CINXE.COM

Alpe – Wikipedija

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="hr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alpe – Wikipedija</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )hrwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy hr","wgMonthNames":["","siječanj","veljača","ožujak","travanj","svibanj","lipanj","srpanj","kolovoz","rujan","listopad","studeni","prosinac"],"wgRequestId":"5c94153d-8a2e-4e11-b8e6-8e9f4e5e14d9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alpe","wgTitle":"Alpe","wgCurRevisionId":7069441,"wgRevisionId":7069441,"wgArticleId":12633,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 upotrebe (češki)","CS1 upotrebe (latinski)","CS1 upotrebe (engleski)","CS1 upotrebe (njemački)","CS1 upotrebe (francuski)","CS1 upotrebe (talijanski)","CS1 upotrebe (retoromanski)","CS1 greške: prazna referenca","CS1: duga vrijednost parametra volume","Geografske koordinate postoje na Wikipodatcima","Stranice sa zemljovidima","Alpe","Gorja u Sloveniji","Gorja u Austriji","Gorja u Italiji","Gorja u Švicarskoj","Gorja u Francuskoj","Gorja u Njemačkoj", "Planine u Lihtenštajnu"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"hr","wgPageContentLanguage":"hr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alpe","wgRelevantArticleId":12633,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"hr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"hr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":46.5781,"lon":8.615},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q1286","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.5"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe", "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Web2Cit","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hr&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=hr&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hr&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/1200px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="797"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/800px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="531"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/640px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="425"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alpe – Wikipedija"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//hr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Uredi" href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedija (hr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//hr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedija Atom izvor" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Nedavne_promjene&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alpe rootpage-Alpe skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Prijeđi na sadržaj</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Glavni izbornik" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Glavni izbornik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Glavni izbornik</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orijentacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stranica" title="Posjeti glavnu stranicu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stranica</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Sadr%C5%BEaj"><span>Sadržaj</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Slu%C4%8Dajna_stranica" title="Učitavanje slučajne stranice [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slučajna stranica</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Nedavne_promjene" title="Popis nedavnih promjena u wikiju [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Nedavne promjene</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Kafi%C4%87" title="O projektu, što možete učiniti, gdje se što nalazi"><span>Kafić</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Sadr%C5%BEaj" title="Mjesto gdje se može dobiti pomoć"><span>Pomoć</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hr.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Slobodna enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-hr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Pretraži Wikipediju [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Traži</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Pretraži projekt Wikipedija" aria-label="Pretraži projekt Wikipedija" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Pretraži Wikipediju [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Traži"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Traži</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobni alati"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izgled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=hr" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&amp;returnto=Alpe" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Stvori račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&amp;returnto=Alpe" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi se</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Više mogućnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobni alati" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobni alati</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Suradnički izbornik" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=hr"><span>Donacije</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&amp;returnto=Alpe" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Stvori račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&amp;returnto=Alpe" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijavi se</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za neprijavljene suradnike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Vidi više o uređivanju"><span>saznajte više</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moji_doprinosi" title="Popis uređivanja učinjenih s ove IP adrese [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Doprinosi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moj_razgovor" title="Rasprava o uređivanjima s ove IP adrese [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Esakrij\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"hr\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid #E3B100;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/40px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/60px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/80px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"640\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Cb\u003EGodina \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003EMarka Marulića\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E – 500 godina od smrti oca hrvatske književnosti. \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid #eaa;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/22px-Help-content.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/33px-Help-content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/44px-Help-content.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003ERaspravite \u003Cb\u003Erazradu po temama kriterija\u003C/b\u003E o značajnosti!\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologija_i_toponimija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija_i_toponimija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologija i toponimija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija_i_toponimija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Geografija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zapadne_Alpe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zapadne_Alpe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Zapadne Alpe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zapadne_Alpe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istočne_Alpe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istočne_Alpe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Istočne Alpe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istočne_Alpe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prijevoji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prijevoji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prijevoji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prijevoji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Najviši_vrhovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Najviši_vrhovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Najviši vrhovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Najviši_vrhovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologija_i_orogeneza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologija_i_orogeneza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geologija i orogeneza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologija_i_orogeneza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minerali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minerali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Minerali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minerali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ledenjaci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ledenjaci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ledenjaci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ledenjaci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rijeke_i_jezera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rijeke_i_jezera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rijeke i jezera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rijeke_i_jezera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lavine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lavine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lavine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lavine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Klima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Živi_svijet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Živi_svijet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Živi svijet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Živi_svijet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Živi svijet</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Živi_svijet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biljni_svijet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biljni_svijet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Biljni svijet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biljni_svijet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prapovijest_do_kršćanstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prapovijest_do_kršćanstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Prapovijest do kršćanstva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prapovijest_do_kršćanstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Od_kršćanstva_do_Napoleonskih_ratova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Od_kršćanstva_do_Napoleonskih_ratova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Od kršćanstva do Napoleonskih ratova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Od_kršćanstva_do_Napoleonskih_ratova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istraživanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istraživanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Istraživanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istraživanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantičari_i_alpinisti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantičari_i_alpinisti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Romantičari i alpinisti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantičari_i_alpinisti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doba_nacizma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doba_nacizma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Doba nacizma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doba_nacizma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Najveći_gradovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Najveći_gradovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Najveći gradovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Najveći_gradovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanovništvo_i_kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanovništvo_i_kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Stanovništvo i kultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanovništvo_i_kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Turizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Promet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilješke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilješke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Bilješke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilješke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 176 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title="አልፕስ ተራሮች – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልፕስ ተራሮች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpis" title="Alpis – staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alpis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ऐल्प्स – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऐल्प्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الألب – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="الب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9B" title="এল্পছ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এল্পছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алпал – avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Алпал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Alp dağları – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alp dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آلپ داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلپ داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альп тауҙары – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альп тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oipn" title="Oipn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oipn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%97s" title="Alpės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alpės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আল্পস পর্বতমালা – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল্পস পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpo%C3%B9" title="Alpoù – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alpoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Альпа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альпа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Альпаш – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Альпаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%BE" title="ئەڵپ – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – krimski turski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimski turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpau" title="Alpau – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alpau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperne" title="Alperne – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alperne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – donjolužički" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="donjolužički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Άλπεις – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλπεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lp" title="Èlp – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Èlp" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpoj" title="Alpoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alpoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpid" title="Alpid – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alpid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpeak" title="Alpeak – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alpeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE" title="آلپ – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpit" title="Alpit – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alpit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpiq" title="Alpiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alpiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpurnar" title="Alpurnar – ferojski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alpurnar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferojski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82rpes" title="Ârpes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ârpes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – furlanski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hAlpa" title="Na hAlpa – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na hAlpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿爾卑斯山 – gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="阿爾卑斯山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Ailpeannan" title="Na h-Ailpeannan – škotski gaelski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Ailpeannan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski gaelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ype" title="Áype – gvaranski" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Áype" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE" title="આલ્પ્સ પર્વતમાળા – gudžaratski" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્પ્સ પર્વતમાળા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes_s%C3%A2n" title="Alpes sân – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alpes sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlepa" title="ʻAlepa – havajski" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAlepa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הרי האלפים – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי האלפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ऐल्प्स पर्वतमाला – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐल्प्स पर्वतमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – gornjolužički" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornjolužički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpok" title="Alpok – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alpok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալպեր – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալպեան լեռներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալպեան լեռներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – interligua" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interligua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpafj%C3%B6ll" title="Alpafjöll – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alpafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="アルプス山脈 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルプス山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალპები – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალპები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_tawlar%C4%B1" title="Alp tawları – kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alp tawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idurar_n_Alp" title="Idurar n Alp – kabilski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idurar n Alp" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%A9p%CA%8Awaa" title="Alɩpʊwaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alɩpʊwaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Альпі – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альпі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ಸ್ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಪ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="알프스산맥 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프스산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Альпла – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Альпла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpow" title="Alpow – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alpow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpi" title="Arpi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arpi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_(mont)" title="Alp (mont) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alp (mont)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%8C" title="ແອລປ໌ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແອລປ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%97s" title="Alpės – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alpės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandavan-tendrombohitra_Alpa" title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra Alpa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF" title="Альп – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Альп" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൽപ്സ് – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽപ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Альпийн нуруу – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альпийн нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjaran_Alp" title="Banjaran Alp – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjaran Alp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – mirandski" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အယ်လ်ပ်တောင်တန်း – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ပ်တောင်တန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpe" title="Arpe – napolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arpe" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्प्स – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आल्प्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="एल्पस् – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एल्पस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpane" title="Alpane – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alpane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpene" title="Alpene – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alpene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Альпæтæ – osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Альпæтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA" title="ਐਲਪ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp" title="Alp – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alp" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="آلپ غرونه – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آلپ غرونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpikuna" title="Alpikuna – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alpikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – retoromanski" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Альпы – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альпы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Алпы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алпы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Альпа хайалара – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альпа хайалара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – sardski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lppat" title="Álppat – sjeverni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Álppat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sjeverni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇල්ප්ස් – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්ප්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alps" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpy" title="Alpy – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alpy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpet" title="Alpet – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alpet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Алпи – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алпи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpen" title="Alpen – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alpen" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperna" title="Alperna – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alperna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi" title="Alpi – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alpi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்ப்ஸ் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்ப்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆల్ప్స్ పర్వతాలు – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్ప్స్ పర్వతాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF" title="Алп – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="เทือกเขาแอลป์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาแอลป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpi_bandon" title="Alpi bandon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Alpi bandon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpler" title="Alpler – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alpler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Альп таулары – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альп таулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ئالپ تاغلىرى – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالپ تاغلىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Альпи – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альпи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="الپس – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الپس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alplar" title="Alplar – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alpe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27pad" title="Al&#039;pad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Al&#039;pad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anp%C6%A1" title="Anpơ – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anpơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpn" title="Alpn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Alpn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔卑斯山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IiAlps" title="IiAlps – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IiAlps" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალპეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალპეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="אלפן – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלפן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔卑斯山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes" title="Alpes – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alpes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿爾卑斯山 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾卑斯山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alpe" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Alpe" rel="discussion" title="Razgovorna stranica [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alpe"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alpe"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Alpe" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Alpe" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;oldid=7069441" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&amp;page=Alpe&amp;id=7069441&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlpe"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlpe"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Alpe"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Alpe&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alps" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1286" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-aa-coord" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geografske_koordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografske koordinate">Koordinate</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5976926">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alpe&amp;params=46.5781_N_8.615_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Karte, zračne fotografije i drugi podatci za ovu lokaciju"><span class="latitude">46°34′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°36′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Karte, zračne fotografije i drugi podatci za ovu lokaciju">46.5781°N 8.615°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">46.5781; 8.615</span></span></span></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #e8e8ff;">Alpe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e7dcc3;">Gorje</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/300px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/450px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg/600px-Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><div>Talijanski dio Alpa Dolomiti proglašen je UNESCO-vom svjetskom baštinom.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Alpenrelief_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alpenrelief_01.jpg/300px-Alpenrelief_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alpenrelief_01.jpg/450px-Alpenrelief_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Alpenrelief_01.jpg/600px-Alpenrelief_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="937" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:powderblue">Položaj</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zemljopisne_koordinate" title="Zemljopisne koordinate">Koordinate</a></th><td><span class="coord-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5976926">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alpe&amp;params=46.5781_N_8.615_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Karte, zračne fotografije i drugi podatci za ovu lokaciju"><span class="latitude">46°34′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°36′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Karte, zračne fotografije i drugi podatci za ovu lokaciju">46.5781°N 8.615°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">46.5781; 8.615</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Država</th><td><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/24px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/36px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%2C_2020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%2C_2020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%2C_2020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%2C_2020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%2C_2020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%2C_2020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuska</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/36px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačka</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/36px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italija</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lihten%C5%A1tajn" title="Lihtenštajn"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/24px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/36px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/48px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lihten%C5%A1tajn" title="Lihtenštajn">Lihtenštajn</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/36px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Slovenija</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarska</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:powderblue">Fizikalne osobine</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Najviši vrh<br />• visina:<br />• koord.:</th><td><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a><br />4808,73 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">m</a><br /><span class="coord-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5976926"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alpe&amp;params=45_49_58_N_06_51_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Karte, zračne fotografije i drugi podatci za ovu lokaciju"><span class="latitude">45°49′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°51′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Karte, zračne fotografije i drugi podatci za ovu lokaciju">45.83278°N 6.86500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">45.83278; 6.86500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7002023">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alpe na zemljovidu Europe"><img alt="Alpe na zemljovidu Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/300px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/450px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/600px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.617%;left:34.199%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alpe"><img alt="Alpe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/20px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/30px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/40px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.513%;left:31.366%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mont Blanc"><img alt="Mont Blanc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armed_forces_red_triangle.svg/7px-Armed_forces_red_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armed_forces_red_triangle.svg/11px-Armed_forces_red_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armed_forces_red_triangle.svg/14px-Armed_forces_red_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:80%;width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Alpe na zemljovidu Europe</div></div></div></div></div><div> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 150px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="150" data-zoom="8" data-lat="46.5781" data-lon="8.615" data-overlays="[&quot;_1fa0aabbc0521045dec32cab8e5f0cfbea6850c2&quot;]" href="/wiki/Posebno:Map/8/46.5781/8.615/hr"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,46.5781,8.615,300x150.png?lang=hr&amp;domain=hr.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Alpe&amp;groups=_1fa0aabbc0521045dec32cab8e5f0cfbea6850c2" width="300" height="150" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,46.5781,8.615,300x150@2x.png?lang=hr&amp;domain=hr.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Alpe&amp;groups=_1fa0aabbc0521045dec32cab8e5f0cfbea6850c2 2x" alt="Zemljovid" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alpe</b> (<a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik">njem.</a> <i>Alpen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Talijanski_jezik" title="Talijanski jezik">tal.</a> <i>Alpi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik">fra.</a> <i>Alpes</i>; <a href="/wiki/Furlanski_jezik" title="Furlanski jezik">fur.</a> <i>Alps</i>; <a href="/wiki/Okcitanski_jezik" title="Okcitanski jezik">okc.</a> <i>Aups/Alps</i>; <a href="/wiki/Roman%C5%A1" title="Romanš">romanš</a>: <i>Alps</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovenski_jezik" title="Slovenski jezik">slo.</a> <i>Alpe</i>) su <a href="/wiki/Planinski_sustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Planinski sustav">planinski sustav</a> između <a href="/wiki/Srednja_Europa" title="Srednja Europa">Srednje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Europa" title="Južna Europa">Južne Europe</a> dug 1200 km i širok oko 150 km. Alpski luk općenito se proteže od <a href="/wiki/Nica" title="Nica">Nice</a> na zapadnom Sredozemlju do <a href="/wiki/Trst" title="Trst">Trsta</a> na Jadranu i <a href="/wiki/Be%C4%8D" title="Beč">Beča</a> na početku <a href="/wiki/Panonska_nizina" title="Panonska nizina">Panonskog bazena</a>. Najviši je i najopsežniji <a href="/wiki/Gorje" title="Gorje">planinski lanac</a> koji se u cijelosti nalazi u <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a proteže se preko sedam alpskih zemalja (redom od zapada prema istoku): <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuske</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lihten%C5%A1tajn" title="Lihtenštajn">Lihtenštajna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačke</a> i <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Slovenije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najviši vrh Alpa je <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> (4808,73 m) na granici <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuske</a>. </p><p>Lanac je nastao tijekom nekoliko desetaka milijuna godina sudaranjem afričke i euroazijske <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C4%8Da" title="Tektonika ploča">tektonske ploče</a>. Ekstremno skraćivanje uzrokovano ovim geološkim događajem imalo je za posljedicu podizanje morskih <a href="/wiki/Sedimentne_stijene" title="Sedimentne stijene">sedimentnih stijena</a> <a href="/wiki/Navlaka" title="Navlaka">potiskivanjem</a> i savijanjem u visoke planinske vrhove kao što su <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> i <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a>. Središnji planinski niz izgrađuju stare kristalinske <a href="/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena">stijene</a>, a sjeverni i južni lanci od mezozojskih su karbonatnih stijena (<a href="/wiki/Vapnenac" title="Vapnenac">vapnenci</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dolomit" title="Dolomit">dolomiti</a>), koje su izdignute tzv. <a href="/wiki/Alpska_orogeneza" title="Alpska orogeneza">alpskim nabiranjem</a> (alpskom orogenezom). Današni oblik Alpe su dobile <a href="/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen">pleistocenskom</a> <a href="/wiki/Oledba" title="Oledba">glacijacijom</a>, a snježna granica je na visini 2700 – 2800 m. </p><p>Najveći planinski vrh Mont Blanc (4809 m) proteže se francusko-talijanskom granicom, no na području Alpa smješteno je još 128 planinskih vrhova viših od 4000 m. </p><p>Nadmorska visina i veličina raspona utječu na klimu u Europi; u planinama, količine oborina jako variraju, a klimatske uvjete čini nekoliko različitih zona. Divlje životinje poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpski_Kozorog&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpski Kozorog (stranica ne postoji)">alpskog kozoroga</a> žive na višim vrhovima do nadmorske visine od 3400 m, a biljke kao što je <a href="/wiki/Planinski_runolist" title="Planinski runolist">runolist</a> rastu u stjenovitim područjima na nižim nadmorskim visinama. </p><p>Dokazi o ljudskom boravku u Alpama datiraju još iz doba <a href="/wiki/Starije_kameno_doba" title="Starije kameno doba">paleolitika</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Mumificirani čovjek Ötzi</a>, za kojeg je utvrđeno da je star 5000 godina, otkriven je na ledenjaku na austrijsko-talijanskoj granici 1991. </p><p>Do 6. stoljeća pr. Kr., keltska <a href="/wiki/Latenska_kultura" title="Latenska kultura">latenska kultura</a> bila je raširena tim područjem. U antici su Alpe služile kao prirodna obrana Apeninskog poluotoka sa sjevera, zato je <a href="/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal">Hannibalov</a> pothvat prelaska Alpa s borbenim slonovima tijekom rata s Rimljanima ostao zabilježen u povijesti. <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim">Rimljani</a> su osnovali mnoga naselja u cijeloj alpskoj regiji. U novom je vijeku <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> 1800. godine prešao jedan od planinskih prijevoja s vojskom od 40 000 vojnika. U 18. i 19. stoljeću u ovo je područje došlo je do velikog priljeva prirodoslovaca, pisaca i umjetnika posebice tijekom <a href="/wiki/Romantizam" title="Romantizam">romantizma</a>, nakon čega je uslijedilo zlatno doba <a href="/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam">alpinizma</a> kada su se planinari počeli uspinjati na vrhove. </p><p>Na alpskom području živi otprilike 13 milijuna ljudi koji imaju snažan kulturni identitet. Tradicionalna kultura poljoprivrede, proizvodnje sira i obrade drveta još uvijek postoji u alpskim selima, iako je turistička industrija počela rasti početkom 20. stoljeća, znatno se proširila nakon <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugog svjetskog rata</a> i do kraja stoljeća postaje dominantnom industrijom.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré8_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré8-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Srednja i Južna Europa povezane su preko Alpa s više cestovnih i željezničkih veza. Preko Alpa prolazi više cestovnih i željezničkih veza koje povezuju Srednju i Južnu Europu. Najduži su <a href="/wiki/Tunel" title="Tunel">tuneli</a> su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplon (stranica ne postoji)">Simplon</a> (20 km) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gotthard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Gotthard (stranica ne postoji)">St. Gotthard</a> (15 km). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zimske_olimpijske_igre" title="Zimske olimpijske igre">Zimske olimpijske igre</a> organizirane su u švicarskim, francuskim, talijanskim, austrijskim i njemačkim Alpama. Od 2010. u regiji ih je 14&#160;milijuna ljudi i ima 120&#160;milijuna posjetitelja godišnje </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologija_i_toponimija">Etimologija i toponimija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Etimologija i toponimija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Etimologija i toponimija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg/220px-Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg/330px-Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg/440px-Bildstock_an_der_Alpe_Bardughe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Izraz "alp" odnosi se na pašnjak na visokoj nadmorskoj visini koji se posjećuje samo ljeti. Često je na njemu prisutno nekoliko koliba i malih bogomolja (ovdje Alpe Bardughè u <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticinu</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Riječ <i>Alpe</i> dolazi od latinskog izraza <i>Alpes,</i> koja bi mogla vući korijen od pridjeva <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:albus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:en:albus">albus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ("bijeli"). Izraz bi mogao potjecati od grčke božice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfito&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfito (stranica ne postoji)">Alfito</a>, čije je ime povezano s <i>alphita</i> ("bijelo brašno"), te s <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropski_prajezik" title="Indoeuropski prajezik">praindoeuropskom</a> riječi <i>*albʰós</i>. Slično tome, ime riječnog boga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfej_(bo%C5%BEanstvo)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfej (božanstvo) (stranica ne postoji)">Alfeja</a> također bi trebao potjecati od grčkog izraza <i>alphos</i> što znači "bjelkast".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U svom komentaru na <a href="/wiki/Publije_Vergilije_Maron" title="Publije Vergilije Maron">Vergilijevu</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneidu</a></i>, gramatičar iz kasnog 4. stoljeća <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauro_Servije_Honorat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauro Servije Honorat (stranica ne postoji)">Mauro Servije Honorat</a> kaže da <a href="/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti">Kelti</a> sve visoke planine nazivaju <i>Alpama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latinski <i>Alpes</i> mogao bi potjecati od <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropski_jezici" title="Indoeuropski jezici">praindoeuropske</a> riječi * <i>alb</i> što znači "brdo" ("Albanija" je srodna izvedenica). Albanija je naziv koji nije izvorni za suvremenu državu <a href="/wiki/Albanija" title="Albanija">Albaniju</a>, već se koristio kao naziv za nekoliko planinskih područja diljem Europe. </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim">rimsko doba</a> "Albania" je bio naziv za istočni <a href="/wiki/Kavkaz_(regija)" title="Kavkaz (regija)">Kavkaz</a>, a u engleskim jezicima "Albania" (ili "Albany") povremeno koristio kao naziv za <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kotska" title="Škotska">Škotsku</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> premda je vjerojatnije da potječe iz latinske riječi <i>albus</i><sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ("bijela"). </p><p>U modernim jezicima izraz <i>alp</i>, <i>alm</i>, <i>albe</i> ili <i>alpe</i> odnosi se na <a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%A1njak" title="Pašnjak">pašnjake</a> u alpskim regijama ispod <a href="/wiki/Ledenjak" title="Ledenjak">ledenjaka</a>, a ne na vrhove.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid93_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid93-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izraz <i>alp</i> se odnosi i na visoke planinske pašnjake, obično u blizini ili iznad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granica_drve%C4%87a&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Granica drveća (stranica ne postoji)">granice drveća</a>, gdje se goveda i druga stoka vode na ispašu tijekom ljetnih mjeseci i gdje su izgrađene kolibe i postavljeni sjenici, koji ponekad čine male zaseoke. Stoga je izraz "Alpe" kao referenca na planine pogrešan naziv.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izraz za planinske vrhove razlikuje se ovisno o naciji i jeziku, primjerice riječi kao što su <i>Horn</i>, <i>Kogel</i>, <i>Kopf</i>, <i>Gipfel</i>, <i>Spitze</i>, <i>Stock</i> i <i>Berg</i> koriste se u regijama njemačkog govornog područja; <i>Mont</i>, <i>Pic</i>, <i>Tête</i>, <i>Pointe</i>, <i>Dent</i>, <i>Roche</i> i <i>Aiguille</i> u regijama francuskog govornog područja; i <i>Monte</i>, <i>Picco</i>, <i>Corno</i>, <i>Punta</i>, <i>Pizzo</i> ili <i>Cima</i> u regijama talijanskog govornog područja.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografija">Geografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Geografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Geografija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Alps_with_borders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alps_with_borders.jpg/250px-Alps_with_borders.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alps_with_borders.jpg/375px-Alps_with_borders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alps_with_borders.jpg/500px-Alps_with_borders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Alpe se protežu u luku od Francuske na jugu i zapadu do Slovenije na istoku, te od Monaka na jugu do Njemačke na sjeveru.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alpe su planinski sustav u središnjoj Europi u obliku polumjeseca koje se proteže zakrivljenom linijom 800 km od istoka prema zapadu i široko je 200 km. Srednja visina planinskih vrhova je 2,5 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceben_22–24_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceben_22–24-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lanac se proteže od <a href="/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more">Sredozemnog mora</a>, sjeverno iznad bazena rijeke <a href="/wiki/Pad" title="Pad">Po</a>, kroz Francusku od <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoblea</a> i prema istoku kroz srednju i južnu Švicarsku. Sustav se nastavlja prema <a href="/wiki/Be%C4%8D" title="Beč">Beču</a> i istočno do <a href="/wiki/Jadransko_more" title="Jadransko more">Jadranskog mora</a> i <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Slovenije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beattie_xii–xiii_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na jugu se spušta u sjevernu Italiju, a na sjeveru se proteže do južne granice <a href="/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska">Bavarske</a> u Njemačkoj.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie_xii–xiii2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U područjima kao što su <a href="/wiki/Chiasso" title="Chiasso">Chiasso</a> u Švicarskoj i <a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u" title="Allgäu">Allgäu</a> u Bavarskoj, granica između planinskog lanca i ravničarskog područja je jasna, ali na drugim mjestima poput <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeneva" title="Ženeva">Ženeve</a> razgraničenje je manje određeno. </p><p>Zemlje s najvećim teritorijem prekrivenim Alpama su <a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a> (28,7&#160;% ukupne površine), <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italija</a> (27,2&#160;%), <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuska</a> (21,4&#160;%) i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarska</a> (13,2&#160;%).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg/250px-2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg/375px-2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg/500px-2016_1129_KL1556_Monte_Rosa_Matterhorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Pogled iz zraka na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peninske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peninske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Peninske Alpe</a>, drugi po visini alpski lanac.</figcaption></figure> <p>Najviši dio lanca podijeljen je ledenjačkim koritom doline <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, od <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanca</a> do <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorna</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Rosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Rosa (stranica ne postoji)">Monte Rosa</a> na južnoj strani, te <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Bernskim Alpama</a> na sjevernoj. Vrhovi u istočnom dijelu lanca, u Austriji i Sloveniji, niži su od onih u središnjem i zapadnom dijelu.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie_xii–xiii3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varijacije u nomenklaturi u regiji koja se proteže kroz Alpe otežavaju klasifikaciju planina i podregija, ali opća klasifikacija je ona na Istočne Alpe i Zapadne Alpe s granicom između njih u istočnoj Švicarskoj<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid932_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid932-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> u blizini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prijevoj_Spl%C3%BCgen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prijevoj Splügen (stranica ne postoji)">prijevoja Splügen</a> (definicija geologa Stefana Schmida). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Lanersbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanersbach.jpg/250px-Lanersbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanersbach.jpg/375px-Lanersbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanersbach.jpg/500px-Lanersbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Tipično alpsko selo u dolini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuxertal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuxertal (stranica ne postoji)">Tuxertal</a> u <a href="/wiki/Tirol_(austrijska_savezna_dr%C5%BEava)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirol (austrijska savezna država)">Tirolu</a> u Austriji.</figcaption></figure> <p>Najviši vrhovi Zapadnih Alpa i Istočnih Alpa jesu Mont Blanc s 4809 m<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piz_Bernina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piz Bernina (stranica ne postoji)">Piz Bernina</a> s 4049 m. Drugi najviši vrhovi su redom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Rosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Rosa (stranica ne postoji)">Monte Rosa</a> s 4634 m i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortler (stranica ne postoji)">Ortler</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> s 3905 m. </p><p>Niz nižih planinskih lanaca pruža se paralelno s glavnim lancem, poput <a href="/wiki/Francuske_Predalpe" title="Francuske Predalpe">Francuskih Predalpa</a> u Francuskoj i <a href="/wiki/Jursko_gorje" title="Jursko gorje">planina Jura</a> u Švicarskoj i Francuskoj. Sekundarni lanac Alpa prati <a href="/wiki/Razvodnica" title="Razvodnica">vododjelnicu</a> od Sredozemnog mora do <a href="/wiki/Be%C4%8Dka_%C5%A1uma" title="Bečka šuma">Wienerwalda</a> prolazeći pored mnogih najviših i najpoznatijih vrhova u Alpama. Od Colle di Cadibona do Col de Tende proteže se prema zapadu prije nego što skrene na sjeverozapad, a zatim u blizini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maddalena_Pass&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maddalena Pass (stranica ne postoji)">Colle della Maddalena</a> na sjever. Na švicarskoj granici linija glavnog lanca kreće se otprilike u smjeru istok-sjeveroistok, smjer koji slijedi sve do svog kraja blizu Beča.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sjeveroistočni kraj alpskog luka je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopoldsberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopoldsberg (stranica ne postoji)">Leopoldsberg</a> u blizini Beča izravno na <a href="/wiki/Dunav" title="Dunav">Dunavu</a>. Nasuprot tome, jugoistočni dio Alpa završava na <a href="/wiki/Jadransko_more" title="Jadransko more">Jadranskom moru</a> u području oko Trsta prema <a href="/wiki/Duino" title="Duino">Duinu</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barcola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barcola (stranica ne postoji)">Barcoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zapadne_Alpe">Zapadne Alpe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Zapadne Alpe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zapadne Alpe"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aletschgletscher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aletschgletscher.jpg/250px-Aletschgletscher.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aletschgletscher.jpg/375px-Aletschgletscher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Aletschgletscher.jpg/500px-Aletschgletscher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ledenjak_Aletsch" title="Ledenjak Aletsch">Ledenjak Aletsch</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> je s visinom od 4810 m najviši vrh u <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuskoj</a> i drugi po veličini u Europi. Dugo je godina navođen i kao najviši vrh <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europe</a>, no tumačenjem određenja Europe kao kontinenta od <a href="/wiki/Atlantski_ocean" title="Atlantski ocean">Atlantskog oceana</a> do <a href="/wiki/Ural_(gorje)" title="Ural (gorje)">Urala</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz">Kavkaza</a>, koja su u posljednje vrijeme opet postala aktualna, <a href="/wiki/Elbrus" title="Elbrus">Elbrus</a> mu je oduzeo taj naslov.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg/250px-Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg/375px-Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg/500px-Lacs_de_Cheserys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, najviši vrh Alpa</figcaption></figure> <p>Najveći ledenjak Alpa je <a href="/wiki/Ledenjak_Aletsch" title="Ledenjak Aletsch">Aletsch</a> (23 x 1,5 x 0,9 km) na švicarskoj planini <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> (4270 m). <a href="/wiki/Arena_Sardona" title="Arena Sardona">Arena Sardona</a> ili Navlaka Glarus je najveća <a href="/wiki/Navlaka" title="Navlaka">navlaka</a> (povratni <a href="/wiki/Rasjed" title="Rasjed">rasjed</a> koji nastaje skoro horizontalnim padom površinskog tla) na Alpama koja se također nalazi u istočnoj <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarskoj</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prijevoj_Furka" title="Prijevoj Furka">Furkapass</a> je visokoplaninski cestovni <a href="/wiki/Prijevoj" title="Prijevoj">prijevoj</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0vicarske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Švicarske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Švicarskim Slpama</a> na nadmorskoj visini od 2436 metara koji Furka tunelom (duljine 15,4 km) spaja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gletsch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gletsch (stranica ne postoji)">Gletsch</a> i <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Realp&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Realp (stranica ne postoji)">Realpom</a> u kantonu <a href="/wiki/Uri_(kanton)" title="Uri (kanton)">Uri</a>. U njegovoj blizini se nalazi <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(ledenjak)" title="Rhône (ledenjak)">Ledenjak Rhône</a> koji je izvor rijeke <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> i jedan od glavnih dotoka <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevsko_jezero" title="Ženevsko jezero">Ženevskog jezera</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prijevoj_Simplon" title="Prijevoj Simplon">Simplonski prijevoj</a> je 2008 metara visok <a href="/wiki/Planinski_prijevoj" title="Planinski prijevoj">planinski prijevoj</a> između <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peninske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peninske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Peninskih</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepontinske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepontinske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Lepontinskih Alpa</a> koji povezuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brig_(%C5%A0vicarska)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brig (Švicarska) (stranica ne postoji)">Brig</a> u <a href="/wiki/Kantoni_%C5%A0vicarske" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantoni Švicarske">kantonu</a> Valais s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domodossola&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Domodossola (stranica ne postoji)">Domodossolom</a> u <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">talijanskoj</a> regiji <a href="/wiki/Pijemont" title="Pijemont">Pijemont</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> (<i>Monte Cervino</i>, <i>Mont Cervin</i>) je planina na granici između Švicarske i <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italije</a> (Peninske Alpe), visine 4478 metara, koji je posljednji od viših vrhova Alpa koji je osvojen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istočne_Alpe"><span id="Isto.C4.8Dne_Alpe"></span>Istočne Alpe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Istočne Alpe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istočne Alpe"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vapska_Jura" title="Švapska Jura">Švapska Jura</a> ili <i>Švapske alpe</i> su <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1" title="Krš">kršno</a>- <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uma" title="Šuma">šumovito</a> brdsko područje u jugozapadnoj <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačkoj</a>, u saveznoj državi <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. Dužina gorja iznosi oko 200 kilometara, širina u prosjeku približno 40 kilometara, a najviši vrh je <a href="/wiki/Lemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemberg">Lemberg</a> (1015 m). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hoher_Dachstein" title="Hoher Dachstein">Hoher Dachstein</a> je <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%A1" title="Krš">krška</a> <a href="/wiki/Planina" title="Planina">planina</a>, drugi najviši vrh Sjevernih krških Alpa. Nalazi se na granici dvije <a href="/wiki/Austrijske_savezne_zemlje" title="Austrijske savezne zemlje">austrijske savezne države</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gornja_Austrija" title="Gornja Austrija">Gornja Austrija</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tajerska_(austrijska_savezna_zemlja)" title="Štajerska (austrijska savezna zemlja)">Štajerska</a>, u kojima je on najviši vrh (2995 m). Dijelovi njegovog masiva leže i u državi <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, te ju često zovu "Planinom triju država" (<a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik">njem.</a> <i>Drei-Länder-Berg</i>). Najveći ledenjak u <a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austriji</a>, Pasterze, leži u podnožju najvišeg austrijskog vrha, <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglocknera</a> (3798 m) koji je dio planinskog vijenca <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hohe_Tauern&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hohe Tauern (stranica ne postoji)">Hohe Tauerna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oetztalske_Alpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oetztalske Alpe">Oetztalske Alpe</a> su planinski masiv i prirodna granica <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italije</a> i Austrije. Najviši vrh je <a href="/wiki/Wildspitze" title="Wildspitze">Wildspitze</a> (3774 m), koji je i ujedno drugi po veličini vrh u Austriji iza <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglocknera</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dolomiti" title="Dolomiti">Dolomiti</a> ili Dolomitske Alpe su skupina planina u istočnim Alpama u sjeveroistočnoj Italiji; po njima je prozvan kamen <a href="/wiki/Dolomit" title="Dolomit">dolomit</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julijske_Alpe" title="Julijske Alpe">Julijske Alpe</a> su skupina planina u južnom dijelu Alpa, u sjeverozapadnoj <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Sloveniji</a> i u sjeveroistočnoj <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italiji</a>, a ime su dobile po <a href="/wiki/Gaj_Julije_Cezar" title="Gaj Julije Cezar">Gaju Juliju Cezaru</a>. Najviši vrh Julijskih Alpa je <a href="/wiki/Triglav_(vrh)" title="Triglav (vrh)">Triglav</a> s 2864 metara nadmorske visine, koji je ujedno i najviši vrh Slovenije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prijevoji">Prijevoji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Prijevoji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prijevoji"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg/220px-Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg/330px-Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg/440px-Andermatt-Teufelsbruecke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teufelsbr%C3%BCcke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teufelsbrücke (stranica ne postoji)">Teufelsbrücke</a></i> ("Vražji most") na putu prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotthardski_prijevoj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotthardski prijevoj (stranica ne postoji)">prijevoju Gotthard</a>. Današnji je most izgrađen 1958. godine preko prvog mosta iz 1830.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alpe su se tijekom povijesti mnogo puta prelazile što zbog ratnih operacija, što zbog trgovine, a prelazili su ih i hodočasnici, studenti i turisti. Putevi prijelaza cestom, vlakom ili pješice poznati su kao <i>prijevoji</i>, a obično ih čine kotline između planina u koje vodi dolina iz ravnica i brdovitih pretplaninskih zona.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U srednjem vijeku vjerski su redovi osnivali <a href="/wiki/Hospicij" title="Hospicij">hospicije</a> na početnim i završnim točkama mnogih glavnih prijelaza.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_42_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najvažniji prijevoji su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_de_l%27Iseran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Col de l&#39;Iseran (stranica ne postoji)">Col de l'Iseran</a> (najviši nadmorskom visinom), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_Agnel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Col Agnel (stranica ne postoji)">Col Agnel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prijevoj_Brenner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prijevoj Brenner (stranica ne postoji)">prijevoj Brenner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont-Cenis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont-Cenis (stranica ne postoji)">Mont-Cenis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliki_prijevoj_sv._Bernarda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliki prijevoj sv. Bernarda (stranica ne postoji)">Veliki prijevoj sv. Bernarda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_de_Tende&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Col de Tende (stranica ne postoji)">Col de Tende</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotthardski_prijevoj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotthardski prijevoj (stranica ne postoji)">Gotthardski prijevoj</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prijevoj_Semmering&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prijevoj Semmering (stranica ne postoji)">prijevoj Semmering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prijevoj_Simplon" title="Prijevoj Simplon">prijevoj Simplon</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prijevoj_Stelvio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prijevoj Stelvio (stranica ne postoji)">prijevoj Stelvio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Prelazeći talijansko-austrijsku granicu, prijevoj Brenner razdvaja <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztalske_Alpe" title="Ötztalske Alpe">Ötztalske</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zillertalske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zillertalske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Zillertalske Alpe</a> i koristi se kao trgovačka ruta od 14. stoljeća. Najniži alpski prijevoj Semmering na 985 m prelazi iz <a href="/wiki/Donja_Austrija" title="Donja Austrija">Donje Austrije</a> u <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tajerska_(austrijska_savezna_dr%C5%BEava)" class="mw-redirect" title="Štajerska (austrijska savezna država)">Štajersku</a> i u kontinuiranoj je uporabi od 12. stoljeća, kada je ondje izgrađen hospicij. Sredinom 19. stoljeća duž trase prijevoja je sagrađena pruga s tunelom dugačkim 1,6 km. Veliki prijevoj sv. Bernard s visinom od 2469 m jedan je od najviših u Alpama i prelazi talijansko-švicarsku granicu istočno od Penninskih Alpa duž obronaka Mont Blanca. Prolaz je koristio <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> 1800. godine za prelazak svoje vojske od 40 000 vojnika.<sup id="cite_ref-switz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-switz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:display; overflow-x:scroll;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prijevoj Mont Cenis (2081 m) u sredini lijevo vodi ka alpskom jezeru i dalje prema Italiji."><img alt="Prijevoj Mont Cenis (2081 m) u sredini lijevo vodi ka alpskom jezeru i dalje prema Italiji." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg/750px-Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg/1125px-Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg/1500px-Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11856" data-file-height="2936" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify noprint" style="float: right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Versant_sud_val_cenis.jpg" title="Datoteka:Versant sud val cenis.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a></span></div>Prijevoj Mont Cenis (2081 m) u sredini lijevo vodi ka alpskom jezeru i dalje prema Italiji.</div> </div></div><p>Prijevoj Mont Cenis bio je glavna prometnica za trgovinu i prijevoz vojnih postrojbi između <a href="/wiki/Zapadna_Europa" title="Zapadna Europa">Zapadne Europe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italije</a>. Ovaj su prijevoj tijekom povijesti prešle mnoge postrojbe na putu prema <a href="/wiki/Apeninski_poluotok" title="Apeninski poluotok">Apeninskom poluotoku</a>, od <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_I._Veliki" title="Konstantin I. Veliki">Konstantina I.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipin_Mali" title="Pipin Mali">Pipina Malog</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karlo_Veliki" title="Karlo Veliki">Karla Velikog</a> do <a href="/wiki/Henrik_IV.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik IV., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrika IV.</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleona</a> i u 20. stoljeću njemačkih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebirgsjäger (stranica ne postoji)">Gebirgsjägera</a> tijekom <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugog svjetskog rata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Danas se prijevoj malo koristi. Glavna je prometna komunikacija postala tunel autoceste Fréjus (otvoren 1980.) i željeznički tunel (otvoren 1871.).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prijevoj Saint Gotthard prelazi iz središnje <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarske</a> u <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>. Godine 1882. otvoren je 15 km dugačak željeznički tunel Saint Gotthard koji povezuje <a href="/wiki/Luzern" title="Luzern">Luzern</a> u Švicarskoj s <a href="/wiki/Milano" title="Milano">Milanom</a> u Italiji. Otprilike 98 godina kasnije izgrađen je cestovni tunel Gotthard (16,9 km dužine) koji povezuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocesta_A2_(%C5%A0vicarska)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Autocesta A2 (Švicarska) (stranica ne postoji)">autocestu A2</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6schenen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Göschenen (stranica ne postoji)">Göschenenu</a> na sjevernoj strani s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Airolo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Airolo (stranica ne postoji)">Airolom</a> na južnoj strani, identično kao i željeznički tunel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dana 1. lipnja 2016. otvoren je najduži željeznički tunel na svijetu <a href="/wiki/Gotardski_bazni_tunel" title="Gotardski bazni tunel">Gotardski bazni tunel</a> koji povezuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erstfeld&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erstfeld (stranica ne postoji)">Erstfeld</a> u <a href="/wiki/Uri_(kanton)" title="Uri (kanton)">kantonu Uri</a> s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodio (stranica ne postoji)">Bodioom</a> u <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">kantonu Ticino</a> s dvije pojedinačne cijevi dužine 57,1 km.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Od 11. prosinca 2016. dio je redovitog voznog reda željeznice i njime redovito prolaze vlakovi svakih sat vremena kao prometna komunikacija između <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basela</a>/<a href="/wiki/Luzern" title="Luzern">Luzerna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Züricha</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Milano" title="Milano">Milana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Najviši prijevoj u Alpama je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_de_l%27Iseran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Col de l&#39;Iseran (stranica ne postoji)">Col de l'Iseran</a> u <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoji</a> <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">(Francuska</a>) na 2770 m, a slijedi ga prijevoj Stelvio u sjevernoj Italiji na 2756 m. Ovim prijevojem prolazi cesta izgrađena 1820-ih.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Najviši_vrhovi"><span id="Najvi.C5.A1i_vrhovi"></span>Najviši vrhovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Najviši vrhovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Najviši vrhovi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg/220px-M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg/330px-M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg/440px-M%C3%A4nnlichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Na planini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiger (stranica ne postoji)">Eiger</a> (prikazan zajedno s <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6nch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mönch (stranica ne postoji)">Mönchom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau-Aletsch" title="Jungfrau-Aletsch">Jungfrauom</a>) nalazi se najviša sjeverna strana u Alpama.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme</i> (UIAA) sastavio je popis od 82 "službena" alpska vrha koji dosežu najmanje 4000 m.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Popis ne uključuje samo planine, već i podvrhove s drukčijom <a href="/wiki/Relativna_visina" title="Relativna visina">relativnom visinom</a> koji se smatraju važnim <a href="/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam">planinarskim</a> ciljevima. U popisu niže navedeno 29 najznačajnijih "četiritisućnjaka". </p><p>Alpinisti su se prvi put popeli na vrh <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanca</a> već 1786., a na Jungfrau 1811., ali većina alpskih četiritisućnjaka osvojena je tijekom druge polovice 19. stoljeća, posebice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piz_Bernina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piz Bernina (stranica ne postoji)">Piz Bernina</a> (1850.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dom_(planina)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dom (planina) (stranica ne postoji)">Dom</a> (1858.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Kombinat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Kombinat (stranica ne postoji)">Grand Combin</a> (1859.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weisshorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Weisshorn (stranica ne postoji)">Weisshorn</a> (1861.) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barre_des_%C3%89crins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barre des Écrins (stranica ne postoji)">Barre des Écrins</a> (1864.). Uspon na <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> 1865. označio je kraj zlatnog doba <a href="/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam">alpinizma</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Blodig&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Blodig (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Blodig</a> (1859. – 1956.) bio je među prvima koji se uspješno popeo na sve glavne vrhove više od 4000&#160;m, a svoj niz uspona završio je 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mnogi veliki alpski tritisućnjaci osvojeni su početkom 19. stoljeća, posebice <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a> (1800.) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortler (stranica ne postoji)">Ortler</a> (1804.), no neki od njih osvojeni tek mnogo kasnije poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Pelvoux&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Pelvoux (stranica ne postoji)">Mont Pelvouxa</a> (1848.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Viso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Viso (stranica ne postoji)">Monte Visa</a> ( 1861) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Meije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="La Meije (stranica ne postoji)">La Meije</a> (1877). </p><p>Godine 1788. prva se žena popela na vrh Mont Blanca. Do sredine 1850-ih švicarski su se planinari popeli na većinu vrhova i bili su jako traženi kao planinski vodiči. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Whymper&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Whymper (stranica ne postoji)">Edward Whymper</a> dosegao je vrh Matterhorna 1865. (nakon sedam pokušaja), a 1938. prvim usponom na Eiger <i>Nordwand</i> (sjeverna strana Eigera) popeo se na posljednju od šest velikih sjevernih stijena Alpa.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff197ff_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff197ff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>29 alpskih četiritisućnjaka s najmanje 300 metara <a href="/wiki/Relativna_visina" title="Relativna visina">topografske relativne visine.</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Ime </th> <th align="left">Visina </th> <th align="left">Ime </th> <th align="left">Visina </th> <th align="left">Ime </th> <th align="left">Visina </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> </td> <td>4810 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grandes_Jorasses&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grandes Jorasses (stranica ne postoji)">Grandes Jorasses</a> </td> <td>4208 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barre_des_%C3%89crins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barre des Écrins (stranica ne postoji)">Barre des Écrins</a> </td> <td>4102 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Rosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Rosa (stranica ne postoji)">Monte Rosa</a> </td> <td>4634 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphubel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphubel (stranica ne postoji)">Alphubel</a> </td> <td>4206 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schreckhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schreckhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Schreckhorn</a> </td> <td>4078 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dom_(Mischabel)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dom (Mischabel) (stranica ne postoji)">Dom</a> </td> <td>4545 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rimpfischhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rimpfischhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Rimpfischhorn</a> </td> <td>4199 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ober_Gabelhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ober Gabelhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Ober Gabelhorn</a> </td> <td>4063 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyskamm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyskamm (stranica ne postoji)">Lyskamm</a> </td> <td>4533 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aletschhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aletschhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Aletschhorn</a> </td> <td>4193 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran_Paradiso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran Paradiso (stranica ne postoji)">Gran Paradiso</a> </td> <td>4061 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weisshorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Weisshorn (stranica ne postoji)">Weisshorn</a> </td> <td>4506 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strahlhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Strahlhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Strahlhorn</a> </td> <td>4190 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piz_Bernina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piz Bernina (stranica ne postoji)">Piz Bernina</a> </td> <td>4049 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> </td> <td>4478 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dent_d%27H%C3%A9rens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dent d&#39;Hérens (stranica ne postoji)">Dent d'Hérens</a> </td> <td>4174 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_Fiescherhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gross Fiescherhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Gross Fiescherhorn</a> </td> <td>4049 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dent_Blanche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dent Blanche (stranica ne postoji)">Dent Blanche</a> </td> <td>4357 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breithorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Breithorn (stranica ne postoji)">Breithorn</a> </td> <td>4164 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_Gr%C3%BCnhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gross Grünhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Gross Grünhorn</a> </td> <td>4047 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Kombinat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Kombinat (stranica ne postoji)">Grand Kombinat</a> </td> <td>4314 m </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> </td> <td>4158 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weissmies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Weissmies (stranica ne postoji)">Weissmies</a> </td> <td>4017 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finsteraarhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Finsteraarhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Finsteraarhorn</a> </td> <td>4274 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aiguille_Verte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aiguille Verte (stranica ne postoji)">Aiguille Verte</a> </td> <td>4122 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagginhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagginhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Lagginhorn</a> </td> <td>4010 m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinalrothorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinalrothorn (stranica ne postoji)">Zinalrothorn</a> </td> <td>4221 m </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6nch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mönch (stranica ne postoji)">Mönch</a> </td> <td>4107 m </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologija_i_orogeneza">Geologija i orogeneza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Geologija i orogeneza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Geologija i orogeneza"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Početak geološkog proučavanja stjenovitih struktura Alpa započela je u <a href="/wiki/18._stolje%C4%87e" title="18. stoljeće">18. stoljeću</a> što je dovelo do značajnih geoloških otkrića i uspostavljanja novih znanstvenih modela. Sredinom <a href="/wiki/19._stolje%C4%87e" title="19. stoljeće">19. stoljeća</a>, sada već nepostojeća teorija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geosinklinala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geosinklinala (stranica ne postoji)">geosinklinala</a> korištena je za objašnjenje prisutnosti "naboranih" planinskih lanaca, ali već sredinom 20. stoljeća prihvaćena je teorija o <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C4%8Da" title="Tektonika ploča">tektonici ploča</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky1ff3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky1ff3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg/250px-Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg/375px-Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg/500px-Nante_d%27arpanaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Geološko nabiranje vidljivo kod vodopada Arpanaz vidljivo je na ovom crtežu iz 18. stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky54_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky54-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Formiranje Alpa (<a href="/wiki/Alpska_orogeneza" title="Alpska orogeneza">alpska orogeneza</a>) bio je epizodni proces koji je započeo prije 300 milijuna godina.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U <a href="/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik">paleozoiku</a> je <a href="/wiki/Superkontinent" title="Superkontinent">superkontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> činila jedna <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C4%8Da" title="Tektonika ploča">tektonska ploča</a>, koja se fragmentirala u zasebne ploče tijekom <a href="/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik">mezozoika</a>, a tijekom <a href="/wiki/Jura_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Jura (geološko razdoblje)">jurskog</a> razdoblja između <a href="/wiki/Laurazija" title="Laurazija">Laurazije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gondvana" title="Gondvana">Gondvane</a> formiralo se more <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Tetis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocean Tetis (stranica ne postoji)">Tetis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky1ff22_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky1ff22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tetis je kasnije bilo stisnuto između ploča koje su se sudarale uzrokujući formiranje planinskih lanaca nazvanih <a href="/wiki/Alpsko-himalajski_lanac" title="Alpsko-himalajski lanac">Alpski pojas</a> koje su se protezale od <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltara</a> preko <a href="/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja">Himalaja</a> do <a href="/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija">Indonezije</a>, što je proces koji je započeo krajem <a href="/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik">mezozoika</a> i nastavlja se i dan danas. Formiranje Alpa bilo je dio ovog šireg orogenog procesa<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky1ff22_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky1ff22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> uzrokovanog sudarom između <a href="/wiki/Afri%C4%8Dka_plo%C4%8Da" title="Afrička ploča">afričke</a> i <a href="/wiki/Euroazijska_plo%C4%8Da" title="Euroazijska ploča">euroazijske</a> ploče<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard93_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard93-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> koji je započeo u kasnom razdoblju <a href="/wiki/Kreda_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Kreda (geološko razdoblje)">krede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard163_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pod ekstremnim tlačnim naprezanjima i pritiskom, morske <a href="/wiki/Sedimentne_stijene" title="Sedimentne stijene">sedimentne stijene</a> uzdignute su u vis stvarajući karakteristične ležeće nabore i <a href="/wiki/Navlaka" title="Navlaka">navlake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pošto su vrhovi bili podvrgnuti eroziji, sloj sedimenata morskog <a href="/wiki/Fli%C5%A1" title="Fliš">fliša</a> taložio se u bazenu prednjeg dijela, a kako je orogeneza napredovala sedimenti su postali dijelom mlađih pokrova (nabora). Grubi sedimenti od kontinuiranog procesa izdizanja i erozije kasnije su taloženi u prednjim područjima sjeverno od Alpa u regijama Švicarske i Bavarske.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard922_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard922-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmid1023_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid1023-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg/220px-View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg/330px-View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg/440px-View_from_Mangart_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6042" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Dolomitski vrhovi <a href="/wiki/Nacionalni_park_Triglav" title="Nacionalni park Triglav">Nacionalnog parka Triglav</a> u <a href="/wiki/Julijske_Alpe" title="Julijske Alpe">Julijskim Alpama.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alpska orogeneza zbivala se u kontinuiranim ciklusima sve do <a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">paleogena</a> uzrokujući razlike u strukturama pokrova, a kasna faza orogeneze formirala je <a href="/wiki/Jursko_gorje" title="Jursko gorje">Jursko gorje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid973_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid973-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Niz tektonskih događaja u razdobljima <a href="/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas">trijasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jura_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Jura (geološko razdoblje)">jure</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kreda_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Kreda (geološko razdoblje)">krede</a> prostorno je odredio različite <a href="/wiki/Paleogeografija" title="Paleogeografija">paleogeografske</a> regije.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid973_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid973-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ovisno o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litologija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Litologija (stranica ne postoji)">litologiji</a> (sastavu stijena) i pokrovnim strukturama prema orogenim događajima koji su na njih utjecali,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid9332_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid9332-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alpe su podijeljene na Zapadne, Istočne Alpe i Južne Alpe: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helvetski_zatiljci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helvetski zatiljci (stranica ne postoji)">Helveticum</a> na sjeveru, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penninic_nappes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penninic nappes (stranica ne postoji)">Penninicum</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroalpski_naglavci&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroalpski naglavci (stranica ne postoji)">Austroalpski sustav</a> u središtu i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ju%C5%BEne_Alpe_(geologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Južne Alpe (geologija) (stranica ne postoji)">Južnoalpski sustav</a> južno od Periadriatskog šava.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid993_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid993-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg/220px-Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg/330px-Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg/440px-Matterhorn_from_Domh%C3%BCtte_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Stisnuti metamorfizirani tetijski sedimenti i njihov oceanski temelj stisnuti su između vrha <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorna</a> (talijansko-švicarska granica), koji se sastoji od gnajsa koji je izvorno dio afričke ploče i podnožja vrha, koji je dio euroazijske ploče.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky522_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky522-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Prema geologu Stefanu Schmidu,pošto su zapadne Alpe prošle kroz metamorfni događaj u <a href="/wiki/Kenozoik" title="Kenozoik">kenozoičkoj</a> eri, a austroalpski vrhovi prošli su kroz taj događaj u razdoblju krede, ta dva područja pokazuju jasne razlike u formiranju navlake.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid9722_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid9722-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Naslage <a href="/wiki/Fli%C5%A1" title="Fliš">fliša</a> u južnim Alpama <a href="/wiki/Lombardija" title="Lombardija">Lombardije</a> vjerojatno su se pojavile u kredi ili kasnije.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid9722_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid9722-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vrhovi u Francuskoj, Italiji i Švicarskoj leže u "zoni Houillière", koja se sastoji od sloja s mezozojskim sedimentima.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid9922_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid9922-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Visoki "masivi" s vanjskim sedimentnim pokrovom češći su u zapadnim Alpama i bili su pod utjecajem potiskivanja iz <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">neogenog</a> razdoblja, dok istočne Alpe imaju relativno malo masiva s visokim vrhovima.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid10222_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid10222-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Slično tome, vrhovi u istočnoj Švicarskoj koji se protežu do zapadne Austrije sastoje se od tankoslojnih sedimentnih nabora koji su se odvojili od nekadašnje temeljne stijene.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid1032_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid1032-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jednostavno rečeno, strukturu Alpa čine slojevi stijena europskog, afričkog i oceanskog (tetijskog) podrijetla.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky29ff2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky29ff2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Struktura donjeg pokrova kontinentalno je europskog podrijetla, iznad kojeg su smješteni pokrovi morskog sedimenta na čijem se vrhu nalazi pokrov koji potječe iz Afričke ploče.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky312_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky312-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Matterhorn je primjer stalne orogeneze i dokaz je velikog nabiranja. Vrh planine sastoji se od <a href="/wiki/Gnajs" title="Gnajs">gnajsa</a> s Afričke ploče, a podnožje vrha, ispod glaciranog područja, sastoji se od europske temeljne stijene. Niz tetijskih morskih sedimenata i njihova oceanska podloga stisnut je između stijena koje potječu iz afričke i europske ploče.<sup id="cite_ref-Graciansky532_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graciansky532-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Središnje regije alpskog orogenog pojasa su naborane i izlomljene na takav način da je erozija stvorila karakteristične strme okomite vrhove <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0vicarske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Švicarske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">švicarskih Alpa</a> koji se naizgled uzdižu ravno iz prednjih područja.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard1622_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard1622-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vrhovi kao što su <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> i visoki vrhovi u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peninske_Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peninske Alpe (stranica ne postoji)">Peninskim Alpama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian%C3%A7onnais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Briançonnais (stranica ne postoji)">Briançonnais</a> i <a href="/wiki/Visoke_Ture" title="Visoke Ture">Hohe Tauern</a> sastoje se od slojeva stijena iz različitih orogeneza uključujući izložene temeljne stijene.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zbog stalno prisutne geološke nestabilnosti, potresi u Alpama traju i danas.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najsnažnijii potresi u Alpama imali su magnitudu između 6 i 7 po <a href="/wiki/Richterova_ljestvica" title="Richterova ljestvica">Richteru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geodezija" title="Geodezija">Geodetska</a> mjerenja pokazuju kontinuirano topografsko izdizanje po stopama do oko 2,5&#160;mm godišnje u sjevernim, zapadnim i središnjim Alpama i ~1&#160;mm godišnje u istočnim i jugozapadnim Alpama.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Temeljni mehanizmi koji pokreću današnji obrazac izdizanja su izostatičko odbijanje zbog otapanja zadnje ledene kape ili dugotrajne erozije, odvajanje zapadnoalpske subdukcijske ploče, konvekcija plašta, te horizontalna konvergencija između Afrike i Europe, ali njihov relativni doprinos uzdizanju Alpa teško je kvantificirati i vjerojatno će se značajno mijenjati ovisno od područja i vremena.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minerali">Minerali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Minerali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Minerali"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alpe su tisućama godina bile mjestom iskapanja različitih minerala. Od 8. do 6. stoljeća pr. Kr. za vrijeme <a href="/wiki/Hal%C5%A1tatska_kultura" title="Halštatska kultura">halštatske kulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti">keltska</a> su plemena u Alpama iskapala <a href="/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar">bakar</a>, a kasnije su <a href="/wiki/Rimljani" title="Rimljani">Rimljani</a> u području <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bad_Gastein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bad Gastein (stranica ne postoji)">Bad Gasteina</a> iskapali <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlato</a> za <a href="/wiki/Rimski_carski_novac" title="Rimski carski novac">kovanje novca</a>. U području <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erzberg (stranica ne postoji)">Erzberga</a> u <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tajerska_(austrijska_savezna_zemlja)" title="Štajerska (austrijska savezna zemlja)">Štajerskoj</a> vadila se visokokvalitetna željezna rudača za industriju <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a>. Kristali poput <a href="/wiki/Cinabarit" title="Cinabarit">cinobarita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ametist" title="Ametist">ametista</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvarc" title="Kvarc">kvarca</a> nalaze se u većem dijelu alpskog područja. Ležišta cinobarita u Sloveniji značajan su izvor pigmenata koji se iz njega proizvodi.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpski su se kristali proučavali i skupljali stotinama godina, a počeli su se klasificirati u 18. stoljeću. <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> proučavao je oblike kristala, a do 19. stoljeća lov na kristale bio je uobičajen u svim alpskim regijama. David Friedrich Wiser prikupio je zbirku od 8000 kristala koje je pomno proučavao i dokumentirao. U 20. stoljeću Robert Parker napisao je poznato znanstveno djelo o kamenim kristalima švicarskih Alpa, a u istom razdoblju osnovana je komisija za kontrolu i standardizaciju naziva alpskih minerala.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ledenjaci">Ledenjaci</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Ledenjaci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ledenjaci"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U <a href="/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen">miocenskoj</a> epohi planine su bile podvrgnute ozbiljnoj eroziji zbog procesa <a href="/wiki/Oledba" title="Oledba">glacijacije</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard1632_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard1632-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> što je sredinom 19. stoljeća primijetio prirodoslovac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Agassiz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Agassiz (stranica ne postoji)">Louis Agassiz</a> koji je predstavio svoj rad u kojem je objavio da su Alpe bile prekrivene ledom u različitim geološkim intervalima. Svoju je teoriju formulirao proučavajući stijene u blizini njegova doma u <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtelu</a> za koje je vjerovao da potječu iz Bernskoga gorja zapadno od mjesta pronalaska. Zbog svoga rada postao je poznat kao "otac ideje o ledenome dobu", iako su drugi prirodoslovci prije njega iznijeli slične ideje.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg/220px-Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg/330px-Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg/440px-Aletschgebiet_aus_dem_Flugzeug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Istraživanja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ledenjak_Unteraar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ledenjak Unteraar (stranica ne postoji)">ledenjaka Unteraar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Agassiz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Agassiz (stranica ne postoji)">Louisa Agassizova</a> 1840-ih dokazala su njegovo pomicanje za 100 m godišnje.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Agassiz je proučavao kretanje ledenjaka 1840-ih na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ledenjak_Unteraar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ledenjak Unteraar (stranica ne postoji)">ledenjaku Unteraar</a> gdje je otkrio da se ledenjak pomicao oko 100 m godišnje i to brže u sredini nego na rubovima. Njegov rad nastavili su drugi znanstvenici i sada postoji stalni laboratorij unutar ledenjaka ispod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungfraujoch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungfraujoch (stranica ne postoji)">Jungfraujocha</a> posvećen isključivo proučavanju alpskih ledenjaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tijekom svog kretanja, leedenjaci odvuku sa sobom kamenje i ostali sediment, što uzrokuje <a href="/wiki/Erozija" title="Erozija">eroziju</a> i i postupno formiranje dolina. Dolina <a href="/wiki/Inn" class="mw-disambig" title="Inn">Inn</a> sa svojom tipičnom terasastom strukturom uzrokovanom erozijom, primjer je doline koju su izdubili ledenjaci tijekom <a href="/wiki/Ledeno_doba" title="Ledeno doba">ledenih doba</a>. Na dnu doline leže erodirane stijene iz najnovijeg ledenog doba, a vrh doline sastoji se od materijala erozije iz ranijih ledenih doba.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff4_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ledenjačke doline imaju karakteristično strme padine (reljefe). Doline s nižim padinama prekrivenih oblucima ostaci su ledenjačkih korita ili prethodno ispunjenih dolina.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard132_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard132-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morena" title="Morena">Morene</a>, razdrobljene stijene pokupljene tijekom kretanja ledenjaka, nakupljaju se na rubovima, u središtu i na kraju ledenjaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff4_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg/220px-Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg/330px-Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg/440px-Jungfraujoch_img_3699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tunel Sphinx kroz ledenjak u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungfraujoch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungfraujoch (stranica ne postoji)">Jungfraujochu</a> povezuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dka_stanica_Jungfraujoch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Željeznička stanica Jungfraujoch (stranica ne postoji)">željezničku stanicu Jungfraujoch</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvjezdarnica_Sfinga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvjezdarnica Sfinga (stranica ne postoji)">zvjezdarnicom Sphinx</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alpski ledenjaci mogu biti ravni tokovi leda ili dugi tokivi koji se prostiru u obliku lepeze (pijemontski ledenjaci) ili pak ledene zavjese koje vise s okomitih padina planinskih vrhova. Stres kretanja uzrokuje da se led lomi i glasno puca, što možda objašnjava zašto se u srednjem vijeku vjerovalo da su planine dom <a href="/wiki/Zmaj" title="Zmaj">zmajeva</a>. Pucanje stvara nepredvidive i opasne <a href="/wiki/Pukotina_(geologija)" title="Pukotina (geologija)">pukotine</a>, često nevidljive pod novim snježnim padalinama koje predstavljaju najveću opasnost za planinare.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff71ff_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff71ff-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ledenjaci završavaju u ledenim špiljama (<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(ledenjak)" title="Rhône (ledenjak)">glečer Rhône</a>) ili utjeću u jezero ili rijeku ili se jednostavno otopljeni ledeni materijal izlije u ravnicu. Ponekad će se dio ledenjaka može odvojiti ili slomiti te izazvati opasne lavine.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff71ff2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff71ff2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visoke razine u količini oborina uzrokuju da se ledenjaci spuste do razine <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrosta</a> u nekim područjima, dok u drugim sušnijim regijama ledenjaci ostaju iznad 3500 m nadmorske visine.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard78_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard78-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Od izvornih 1817 km² područja Alpa koji su bili prekriveni ledenjacima 1876., ta se površina postupno smanjila na 1342 km 1973., što je imalo za posljedicu smanjeni obujam vode u rijekama.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerrard108_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerrard108-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Od 1850. godine do danas nestalo je oko 40&#160;% površine austrijskih ledenjaka ii 30&#160;% površine ledenjaka u Švicarskoj.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Premda topografija Alpa pokazuje izraženu glacijalnu morfologiju,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mehanizmi kojima se događa glacijalno preoblikovanje nisu jasni. Računalne simulacije pokazuju da se glacijalna erozija širi od manjih prema većim visinama.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rijeke_i_jezera">Rijeke i jezera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Rijeke i jezera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rijeke i jezera"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg/220px-St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg/330px-St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg/440px-St.Bartholom%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Kapela svetog Bartola na <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigssee&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Königssee (stranica ne postoji)">Königsseeu</a> u Bavarskoj popularno je turističko odredište.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Alpske rijeke opskrbljuju nizinsku Europu pitkom vodom, služe za navodnjavanje i izvor su <a href="/wiki/Hidroelektri%C4%8Dna_energija" title="Hidroelektrična energija">hidroelektrične energije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Premda ovo područje čini samo 11&#160;% površine europskog kontinenta, Alpe osiguravaju do 90&#160;% vode nizinskoj Europi, posebice u sušnim područjima i tijekom ljetnih mjeseci. Gradovi poput <a href="/wiki/Milano" title="Milano">Milana</a> uvelike ovise o dotoku pitke vode iz alpskog otjecanja, naime 80&#160;% pitke vode grad dobiva iz Alpa.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré92_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré92-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Voda iz rijeka koristi se u najmanje 550 <a href="/wiki/Hidroelektrana" title="Hidroelektrana">hidroelektrana</a>, računajući samo one veće koje proizvode najmanje 10 MW električne energije.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glavne europske rijeke koje teku iz Alpa jesu <a href="/wiki/Rajna" title="Rajna">Rajna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inn_(rijeka)" title="Inn (rijeka)">Inn</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pad" title="Pad">Po</a>, a sve imaju izvor u Alpama i teku u susjedne zemlje ulijevajući se u konačnici u <a href="/wiki/Sjeverno_more" title="Sjeverno more">Sjeverno more</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more">Sredozemno more</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadransko_more" title="Jadransko more">Jadransko more</a> i <a href="/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more">Crno more</a>. Druge rijeke poput <a href="/wiki/Dunav" title="Dunav">Dunava</a> imaju velike pritoke koji izviru u Alpama.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré93_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré93-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/220px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/330px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg/440px-Altstadt_von_Malcesine-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Južna predalpska jezera poput <a href="/wiki/Gardsko_jezero" title="Gardsko jezero">jezera Garda</a> odlikuju se toplijom <a href="/wiki/Mikroklima" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroklima">mikroklimom</a> od okolnih područja</figcaption></figure> <p>Rijeka <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> je drugi izvor slatke vode po volumenu koji se slijeva u Sredozemno more nakon <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nila</a>, a formira se kao ledenjačka otopljena voda, potom utječe u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevsko_jezero" title="Ženevsko jezero">Ženevsko jezero</a>, a odatle u Francusku gdje se izmešu ostalog koristi za hlađenje <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_elektrana" title="Nuklearna elektrana">nuklearnih elektrana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rajna izvire u Švicarskoj na području od oko 30 km² i predstavlja gotovo 60&#160;% vode koja otjeće iz zemlje.<sup id="cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Složene doline pritoka Rajne usmjeravaju vodu u glavne doline gdje može doći do poplava tijekom sezone otapanja snijega kada brzo otjecanje vode iz nabujale rijeke uzrokuje jake bujice.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceben_1998,_31_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceben_1998,_31-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnoge alpske rijeke tvore jezera poput <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevsko_jezero" title="Ženevsko jezero">Ženevskoga jezera</a> u obliku polumjeseca koje se proteže preko švicarske granice s <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausannom</a> na švicarskoj strani i gradom <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89vian-les-Bains&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Évian-les-Bains (stranica ne postoji)">Evian-les-Bains</a> na francuskoj. U Njemačkoj je srednjovjekovna kapela sv. Bartolomeja sagrađena na južnoj strani <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigssee&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Königssee (stranica ne postoji)">Königsseea</a> do koje se može doći samo brodom ili penjanjem preko vrhova koji se uzdižu iza nje.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slijevanje vode iz Alpa dovelo je do formiranja velikih jezera u Italiji. Primjerice u talijanskim Alpama izvire rijeka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarca&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarca (stranica ne postoji)">Sarca</a> koja je <a href="/wiki/Protok_(hidrologija)" title="Protok (hidrologija)">primarni je priljev</a> <a href="/wiki/Gardsko_jezero" title="Gardsko jezero">jezera Garda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EnBrit_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnBrit-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Talijanska jezera su zbog svoje blage klime popularna turistička destinacija još od vremena <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dki_Rim" title="Antički Rim">Antičkog Rima</a>. </p><p>Znanstvenici su proučavali utjecaj <a href="/wiki/Klimatske_promjene" title="Klimatske promjene">klimatskih promjena</a> na korištenje vode u alpskom području. Jedan od neočekivanih posljedica jet preusmjeravanje sve većih količina vode iz alpskih rijeka na izradu umjetnog snijega u skijalištima kako bi se produljila zimska turistička sezona, učinak čega još nije poznat. Povrh toga, smanjenje ledenjačkih područja u kombinaciji s nizom zima s nižom količinom padalina od očekivane može negativno utjecati na rijeke u Alpama i na dostupnost vode u okolnim nizinama.<sup id="cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_12_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_12-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lavine">Lavine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Lavine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Lavine"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niže je popis najsmrtonosnijih lavina na području Alpa: </p> <ul><li>Lavina na francusko-talijanskoj granici: u 17. stoljeću oko 2500 ljudi poginulo je u <a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEna_lavina" title="Snježna lavina">lavini</a> na francusko-talijanskoj granici.</li> <li>Lavina u Zermattu iz 19. stoljeća: u 19. stoljeću lavina je uništila 120 domova u selu u blizini Zermatta.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>13. prosinca 1916. lavina na planini <a href="/wiki/Marmolada" title="Marmolada">Marmolada</a></li> <li>1950. – 1951. lavine u "zimi terora"</li> <li>10. veljače 1970. lavina u <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Is%C3%A8re" title="Val-d&#39;Isère">Val d'Isèreu</a></li> <li>9. veljače 1999. lavina u Montrocu</li> <li>21. veljače 1999. lavina u Evolèneu</li> <li>23. veljače 1999., lavina Galtür – najsmrtonosnija lavina u Alpama u posljednjih 40 godina.</li> <li>Srpanj 2014. lavina na <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blancu</a></li> <li>13. siječnja 2016. lavina u Les-Deux-Alpes</li> <li>18. siječnja 2016. lavina kod Valfréjusa</li> <li>3. srpnja 2022. Kolaps ledenjaka na Marmoladi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klima"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Područje Alpa je primjer pojava koje se dešavaju kada <a href="/wiki/Umjereni_pojas" title="Umjereni pojas">umjereno</a> područje na nižoj nadmorskoj visini ustupi mjesto terenu na višim nadmorskim visinama. Hladna klima slična onoj u <a href="/wiki/Polarna_regija" title="Polarna regija">polarnim područjima</a> koja vlad na planinskim vrhovima diljem svijeta naziva se <a href="/wiki/Planinska_klima" title="Planinska klima">planinskom ili alpskom klimom</a>. Porastom visine od razine mora prema gornjim dijelovima atmosfere temperatura se spušta (vidi <a href="/wiki/Stopa_opadanja_temperature_u_troposferi" title="Stopa opadanja temperature u troposferi">adijabatsku brzinu odstupanja</a>) Planinski lanci usmjeruju vjetrove koji pušu u nižim područjima u gornje dijelove gorja. Topao zrak iz nizina tamo povećava svoj obujam i razmjerno gubi toplinu, a to je smanjenje temperature često popraćeno padalinama u obliku snijega ili kiše.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Visina Alpa dovoljna je da klimatski podijeli Europu na vlažni sjever i suhi jug jer se vlaga usisava iz zraka dok teče preko visokih vrhova.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg/220px-Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg/330px-Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg/440px-Aletschgletscher_mit_Pinus_cembra1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ledenjak_Aletsch" title="Ledenjak Aletsch">Ledenjak Aletsch</a> s borovima koji rastu niz obronke Godine 2007.ledenjak je 180 m niže nego prije 150 godina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ekstremne vremenske pojave u Alpama proučavaju se od 18. stoljeća, posebice vremenski obrasci kao što je sezonski <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">vjetar Foehn</a>. Početkom 20. stoljeća u planinama su postavljene brojne meteorološke stanice koje su klimatolozima davale neprekinuti niz podataka.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceben_22–242_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceben_22–242-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Neke su doline prilično suhe, poput doline <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aoste</a> u Italiji, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurienne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurienne (stranica ne postoji)">Maurienne</a> u Francuskoj, <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valaisa</a> u Švicarskoj i sjevernog <a href="/wiki/Tirol_(austrijska_savezna_dr%C5%BEava)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirol (austrijska savezna država)">Tirola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceben_22–242_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceben_22–242-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Područja koja nisu sušna i koja primaju mnogo oborina doživljavaju povremene poplave zbog brzog topljenja <a href="/wiki/Snijeg" title="Snijeg">snijega</a> i otjecanja vode.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceben_1998,_312_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceben_1998,_312-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prosječna količina padalina u Alpama kreće se od niskih 2600 mm godišnje na 3000 mm godišnje, pri čemu se više razine javljaju na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Na visinama od 1000 do 3000 m, snježne padaline počinju u studenom i nakupljaju se do travnja ili svibnja kada počinje topljenje. <a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEna_granica" title="Snježna granica">Snježna granica</a> varira od 2400 to 3000 m iznad kojih je snijeg stalan, a temperature se kreću oko <a href="/wiki/Ledi%C5%A1te" title="Ledište">točke smrzavanja</a> čak i tijekom srpnja i kolovoza. Visoka razina vode u potocima i rijekama doseže vrhunac u lipnju i srpnju kada se snijeg još topi na višim nadmorskim visinama.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpe su podijeljene u pet klimatskih zona, svaka s različitom vegetacijom. Klima, biljni i životinjski svijet razlikuju se u različitim dijelovima ili planinskim zonama. Najniža zona je brdska zona između 500 and 1000 m, ovisno o lokaciji. Planinska zona proteže se od 800 to 1700 m, nakon čega slijedi podalpska zona od 1600 to 2400 m. Alpsku zonu, koja se proteže od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drvored&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Drvored (stranica ne postoji)">granice drveća</a> do snježne granice, prati glacijalna zona, koja prekriva ledenjačka područja planine. Klimatski uvjeti pokazuju varijacije unutar istih zona, primjerice, vremenski uvjeti na vrhu planinske doline koji se protežu izravno od vrhova hladniji su i oštriji od onih na ušću doline koji su obično manje surovi i gdje pada manje snijega.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Različiti računalni modeli omogućuju određena predviđanja klimatskih promjena za svo područje Alpa do 22. stoljeća. Očekivanja su da će trend povećanja temperatura imati učinak na snježne oborine, snježni pokrivač, glacijaciju i otjecanje rijeka,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a značajne promjene prirodnog i antropogenog podrijetla već su dijagnosticirane iz promatranja na terenu.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Živi_svijet"><span id=".C5.BDivi_svijet"></span>Živi svijet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Živi svijet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Živi svijet"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biljni_svijet">Biljni svijet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Biljni svijet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Biljni svijet"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gentiana_clusii03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gentiana_clusii03.jpg/220px-Gentiana_clusii03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gentiana_clusii03.jpg/330px-Gentiana_clusii03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gentiana_clusii03.jpg/440px-Gentiana_clusii03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Kohova sirištara (<i>Gentiana acaulis</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>U alpskome području identificirano je trinaest tisuća vrsta biljaka,<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré82_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré82-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> koje su grupirane prema staništu i vrsti tla koje može biti <a href="/wiki/Vapnenac" title="Vapnenac">vapnenačko</a> ili nevapnenačko. Staništa su raznovrsna, od livada, močvara i šuma (listopadnih i crnogoričnih) do površina bez tla prekrivenim oblucima, <a href="/wiki/Morena" title="Morena">morena</a>, te stijena i grebena.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prirodna granica vegetacije s nadmorskom visinom određena je prisutnošću glavnog <a href="/wiki/Bjelogorica" title="Bjelogorica">listopadnog</a> drveća: <a href="/wiki/Hrast" title="Hrast">hrasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukva" title="Bukva">bukve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasen" title="Jasen">jasena</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gorski_javor" title="Gorski javor">javora</a>. Oni ne dosežu svugdje istu visinu, niti ih se često nalazi kako rastu zajedno, ali njihova gornja granica dovoljno točno odgovara promjeni iz umjerene u hladniju klimu što dodatno dokazuje promjena u prisutnosti divlje zeljaste vegetacije.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ova granica obično iznosi oko 1200 m nadmorske visine na sjevernoj strani Alpa, no na južnim obroncima često se penje do 1500 m, ponekad čak i do 1700 m.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg/220px-Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg/330px-Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg/440px-Leontopodium_alpinum1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Runolist (<i><a href="/wiki/Planinski_runolist" title="Planinski runolist">Leontopodium alpinum</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Iznad područja šuma često se nalazi pojas niskog <a href="/wiki/Planinski_bor" title="Planinski bor">planinskog bora</a> (<i>Pinus mugo</i>), a na višim područjima dominira patuljasto grmlje <a href="/wiki/Alpska_ru%C5%BEa" title="Alpska ruža">alpske ruže</a> (<i>Rhododendron ferrugineum</i>) na kiselim tlima ili <a href="/wiki/Dlakavi_sle%C4%8D" title="Dlakavi sleč">dlakavog sleča</a> (<i>Rhododendron hirsutum</i>) na alkalnim tlima.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Premda alpska ruža preferira kiselo tlo, rasprostranjena je na cijelom području Alpa.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff3_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff3-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Iznad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granica_drve%C4%87a&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Granica drveća (stranica ne postoji)">granice drveća</a> proteže područje definirano kao "alpsko", gdje se na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpska_livada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpska livada (stranica ne postoji)">alpskim livadama</a> nalaze biljke koje su se dobro prilagodile surovim uvjetima niskih temperatura, suše i velikih nadmorskih visina. Alpsko područje jako varira zbog regionalnih fluktuacija granice drveća.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpske biljke kao što je zaštićena vrsta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kohova_siri%C5%A1tara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kohova sirištara (stranica ne postoji)">kohova sirištara</a> (<i>Gentiana acaulis)</i> rastu na područjima livada iznad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauterbrunnental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauterbrunnental (stranica ne postoji)">Lauterbrunnentala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siri%C5%A1tarke" title="Sirištarke">Sirištarke</a> (<i>Gentianaceae</i>) dobile su ime po <a href="/wiki/Ilirija" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilirija">ilirskom</a> kralju <a href="/wiki/Gencije" title="Gencije">Genciju</a>, a u Alpama na nadmorskoj visini 1500 do 2400 m raste 40 vrsta tog ranoproljetnog cvijeta.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imaju tendenciju postupnog "pojavljivanja" tijekom proljetnog cvjetanja od nižih nadmorskih visina gdje se snijeg prije otapa prema livadama na višim nadmorskim visinama gdje se snijeg topi mnogo kasnije nego u dolinama. Na najvišim kamenjarima cvjetanje proljetnog cvijeća počinje ljeti.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff4_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff4-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Naturasollieres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Naturasollieres.jpg/220px-Naturasollieres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Naturasollieres.jpg/330px-Naturasollieres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Naturasollieres.jpg/440px-Naturasollieres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Očuvana unutarnja alpska šuma i livada (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacionalni_park_Vanoise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nacionalni park Vanoise (stranica ne postoji)">Nacionalni park Vanoise</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Na višim nadmorskim visinama biljke imaju tendenciju formiranja izoliranih jastučastih nakupina. U Alpama je zabilježeno više od 4000 vrsta cvjetnica, uključujući <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranunculus_glacialis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranunculus glacialis (stranica ne postoji)">Ranunculus glacialis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androsace_alpina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Androsace alpina (stranica ne postoji)">Androsace alpina</a></i> i <i>Saxifraga biflora</i>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrichium_nanum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritrichium nanum (stranica ne postoji)">Eritrichium nanum</a></i>, obično poznat kao Kralj Alpa, najneuhvatljivije je alpsko cvijeće i raste na stjenovitim grebenima na 2600 to 3750 m.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možda najpoznatija od alpskih biljaka je <a href="/wiki/Planinski_runolist" title="Planinski runolist">runolist</a> koji raste u stjenovitim područjima i može se pronaći na nadmorskoj visini od 1200 m sve do 3400 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff5_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff5-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Biljke koje rastu na najvećim nadmorskim visinama prilagodile su se ekstremnim uvjetima rastom u kamenitim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipar_(geologija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipar (geologija) (stranica ne postoji)">siparima</a> koji ih štite od vjetrova.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp14ff_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp14ff-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekstremni i stresni klimatski uvjeti omogučile su rast biljnih vrsta koji sadrže <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekundarni_metaboliti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekundarni metaboliti (stranica ne postoji)">sekundarne metabolite</a> važne u medicini. Neke su od korisnijih ljekovitih vrsta koje rastu u Alpama jesu <i>Origanum vulgare</i>, <i>Prunella vulgaris</i>, <i>Solanum nigrum</i> i <a href="/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dna_kopriva" title="Obična kopriva"><i>Urtica dioica</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ljudska eksploatacija šuma gotovo je istrijebilo drveće u mnogim područjima, a, osim bukovih šuma u austrijskim Alpama, šume listopadnog drveća rijetko se mogu naći nakon ekstremne deforestacije između 17. i 19. stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vegetacija se promijenila od druge polovice 20. stoljeća, jer se visoke alpske livade prestaju žeti za sijeno ili koristiti za ispašu, što bi ubuduće moglo rezultirati ponovnim rastom šume. U nekim je područjima moderna praksa izgradnje skijaških staza mehaničkim sredstvima uništila temeljnu tundru od koje se biljni svijet ne može oporaviti tijekom mjeseci kada se ne skija, dok područja koja još uvijek prakticiraju prirodnu vrstu skijaških <i>staza</i> čuvaju krhke podloge.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp14ff2_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp14ff2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fauna"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg/220px-Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg/330px-Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg/440px-Jeune_bouquetin_de_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mladi alpski kozorog. Kada u potpunosti naraste, rogovi ovog mužjaka bit će široki oko jedan metar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alpe su stanište za 30 000 vrsta divljih životinja, od najmanjih snježnih buha do <a href="/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_medvjed" title="Smeđi medvjed">smeđih medvjeda</a>, od kojih su se mnoge prilagodile oštrim hladnim uvjetima i velikim nadmorskim visinama do te mjere da neke prežive samo u specifičnim mikroklimama ili neposredno iznad ili ispod <a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEna_granica" title="Snježna granica">snježne granice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré83_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré83-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veliki sisavci koji žive na najvećim nadmorskim visinama su <a href="/wiki/Alpski_kozorog" title="Alpski kozorog">alpski kozorozi</a>, koji su viđeni čak do 3000 m. Kozorozi žive u špiljama i spuštaju se kako bi jeli sočne alpske trave.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Klasificirani kao <a href="/wiki/Antilopa" title="Antilopa">antilope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff6_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff6-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Divokoza" title="Divokoza">divokoze</a> su manje od kozoroga i nalaze se diljem Alpa, žive iznad granice drveća i uobičajene su u cijelom alpskom području.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Područja istočnih Alpa još uvijek su domom <a href="/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_medvjed" title="Smeđi medvjed">smeđim medvjedima</a>. U Švicarskoj je <a href="/wiki/Bern_(kanton)" title="Bern (kanton)">kanton Bern</a> dobio ime po medvjedima, no posljednji je medvjed prema postojećim dokumentima ustrijeljen 1792. iznad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleine_Scheidegg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleine Scheidegg (stranica ne postoji)">Kleine Scheidegga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnogi glodavci poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voluharice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Voluharice (stranica ne postoji)">voluharica</a> žive pod zemljom. <a href="/wiki/Svisci" title="Svisci">Svisci</a> žive gotovo isključivo iznad granice drveća na visini od čak 2700 m. Hiberniraju u velikim skupinama kako bi osigurali zadržavanje topline<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff102ff_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff102ff-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i mogu se naći u svim područjima Alpa u velikim kolonijama koje grade ispod alpskih pašnjaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds43ff7_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds43ff7-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suri_orao" title="Suri orao">Suri orao</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kostoberina" title="Kostoberina">kostoberina</a> najveće su ptice koje se mogu naći u Alpama. Gnijezde se visoko na stjenovitim izbočinama i mogu se naći na nadmorskoj visini od 2400 m. Najčešća ptica je <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDutokljuna_galica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Žutokljuna galica (stranica ne postoji)">žutokljuna galica</a> koji se često hrani organskim otpadom u blizini alpskih turističkih odredišta na velikim nadmorskim visinama.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff97ff_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff97ff-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Parnassius_phoebus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Parnassius_phoebus.jpg/220px-Parnassius_phoebus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Parnassius_phoebus.jpg/330px-Parnassius_phoebus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Parnassius_phoebus.jpg/440px-Parnassius_phoebus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Alpski <a href="/wiki/Apolon_(leptir)" title="Apolon (leptir)">leptir apolon</a> prilagodio se alpskim uvjetima.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gmazovi poput <a href="/wiki/Ljutice" title="Ljutice">ljutica</a> žive do snježne granice pošto ne mogu podnijeti niske temperature. Stoga hiberniraju pod zemljom i ljeti upijaju toplinu na stjenovitim izbočinama.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff95ff_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff95ff-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crni_da%C5%BEdevnjak" title="Crni daždevnjak">Crni daždevnjaci</a> na velikim nadmorskim visinama prilagodili su se životu iznad snježne granice rađajući potpuno razvijene mlade umjesto da polažu jaja. <a href="/wiki/Poto%C4%8Dna_pastrva" title="Potočna pastrva">Potočna pastrva</a> može se naći u potocima do snježne granice.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff95ff_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff95ff-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mekušci poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helicigona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helicigona (stranica ne postoji)">puževa</a> žive do snježne granice, Premda su se nekad sakupljali i konzumirali kao hrana, <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Puž">puževi</a> su sada zaštićeni.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff88ff_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff88ff-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U Alpama živi nekoliko vrsta <a href="/wiki/Moljci" title="Moljci">moljaca</a> od kojih se vjeruje da su se neke razvile u istom staništu prije 120 milijuna godina, mnogo prije nego što su stvorene Alpe. Leptiri <a href="/wiki/Plavci_(leptiri)" title="Plavci (leptiri)">plavci</a> obično se mogu vidjeti kako piju iz otopljenog snijega, a neke vrste plavaca žive i do 1800 m.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Leptiri su obično veliki, poput onih iz obitelji <a href="/wiki/Lastin_rep" title="Lastin rep">lastin rep</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parnassius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parnassius (stranica ne postoji)">Parnassius</a></i> čije se stanište proteže do 1800 m. Dvanaest vrsta <a href="/wiki/Kornja%C5%A1i" title="Kornjaši">kornjaša</a> imaju svoje stanište do snježne granice, najljepši od kojih je zaštićena vrsta <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalia_alpina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosalia alpina (stranica ne postoji)">Rosalia alpina</a></i>i, nekoć sakupljana zbog svojih boja.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pauci, poput velikog <a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dji_pauci" title="Vučji pauci">vučjeg pauka</a>, žive i do 400 m iznad snježne granice. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tipavci" title="Štipavci">Štipavci</a> su prisutni u talijanskim Alpama.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff88ff2_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff88ff2-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dokayano je da su neke vrste kukaca bile autohtone na tom području još od alpske orogeneze. U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lac_d%27Emosson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lac d&#39;Emosson (stranica ne postoji)">Emossonu</a> u Valaisu u Švicarskoj 1970-ih pronađeni su tragovi dinosaura, koji vjerojatno datiraju iz razdoblja <a href="/wiki/Trijas" title="Trijas">trijasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prapovijest_do_kršćanstva"><span id="Prapovijest_do_kr.C5.A1.C4.87anstva"></span>Prapovijest do kršćanstva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Uredi odlomak: Prapovijest do kršćanstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prapovijest do kršćanstva"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/330px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/440px-Scena_di_duello_R6_-_Foppe_-_Nadro_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Prapovijesni <a href="/wiki/Petroglif" title="Petroglif">petroglifi</a> iz doline <a href="/wiki/Crte%C5%BEi_doline_Val_Camonica" title="Crteži doline Val Camonica">Valcamonica</a> u Italiji.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nakon <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrmska_glacijacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Würmska glacijacija (stranica ne postoji)">würmske glacijacije</a> prije otprilike 10 000 godina <a href="/wiki/Starije_kameno_doba" title="Starije kameno doba">kasnopaleolitske</a> zajednice nastanile su se duž obala alpskih jezera i u špiljama. Dokazi o ljudskom obitavanju pronađeni su u špiljama blizu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vercors_Cave_System&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vercors Cave System (stranica ne postoji)">Vercorsa</a> u blizini <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoblea</a> i Echirollesa u Austriji, a paleolitska kultura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mondsee_(jezero)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mondsee (jezero) (stranica ne postoji)">Mondsee</a> je u močvarnim područjima gradila <a href="/wiki/Prapovijesne_naseobine_sojenica_oko_Alpa" title="Prapovijesne naseobine sojenica oko Alpa">nastambe na drvenim stupovima (sojenice)</a>. U alpskim područjima Francuske i Italije pronađeno je uspravno kamenje. <a href="/wiki/Crte%C5%BEi_doline_Val_Camonica" title="Crteži doline Val Camonica">U dolini Valcamonica</a> pronađeno je više od 200 000 <a href="/wiki/Crte%C5%BEi_doline_Val_Camonica" title="Crteži doline Val Camonica">crteža i figura urezano u stijene</a> (petroglifa) starih više od 5000 godina.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie25ff_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie25ff-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godine 1991. planinari su na ledenjaku Similaun pronašli mumificirano tijelo iz razdoblja <a href="/wiki/Mla%C4%91e_kameno_doba" title="Mlađe kameno doba">neolitika</a>, danas poznatu kao <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a> ili ledeni čovjek. Njegova odjeća i oprema upućuju na to da je živio u alpskoj poljoprivrednoj zajednici, a mjesto pronalaska i način njegove smrti (vrh <a href="/wiki/Strijela" title="Strijela">strijele</a> zaboden je u njegovom ramenu) sugerira da je putovao s jednog mjesta na drugo.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie21ff_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie21ff-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Analiza Ötzijevog <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrijski_DNK" title="Mitohondrijski DNK">mitohondrijskog DNK</a> otkrila je da pripada <a href="/wiki/Kladistika" title="Kladistika">podkladi</a> K1.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti">Keltska</a> plemena nastanila su se u Švicarskoj između 1500. i 1000. pr. Kr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reti (stranica ne postoji)">Reti</a> su živjeli u istočnim regijama, dok su zapad zauzeli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helve%C4%87ani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Helvećani (stranica ne postoji)">Helvećani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Alobro%C5%BEani" title="Alobrožani">Alobrožani</a> se nastanili u dolini <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> i u <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoji</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liguri" title="Liguri">Liguri</a> i <a href="/wiki/Veneti" title="Veneti">jadranski Veneti</a> živjeli su u sjeverozapadnoj <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italiji</a> odnosno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triveneto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Triveneto (stranica ne postoji)">Trivenetu</a>. Među mnogim mineralima koje su keltska plemena iskopavala bila je i <a href="/wiki/Kamena_sol" title="Kamena sol">kamena sol</a>, posebice u području <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburga</a> gdje je upravitelj rudnika u 19. stoljeću pronašao dokaze <a href="/wiki/Hal%C5%A1tatska_kultura" title="Halštatska kultura">Hallstattske kulture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie25ff2_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie25ff2-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do 6. stoljeća prije Krista <a href="/wiki/Latenska_kultura" title="Latenska kultura">latenska kultura</a> dobro se razvila u čitavoj regiji<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i postala je poznata po visokokvalitetnom <a href="/wiki/Keltska_umjetnost" title="Keltska umjetnost">ukrašenom oružju i nakitu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelti su bili najrasprostranjenije planinsko pleme. Njihovi su ratnici bili snažni, visoki i svijetle puti, vješti u rukovanju željeznim oružjem, što im je davalo prednost u ratovanju.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tijekom <a href="/wiki/Drugi_punski_rat" title="Drugi punski rat">Drugog punskog rata</a> 218. pr. Kr., <a href="/wiki/Kartaga" title="Kartaga">kartaški</a> je general <a href="/wiki/Hanibal" title="Hanibal">Hanibal</a> prešao Alpe s vojskom koja je brojala 38 000 pješaka, 8 000 konjanika i 37 bojnih slonova. Premda nema materijalnih dokaza o stvarnom prijelazu ili mjestu prelaska, ovaj se pothvat smatra jednim od najslavnijih postignuća jedne vojne sile u drevnom ratovanju.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancel_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancel-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rimljani su međutim izgradili niz cesta kroz planinske prijevoje, koje su se nastavile koristiti kroz čitavo srednjovjekovno razdoblje, a rimske cestovne oznake još se uvijek mogu pronaći na istim prijevojima.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg/220px-Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg/330px-Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg/440px-Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3902" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption>Ranosrednjovjekovni dvorac<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chillon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Château de Chillon (stranica ne postoji)">Château de Chillon</a> na sjevernoj obali <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevsko_jezero" title="Ženevsko jezero">Ženevskog jezera</a>. U pozadini je vidljiv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dents_du_Midi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dents du Midi (stranica ne postoji)">Dents du Midi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tijekom <a href="/wiki/Galski_ratovi" title="Galski ratovi">Galskih ratova</a> 58. pr. Kr. <a href="/wiki/Gaj_Julije_Cezar" title="Gaj Julije Cezar">Julije Cezar</a> je svladao Helvećane. Reti su nastavili pružati otpor, ali su na kraju pobijeđeni kada su se Rimljani okrenuli prema sjeveru prema dolini <a href="/wiki/Dunav" title="Dunav">Dunava</a> u Austriji i porazili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigantes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigantes (stranica ne postoji)">Brigante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beattie27ff_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beattie27ff-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rimljani su izgradili niz naselja u Alpama. U gradovima kao što su <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a> (nazvana po Augustu) u Italiji, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martigny&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martigny (stranica ne postoji)">Martigny</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> u Švicarskoj i <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Partenkirchen</a> u Bavarskoj pronađeni su arheološki nalazi rimskih kupki, <a href="/wiki/Rimska_vila" title="Rimska vila">vila</a> i hramova.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Veći dio alpskog područja su od 6. do 13. stoljeća postupno naselila <a href="/wiki/Germani" title="Germani">germanska plemena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi">Langobardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemani" title="Alemani">Alemani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska">Bavarci</a> i <a href="/wiki/Franci" title="Franci">Franci</a>) miješajući se s lokalnim keltskim plemenima.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Od_kršćanstva_do_Napoleonskih_ratova"><span id="Od_kr.C5.A1.C4.87anstva_do_Napoleonskih_ratova"></span>Od kršćanstva do Napoleonskih ratova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Uredi odlomak: Od kršćanstva do Napoleonskih ratova" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Od kršćanstva do Napoleonskih ratova"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kršćanstvo su u regiji uspostavili Rimljani kada su osnovane prve crkve na visokim nadmorskim visinama. Franačko širenje <a href="/wiki/Karolin%C5%A1ko_Carstvo" title="Karolinško Carstvo">Karolinškog Carstva</a> i bavarsko širenje u istočnim Alpama uveli su na tom području <a href="/wiki/Feudalizam" title="Feudalizam">feudalizam</a>, te je započela izgradnja dvoraca za obranu sve većem broju <a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina" title="Kneževina">kneževina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina" title="Kraljevina">kraljevina</a>. U kuli dvorca Castello del Buonconsiglio u <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trentu</a>, još uvijek isu sačuvane freske i drugi izvrsni primjeri gotičke umjetnosti. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chillon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Château de Chillon (stranica ne postoji)">Château de Chillon</a> u Švicarskoj odlično je sačuvani primjer srednjovjekovne arhitekture.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Postoji nekoliko važnih alpskih svetaca, a jedan od njih je <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Mauricije" title="Sveti Mauricije">Sveti Mauricije</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> po kojemu je grad <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a> dobio ime. </p><p>Veći dio srednjovjekovnog razdoblja bilo je vrijeme borbi za moć između konkurentskih dinastija kao što su <a href="/wiki/Savojska_dinastija" title="Savojska dinastija">kuća Savoja</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visconti_iz_Milana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Visconti iz Milana (stranica ne postoji)">Visconti</a> u sjevernoj Italiji i <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" title="Habsburg">kuća Habsburg</a> u Austriji i Sloveniji.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Godine 1291., da bi se zaštitili od upada Habsburgovaca, četiri <a href="/wiki/Kanton" title="Kanton">kantona</a> u središtu Švicarske sastavila su <a href="/wiki/Savezna_povelja" title="Savezna povelja">povelju</a> koja se smatra deklaracijom o neovisnosti od susjednih kraljevstava. Nakon niza bitaka koje su se vodile u 13., 14. i 15. stoljeću, više kantona pridružilo se konfederaciji i do 16. stoljeća Švicarska se uspostavila kao zasebna država.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:PopovAN_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PopovAN_001.jpg/220px-PopovAN_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PopovAN_001.jpg/330px-PopovAN_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PopovAN_001.jpg/440px-PopovAN_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Ruske postrojbe pod <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasiljevi%C4%8D_Suvorov" title="Aleksandr Vasiljevič Suvorov">komandom Suvorova</a> prelaze Alpe 1799.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel,_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel%2C_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG/220px-Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel%2C_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel%2C_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG/330px-Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel%2C_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel%2C_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG/440px-Aussois_-_Forts_de_l%27Esseillon_-_Fort_Victor-Emmanuel%2C_fort_Charles-F%C3%A9lix_et_fort_Marie-Christine_-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Tvrđava Forts de l'Esseillon izgrađena je na visini od 1300 do 1500 metara na stijeni od <a href="/wiki/Kvarcit" title="Kvarcit">kvarcita</a> i okružen dubokim liticama.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tijekom <a href="/wiki/Napoleonski_ratovi" title="Napoleonski ratovi">Napoleonovih ratova</a> u kasnom 18. i ranom 19. stoljeću, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> je anektirao teritorije koje su prije kontrolirali Habsburgovci i Savojci. Godine 1798. utemeljio je Helvetsku Republiku u Švicarskoj, a dvije godine kasnije poveo je vojsku preko prijevoja svetog Bernarda i osvojio gotovo sva alpska područja.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakon pada Napoléona, mnoge su alpske zemlje razvile snažni sustav utvrda kako bi spriječile nove invazije. Kraljevska kuća <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoja</a> izgradila je niz utvrda u dolini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurienne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurienne (stranica ne postoji)">Maurienne</a> kako bi zaštitila glavne alpske prolaze, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Col_du_Mont-Cenis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Col du Mont-Cenis (stranica ne postoji)">col du Mont-Cenis</a> koji su svojevremeno prešli <a href="/wiki/Karlo_Veliki" title="Karlo Veliki">Karlo Veliki</a> i njegov otac kako bi porazili Langobarde. Barrière de l'Esseillon je niz utvrda naoružan teškim topovskim baterijama izgrađenih na litici sa savršenim pogledom na dolinu, klanac s jedne strane i strme planine s druge strane. </p><p>U 19. stoljeću samostani sagrađeni u visokim Alpama tijekom srednjeg vijeka kao sklonište putnicima i kao mjesta hodočašća postali su turistička odredišta. <a href="/wiki/Benediktinci" title="Benediktinci">Benediktinci</a> su sagradili samostane u <a href="/wiki/Luzern" title="Luzern">Lucernu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Oberammergau" title="Oberammergau">Oberammergau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisterciti" title="Cisterciti">cisterciti</a> u Tirolu i na <a href="/wiki/Bodensko_jezero" title="Bodensko jezero">Bodenskom jezeru</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Augustinski_heremiti" title="Augustinski heremiti">augustinci</a> su imali opatije u <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoji</a> i jednu u središtu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interlaken&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Interlaken (stranica ne postoji)">Interlakena</a> u Švicarskoj.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliki_hospicij_Svetog_Bernarda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliki hospicij Svetog Bernarda (stranica ne postoji)">Veliki hospicij sv. Bernarda</a> izgrađen je u 9. ili 10. stoljeću na vrhu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliki_prolaz_Svetog_Bernarda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliki prolaz Svetog Bernarda (stranica ne postoji)">Velikog prolaza svetog Bernarda</a> i od svog početka je bilo sklonište za putnike i mjesto za hodočasnike. U 19. stoljeću postao je turističkom atrakcijom, posjetili su ga i pisac <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> i planinar Edward Whymper.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istraživanja"><span id="Istra.C5.BEivanja"></span>Istraživanja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Uredi odlomak: Istraživanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istraživanja"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg/220px-Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg/330px-Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg/440px-Matterhorn_ascent_Dore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prvi_uspon_na_Matterhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prvi uspon na Matterhorn (stranica ne postoji)">Prvi uspon na Matterhorn</a></i> (1865.), litografija <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustavea Doréa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>U spilji <i>Drachloch</i> (hrv.: "Zmajeva rupa") iznad sela Vattis u <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_(kanton)" title="St. Gallen (kanton)">kantonu St. Gallen</a> pronađen je pougljenjeni organski materijal <a href="/wiki/Datiranje_ugljikom-14" title="Datiranje ugljikom-14">radiokarbonski</a> datiran na otprilike 50 000 godina, što dokazuje da su visoke vrhove posjećivali prapovijesni ljudi. Sedam medvjeđih lubanja pronađenih u spilji vjerojatno su zakopali isti pretpovijesni ljudi.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Planinski se vrhovi uglavnom nisu posjećivali<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff188ff_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i smatrali su se zastrašujućim prebivalištem zmajeva i demona, do te mjere da su ljudi povezivali oči kako bi prešli alpske prijevoje.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karlo_VII.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Karlo VII., kralj Francuske">Francuski kralj Karlo VII.</a> naredio je svom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komornik_(ured)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Komornik (ured) (stranica ne postoji)">komorniku</a> da se popne na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Aiguille&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Aiguille (stranica ne postoji)">Mont Aiguille</a> 1356. godine. Vitez je stigao do vrha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocciamelone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocciamelone (stranica ne postoji)">Rocciamelone</a> gdje je ostavio brončani triptih ukrašen s tri križa, pothvat koji je izveo koristeći ljestve za prelaženje leda.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Godine 1492. Antoine de Ville popeo se na Mont Aiguille, no nije stigao do vrha, a iskustvo je opisao kao "užasavajuće i zastrašujuće".<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff188ff2_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff2-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> bio je fasciniran varijacijama svjetla na višim nadmorskim visinama i poznato je da se popeo na jedan planinski vrh, ali znanstvenici nisu sigurni na koji. Neki povjesničari vjeruju da je to možda bila <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Rosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Rosa (stranica ne postoji)">Monte Rosa</a>. Iz njegovog opisa neba "plavog poput encijana" smatra se da je dosegao vrlo veliku visinu.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U 18. stoljeću četiri čovjeka iz <a href="/wiki/Chamonix-Mont-Blanc" title="Chamonix-Mont-Blanc">Chamonixa</a> zamalo su dosegla vrh Mont Blanca, ali su ih svladali visinska bolest i snježno sljepilo.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Gessner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Gessner (stranica ne postoji)">Conrad Gessner</a> bio je prvi prirodoslovac koji se u 16. stoljeću penjao na planine s svrhom da ih proučava, pišući da je u planinama pronašao "kazalište Gospodnje".<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do 19. stoljeća počelo je pristizati sve više prirodoslovaca koji su istraživali, proučavali i osvajali visoke vrhove.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_vii_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_vii-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dva čovjeka koji su prvi istražili područja leda i snijega bili su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (stranica ne postoji)">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a> (1740. – 1799.) u Peninskim Alpama,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i benediktinski redovnik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disentis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disentis (stranica ne postoji)">Disentis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placidus_a_Spescha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Placidus a Spescha (stranica ne postoji)">Placidus a Spescha</a> (1752. – 1833.).<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_vii_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_vii-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rođen u Ženevi, Saussure je od ranog djetinjstva bio zaljubljen u planine. Napustio je odvjetničku karijeru kako bi postao prirodoslovac i proveo je mnogo godina putujući Bernskim Oberlandom, Savojom, Pijemontom i Valaisom proučavajući ledenjake i geologiju, te je postao rani zagovornik teorije o nabiranju Zemljine kore.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saussure je 1787. bio član trećeg uspona na Mont Blanc.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff197ff2_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff197ff2-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantičari_i_alpinisti"><span id="Romanti.C4.8Dari_i_alpinisti"></span>Romantičari i alpinisti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Uredi odlomak: Romantičari i alpinisti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Romantičari i alpinisti"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lutalica_iznad_mora_magle" title="Lutalica iznad mora magle">Lutalica iznad mora magle</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> (1818.)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_von_Haller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht von Haller (stranica ne postoji)">Albrecht von Haller</a> u pjesmi <i>Die Alpen</i> (1732.) opisuje planine kao područje mitske čistoće.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> bio je još jedan pisac koji je u svom romanu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie,_ili_Nova_Heloiza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie, ili Nova Heloiza (stranica ne postoji)">Julie, ili Nova Heloiza</a></i> (1761.) opisao Alpe kao mjesto privlačnosti i ljepote. Nešto kasnije prvi je val <a href="/wiki/Romantizam" title="Romantizam">romantičara</a> poput <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethea</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Turner" title="William Turner">Turnera</a> započeo posjećivati Alpe kako bi se divio krajoliku.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a> je posjetio to područje 1790. i iznio svoja iskustva u <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preludij&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Preludij (stranica ne postoji)">Preludiju</a></i> (1799.). Schiller je kasnije napisao dramu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Tell_(drama)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Tell (drama) (stranica ne postoji)">William Tell</a></i> (1804.) koja govori o legendarnom švicarskom strijelcu <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Tell" title="Wilhelm Tell">Williamu Tellu</a> kao dijelu šire švicarske borbe za neovisnost od <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" title="Habsburg">Habsburškog Carstva</a> početkom 14. stoljeća. Na kraju <a href="/wiki/Napoleonski_ratovi" title="Napoleonski ratovi">Napoleonovih ratova</a>, u alpske je zemlje započeo masovni priljev pjesnika, umjetnika i glazbenika,<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_2000,_83_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_2000,_83-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> koji su dolazili iskusiti uzvišene učinke monumentalne prirode.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godine 1816. <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron" title="George Gordon Byron">Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> i njegova supruga <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> posjetili su Ženevu i svo su troje bili su inspirirani krajolikom.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_2000,_832_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_2000,_832-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tijekom tih posjeta Shelley je napisao pjesmu "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Blanc_(pjesma)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Blanc (pjesma) (stranica ne postoji)">Mont Blanc</a>", Byron je napisao "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chillonski_zatvorenik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chillonski zatvorenik (stranica ne postoji)">Zatvorenik iz Chillona</a>" i dramsku poemu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred (stranica ne postoji)">Manfred</a></i>, a Mary Shelley, kojoj je krajolik bio neodoljiv, u svojoj je vili na obali <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevsko_jezero" title="Ženevsko jezero">Ženevskoga jezera</a> usred grmljavinske oluje osmislila priču za roman <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_ili_moderni_Prometej" title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej">Frankenstein</a></i>. Kad je <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> putovao u <a href="/wiki/Chamonix-Mont-Blanc" title="Chamonix-Mont-Blanc">Chamonix</a> izjavio je prkoseći Shelleyju, koji se u knjizi gostiju Hotela de Londres blizu Montenversa potpisao kao "Atheos":<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Tko bi, tko bi mogao biti ateist u ovoj dolini čuda".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Do sredine 19. stoljeća znanstvenici su počeli masovno posjećivati Alpe kako bi proučavali geologiju i ekologiju regije.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Od početka 19. stoljeća počinje turistički i planinski razvoj Alpa. U ranim godinama "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zlatno_doba_alpinizma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zlatno doba alpinizma (stranica ne postoji)">zlatnog doba alpinizma</a>" u početku su se znanstvene aktivnosti miješale sa sportom, poput fizičara <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">Johna Tyndalla</a> ili prvi uspon na Matterhorn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Whymper&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Whymper (stranica ne postoji)">Edwarda Whympera</a> koji se smatra vrhuncem toga doba. U kasnijim godinama, u "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Srebrno_doba_alpinizma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Srebrno doba alpinizma (stranica ne postoji)">srebrnom dobu alpinizma</a>", fokus je bio na planinskim sportovima i penjanju. Prvi predsjednik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpski_klub_(UK)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpski klub (UK) (stranica ne postoji)">Alpine Cluba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ball_(prirodnjak)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ball (prirodnjak) (stranica ne postoji)">John Ball</a> smatra se otkrivačem Dolomita, koji su desetljećima bili u fokusu penjača poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Grohmann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Grohmann (stranica ne postoji)">Paula Grohmanna</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Innerkofler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Innerkofler (stranica ne postoji)">Michaela Innerkoflera</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Dibona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Dibona (stranica ne postoji)">Angela Dibone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doba_nacizma">Doba nacizma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Uredi odlomak: Doba nacizma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Doba nacizma"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg/220px-Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg/330px-Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg/440px-Ghent_altarpiece_at_Altaussee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Nacisti su sakrivali opljačkane umjetnine u alpskim rudnicima soli poput onoga u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaussee&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaussee (stranica ne postoji)">Altausseeu</a>. Na fotografiji je vidljiv <i><a href="/wiki/Gentski_oltar" title="Gentski oltar">gentski oltar</a></i> koji je pretrpio značajnu štetu.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> je rođen u Austriji i cijeli je život bio romantično fasciniran Alpama. U 1930-ima osnovao je dom u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berghof_(rezidencija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berghof (rezidencija) (stranica ne postoji)">Berghofu</a> u regiji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obersalzberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Obersalzberg (stranica ne postoji)">Obersalzberg</a> izvan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berchtesgaden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berchtesgaden (stranica ne postoji)">Berchtesgadena</a>. Njegov prvi posjet tom području bio je 1923. godine i otada se čvrsto vezao za taj kraj do kraja života. Krajem Drugoga svjetskog rata, američka je vojska zauzela Obersalzberg kako bi spriječila Hitlera da se povuče s <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmachtom</a> u planine.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Do 1940. mnoge su alpske zemlje bile pod kontrolom <a href="/wiki/Sile_Osovine" title="Sile Osovine">sila Osovine</a>. Nakon <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">državnog udara</a> Austrija je postala dijelom <a href="/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Reich" title="Treći Reich">Trećeg Reicha</a>, Francuska je okupirana, a Italija je bila <a href="/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam">fašistička</a> država saveznica nacističke Njemačke. Švicarska i Lihtenštajn bile su jedine zemlje koje su izbjegle okupaciju sila Osovine.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarska Konfederacija</a> slijedila je vojnu doktrinu "oružane neutralnosti" koja obvezuje sve muškarce da prođu vojnu obuku i tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata mobilizirala je svoje postrojbe, prema procjeni <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">generala Eisenhowera</a> oko 850 000 vojnika. Švicarski zapovjednici su eksplozivom ožičili infrastrukturu koja vodi u zemlju i zaprijetili da će u slučaju nacističke invazije uništiti mostove, željezničke tunele i ceste preko prijevoja. Da je došlo do invazije, švicarska vojska bi se povukla u srce planinskih vrhova gdje su uvjeti bili teži i tamo bi vodili dugotrajne <a href="/wiki/Gerilsko_ratovanje" title="Gerilsko ratovanje">gerliske bitke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Njemačke <a href="/wiki/Skija%C5%A1ko_ratovanje" title="Skijaško ratovanje">skijaške postrojbe</a> obučavane su za alpsko ratovanje i pokazale su se opasnim protivnikom u planinskim područjima u bitkama u Alpama sjeverne Italije, gdje je američka 10. brdska divizija u veljači 1945. naišla na težak otpor.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Krajem rata, znatna količina nacističkog plijena pronađena je pohranjena u Austriji, gdje se Hitler krajem rata nadao povući. U rudnicima soli koji okružuju područje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaussee&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaussee (stranica ne postoji)">Altausseea</a> američke su postrojbe pronašle 75 kg zlatnika, mnoštvo opljačkanih umjetnina, nakita i novca koji su potom vraćeni vlasnicima.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Najveći_gradovi"><span id="Najve.C4.87i_gradovi"></span>Najveći gradovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Uredi odlomak: Najveći gradovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Najveći gradovi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najveći grad na području Alpa je grad <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> u <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuskoj</a>. Drugi veći i važni gradovi u Alpama s preko 100 000 stanovnika jesu <a href="/wiki/Bolzano_(Italija)" title="Bolzano (Italija)">Bolzano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italija</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italija</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a>). Veći gradovi izvan Alpa, ali u njihovoj blizini su <a href="/wiki/Milano" title="Milano">Milano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torino" title="Torino">Torino</a> (Italija), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> (Njemačka), <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C4%8D" title="Beč">Beč</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (Austrija), <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kranj" title="Kranj">Kranj</a> (Slovenija), <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeneva" title="Ženeva">Ženeva</a> (Švicarska), <a href="/wiki/Nica" title="Nica">Nica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (Francuska). </p><p>Gradovi s preko 100 000 stanovnika na području Alpa jesu: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable zebra"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rang </th> <th>Općina </th> <th>Stanovnici </th> <th>Zemlja </th> <th>Regija </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_(Isere).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg/35px-Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg/54px-Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg/71px-Blason_ville_fr_Grenoble_%28Isere%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> </td> <td align="right">162 780 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuska</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg/35px-Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg/53px-Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg/70px-Blason_Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rona-Alpe" title="Auvergne-Rona-Alpe">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg/35px-AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg/53px-AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg/70px-AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> </td> <td align="right">132 236 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:AUT_Tirol_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AUT_Tirol_COA.svg/35px-AUT_Tirol_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AUT_Tirol_COA.svg/52px-AUT_Tirol_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AUT_Tirol_COA.svg/69px-AUT_Tirol_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="555" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tirol_(austrijska_savezna_dr%C5%BEava)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirol (austrijska savezna država)">Tirol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Trient.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trient.JPG/35px-Trient.JPG" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trient.JPG/53px-Trient.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Trient.JPG/71px-Trient.JPG 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="255" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trento</a> </td> <td align="right">117 417 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italija</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Ju%C5%BEni_Tirol" title="Trentino-Južni Tirol">Trentino-Južni Tirol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg/35px-ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg/53px-ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg/70px-ITA_Bolzano_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolzano_(Italija)" title="Bolzano (Italija)">Bolzano</a>/Bozen </td> <td align="right">106 951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italija</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Ju%C5%BEni_Tirol" title="Trentino-Južni Tirol">Trentino-Južni Tirol</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stanovništvo_i_kultura"><span id="Stanovni.C5.A1tvo_i_kultura"></span>Stanovništvo i kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Uredi odlomak: Stanovništvo i kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Stanovništvo i kultura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U alpskoj regiji živi 14&#160;milijuna stanovnika raspoređenih u osam zemalja.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré84_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré84-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Na obodima planina, visoravnima i u ravnicama gospodarstvo čini industrija i poslovi pružanja usluga, dok je na višim nadmorskim visinama i u planinama poljoprivreda još uvijek gospodarski bitna.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Poljoprivreda i šumarstvo i dalje su temelj alpske kulture, te osiguravaju izvoz u gradove i doprinose održavaju planinskoga okoliša.<sup id="cite_ref-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpske regije su multikulturalne i jezično raznolike. Narječja su uobičajena i razlikuju se os regije do regije, čak od doline do doline. Samo u dijelu Alpa nastanjenom slavenskom narodima identificirano je 19 narječja. Neki od romanskih narječja koji se govore u francuskim, švicarskim i talijanskim alpama u <a href="/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta" title="Valle d&#39;Aosta">dolini Aoste</a> potječu od <a href="/wiki/Frankoprovansalski_jezik" title="Frankoprovansalski jezik">arpitanskog</a>, dok je južni dio zapadnog raspona povezan s <a href="/wiki/Okcitanski_jezik" title="Okcitanski jezik">okcitanskim jezikom</a>. Njemački dijalekti potječu od germanskih plemenskih jezika.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman%C5%A1" title="Romanš">Romanš</a> kojim govori dva posto stanovništva u jugoistočnoj Švicarskoj je drevni <a href="/wiki/Retoromanski_jezici" title="Retoromanski jezici">retoromanski jezik</a> izveden iz latinskog, ostataka starih keltskih jezika i možda <a href="/wiki/Etru%C5%A1%C4%8Danski_jezik" title="Etruščanski jezik">etruščanskog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG/220px-Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG/330px-Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG/440px-Hallstatt_-_Nordansicht.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a> je poznat po proizvodnji soli koja datira još iz prapovijesti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Velik dio alpske kulture ostao je nepromijenjen od srednjovjekovnog razdoblja kada su vještine koje su jamčile preživljavanje u planinskim dolinama i najvišim selima postale temeljem iste kulture, što je dovelo do jake tradicije stolarije, drvorezbarstva, pečenja, slastičarstva i proizvodnje sira.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poljoprivreda je tradicionalno zanimanje stoljećima, iako je postala manje dominantna u 20. stoljeću s pojavom turizma. Ispaša i pašnjaci ograničeni su zbog strme i stjenovite topografije Alpa. Sredinom lipnja goveda se premještaju na najviše pašnjake blizu snježne granice, gdje ih nadziru pastiri koji borave na velikim nadmorskim visinama često živeći tijekom ljeta u kamenim kolibama ili drvenim štalama.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff2_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff2-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seljani slave dan kada se krave tjeraju na pašnjake i ponovno kada se vrate sredinom rujna. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almabtrieb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Almabtrieb (stranica ne postoji)">Almabtrieb, Alpabzug, Alpabfahrt, Désalpes</a> ("silazak s Alpa") slavi se ukrašavanjem krava vijencima i ogromnim <a href="/wiki/Kravlje_zvono" title="Kravlje zvono">kravljim zvonima</a>, dok se farmeri odijevaju u tradicionalne nošnje.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff2_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff2-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG/220px-LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG/330px-LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG/440px-LeMonal-fontaine-chapelle-Savoie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ljeti se goveda dovode na visokoplaninske livade na ispašu. Pastiri obitavaju u malim selima poput ovoga prikazanog na fotografiji snimljenoj u <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoji</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proizvodnja sira stara je tradicija u većini alpskih zemalja. Kolut sira iz <a href="/wiki/Ementaler" title="Ementaler">Emmentala</a> u Švicarskoj može težiti i do 45 kg, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_(sir)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaufort (sir) (stranica ne postoji)">Beaufort</a> u <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoji</a> može težiti i do 70 kg. Vlasnici krava tradicionalno od sirara dobivaju dio onog udjela kravljeg mlijeka proizvedenog za ljetnih mjeseci u visokim Alpama. Košenje sijena važna je poljoprivredna aktivnost u planinskim selima koja su posljednjih godina postala donekle mehanizirana, iako su padine toliko strme da ručna košnja često jedino rješenje. Sijeno se inače dovozi dva puta godišnje, često i za blagdane.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff3_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff3-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U visokim selima ljudi žive u domovima izgrađenim prema srednjovjekovnome planiranju koji podnose hladne zime. Kuhinja je odvojena od dnevnog boravka (zvanog <i>stube</i>, prostor u domu koji se grije peći), a spavaće sobe na drugom katu imaju koristi od rastuće topline. Tipična švicarska <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brvnara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brvnara (stranica ne postoji)">koliba</a> nastala je u Bernskom gorju. Brvnare su često okrenute prema jugu ili nizbrdici i građene su od punog drva sa strmim zabatnim krovom kako bi nakupljeni snijeg mogao lako otkliziti. Stepenice koje vode do viših katova ponekad su izgrađene izvana, a balkoni su ponekad zatvoreni.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff4_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff4-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG/220px-Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG/330px-Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG/440px-Schaufschod_2009_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Čuvanje ovaca u Austriji</figcaption></figure> <p>Hrana se prenosi iz kuhinje u <i>stub</i>, gdje se nalazi blagovaonski stol. Neki su obroci poput <a href="/wiki/Fondi" title="Fondi">fonduea</a> zajedničke, gdje je lonac postavljen na sredinu stola u koji svaka osoba može umočiti. Ostala se jela još tradicionalno poslužuju na izrezbarenim drvenim tanjurima. Namještaj je tradicionalno detaljno izrezbaren, a u mnogim alpskim zemljama stolarske vještine prenose se s koljena na koljeno. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg/220px-Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg/330px-Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg/440px-Toit_de_Lauzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Alpska koliba u gradnji u Haute-Maurienneu (Savoja). Korištenje debelih komada <a href="/wiki/Gnajs" title="Gnajs">ortognajsa</a> (4-7&#160;cm) određeno po strogim arhitektonskim propisima u regiji koja graniči s nacionalnim parkovima Vanoise-Grand Paradis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Krovovi se obično grade od alpskog kamena kao što su komadi <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kriljavac" title="Škriljavac">škriljevca</a>, gnajsa ili <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kriljevac" title="Škriljevac">škriljevca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Takve se planinske kuće obično nalaze u višim dijelovima dolina, poput doline <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurienne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurienne (stranica ne postoji)">Maurienne</a> u <a href="/wiki/Savoja" title="Savoja">Savoji</a>, gdje je količina snijega tijekom hladnih mjeseci velika. Nagib krova ne smije biti veći od 40%, omogućavajući snijegu da ostane na vrhu, koji tako funkcionira kao izolacija od hladnoće.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U nižim područjima gdje su šume rasprostranjene tradicionalno se koriste drvene ploče od <a href="/wiki/Visoka_smreka" title="Visoka smreka">obične smreke</a>, a nazivaju se "tavaillon". </p><p>U dijelovima Alpa u kojima se govori njemački (<a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska">Bavarska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomna_pokrajina_Bocen" title="Autonomna pokrajina Bocen">Južni Tirol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lihten%C5%A1tajn" title="Lihtenštajn">Lihtenštajn</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vicarska" title="Švicarska">Švicarska</a>) postoji jaka tradicija alpske <a href="/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor">narodne kulture</a>. Stare tradicije brižno se održavaju među stanovnicima alpskih područja, premda je to posjetitelju rijetko vidljivo. Mnogi su ljudi članovi kulturnih udruga u kojima se njeguje alpska <a href="/wiki/Folklor" title="Folklor">narodna kultura</a>. Na kulturnim događanjima očekuje se tradicionalna <a href="/wiki/Narodna_no%C5%A1nja" title="Narodna nošnja">narodna nošnja</a>, na njemačkom <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tracht&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tracht (stranica ne postoji)">Tracht</a></i>: tipično <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lederhosen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lederhosen (stranica ne postoji)">lederhosen</a> za muškarce i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirndl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirndl (stranica ne postoji)">dirndls</a> za žene. Posjetitelji mogu dobiti uvid u bogate običaje Alpa na javnoj manifestaciji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volksfest&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Volksfest (stranica ne postoji)">Volksfesteu</a>. Dobre prilike za promatrati lokalno stanovništvo kako slavi tradicionalnu kulturu pružaju se na brojnim sajmovima, festivalima vina i vatrogasnim festivalima koji ispunjavaju vikende u prirodi od proljeća do jeseni. Alpski festivali razlikuju se od zemlje do zemlje, a često uključuju glazbu (npr. sviranje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpenhorn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpenhorn (stranica ne postoji)">alpskog roga</a>), ples (npr. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schuhplattler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Schuhplattler (stranica ne postoji)">Schuhplattler</a></i>), sportove (npr. hrvački marševi i streljaštvo), kao i tradicije poganskiih korijena poput paljenja vatre u <a href="/wiki/Valpurgina_no%C4%87" title="Valpurgina noć">Walpurginoj noći</a> i Ivanjskoj <a href="/wiki/Ivanjski_krijesovi" title="Ivanjski krijesovi">večeri</a>. Mnoga područja slave <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0vapsko-alemanska_brza_no%C4%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Švapsko-alemanska brza noć (stranica ne postoji)">Fastnacht</a> u tjednima prije <a href="/wiki/Korizma" title="Korizma">korizme</a>. Narodna nošnja također se i dalje nosi kod većine vjenčanja i festivala.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marcopolo1_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcopolo1-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turizam">Turizam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Uredi odlomak: Turizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Turizam"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Speikboden_gebiet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Speikboden_gebiet.jpg/220px-Speikboden_gebiet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Speikboden_gebiet.jpg/330px-Speikboden_gebiet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Speikboden_gebiet.jpg/440px-Speikboden_gebiet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>Skijalište u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speikboden_(Ju%C5%BEni_Tirol)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Speikboden (Južni Tirol) (stranica ne postoji)">Speikbodenu</a> u Južnome Tirolu u Italiji.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alpe su jedna od najpopularnijih turističkih destinacija u svijetu s brojnim ljetovalištima poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oberstdorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oberstdorf (stranica ne postoji)">Oberstdorfa</a> u Bavarskoj, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saalbach-Hinterglemm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saalbach-Hinterglemm (stranica ne postoji)">Saalbacha</a> u Austriji, <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davosa</a> u Švicarskoj, <a href="/wiki/Chamonix-Mont-Blanc" title="Chamonix-Mont-Blanc">Chamonixa</a> u Francuskoj i <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo">Cortine d'Ampezzo</a> u Italiji. Turizam je sastavni dio alpskog gospodarstva s preko 120&#160;milijuna posjetitelja godišnje, a velik dio dolazi od zimskih sportova, iako su ljetni posjetitelji također važna komponenta.<sup id="cite_ref-Bart_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bart-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turistička industrija započela je početkom 19. stoljeća kada su žitelji iz cijele Europe započeli posjećivati Alpe, putovali do podnožja planina kako bi uživali u krajoliku i odsjedali u toplicama. Veliki hoteli izgrađeni su tijekom razdoblja <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zup%C4%8Dasta_%C5%BEeljeznica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zupčasta željeznica (stranica ne postoji)">Zupčaste željeznice</a> izgrađene početkom 20. stoljeća prevozile su turiste na sve više uzvisine, najpoznatija od kojih je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungfraubahn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungfraubahn (stranica ne postoji)">Jungfraubahn</a> koja završava na Jungfraujochu nakon što prođe kroz tunel u Eigeru znatno iznad vječne snježne granice. Tijekom tog razdoblja pstupno su se pojavljivasli zimski sportovi. Godine 1882. održano je prvo prvenstvo u <a href="/wiki/Umjetni%C4%8Dko_klizanje" title="Umjetničko klizanje">umjetničkom klizanju</a> u <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritzu</a>, a skijaški spust postao je popularan sport među engleskim posjetiteljima početkom 20. stoljeća<sup id="cite_ref-Bart2_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bart2-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kada je 1908. postavljen prvi skilift iznad Grindelwalda.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Karl_Schranz,_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg/220px-Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg/330px-Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg/440px-Karl_Schranz%2C_Lauberhorn_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Schranz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Schranz (stranica ne postoji)">Karl Schranz</a> vozi <a href="/wiki/Lauberhorn" title="Lauberhorn">Lauberhorn</a> 1966.</figcaption></figure> <p>U prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća Zimske olimpijske igre tri se puta održane na području Alpa: <a href="/wiki/I._Zimske_olimpijske_igre_%E2%80%93_Chamonix_1924." title="I. Zimske olimpijske igre – Chamonix 1924.">Zimske olimpijske igre 1924.</a> u Chamonixu u Francuskoj, <a href="/wiki/II._Zimske_olimpijske_igre_%E2%80%93_St._Moritz_1928." title="II. Zimske olimpijske igre – St. Moritz 1928.">Zimske olimpijske igre 1928.</a> u St. Moritzu u Švicarskoj i <a href="/wiki/IV._Zimske_olimpijske_igre_%E2%80%93_Garmisch-Partenkirchen_1936." title="IV. Zimske olimpijske igre – Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936.">Zimske olimpijske igre 1936.</a> u <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchenu</a> u Njemačkoj. Tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata zimske su igre bile otkazane, ali u prvom poslijeratnom razdoblju Zimske olimpijske igre održale su se u <a href="/wiki/V._Zimske_olimpijske_igre_%E2%80%93_St._Moritz_1948." title="V. Zimske olimpijske igre – St. Moritz 1948.">St. Moritzu (1948.)</a>, <a href="/wiki/VII._Zimske_olimpijske_igre_%E2%80%93_Cortina_d%27Ampezzo_1956." title="VII. Zimske olimpijske igre – Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo 1956.">Cortini d'Ampezzo (1956.)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbrucku</a> (1964. i 1976.), <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenobleu</a> (1968.), <a href="/wiki/Albertville" title="Albertville">Albertvilleu</a> (1992.) i <a href="/wiki/XX._Zimske_olimpijske_igre_%E2%80%93_Torino_2006." title="XX. Zimske olimpijske igre – Torino 2006.">Torinu (2006.)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Godine 1930. <i>Lauberhorn Rennen</i> (hrv. "Utrka Lauberhorn") prvi je put vožena na <a href="/wiki/Lauberhorn" title="Lauberhorn">Lauberhornu</a> iznad <a href="/wiki/Wengen" title="Wengen">Wengena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jednako zahtjevna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hahnenkamm,_Kitzb%C3%BChel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hahnenkamm, Kitzbühel (stranica ne postoji)">Hahnenkamm</a> prvi je puta održana iste godine u <a href="/wiki/Kitzb%C3%BChel" title="Kitzbühel">Kitzbühlu</a> u Austriji.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Obje utrke nastavljaju se održavati svakog siječnja uzastopnih vikenda. Lauberhorn je vrlo naporna utrka spusta duljine 4,5 km i predstavlja opasnost za trkače koji dosegnu 130 km/h samo nekoliko sekundi nakon napuštanja startnih vrata.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tijekom razdoblja nakon Prvog svjetskog rata u švicarskim i austrijskim gradovima izgrađene su žičare za smještaj zimskih posjetitelja, ali je ljetni turizam i dalje bio gospodarski važan. Do sredine 20. stoljeća popularnost skijaškog spusta uvelike je porasla, a 1970-ih u Francuskoj je izgrađeno nekoliko novih sportskih sela poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Menuires&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Menuires (stranica ne postoji)">Les Menuiresa</a> posvećenih gotovo isključivo skijanju. Do ove točke Austrija i Švicarska bile su tradicionalna i popularnija odredišta za zimske sportove, ali krajem 20. stoljeća i početkom 21. stoljeća Francuska, Italija i <a href="/wiki/Tirol" title="Tirol">Tirol</a> počeli su bilježiti porast zimskih posjetitelja.<sup id="cite_ref-Bart3_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bart3-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Od 1980. do danas, ski-liftovi su modernizirani, a strojevi za proizvodnju snijega postavljeni na mnogim odmaralištima, što je dovelo do sve veće zabrinutosti u vezi s gubitkom tradicionalne alpske kulture i nesigurnosti u pogledu održivog razvoja.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Broj skijališta i kilometara staza smanjio se od 2015., što je vjerojatno rezultat klimatskih promjena.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promet">Promet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Uredi odlomak: Promet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Promet"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg/220px-ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg/330px-ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg/440px-ZB_Interregio_mit_HGe_101_bei_Niederried.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption>Vlak <i>Zentralbahn Interregio</i> prati obalu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezero_Brienz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezero Brienz (stranica ne postoji)">jezera Brienz</a>, blizu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niederried_kod_Interlakena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Niederried kod Interlakena (stranica ne postoji)">Niederrieda</a> u Švicarskoj.</figcaption></figure> <p>Regijom se prostire 4200 km cesta kojima prometuje šest milijuna vozila godišnje.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré85_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré85-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>U alpskome području je snažno razvijen željeznički promet, primjerice u Švicarskoj je izgrađeno 120 km željezničkih pruga na 1000 km² površine.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tu se nalazi većina najviših europskih željeznica. Godine 2007. otvoren je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazni_tunel_L%C3%B6tschberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bazni tunel Lötschberg (stranica ne postoji)">bazni tunel Lötschberg</a> dugačak 34,57 km, koji zaobilazi 100 godina stariji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunel_L%C3%B6tschberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunel Lötschberg (stranica ne postoji)">tunel Lötschberg</a>. Otvorenjem 57,1 km <a href="/wiki/Gotardski_bazni_tunel" title="Gotardski bazni tunel">Gotardskog baznog tunela</a> 1. lipnja 2016., zaobišao se strai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotthardski_tunel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotthardski tunel (stranica ne postoji)">tunel Gotthard</a> izgrađen u 19. stoljeću čime se realiziraO prvI ravnI PRAVAC kroz Alpe.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Do nekih sela na višim nadmorskim visinama ne postoje pristupni putevi automobilom zbog nepristupačnosti ili zbog samog izbora njegovih stanovnika. <a href="/wiki/Wengen" title="Wengen">Wengen</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zermatt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zermatt (stranica ne postoji)">Zermatt</a> u Švicarskoj dostupni su samo <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Dara" title="Žičara">žičarom</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Zup%C4%8Dana_%C5%BEeljeznica" title="Zupčana željeznica">zupčanom željeznicom</a>. U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoriaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Avoriaz (stranica ne postoji)">Avoriazu</a> u Francuskojn nije dopušten pristup automobilima, a i druga alpska sela razmišljaju o tome da postanu zone bez automobila ili da ograniče broj automobila zbog održivosti krhkog alpskog terena.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niži predjeli i veći gradovi u Alpama dobro su povezani <a href="/wiki/Autocesta" title="Autocesta">autocestama</a> i državnim cestama, ali viši planinski prijevoji i putevi među najvišima u Europi mogu biti opasni čak i ljeti zbog strmih padina. Mnogi su prijelazi zatvoreni zimi. Nekoliko zračnih luka oko Alpa (i nekih unutar), kao i međugradske željezničke veze iz svih susjednih zemalja, velikom broju putnika omogućuju jednostavan pristup cijeloj regiji.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatré86_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatré86-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFkutka2022" class="citation web cs1">kutka, petr. 21. veljače 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svetobeznik.info/madarsko-alpy-zajimavost-vylet/">Víte, že jsou Alpy i v Maďarsku? Geografická zajímavost a tip na příjemný výlet</a>. <i>Světoběžník.info</i> (<span style="color:#555;">češki</span>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 12. travnja 2022.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sv%C4%9Btob%C4%9B%C5%BEn%C3%ADk.info&amp;rft.atitle=V%C3%ADte%2C+%C5%BEe+jsou+Alpy+i+v+Ma%C4%8Farsku%3F+Geografick%C3%A1+zaj%C3%ADmavost+a+tip+na+p%C5%99%C3%ADjemn%C3%BD+v%C3%BDlet&amp;rft.date=2022-02-21&amp;rft.aulast=kutka&amp;rft.aufirst=petr&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvetobeznik.info%2Fmadarsko-alpy-zajimavost-vylet%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpconv.org/index_en">"Alpine Convention"</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729001545/http://www.alpconv.org/index_en">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 29. srpnja 2011. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré8-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré8_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/alp">Alp &#124; Origin and meaning of alp by Online Etymology Dictionary</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Alp+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+alp+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Falp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Jennifer Nimmo (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMaurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="citation book cs1">Maurus Servius Honoratus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D10%3Acommline%3D13">Book 10, line 13</a>. Georgius Thilo (ur.). <i>Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii</i> (<span style="color:#555;">latinski</span>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Book+10%2C+line+13&amp;rft.btitle=Servii+Grammatici+qui+feruntur+in+Vergilii+carmina+commentarii&amp;rft.au=Maurus+Servius+Honoratus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0053%253Abook%253D10%253Acommline%253D13&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=Albania&amp;searchmode=none">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Etymonline.com. 14. svibnja 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 18. travnja 2012.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.pub=Etymonline.com&amp;rft.date=1955-05-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3DAlbania%26searchmode%3Dnone&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/alp">Alp &#124; Origin and meaning of alp by Online Etymology Dictionary</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Alp+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+alp+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Falp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid93-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid93_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid et al. (2004), 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_4_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 117–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceben_22–24-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceben_22–24_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceben (1998), 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré9_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie_xii–xiii_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie (2006), xii–xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie_xii–xiii2_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie (2006), xii–xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925102533/http://www.alpconv.org/en/convention/smallbites/thealps/default.html">Alpine Convention - the Convention - the Alpine Convention in a nutshell - the Alps - Home</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpconv.org/en/convention/smallbites/thealps/default.html">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 25. rujna 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 9. ožujka 2019.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Alpine+Convention+-+the+Convention+-+the+Alpine+Convention+in+a+nutshell+-+the+Alps+-+Home&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpconv.org%2Fen%2Fconvention%2Fsmallbites%2Fthealps%2Fdefault.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie_xii–xiii3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie_xii–xiii3_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie (2006), xii–xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid932-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid932_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid et al. (2004), 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumtoff (2001), 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piz_Zup%C3%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piz Zupò (stranica ne postoji)">Piz Zupò</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piz_Roseg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piz Roseg (stranica ne postoji)">Piz Roseg</a> located in the Bernina range, close to Piz Bernina.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Alps">Alps | Definition, Map, &amp; Facts</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 4. veljače 2019.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.atitle=Alps+%7C+Definition%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlps&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alpenpaesse-wasserscheiden.at/italien/das-alpine-einzugsgebiet-der-adria-excl-po-gebiet-innerer-alpenbogen/das-triestiner-kuestengebiet/">Die Alpen: Hydrologie und Verkehrsübergänge (German)</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Alpen%3A+Hydrologie+und+Verkehrs%C3%BCberg%C3%A4nge+%28German%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpenpaesse-wasserscheiden.at%2Fitalien%2Fdas-alpine-einzugsgebiet-der-adria-excl-po-gebiet-innerer-alpenbogen%2Fdas-triestiner-kuestengebiet%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolidgeLakeKnox1911_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolidgeLakeKnox1911">Coolidge, Lake i Knox 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_42-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_42_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-switz-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-switz_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208215024/http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/valais/grandstbernardhistory.html">History of the Great St Bernard pass</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/valais/grandstbernardhistory.html">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 8. prosinca 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. kolovoza 2007.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+St+Bernard+pass&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswitzerland.isyours.com%2Fe%2Fguide%2Fvalais%2Fgrandstbernardhistory.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFThiers2016" class="citation news cs1">Thiers, Frédéric. 10. kolovoza 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledauphine.com/savoie/2016/08/09/les-forts-de-maurienne-en-topo-guide">Ronce, le gardien silencieux du col du Mont-Cenis</a>. <i>Le Dauphiné libéré</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 28. studenoga 2021.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Dauphin%C3%A9+lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9&amp;rft.atitle=Ronce%2C+le+gardien+silencieux+du+col+du+Mont-Cenis&amp;rft.date=2016-08-10&amp;rft.aulast=Thiers&amp;rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledauphine.com%2Fsavoie%2F2016%2F08%2F09%2Fles-forts-de-maurienne-en-topo-guide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKalla-Bishop1971" class="citation book cs1">Kalla-Bishop, P. M. 1971. <i>Italian Railways</i>. David &amp; Charles. Newton Abbott, Devon, England. str.&#160;41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7153-5168-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7153-5168-0"><bdi>0-7153-5168-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Italian+Railways&amp;rft.place=Newton+Abbott%2C+Devon%2C+England&amp;rft.pages=41-42&amp;rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.isbn=0-7153-5168-0&amp;rft.aulast=Kalla-Bishop&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Map&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss National Map (stranica ne postoji)">Swiss National Map</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wissen/technik/wer-hat-die-groesste-roehre/story/14922381">Wer hat die grösste Röhre?</a> &#91;Who has the longest tube?&#93;. <i>Tages-Anzeiger</i> (graphical animation) (<span style="color:#555;">njemački</span>). Zurich. 14. travnja 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. svibnja 2016.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tages-Anzeiger&amp;rft.atitle=Wer+hat+die+gr%C3%B6sste+R%C3%B6hre%3F&amp;rft.date=2016-04-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesanzeiger.ch%2Fwissen%2Ftechnik%2Fwer-hat-die-groesste-roehre%2Fstory%2F14922381&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627184607/https://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/en/welcome.html">Official Timetable</a> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski, njemački, francuski, talijanski, i retoromanski</span>). Swiss Federal Office for Transport. Bern. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/en/welcome.html">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 27. lipnja 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 27. prosinca 2023.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Official+Timetable&amp;rft.place=Bern&amp;rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Office+for+Transport&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fahrplanfelder.ch%2Fen%2Fwelcome.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307064135/http://www.club4000.it/Articoli/Boll_uiaa.pdf">The 4000ers of the Alps: Official UIAA List</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UIAA-Bulletin</i> (145). Ožujak 1994. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.club4000.it/Articoli/Boll_uiaa.pdf">izvorne stranice</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhivirana 7. ožujka 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=UIAA-Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=The+4000ers+of+the+Alps%3A+Official+UIAA+List&amp;rft.issue=145&amp;rft.date=1994-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.club4000.it%2FArticoli%2FBoll_uiaa.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Huxley, <i>The Geographical magazine: Volume 59</i>, Geographical Press, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff197ff-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff197ff_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 197–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bielefeldt.de/4000e.php?Sorts=height&amp;Aufab=descending&amp;Liste=UIAA">4000&#160;m Peaks of the Alps</a>. Bielefeldt.de. 6. srpnja 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 9. kolovoza 2012.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=4000+m+Peaks+of+the+Alps&amp;rft.pub=Bielefeldt.de&amp;rft.date=2010-07-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bielefeldt.de%2F4000e.php%3FSorts%3Dheight%26Aufab%3Ddescending%26Liste%3DUIAA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky1ff3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky1ff3_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky54-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky54_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky1ff22-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky1ff22_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky1ff22_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard93-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard93_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard163-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard163_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Earth</i> (2008), 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard922-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard922_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid1023-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid1023_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid (2004), 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid973-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmid973_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmid973_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid (2004), 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid9332-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid9332_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid et al. (2004), 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid993-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid993_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky522-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky522_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid9722-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmid9722_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmid9722_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid (2004), 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid9922-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid9922_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid10222-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid10222_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid (2004), 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid1032-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid1032_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid (2004), 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky29ff2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky29ff2_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky312-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky312_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graciansky532-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Graciansky532_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graciansky (2011), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard1622-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard1622_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie (2006), 6–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030400/http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/en/knowledge/earthquake-country-switzerland/earthquakes-and-the-alps/">SED &#124; Earthquakes and the Alps</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/en/knowledge/earthquake-country-switzerland/earthquakes-and-the-alps/">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 3. veljače 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. siječnja 2024.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SED+%26%23124%3B+Earthquakes+and+the+Alps&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seismo.ethz.ch%2Fen%2Fknowledge%2Fearthquake-country-switzerland%2Fearthquakes-and-the-alps%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/static/100j/snapshot05/sn05_gal3_EN.html">The largest earthquakes in the Alps</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+largest+earthquakes+in+the+Alps&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seismo.ethz.ch%2Fstatic%2F100j%2Fsnapshot05%2Fsn05_gal3_EN.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSternaiSueHussonSerpelloni2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sternai, Pietro; Sue, Christian; Husson, Laurent; Serpelloni, Enrico; Becker, Thorsten W.; Willett, Sean D.; Faccenna, Claudio; Di Giulio, Andrea; Spada, Giorgio; Jolivet, Laurent; Valla, Pierre. Ožujak 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.005">Present-day uplift of the European Alps: Evaluating mechanisms and models of their relative contributions</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>190</b>: 589–604. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2019.01.005">10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252">0012-8252</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Present-day+uplift+of+the+European+Alps%3A+Evaluating+mechanisms+and+models+of+their+relative+contributions&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.pages=589-604&amp;rft.date=2019-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2019.01.005&amp;rft.issn=0012-8252&amp;rft.aulast=Sternai&amp;rft.aufirst=Pietro&amp;rft.au=Sue%2C+Christian&amp;rft.au=Husson%2C+Laurent&amp;rft.au=Serpelloni%2C+Enrico&amp;rft.au=Becker%2C+Thorsten+W.&amp;rft.au=Willett%2C+Sean+D.&amp;rft.au=Faccenna%2C+Claudio&amp;rft.au=Di+Giulio%2C+Andrea&amp;rft.au=Spada%2C+Giorgio&amp;rft.au=Jolivet%2C+Laurent&amp;rft.au=Valla%2C+Pierre&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2019.01.005&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 49–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, 10–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard1632-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard1632_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 63–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff2_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 63–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff3-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff3_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 63–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff63ff4-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff4_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff63ff4_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 63–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard132-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard132_73-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff71ff-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff71ff_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff71ff2-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff71ff2_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard78-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard78_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerrard108-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerrard108_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard, (1990), 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceben (1998), 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSternaiHermanFoxCastelltort2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sternai, P.; Herman, F.; Fox, M. R.; Castelltort, S. 13. srpnja 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2010JF001823">Hypsometric analysis to identify spatially variable glacial erosion</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). <b>116</b> (F3): F03001. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010JF001823">10.1029/2010JF001823</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Hypsometric+analysis+to+identify+spatially+variable+glacial+erosion&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=F3&amp;rft.pages=F03001&amp;rft.date=2011-07-13&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010JF001823&amp;rft.issn=0148-0227&amp;rft.aulast=Sternai&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Herman%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+M.+R.&amp;rft.au=Castelltort%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1029%2F2010JF001823&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSternaiHermanVallaChampagnac2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sternai, Pietro; Herman, Frédéric; Valla, Pierre G.; Champagnac, Jean-Daniel. 15. travnja 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X13001143">Spatial and temporal variations of glacial erosion in the Rhône valley (Swiss Alps): Insights from numerical modeling</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). <b>368</b>: 119–131. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.02.039">10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X">0012-821X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Spatial+and+temporal+variations+of+glacial+erosion+in+the+Rh%C3%B4ne+valley+%28Swiss+Alps%29%3A+Insights+from+numerical+modeling&amp;rft.volume=368&amp;rft.pages=119-131&amp;rft.date=2013-04-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.02.039&amp;rft.issn=0012-821X&amp;rft.aulast=Sternai&amp;rft.aufirst=Pietro&amp;rft.au=Herman%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&amp;rft.au=Valla%2C+Pierre+G.&amp;rft.au=Champagnac%2C+Jean-Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012821X13001143&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré92-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré92_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_1_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benniston et al. (2011), 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Martin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpine Convention (2010), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré93-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré93_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_3_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benniston et al. (2011), 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceben_1998,_31-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceben_1998,_31_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceben (1998), 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 24, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnBrit-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EnBrit_91-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Prazna referenca (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#empty_citation" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benniston_et_al._2011,_12-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Benniston_et_al._2011,_12_92-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benniston et al. (2011), 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceben_22–242-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceben_22–242_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceben_22–242_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceben (1998), 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceben_1998,_312-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceben_1998,_312_97-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceben (1998), 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceben (1998), 34–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Viazzo (1980), 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benniston (2011), 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/factsheets/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Regional_Fact_Sheet_Mountains.pdf">IPCC regional fact sheet - Mountains</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Inačica izvorne stranice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/factsheets/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Regional_Fact_Sheet_Mountains.pdf">arhivirana</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 9. listopada 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=IPCC+regional+fact+sheet+-+Mountains&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Ffactsheets%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Regional_Fact_Sheet_Mountains.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHussHockBauderFunk2010" class="citation journal cs1">Huss, Matthias; Hock, Regine; Bauder, Andreas; Funk, Martin. 1. svibnja 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/20213/files/hus_msc_sm.pdf">100-year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). <b>37</b> (10): L10501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GeoRL..3710501H">2010GeoRL..3710501H</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010GL042616">10.1029/2010GL042616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007">1944-8007</a>. Inačica izvorne stranice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://doc.rero.ch/record/20213/files/hus_msc_sm.pdf">arhivirana</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 9. listopada 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=100-year+mass+changes+in+the+Swiss+Alps+linked+to+the+Atlantic+Multidecadal+Oscillation&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=L10501&amp;rft.date=2010-05-01&amp;rft.issn=1944-8007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010GL042616&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GeoRL..3710501H&amp;rft.aulast=Huss&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthias&amp;rft.au=Hock%2C+Regine&amp;rft.au=Bauder%2C+Andreas&amp;rft.au=Funk%2C+Martin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F20213%2Ffiles%2Fhus_msc_sm.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFZampieriScoccimarroGualdi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zampieri, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio. 1. siječnja 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F8%2F3%2F034026">Atlantic influence on spring snowfall over the Alps in the past 150 years</a>. <i>Environmental Research Letters</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). <b>8</b> (3): 034026. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ERL.....8c4026Z">2013ERL.....8c4026Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F8%2F3%2F034026">10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Atlantic+influence+on+spring+snowfall+over+the+Alps+in+the+past+150+years&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=034026&amp;rft.date=2013-01-01&amp;rft.issn=1748-9326&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F8%2F3%2F034026&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ERL.....8c4026Z&amp;rft.aulast=Zampieri&amp;rft.aufirst=Matteo&amp;rft.au=Scoccimarro%2C+Enrico&amp;rft.au=Gualdi%2C+Silvio&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252F8%252F3%252F034026&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFZampieriScoccimarroGualdiNavarra2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zampieri, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio; Navarra, Antonio. 15. siječnja 2015. Observed shift towards earlier spring discharge in the main Alpine rivers. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. Towards a better understanding of the links between stressors, hazard assessment and ecosystem services under water scarcity. 503–504: 222–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ScTEn.503..222Z">2015ScTEn.503..222Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2014.06.036">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25005239">25005239</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&amp;rft.atitle=Observed+shift+towards+earlier+spring+discharge+in+the+main+Alpine+rivers&amp;rft.volume=503%E2%80%93504&amp;rft.pages=222-232&amp;rft.date=2015-01-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2014.06.036&amp;rft.issn=0048-9697&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25005239&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ScTEn.503..222Z&amp;rft.aulast=Zampieri&amp;rft.aufirst=Matteo&amp;rft.au=Scoccimarro%2C+Enrico&amp;rft.au=Gualdi%2C+Silvio&amp;rft.au=Navarra%2C+Antonio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré82-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré82_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff2-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff2_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie (2006), 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff3-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff3_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Körner (2003), 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff4-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff4_112-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff5-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff5_114-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp14ff-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp14ff_115-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp (2002), 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Prakash_Kala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandra Prakash Kala (stranica ne postoji)">Kala, C.P.</a> and Ratajc, P. 2012.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-012-0246-x">"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrard (1990), 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp14ff2-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp14ff2_118-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp (2002), 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré83-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré83_119-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 90, 96, 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff6-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff6_122-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rupicapra rupicapra [Linnaeus, 1758]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff102ff-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff102ff_125-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds43ff7-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds43ff7_126-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, (2012), 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff97ff-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff97ff_127-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff95ff-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff95ff_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff95ff_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff88ff-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff88ff_129-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff88ff2-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff88ff2_132-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds (2012), 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie25ff-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie25ff_134-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie21ff-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie21ff_135-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2808%2901254-2">Luca Ermini et al., "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman," <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 18, no. 21 (30 October 2008), pp. 1687–1693</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie25ff2-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie25ff2_137-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancel-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lancel_141-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancel, Serge, (1999), 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevas (2001), 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beattie27ff-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beattie27ff_143-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 28–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 31, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 32, 34, 37, 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mershman, Francis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 41, 46, 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 56, 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 182–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 73, 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff188ff_154-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 188–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff188ff2-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff188ff2_157-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 188–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">qtd in Shoumatoff (2001), 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 192–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_vii-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_vii_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_vii_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 12–13, 30, 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff197ff2-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff197ff2_164-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumatoff (2001), 197–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 121–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Goethe en Suisse et dans les Alpes: Voyages de 1775, 1779 et 1797</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_2000,_83-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_2000,_83_167-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming_2000,_832-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_2000,_832_169-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming (2000), 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Hartman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415150259/http://litthe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/4.full">"Gods, Ghosts, and Shelley's 'Atheos'"</a>, <i>Literature and Theology</i>, Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 4–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 127–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie, (2006), 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFFleming,_Fergus2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Fergus. 3. studenoga 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/nov/04/historybooks.books">Cliffhanger at the top of the world</a>. <i>The Guardian</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Cliffhanger+at+the+top+of+the+world&amp;rft.date=2000-11-03&amp;rft.au=Fleming%2C+Fergus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2000%2Fnov%2F04%2Fhistorybooks.books&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilles Modica "1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering" (2016), pp 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolomythos.com/de/lexikon/besteigung-berge.asp">Die Besteigung der Berge - Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains - the dolomite peaks are conquered)</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Besteigung+der+Berge+-+Die+Dolomitgipfel+werden+erobert+%28German%3A+The+ascent+of+the+mountains+-+the+dolomite+peaks+are+conquered%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolomythos.com%2Fde%2Flexikon%2Fbesteigung-berge.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell (2007), 7–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halbrook (1998), 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halbrook (2006), 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-179">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feuer (2006), viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell (2007), 10, 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré84-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré84_181-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartes et. el. (2010), 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chartes_et._el._2010,_5_183-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartes et. el. (2010), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumataff_2001,_114–166_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 114–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff_185-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 123–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff2-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff2_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff2_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 123–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff3-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff3_187-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 123–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoumatoff123ff4-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoumatoff123ff4_188-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 123–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 131, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cauesavoie.org/wp-content/uploads/Fascicule-haute-maurienne.pdf">Cahier d'architecture Haute Maurienne/Vanoise</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cahier+d%27architecture+Haute+Maurienne%2FVanoise&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cauesavoie.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FFascicule-haute-maurienne.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoumataff (2001), 129, 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcopolo1-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-marcopolo1_193-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anita Ericson, <i>Österreich</i> [Marco Polo travel guide], 13th edition, Marco Polo, Ostfildern (Germany), 2017, Pp. 21f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bart-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bart_194-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartaletti, Fabrizio.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">"</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427175833/http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 27. travnja 2009. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bart2-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bart2_195-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartaletti, Fabrizio.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">"</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427175833/http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 27. travnja 2009. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beattie (2006), 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games">"21 Past Olympic Games"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/about/history/history">Lauberhorn History</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813074247/http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/about/history/history">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 13. kolovoza 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hahnenkamm.com/hkr-history.html">"Hahenkamm Races Kitzbuhel"</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219001756/http://www.hahnenkamm.com/hkr-history.html">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 19. veljače 2011. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/Rennen/overview/downhill">Lauberhorn Downhill</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142035/http://www.lauberhorn.ch/en/Rennen/overview/downhill">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 4. ožujka 2016. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bart3-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bart3_201-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartaletti, Fabrizio.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">"</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427175833/http://alpsknowhow.cipra.org/background_topics/alps_and_tourism/alps_and_tourism_chapter_introduction.html">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 27. travnja 2009. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBriandDubostPittRambaud1989" class="citation book cs1">Briand, F.; Dubost, M.; Pitt, D.; Rambaud, D. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232298139"><i>The Alps - A system under pressure</i></a>. IUCN. str.&#160;128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/2-88032-983-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/2-88032-983-3"><bdi>2-88032-983-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Alps+-+A+system+under+pressure&amp;rft.pages=128&amp;rft.pub=IUCN&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=2-88032-983-3&amp;rft.aulast=Briand&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rft.au=Dubost%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Pitt%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Rambaud%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232298139&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marmotamaps.com/de/blog/skigebiete-der-alpen-die-entwicklung/">Ski resorts of the Alps: the development, 'Marmota Maps<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span></a>. 15. studenoga 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 17. listopada 2021.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ski+resorts+of+the+Alps%3A+the+development%2C+%27Marmota+Maps%27&amp;rft.date=2019-11-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarmotamaps.com%2Fde%2Fblog%2Fskigebiete-der-alpen-die-entwicklung%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré85-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré85_204-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissworld.org/en/economy/transport/rail/">"Rail".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alptransit-portal.ch/en/landingpage/">Welcome to the AlpTransit Portal</a>. Swiss Federal Archives SFA. Bern. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+AlpTransit+Portal&amp;rft.place=Bern&amp;rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Archives+SFA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alptransit-portal.ch%2Fen%2Flandingpage%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hudson (2000), 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatré86-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatré86_208-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916283">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_Convention&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpine Convention (stranica ne postoji)">Alpine Convention</a>. (2010). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/alpconv/docs/vademecum">The Alps: People and pressures in the mountains, the facts at a glance</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128114440/https://issuu.com/alpconv/docs/vademecum">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 28. studenoga 2021. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</i></li> <li>Allaby, Michael et al. <i>The Encyclopedia of Earth</i>. (2008). Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-520-25471-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-520-25471-8">978-0-520-25471-8</a></li> <li>Beattie, Andrew. (2006). <i>The Alps: A Cultural History</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-530955-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-530955-3">978-0-19-530955-3</a></li> <li>Benniston, Martin, et al. (2011). "Impact of Climatic Change on Water and Natural Hazards in the Alps". <i>Environmental Science and Policy</i>. Volume 30. 1–9</li> <li>Cebon, Peter, et al. (1998). <i>Views from the Alps: Regional Perspectives on Climate Change</i>. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-262-03252-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-262-03252-0">978-0-262-03252-0</a></li> <li>Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010). <i>The Alps: People and Pressures in the Mountains, the Facts at a Glance</i>. Permanent Secretariat of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_Convention&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpine Convention (stranica ne postoji)">Alpine Convention</a> (alpconv.org). Retrieved August 4, 2012. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-88-905158-2-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-88-905158-2-8">978-88-905158-2-8</a></li> <li><i>Ovaj članak uključuje prijevod teksta iz jedanaestog izdanja <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædije Britannice</a>, urednik Hugh Chisholm, objavljenog <a href="/wiki/1911" class="mw-redirect" title="1911">1911</a>. godine, nakladnik Cambridge University Press, koje je <a href="/wiki/Javno_vlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Javno vlasništvo">javno dobro</a>.</i></li> <li>De Graciansky, Pierre-Charles et al. (2011). <i>The Western Alps, From Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-444-53724-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-444-53724-9">978-0-444-53724-9</a></li> <li>Feuer, A.B. (2006). <i>Packs On!: Memoirs of the 10th Mountain Division in World War II</i>. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8117-3289-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8117-3289-5">978-0-8117-3289-5</a></li> <li>Fleming, Fergus. (2000). <i>Killing Dragons: The Conquest of the Alps</i>. New York: Grove. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8021-3867-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8021-3867-5">978-0-8021-3867-5</a></li> <li>Gerrard, AJ. (1990) <i>Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains</i>. Boston: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-262-07128-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-262-07128-4">978-0-262-07128-4</a></li> <li>Halbrook, Stephen P. (1998). <i>Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II</i>. Rockville Center, NY: Sarpedon. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-885119-53-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-885119-53-7">978-1-885119-53-7</a></li> <li>Halbrook, Stephen P. (2006). <i>The Swiss and the Nazis: How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich</i>. Havertown, PA: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-932033-42-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-932033-42-7">978-1-932033-42-7</a></li> <li>Hudson, Simon. (2000). <i>Snow Business: A Study of the International Ski Industry</i>. New York: Cengage <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-304-70471-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-304-70471-2">978-0-304-70471-2</a></li> <li>Körner, Christian. (2003). <i>Alpine Plant Life</i>. New York: Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-540-00347-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-540-00347-2">978-3-540-00347-2</a></li> <li>Lancel, Serge. (1999). <i>Hannibal</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-631-21848-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-631-21848-7">978-0-631-21848-7</a></li> <li>Mitchell, Arthur H. (2007). <i>Hitler's Mountain</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-7864-2458-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-7864-2458-0">978-0-7864-2458-0</a></li> <li>Prevas, John. (2001). <i>Hannibal Crosses The Alps: The Invasion Of Italy And The Punic Wars</i>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-306-81070-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-306-81070-1">978-0-306-81070-1</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Kev. (2012) <i>The Swiss Alps</i>. Cicerone Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-85284-465-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-85284-465-3">978-1-85284-465-3</a></li> <li>Roth, Philipe. (2007). <i>Minerals first Discovered in Switzerland</i>. Lausanne, CH: Museum of Geology. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-9807561-8-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-9807561-8-1">978-3-9807561-8-1</a></li> <li>Schmid, Stefan M. (2004). "Regional tectonics: from the Rhine graben to the Po plain, a summary of the tectonic evolution of the Alps and their forelands". Basel: Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut</li> <li>Sharp, Hilary. (2002). <i>Trekking and Climbing in the Western Alps</i>. London: New Holland. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-8117-2954-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-8117-2954-3">978-0-8117-2954-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidGenschuhKisslingSchuster2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Stefan M.; Genschuh, Bernhard; Kissling, Eduard; Schuster, Ralf. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-004-1113-x">Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen</a>. <i>Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 93–117. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SwJG...97...93S">2004SwJG...97...93S</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-004-1113-x">10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifikator)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifikator) (stranica ne postoji)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22393862">22393862</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Eclogae+Geologicae+Helvetiae&amp;rft.atitle=Tectonic+map+and+overall+architecture+of+the+Alpine+orogen&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=93-117&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22393862%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00015-004-1113-x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004SwJG...97...93S&amp;rft.aulast=Schmid&amp;rft.aufirst=Stefan+M.&amp;rft.au=Genschuh%2C+Bernhard&amp;rft.au=Kissling%2C+Eduard&amp;rft.au=Schuster%2C+Ralf&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00015-004-1113-x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AAlpe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shoumatoff, Nicholas and Nina. (2001). <i>The Alps: Europe's Mountain Heart</i>. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-472-11111-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-472-11111-4">978-0-472-11111-4</a></li> <li>Viazzo, Pier Paolo. (1980). <i>Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-30663-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-30663-8">978-0-521-30663-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilješke"><span id="Bilje.C5.A1ke"></span>Bilješke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Uredi odlomak: Bilješke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bilješke"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6541845"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Planinski vrh Elbrus na <a href="/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz">Kavkazu</a> je viši i <a href="/wiki/Ural_(gorje)" title="Ural (gorje)">gorje Ural</a> je dulje, ali oba gorja se djelomice nalaze u Aziji.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovisno o definiciji, mali planinski lanac na zapadu Mađarske također može biti uvršten kao dio Alpa, premda se obično klasificira kao predgorje, a Mađarska se ne smatra alpskom zemljom.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poveznice">Poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Uredi odlomak: Poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam">Alpinizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4me_de_Rochefort" title="Dôme de Rochefort">Dôme de Rochefort</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja"><img alt="Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption>Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica?uselang=hr">Zajednički poslužitelj</a> ima još gradiva o temi <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alps?uselang=hr">Alpe</a></b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culmen.info/europa/127-alpe">Alpe</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506052713/http://www.culmen.info/europa/127-alpe">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 6. svibnja 2013. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) na CULMEN.info</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2005-09-17">Satelitske fotografije</a> sa satelita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_(satelit)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra (satelit) (stranica ne postoji)">Terra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hribi.net/panorama.asp?lng=1">360° panoramske vizure Alpa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310205828/http://www.jmpatin.kjm.fr/Photos/">Alpska divljina u fotografijama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729001545/http://www.alpconv.org/index_en">Službena stranica prekoalpske konferencije država</a> <span style="cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<span style="color:#606060; font-size:80%; position:relative; bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Engl." class="mw-redirect" title="Engl.">engl.</a></span>)</span></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐x8xzg Cached time: 20241122200710 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.857 seconds Real time usage: 1.226 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7382/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 108183/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 28458/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 175638/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.306/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9035835/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 738.031 1 -total 38.33% 282.851 2 Predložak:Izvori 29.42% 217.092 1 Predložak:Infookvir_gorje 28.34% 209.166 1 Predložak:Infookvir_reljefni_oblik 27.67% 204.217 1 Predložak:Infookvir 10.58% 78.091 1 Predložak:Cite_web 9.17% 67.693 3 Predložak:Coord 6.93% 51.156 16 Predložak:Citiranje_weba 6.34% 46.813 1 Predložak:Location_map+ 6.04% 44.552 3 Predložak:Sfn --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key hrwiki:pcache:idhash:12633-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122200715 and revision id 7069441. Rendering was triggered because: edit-page --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;oldid=7069441">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;oldid=7069441</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Alpe" title="Kategorija:Alpe">Alpe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gorja_u_Sloveniji" title="Kategorija:Gorja u Sloveniji">Gorja u Sloveniji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gorja_u_Austriji" title="Kategorija:Gorja u Austriji">Gorja u Austriji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gorja_u_Italiji" title="Kategorija:Gorja u Italiji">Gorja u Italiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gorja_u_%C5%A0vicarskoj" title="Kategorija:Gorja u Švicarskoj">Gorja u Švicarskoj</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gorja_u_Francuskoj" title="Kategorija:Gorja u Francuskoj">Gorja u Francuskoj</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gorja_u_Njema%C4%8Dkoj" title="Kategorija:Gorja u Njemačkoj">Gorja u Njemačkoj</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Planine_u_Lihten%C5%A1tajnu" title="Kategorija:Planine u Lihtenštajnu">Planine u Lihtenštajnu</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(%C4%8De%C5%A1ki)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (češki)">CS1 upotrebe (češki)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(latinski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (latinski)">CS1 upotrebe (latinski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(engleski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (engleski)">CS1 upotrebe (engleski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(njema%C4%8Dki)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (njemački)">CS1 upotrebe (njemački)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(francuski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (francuski)">CS1 upotrebe (francuski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(talijanski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (talijanski)">CS1 upotrebe (talijanski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(retoromanski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (retoromanski)">CS1 upotrebe (retoromanski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke:_prazna_referenca" title="Kategorija:CS1 greške: prazna referenca">CS1 greške: prazna referenca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1:_duga_vrijednost_parametra_volume" title="Kategorija:CS1: duga vrijednost parametra volume">CS1: duga vrijednost parametra volume</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Geografske_koordinate_postoje_na_Wikipodatcima" title="Kategorija:Geografske koordinate postoje na Wikipodatcima">Geografske koordinate postoje na Wikipodatcima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Stranice_sa_zemljovidima" title="Kategorija:Stranice sa zemljovidima">Stranice sa zemljovidima</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 22. studenoga 2024. u 21:07.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. Pogledajte <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Uvjete upotrebe</a> za detalje.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Zaštita privatnosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Impresum">Impresum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Op%C4%87e_odricanje_od_odgovornosti">Odricanje od odgovornosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kodeks ponašanja</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Razvojni programeri</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/hr.wikipedia.org">Statistika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Izjava o kolačićima</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//hr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpe&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Prikaz za mobilne uređaje</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-n2fsv","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_1fa0aabbc0521045dec32cab8e5f0cfbea6850c2":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[8.615,46.5781],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Alpe","marker-color":"5E74F3"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.857","walltime":"1.226","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7382,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":108183,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28458,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":175638,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 738.031 1 -total"," 38.33% 282.851 2 Predložak:Izvori"," 29.42% 217.092 1 Predložak:Infookvir_gorje"," 28.34% 209.166 1 Predložak:Infookvir_reljefni_oblik"," 27.67% 204.217 1 Predložak:Infookvir"," 10.58% 78.091 1 Predložak:Cite_web"," 9.17% 67.693 3 Predložak:Coord"," 6.93% 51.156 16 Predložak:Citiranje_weba"," 6.34% 46.813 1 Predložak:Location_map+"," 6.04% 44.552 3 Predložak:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.306","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9035835,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBriandDubostPittRambaud1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidgeLakeKnox1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming,_Fergus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussHockBauderFunk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalla-Bishop1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurus_Servius_Honoratus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidGenschuhKisslingSchuster2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternaiHermanFoxCastelltort2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternaiHermanVallaChampagnac2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternaiSueHussonSerpelloni\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZampieriScoccimarroGualdi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZampieriScoccimarroGualdiNavarra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkutka2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Citiranje knjige\"] = 3,\n [\"Citiranje novina\"] = 2,\n [\"Citiranje weba\"] = 16,\n [\"Citiranje časopisa\"] = 8,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Eng oznaka\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 20,\n [\"Infookvir gorje\"] = 1,\n [\"Izvori\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Široka slika\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nm\t4\nm\t5\nm\t3\nm\t9\nm\t2\nm\t8\nm\t12\nm\t11\nm\t8\nm\t5\nm\t4\nm\t12\nm\t6\nm\t3\nm\t3\nm\t8\nm\t7\nm\t1\nm\t2\nm\t3\nm\t5\nm\t1\nm\t1\nm\t11\nm\t10\nm\t11\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-x8xzg","timestamp":"20241122200710","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alpe","url":"https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alpe","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1286","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1286","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Doprinositelji projektima Wikimedije"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-19T20:54:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T20:07:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/be\/Saslong_udu_da_Sacun_ora.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10