18 prema O-16 (dva <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>) u <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masi</a> (mjereni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektrometar_mase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektrometar mase (stranica ne postoji)">spektrometrom mase</a>) prisutnih u <a href="/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit">kalcitu</a> s oceanskih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temeljni_uzorak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temeljni uzorak (stranica ne postoji)">temeljenih uzoraka</a> koriste se kao dijagnostičko sredstvo za određivanje promjena oceanske temperature, a samim tim i promjene klime. Hladniji su oceani bogatiji izotopm O-18, prisutnim u školjkama mikroorganizama koje luče kalcit. </p><p>Modernija verzija uzimanja uzoraka koristi moderne ledene pokrove. Iako siromašniji izotopom O-18 od morske vode, snijeg koji pada na ledenjake svake godine svejedno je sadržavao O-18 i O-16 u razini ovisnoj o srednjoj temperaturi. </p><p>Temperatura i promjene klime su ciklične kada se od njih stvori temperaturni graf. Temperaturne se koordinate pojavljuju u obliku devijacije od današnjih srednjih godišnjih temperatura koje predstavljaju nulu. Ova vrsta grafikona temelji se na drugoj razini izotopa kroz vrijeme. Razine se pretvaraju u razlike u postocima (δ) od odnosa pronađenog u stanardnoj srednjoj oceanskoj vodi (SMOW). </p><p>Grafikon u oba oblika pojavljuje se kao <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">val</a> s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alikvotni_ton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alikvotni ton (stranica ne postoji)">alikvotnim tonovima</a>. Jedna polovica perioda je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morski_izotopni_stadij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morski izotopni stadij (stranica ne postoji)">morski izotopni stadij</a> (MIS). On označava glacijal (ispod nule) ili interglacijal (iznad nule). Alikvotni tonovi su stadijali ili interstadijali. </p><p>Prema ovih nalazima, Zemlja je iskusila 44 MIS stadija počevši od prije 2,4 milijuna godina u <a href="/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen">pliocenu</a>. Pliocenski su stadiji bili plitki i česti. Kasniji su bili intenzivniji i dulji. </p><p>Stadiji se po običaju numeriraju od holocena, koji predstavlja MIS1. Glacijali dobivaju parni a interglacijali neparni broj. Prva veća glacijacija bila je MIS22 prije 850 000 godina. Najveće se glacijacije su bile 2, 6 i 12, a najtoplije inetrglacijacije 1, 5, 9 i 11. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pleistocenska_fauna">Pleistocenska fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Pleistocenska fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pleistocenska fauna"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/300px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/450px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/600px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Izgled <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundre</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinje</a> u pleistocenu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Za pleistocen ili holocen nisu određeni nikakvi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faunalna_faza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faunalna faza (stranica ne postoji)">faunalni stadiji</a>. I morska i kontinentalna fauna je u suštini bila moderna. Većina znanstvenika vjeruje da je <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek">čovjek</a> evoluirao u svoj moderni oblik tijekom pleistocena.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Holocensko_masovno_izumiranje" title="Holocensko masovno izumiranje">Masovno izumiranje</a> krupnih <a href="/wiki/Sisavci" title="Sisavci">sisavaca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafaune</a>), koje je obuhvaćalo <a href="/wiki/Mamut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamut">mamute</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mastodont (stranica ne postoji)">mastodonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabljozubi_tigar" title="Sabljozubi tigar">sabljozube tigrove</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliptodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliptodont (stranica ne postoji)">gliptodonte</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopneni_ljenjivac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopneni ljenjivac (stranica ne postoji)">kopnene ljenivce</a> započelo je krajem pleistocena te se nastavilo u holocenu. </p><p>Masovna su izumiranja bila posebno oštra u <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_Amerika" title="Sjeverna Amerika">Sjevernoj Americi</a> gdje su nestali domaći <a href="/wiki/Konji" title="Konji">konji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Deva" class="mw-redirect" title="Deva">deve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://struna.ihjj.hr/naziv/diluvij/31585/">Diluvij</a>. <i>Struna – Hrvatsko strukovno nazivlje</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2022.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Struna+%E2%80%93+Hrvatsko+strukovno+nazivlje&rft.atitle=Diluvij&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstruna.ihjj.hr%2Fnaziv%2Fdiluvij%2F31585%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APleistocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=34888">Kvartar</a>. <i>Hrvatska enciklopedija</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 16. siječnja 2022.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatska+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Kvartar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciklopedija.hr%2Fnatuknica.aspx%3Fid%3D34888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APleistocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/timescale/">Interactive International Chronostratigraphic Chart</a>. <i>stratigraphy.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 4. studenoga 2021.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=Interactive+International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Ftimescale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APleistocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004.) "The Neogene Period". In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For the top of the series, see: Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004.) "The Neogene Period". In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riccardi, Alberto C. (30. lipnja 2009.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/IUGS%20Ratification_Q%20&%20Pleistocene.pdf">"IUGS ratified ICS Recommendation on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary"</a> International Union of Geological Sciences</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Svensson, A., S. W. Nielsen, S. Kipfstuhl, S. J. Johnsen, J. P. Steffensen, M. Bigler, U. Ruth, and R. Röthlisberger (2005) "Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period" <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i> 110: (D02108)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wall, J.D. and Przeworski, M. (2000) "When did the human population start increasing?" <i>Genetics</i> 155: str. 1865. – 1874.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, A.R. and Jorde, L.B. (1995) "Genetic evidence on modern human origins" <i>Human Biology</i> 67: str. 1. – 36.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unutarnje_poveznice">Unutarnje poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Unutarnje poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Unutarnje poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ka_razdoblja" class="mw-redirect" title="Geološka razdoblja">Geološka razdoblja</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/sit">SMU-in-Taos znanstvene publikacije</a>, digitalna kolekcija anthropoloških i archaeoloških monografija. Preuzeto 29. tranja 2014. <span style="cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<span style="color:#606060; font-size:80%; position:relative; bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Engl." class="mw-redirect" title="Engl.">engl.</a></span>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?age=Pleistocene&aktion=suche">Pleistocenski mikrofosili: 50 fotografija Foraminifera</a>, preuzeto 29. tranja 2014. <span style="cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<span style="color:#606060; font-size:80%; position:relative; bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Engl." class="mw-redirect" title="Engl.">engl.</a></span>)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&oldid=6362736">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleistocen&oldid=6362736</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_kojima_nedostaje_izvor" title="Kategorija:Članci kojima nedostaje izvor">Članci kojima nedostaje izvor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Geolo%C5%A1ka_razdoblja" title="Kategorija:Geološka razdoblja">Geološka razdoblja</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 9. travnja 2022. u 19:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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