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city in Italy. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ferrara (disambiguation)">Ferrara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ferraria" title="Ferraria">Ferraria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferrera" title="Ferrera">Ferrera</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Ferrara</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ferˈraːra]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/It-Ferrara.ogg\/It-Ferrara.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Ferrara.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/It-Ferrara.ogg/It-Ferrara.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Ferrara.ogg" title="File:It-Ferrara.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>: <i lang="egl">Fràra</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="egl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">[ˈfraːra]</a></span>) is a city and <i><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></i> (municipality) in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ferrara" title="Province of Ferrara">province of Ferrara</a>. As of 2016,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it had 132,009 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is situated 44 kilometres (27 miles) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po River</a>, located 5 km (3 miles) north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, when it hosted the court of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">House of Este</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ferrara</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it"><span title="Emilian-language text"><i lang="egl">Fràra</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Comune di Ferrara</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Palazzo_Braghini-Rossetti_%28Ferrara%29_01.jpg/134px-Palazzo_Braghini-Rossetti_%28Ferrara%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Palazzo_Braghini-Rossetti_%28Ferrara%29_01.jpg/201px-Palazzo_Braghini-Rossetti_%28Ferrara%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Palazzo_Braghini-Rossetti_%28Ferrara%29_01.jpg/268px-Palazzo_Braghini-Rossetti_%28Ferrara%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976"></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg/150px-Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg/225px-Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg/300px-Cattedrale_di_San_Giorgio_di_Ferrara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg/141px-Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg/212px-Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg/282px-Ballons_vista_aerea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="322"></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG/143px-View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG" decoding="async" width="143" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG/215px-View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG/286px-View_from_Ferrara_30.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160"></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_Savonarola,_Ferrara,_Emilia-Romagna,_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Girolamo_Savonarola%2C_Ferrara%2C_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/288px-Girolamo_Savonarola%2C_Ferrara%2C_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Girolamo_Savonarola%2C_Ferrara%2C_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/432px-Girolamo_Savonarola%2C_Ferrara%2C_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Girolamo_Savonarola%2C_Ferrara%2C_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/576px-Girolamo_Savonarola%2C_Ferrara%2C_Emilia-Romagna%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="2756"></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top left: The <a href="/wiki/Castello_Estense" title="Castello Estense">Castello Estense</a>, Via Giuseppe Mazzini, Braghini-Rossetti Palace, San Giorgio di Ferrara Cathedral, aerial view of the city during its balloon festival, statue to Nicolò III d'Este in Palazzo Municipale, statue to Girolamo Savonarola in Piazza Savonarola.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ferrara.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ferrara"><img alt="Flag of Ferrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Ferrara.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ferrara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Ferrara.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ferrara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Ferrara.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ferrara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="800"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrara-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ferrara"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ferrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ferrara-Stemma.svg/54px-Ferrara-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ferrara-Stemma.svg/81px-Ferrara-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ferrara-Stemma.svg/108px-Ferrara-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="682"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Ferrara</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_88021a90858f35f015d40ca0386e34e290fae868"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ferrara&revid=1272774628&groups=_88021a90858f35f015d40ca0386e34e290fae868" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ferrara&revid=1272774628&groups=_88021a90858f35f015d40ca0386e34e290fae868 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrara is located in Italy"><img alt="Ferrara is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.215%;left:42.32%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ferrara"><img alt="Ferrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ferrara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Ferrara in Italy</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrara is located in Emilia-Romagna"><img alt="Ferrara is located in Emilia-Romagna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Emilia-Romagna_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="481"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.862%;left:68.027%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ferrara"><img alt="Ferrara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ferrara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Emilia-Romagna</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ferrara&params=44_50_N_11_37_E_type:city_region:IT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°37′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.833°N 11.617°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.833; 11.617</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ferrara" title="Province of Ferrara">Ferrara</a> (FE)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><small>Aguscello, Albarea, Baura, Boara, Borgo Scoline, Bova, Casaglia, Cassana, Castel Trivellino, Chiesuol del Fosso, Cocomaro di Cona, Cocomaro di Focomorto, Codrea, Cona, Contrapò, Corlo, Correggio, Denore, Focomorto, Francolino, Gaibana, Gaibanella, Sant'Egidio, Malborghetto di Boara, Malborghetto di Correggio, Marrara, Mezzavia, Monestirolo, Montalbano, Parasacco, Pescara, Pontegradella, Pontelagoscuro, Ponte Travagli, Porotto, Porporana, Quartesana, Ravalle, Sabbioni, San Bartolomeo in Bosco, San Martino, Spinazzino, Torre della Fossa, Uccellino, Viconovo, Villanova </small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fabbri" title="Alan Fabbri">Alan Fabbri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">LN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">404.36 km<sup>2</sup> (156.12 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">132,009</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">330/km<sup>2</sup> (850/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ferraresi, Estensi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">44121 to 44124</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0532</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. George</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saint day</th><td class="infobox-data">April 23</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.ferrara.it/">www<wbr></wbr>.comune<wbr></wbr>.ferrara<wbr></wbr>.it</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antiquity and Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_modern"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Late_modern_and_contemporary"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Late modern and contemporary</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cityscape"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Parks_and_gardens"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parks and gardens</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Jewish_community"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Jewish community</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Visual_art"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Visual art</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Cinema"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Cinema</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Festivals"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Festivals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ferrara" title="Timeline of Ferrara">Timeline of Ferrara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages">Antiquity and Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornamento_in_oro,_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG/170px-Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG/170px-Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG/255px-Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG/340px-Ornamento_in_oro%2C_410-300_ac._ca._01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Etruscan jewellery is displayed at the <a href="https://wiki.wikimedia.it/wiki/Museo_archeologico_nazionale_di_Ferrara" class="extiw" title="wmit:Museo archeologico nazionale di Ferrara">National Archaeological Museum of Ferrara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first documented settlements in the area of the present-day Province of Ferrara date from the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Spina" title="Spina">Spina</a>, established along the <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a> at the ancient mouth of <a href="/wiki/Po_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Po river">Po river</a>, were lost until modern times, when drainage schemes in the <a href="/wiki/Valli_di_Comacchio" title="Valli di Comacchio">Valli di Comacchio</a> marshes in 1922 first officially revealed a necropolis with over 4,000 tombs, evidence of a population centre that in Antiquity must have played a major role.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is uncertainty among scholars about the proposed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> origin of the settlement in its current location (<a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a> refer to a "Forum Alieni"<sup id="cite_ref-Frizzi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frizzi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), for little is known of this period,<sup id="cite_ref-Domenico_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domenico-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some archeologic evidence points to the hypothesis that Ferrara could have been originated from two small <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> settlements: a cluster of facilities around the Cathedral of St. George, on the right bank of the main branch of the Po, which then ran much closer to the city than today, and a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castrum</a>, a fortified complex built on the left bank of the river to defend against the Lombards.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrara appears first in a document of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> king <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a> of 753 AD, when he captured the town from the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, after routing the Lombards, presented Ferrara to the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> in 754 or 756.<sup id="cite_ref-Domenico_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domenico-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 988 Ferrara was ceded by the Church to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Canossa" title="House of Canossa">House of Canossa</a>, but at the death of <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a> in 1115 it became a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">free commune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 12th century the history of the town was marked by the wrestling for power between two preeminent families, the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelphs">Guelph</a> Adelardi and the <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> Salinguerra. The powerful Imperial <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">House of Este</a> threw their decisive weight behind the Salinguerra and eventually reaped the benefits of victory for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in 1264 <a href="/wiki/Obizzo_II_d%27Este,_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Obizzo II d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Obizzo II d'Este</a> was proclaimed lifelong ruler of Ferrara, taking the additional titles of Lord of <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> in 1288 and of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Nell_Emilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio Nell Emilia">Reggio</a> in 1289. His rule marked the end of the communal period in Ferrara and the beginning of the Este rule, which lasted until 1598. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG/170px-1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="3704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 199px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG/170px-1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG/255px-1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG/340px-1520_Veneto_Idealbildnis_einer_Kurtisane_als_Flora_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Flora</i>, a Roman goddess, by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Veneto" title="Bartolomeo Veneto">Bartolomeo Veneto</a> has been assumed to represent Lucrezia Borgia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1452 <a href="/wiki/Borso_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Borso d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Borso d'Este</a> was created duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Reggio</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick III</a> and in 1471 duke of Ferrara by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuohy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuohy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonello_d%27Este,_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Lionello</a> and, especially, <a href="/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Ercole I</a> were among the most important <a href="/wiki/Patrons_of_the_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrons of the arts">patrons of the arts</a> in late 15th- and early 16th-century Italy. During this time, Ferrara grew into an international cultural centre, renowned for its architecture, music, literature and visual arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The architecture of Ferrara greatly benefited from the genius of <a href="/wiki/Biagio_Rossetti" title="Biagio Rossetti">Biagio Rossetti</a>, who was requested in 1484 by Ercole I to draft a masterplan for the expansion of the town. The resulting "<a href="/wiki/Addizione_Erculea" title="Addizione Erculea">Erculean Addition</a>" is considered one of the most important examples of Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed to the selection of Ferrara as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iii, iv, v, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/733">733</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1995 (19th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In spite of having entered its golden age, Ferrara was severely hit by a <a href="/wiki/War_of_Ferrara_(1482%E2%80%931484)" title="War of Ferrara (1482–1484)">war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> fought and lost in 1482–84. <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_I_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Alfonso I</a> succeeded to the throne in 1505 and married the notorious <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia" title="Lucrezia Borgia">Lucrezia Borgia</a>. He again fought Venice in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> after joining the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cambrai" title="League of Cambrai">League of Cambrai</a>. In 1509 he was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, but was able to overcome the Papal and Spanish armies in 1512 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ravenna_(1512)" title="Battle of Ravenna (1512)">Battle of Ravenna</a>. These successes were based on Ferrara's artillery, produced in his own foundry which was the best of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his death in 1534, Alfonso I was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ercole_II_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Ercole II</a>, whose marriage in 1528 to the second daughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_of_France" title="Renée of France">Renée of France</a>, brought great prestige to the court of Ferrara. Under his reign, the Duchy remained an affluent country and a cultural powerhouse. However, an <a href="/wiki/1570_Ferrara_earthquake" title="1570 Ferrara earthquake">earthquake</a> struck the town in 1570, causing the economy to collapse, and when Ercole II's son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_d%27Este" title="Alfonso II d'Este">Alfonso II</a> died without heirs in 1597, the House of Este lost Ferrara to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary">Late modern and contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late modern and contemporary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrara-1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ferrara-1600.jpg/220px-Ferrara-1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ferrara-1600.jpg/220px-Ferrara-1600.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ferrara-1600.jpg/330px-Ferrara-1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ferrara-1600.jpg/440px-Ferrara-1600.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ferrara as it appeared in 1600</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferrara, a university city second only to Bologna, remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> for almost 300 years, an era marked by a steady decline; in 1792 the population of the town was only 27,000, less than in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1805–1814 it was briefly part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Client-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-state">client-state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>. After the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Ferrara was given back to the Pope, now guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Austria">Empire of Austria</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion fort</a> was erected in the 1600s by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> on the site the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Tedaldo" title="Castel Tedaldo">Castel Tedaldo</a>, an old castle at the south-west angle of the town, this was occupied by an <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Austria">Austrian</a> garrison from 1832 until 1859. The fortress was completely dismantled following the <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth of the Kingdom of Italy">birth of the Kingdom of Italy</a> and the bricks were used for new constructions throughout the town.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg/220px-Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg/220px-Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg/330px-Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg/440px-Piazza_cattedrale_monumento_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_Ferrara_inizio_1900.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Downtown Ferrara around 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>During the last decades of the 1800s and the early 1900s, Ferrara remained a modest trade centre for its large rural hinterland that relied on commercial crops such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial hemp">industrial hemp</a>. Large <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> works were carried out for decades with the aim to expand the available <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> and eradicate <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> from the wetlands along the Po delta.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass industrialisation came to Ferrara only at the end of the 1930s with the set-up of a chemical plant by the Fascist regime that should have supplied the regime with <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> Ferrara was repeatedly bombed by Allied warplanes that targeted and destroyed railway links and industrial facilities. After the war, the industrial area in <a href="/wiki/Pontelagoscuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontelagoscuro">Pontelagoscuro</a> was expanded to become a giant petrochemical compound operated by <a href="/wiki/Edison_(company)" title="Edison (company)">Montecatini</a> and other companies, that at its peak employed 7,000 workers and produced 20% of <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades, as part of a general trend in Italy and Europe, Ferrara has come to rely more on tertiary and tourism, while the heavy industry, still present in the town, has been largely phased out. </p><p>After almost 450 years, <a href="/wiki/2012_Northern_Italy_earthquakes" title="2012 Northern Italy earthquakes">another earthquake</a> struck Ferrara in May 2012 causing only limited damage to the historic buildings of the town and no victims. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The town of Ferrara lies on the southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Po_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Po river">Po river</a>, about 44 km (27 mi) north-east of the regional capital, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, and 87 km (54 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The territory of the municipality, entirely part of the <a href="/wiki/Padan_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Padan plain">Padan plain</a>, is overwhelmingly flat, situated on average just 9 metres (30 ft) above sea-level.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proximity to the largest Italian river has been a constant concern in the history of Ferrara, that has been affected by recurrent, disastrous floods, the latest occurring as recently as 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Idrovia_Ferrarese" title="Idrovia Ferrarese">Idrovia Ferrarese</a> links the river Po from Ferrara to the Adriatic at Porto Garibaldi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The climate of the Po valley is classified as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (Cfa) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, a type of climate commonly referred to as "warm temperate" that features mild winters and hot summers, heavy rains in spring and autumn but there is also a lot of rain even in the driest month of January for Ferrara.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ferrara (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br>(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br>(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br>(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br>(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br>(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br>(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6<br>(101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br>(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br>(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br>(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br>(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br>(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.7<br>(103.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br>(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br>(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br>(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br>(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br>(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br>(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br>(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br>(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br>(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br>(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br>(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br>(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.7<br>(67.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br>(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br>(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br>(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br>(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br>(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br>(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br>(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br>(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br>(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br>(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br>(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br>(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br>(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br>(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br>(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br>(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br>(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br>(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br>(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br>(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br>(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br>(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br>(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br>(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br>(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br>(49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5<br>(−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.6<br>(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7<br>(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br>(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br>(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br>(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br>(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br>(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br>(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br>(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br>(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6<br>(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.5<br>(−1.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46<br>(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br>(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br>(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br>(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br>(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br>(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br>(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75<br>(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">648<br>(25.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Climi e viaggi<sup id="cite_ref-Clim_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clim-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (precipitation 1951–1980)<sup id="cite_ref-ISPRA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISPRA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ferrara" title="List of mayors of Ferrara">List of mayors of Ferrara</a></div> <p>The legislative body of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_communes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian communes">Italian communes</a> is the <a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Milan" title="City Council of Milan">City Council</a> (<i>Consiglio Comunale</i>), which, in towns having between 100,000 and 250,000 population, is composed by 32 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (<i>Giunta Comunale</i>), composed by 12 <a href="/wiki/Assessor_(Italy)" title="Assessor (Italy)">assessors</a>, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected mayor. The current mayor of Ferrara is <a href="/wiki/Alan_Fabbri" title="Alan Fabbri">Alan Fabbri</a> of the <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a></span></span>. The urban organisation is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Constitution">Italian Constitution</a> (art. 114), the Municipal Statute<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several laws, notably the Legislative Decree 267/2000 or Unified Text on Local Administration (<i>Testo Unico degli Enti Locali</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current division of the seats in the city council, after the 2019 local election, is the following: </p> <ul><li><span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a></span></span> – 14</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> – 8</li> <li>Ferrara Change (centre-right) – 3</li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a></span></span> – 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Fratelli d'Italia</a> – 1</li> <li>Gente a Modo (centre-left) – 1</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cityscape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG/220px-Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="2072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG/220px-Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG/330px-Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG/440px-Saint_Micheal_Estense%27s_Castle_during_winter.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Este Castle covered in snow</figcaption></figure> <p>The imposing <a href="/wiki/Castello_Estense" title="Castello Estense">Este Castle</a>, sited in the very centre of the town, is iconic of Ferrara. A very large <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> featuring four massive bastions and a moat, it was erected in 1385 by architect <a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Novara" title="Bartolino da Novara">Bartolino da Novara</a> with the function to protect the town from external threats and to serve as a fortified residence for the Este family.<sup id="cite_ref-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was extensively renovated in the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg/220px-Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg/220px-Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg/330px-Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg/440px-Ferrara_Cathedral_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> façade of the <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Cathedral" title="Ferrara Cathedral">Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Cathedral" title="Ferrara Cathedral">Cathedral of Saint George</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Wiligelmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiligelmus">Wiligelmus</a> and consecrated in 1135, is one of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duomo has been renovated many times through the centuries, thus its resulting <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectic style">eclectic style</a> is a harmonious combination of the Romanesque central structure and portal, the Gothic upper part of the façade and the Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sculptures of the main portal are attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholaus_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholaus (sculptor) (page does not exist)">Nicholaus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_(scultore)" class="extiw" title="it:Niccolò (scultore)">it</a>]</span>. The upper part of the main façade, with arcades of pointed arches, dates from the 13th century. The recumbent marble lions guarding the portals are copies of the originals, now in the cathedral's museum. An elaborated 13th-century relief depicting the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a> is found in the second storey of the porch. The interior was restored in <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> style in 1712.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marble <a href="/wiki/Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was initiated in 1412 but is still incomplete, missing one projected additional storey and a dome, as it can be observed from numerous historical prints and paintings on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Frizzi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frizzi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg/220px-Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="2130"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg/220px-Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg/330px-Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg/440px-Ferrara_-_Palazzo_del_Municipio_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Municipale_of_Ferrara" title="Palazzo Municipale of Ferrara">The 15th-century Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Near the cathedral and the castle also lies the 15th-century city hall, that served as an earlier residence of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">Este</a> family, featuring a grandiose marble flight of stairs and two ancient bronze statues of Niccolò III and Borso of Este.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern district is the town's oldest, crossed by a myriad of narrow alleys that date back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_Romei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa Romei (page does not exist)">Casa Romei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Romei" class="extiw" title="it:Casa Romei">it</a>]</span> is perhaps the best preserved Medieval building in Ferrara. It was the private residence of merchant Giovanni Romei, related by marriage to the Este family, and likely the work of the court architect Pietrobono Brasavola.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Nuns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuns">nuns</a> of the Corpus Domini order, much of the original decorations in the inner rooms have been saved. The house features fresco cycles in the "Sala delle Sibille" ("room of sibyls"), an original <i>terracotta</i> fireplace bearing the coat of arms of Giovanni Romei in the adjoining Saletta dei Profeti ("room of the prophets"), depicting allegories from the Bible, and in other rooms, some of which were commissioned by cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_d%27Este" title="Ippolito d'Este">Ippolito d'Este</a>, paintings by the school of <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Filippi" title="Camillo Filippi">Camillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Filippi" title="Cesare Filippi">Cesare Filippi</a> (16th century).<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg/220px-01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9792" data-file-height="7344"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg/220px-01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg/330px-01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg/440px-01_Palazzo_dei_Diamanti_-_Ferrara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Palazzo dei Diamanti, seat of the National Gallery</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Schifanoia" title="Palazzo Schifanoia">Palazzo Schifanoia</a> was built in 1385 for <a href="/wiki/Alberto_V_d%27Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto V d'Este">Alberto V d'Este</a>. The palazzo includes frescoes depicting the life of <a href="/wiki/Borso_d%27Este" title="Borso d'Este">Borso d'Este</a>, the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> representations of the months. The <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibule (Architecture)">vestibule</a> was decorated with <i><a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a></i> mouldings by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_di_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico di Paris (page does not exist)">Domenico di Paris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_di_Paris" class="extiw" title="it:Domenico di Paris">it</a>]</span>. The building also contains fine choir-books with miniatures and a collection of coins and Renaissance medals.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Paradiso" title="Palazzo Paradiso">Palazzo Paradiso</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrara University">Ferrara University</a> library system, displays part of the manuscript of <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_furioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando furioso">Orlando furioso</a></i> and letters by <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Tasso</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</a>'s grave. Its famous alumni include <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>. </p><p>The northern quarter, which was added by Ercole I in 1492–1505 thanks to the master plan of <a href="/wiki/Biagio_Rossetti" title="Biagio Rossetti">Biagio Rossetti</a>, and hence called the <i><a href="/wiki/Addizione_Erculea" title="Addizione Erculea">Addizione Erculea</a></i>, features a number of Renaissance <i><a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzi</a></i>. Among the finest is <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Diamanti" title="Palazzo dei Diamanti">Palazzo dei Diamanti</a> ("Diamond Palace"), named after the <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> points into which the façade's stone blocks are cut. The <i>palazzo</i> houses the National Picture Gallery, with a large collection of the school of Ferrara, which first rose to prominence in the latter half of the 15th century, with <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Tura" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo Tura">Cosimo Tura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Cossa">Francesco Cossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ercole_dei_Roberti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole dei Roberti">Ercole dei Roberti</a>. Noted masters of the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara_(Painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Ferrara (Painting)">School of Ferrara</a> include <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Costa" title="Lorenzo Costa">Lorenzo Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Dossi" title="Dosso Dossi">Dosso Dossi</a>, the most eminent of all,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_da_Carpi" title="Girolamo da Carpi">Girolamo da Carpi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Tisi" title="Benvenuto Tisi">Benvenuto Tisi (il Garofalo)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district is also home to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ferrara_Botanic_Garden" title="University of Ferrara Botanic Garden">University of Ferrara Botanic Garden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg/220px-Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3451" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg/220px-Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg/330px-Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg/440px-Ferrara_walls_bastion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A section of the Renaissance walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The town is still almost totally encircled by 9 kilometres (6 miles) of ancient <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">brick walls</a>, mostly built between 1492 and 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-TCI_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the walls, after a careful restoration, make up a large urban park around the town and are a popular destination for joggers and cyclists. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">64,204</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">67,306</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,442</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">81,301</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">95,721</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">106,768</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">115,628</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,265</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">133,949</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">152,654</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">154,066</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">149,453</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">138,015</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">130,992</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">132,545</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,872</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In 2007, there were 135,369 people residing in Ferrara, of whom 46.8% were male and 53.2% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 12.28% of the population compared to pensioners who number 26.41%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Ferrara residents is 49, compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Ferrara grew by 2.28%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current birth rate of Ferrara is 7.02 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. Ferrara is known as the oldest Italian city with a population over 100,000, as well the city with lowest birth rate. </p><p>As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 95.59% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a>. The largest immigrant group was other European nations with <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>: 2.59% followed by North Africa: 0.51%, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>: 0.39%. The city is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, with small <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a> adherents. The historical <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community is still surviving. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jewish community" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrara,_sinagoga,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg/210px-Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg/210px-Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="210" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg/315px-Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg/420px-Ferrara%2C_sinagoga%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The town's <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Synagogue" title="Ferrara Synagogue">Synagogue</a>, established in 1485<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg/210px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg/210px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="210" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg/315px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg/420px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6348741.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Graves in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemetery</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Jewish community of Ferrara is the only one in Emilia Romagna with a continuous presence from the Middle Ages to the present day. It played an important role when Ferrara enjoyed its greatest splendor in the 15th and 16th century, with the duke <a href="/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este" title="Ercole I d'Este">Ercole I d'Este</a>. The situation of the Jews deteriorated in 1598, when the Este dynasty moved to Modena and the city came under papal control. The Jewish settlement, located in three streets forming a triangle near the cathedral, became a <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> in 1627. Apart from a few years under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and during the 1848 revolution, the ghetto lasted until <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> in 1859. </p><p>In 1799, the Jewish community saved the city from sacking by troops of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. During the spring of 1799, the city had fallen into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of France">Republic of France</a>, which established a small garrison there. On 15 April, Lieutenant Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Klenau" title="Johann von Klenau">Johann von Klenau</a> approached the fortress with a modest mixed force of Austrian cavalry, artillery and infantry augmented by Italian peasant rebels, commanded by Count Antonio Bardaniand and demanded its capitulation. The commander refused. Klenau blockaded the city, leaving a small group of artillery and troops to continue the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next three days, Klenau patrolled the countryside, capturing the surrounding strategic points of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagoscuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagoscuro (page does not exist)">Lagoscuro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgoforte" title="Borgoforte">Borgoforte</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mirandola" title="Mirandola">Mirandola</a> fortress. The besieged garrison made several sorties from the Saint Paul's Gate, which were repulsed by the insurgent peasants. The French attempted two rescues of the beleaguered fortress: the first, on 24 April, when a force of 400 Modenese was repulsed at Mirandola and the second, General <a href="/wiki/Montrichard" title="Montrichard">Montrichard</a> tried to raise the city-blockade by advancing with a force of 4,000. Finally, at the end of the month, a column led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Augustin_Hulin" title="Pierre-Augustin Hulin">Pierre-Augustin Hulin</a> reached and relieved the fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klenau took possession of the town on 21 May, and garrisoned it with a light battalion. The Jewish residents of Ferrara paid 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> to prevent the pillage of the city by Klenau's forces; this was used to pay the wages of Gardani's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Klenau held the town, the French still possessed the town's fortress. After making the standard request for surrender at 08:00, which was refused, Klenau ordered a barrage from his mortars and howitzers. After two <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazines</a> caught fire, the commandant was summoned again to surrender; there was some delay, but a flag of truce was sent at 21:00, and the capitulation was concluded at 01:00 the next day. Upon taking possession of the fortress, Klenau found 75 new artillery pieces, plus ammunition and six months worth of provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Mussolini's fascist government instituted racial laws reintroducing segregation of Jews which lasted until the end of the German occupation. During the Second World War, 96 of Ferrara's 300 Jews were deported to German concentration and death camps; five survived. The Italian Jewish writer, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bassani" title="Giorgio Bassani">Giorgio Bassani</a>, was from Ferrara. His celebrated book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Finzi-Continis" title="The Garden of the Finzi-Continis">The Garden of the Finzi-Continis</a></i>, was published in Italian as Giardino dei Finzi-Contini, 1962, by Giulio Einaudi editore s.p.a. It was made into a film by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_de_Sica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio de Sica">Vittorio de Sica</a> in 1970. </p><p>During WWII, the Este Castle, adjacent to the Corso Roma, now known as the Corso Martiri della Libertà, was the site of an infamous massacre in 1943. </p><p>On December 13, 2017, the first day of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, Italy's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Italian_Judaism_and_the_Shoah" title="Museum of Italian Judaism and the Shoah">Museum of Italian Judaism and the Shoah</a> opened on the site of a restored two-story brick prison built in 1912 that counted Jews among its detainees during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> period. This is the initial phase of a project—known as MEIS, after its initials in Italian—to be completed in 2021, with additional buildings that will create a major Jewish cultural hub and add exhibits focusing on the Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> and the Shoah.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Visual art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aprile,_francesco_del_cossa,_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg/220px-Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 111px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg/220px-Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg/330px-Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg/440px-Aprile%2C_francesco_del_cossa%2C_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Francesco del Cossa's "May" from the "Salone dei Mesi" ("Great hall of the months") in Palazzo Schifanoia, circa 1470</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Renaissance the Este family, well known for its patronage of the arts, welcomed a great number of artists, especially painters, that formed the so-called <a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Ferrara (painting)">School of Ferrara</a>. The astounding list of painters and artists includes the names of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicino_da_Ferrara" title="Vicino da Ferrara">Vicino da Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battista_Dossi" title="Battista Dossi">Battista Dossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Dossi" title="Dosso Dossi">Dosso Dossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosm%C3%A9_Tura" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmé Tura">Cosmé Tura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_del_Cossa" title="Francesco del Cossa">Francesco del Cossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Ferrara again hosted and inspired numerous painters who grew fond of its eerie atmosphere. Among them <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boldini" title="Giovanni Boldini">Giovanni Boldini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_de_Pisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippo de Pisis">Filippo de Pisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a>. A large collection of paintings is displayed in the National Gallery of <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Diamanti" title="Palazzo dei Diamanti">Palazzo dei Diamanti</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg/170px-OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="999"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg/170px-OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg/255px-OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg/340px-OrlandoFurioso1634.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Title page of John Harington's translation of <i>Orlando Furioso</i>, 1634</figcaption></figure> <p>The Renaissance literary men and poets <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a> (author of <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered" title="Jerusalem Delivered">Jerusalem Delivered</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</a> (author of the romantic epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Maria_Boiardo" title="Matteo Maria Boiardo">Matteo Maria Boiardo</a> (author of the grandiose poem of chivalry and romance <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato" title="Orlando Innamorato">Orlando Innamorato</a></i>) lived and worked at the court of Ferrara during the 15th and 16th century. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Bible" title="Ferrara Bible">Ferrara Bible</a></i> was a 1553 publication of the <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>. It was paid for and made by Yom-Tob ben Levi Athias (the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a> <i>Jerónimo de Vargas</i>, as typographer) and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Usque" title="Abraham Usque">Abraham ben Salomon Usque</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> <i>Duarte Pinhel</i>, as translator), and was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Ercole_II_d%27Este" title="Ercole II d'Este">Ercole II d'Este</a>. In the 20th century, Ferrara was the home and workplace of writer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bassani" title="Giorgio Bassani">Giorgio Bassani</a>, well known for his novels that were often adapted for cinema (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Finzi-Continis" title="The Garden of the Finzi-Continis">The Garden of the Finzi-Continis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Night_in_1943" title="Long Night in 1943">Long Night in 1943</a></i>). In historical fiction, British author <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Dunant" title="Sarah Dunant">Sarah Dunant</a> set her 2009 novel <i>Sacred Hearts</i> in a convent in Ferrara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taddeo_crivelli,_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg/220px-Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 93px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg/220px-Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg/330px-Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg/440px-Taddeo_crivelli%2C_bibbia_di_borso_d%27este_23.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A page from <a href="/wiki/Borso_d%27Este_Bible" title="Borso d'Este Bible">Borso d'Este Bible</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ferrara gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, the famous medieval <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> priest and leader of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> from 1494 until his execution in 1498. He was known for his <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book burning</a>, destruction of what he considered immoral art, and hostility to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. He vehemently preached against the moral corruption of much of the clergy at the time, and his main opponent was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> (Rodrigo Borgia). </p><p>During the time that <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_of_France" title="Renée of France">Renée of France</a> was Duchess of Ferrara, her court attracted Protestant thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Fulvia_Morata" title="Olympia Fulvia Morata">Olympia Fulvia Morata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court became hostile to Protestant sympathizers after the marriage of Renée's daughter Anna d'Este to the fervently Catholic Duke of Guise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Ferrarese musician <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a> was one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard</a> music in the late <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> periods. His masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Fiori_musicali" title="Fiori musicali">Fiori musicali</a></i> (<i>Musical Flowers</i>) is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a> music first published in 1635. It became the most famous of Frescobaldi's works and was studied centuries after his death by numerous composers, including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Moro" title="Maurizio Moro">Maurizio Moro</a> (15??–16??) an Italian poet of the 16th century best known for madrigals is thought to have been born in Ferrara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cinema" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ferrara is the birthplace of Italian <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florestano_Vancini" title="Florestano Vancini">Florestano Vancini</a>. The latter shot in Ferrara his 1960 film <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Night_in_1943" title="Long Night in 1943">Long Night in 1943</a></i>. The town was also the setting of the famous 1970 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Finzi-Continis_(film)" title="The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (film)">The Garden of the Finzi-Continis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, that tells the vicissitudes of a rich Jewish family during the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Clouds_(1995_film)" title="Beyond the Clouds (1995 film)">Beyond the Clouds</a></i> in (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Olmi" title="Ermanno Olmi">Ermanno Olmi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Profession_of_Arms_(2001_film)" title="The Profession of Arms (2001 film)">The Profession of Arms</a></i> in (2001), a film about the last days of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_dalle_Bande_Nere" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni dalle Bande Nere">Giovanni dalle Bande Nere</a>, were also shot in Ferrara. </p><p>In the third season of <i><a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici (TV Series)">Medici (TV Series)</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Riario" title="Girolamo Riario">Girolamo Riario</a>'s men seize Ferrara, 100 miles from Florence and takes their salt. Based on the actions by Riario, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> condemns Riario and accepts Lorenzo's invitation to a peace conference in Bagnolo.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack by Riario’s men on Ferrara was filmed at <a href="/wiki/Castello_di_Oliveto" title="Castello di Oliveto">Castle of Oliveto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castelfiorentino" title="Castelfiorentino">Castelfiorentino</a>, once the residence of the noble <a href="/wiki/Pucci_family" title="Pucci family">Pucci family</a> of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg/220px-Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4190" data-file-height="2894"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg/220px-Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg/330px-Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg/440px-Kid_at_Palio_of_Ferrara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A child dressed up for the Palio</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Palio" title="Palio">Palio</a> of St. George is a medieval-themed horse race held every last Sunday of May. Established in 1279, it is probably the oldest such competition in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ferrara <a href="/wiki/Busking" class="mw-redirect" title="Busking">Buskers</a> Festival is a non-competitive parade of street musicians from all over the world. At the 2017 edition, more than 1,000 artists from 35 different nations took part in the festival, including dancers, clowns, equilibrists, jugglers and other original performers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the town hosts the yearly <a href="/wiki/Ferrara_Balloons_Festival" title="Ferrara Balloons Festival">Ferrara Balloons Festival</a>, a large hot-air balloon show.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The town's football team, <a href="/wiki/S.P.A.L." class="mw-redirect" title="S.P.A.L.">SPAL</a>, was established in 1907. In 2017 it was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>, Italy's top-level football league, after a 49-year absence. Its home ground is <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Paolo_Mazza" title="Stadio Paolo Mazza">Paolo Mazza Memorial Stadium</a>, with a capacity of 16,134.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferrara's basketball team <a href="/wiki/Kleb_Basket_Ferrara" title="Kleb Basket Ferrara">Kleb Basket Ferrara</a> competes in the <a href="/wiki/Serie_A2_Basket" class="mw-redirect" title="Serie A2 Basket">Serie A2 Basket</a> and plays its home games at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palasport_di_Ferrara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palasport di Ferrara (page does not exist)">Palasport di Ferrara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrarese_snack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ferrarese_snack.jpg/220px-Ferrarese_snack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="526"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ferrarese_snack.jpg/220px-Ferrarese_snack.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ferrarese_snack.jpg/330px-Ferrarese_snack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ferrarese_snack.jpg/440px-Ferrarese_snack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Some food items easily found in Ferrara: "coppia" bread,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "zia" <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> salami<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cucumis_melo" title="Cucumis melo">muskmelon</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The culinary tradition of Ferrara features many typical dishes that can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and that sometimes reveals the influence of its important Jewish community. </p><p>The signature dish is <i>cappellacci di zucca</i>, special <a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">ravioli</a> with a filling of <a href="/wiki/Butternut_squash" title="Butternut squash">butternut squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmesan" title="Parmesan">Parmesan</a> and flavored with <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>. It is served with a sauce of <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">sage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce" title="Bolognese sauce">bolognese sauce</a>. Another peculiar dish, that was allegedly cooked by Renaissance chef <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_di_Messisbugo" title="Cristoforo di Messisbugo">Cristoforo di Messisbugo</a>, is <i>pasticcio di maccheroni</i>, a domed <a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">macaroni</a> pie, consisting of a crust of sweet dough enclosing macaroni in a <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce" title="Béchamel sauce">Béchamel sauce</a>, studded with <a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">porcini</a> mushrooms and <i><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_sauce" title="Bolognese sauce">ragù alla bolognese</a></i>. </p><p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> first course is <i><a href="/wiki/Cappelletti_(pasta)" title="Cappelletti (pasta)">cappelletti</a></i>, large meat filled ravioli served in chicken broth. It is often followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Salama_da_sugo" title="Salama da sugo">salama da sugo</a></i>, a very big, cured <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a> made from a selection of pork meats and spices kneaded with red wine. </p><p>Seafood is also an important part of the local tradition, that boast rich fisheries in the Po delta lagoons and Adriatic sea. Pasta with <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> and grilled or stewed <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> dishes are especially well-known. Popular food items include also <i>zia</i> garlic salami and the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Coppia_ferrarese" title="Coppia ferrarese">coppia</a></i> bread, protected by the IGP (<a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">protected geographical status</a>) label.<sup id="cite_ref-zhou_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhou-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not unusual is the typical <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> salami made of goose meat stuffed in goose neck skin. </p><p>Local patisserie include spicy <i><a href="/wiki/Panpepato" title="Panpepato">pampepato</a></i> chocolate pie, <i>tenerina</i>, a dark chocolate and butter cake, and <i><a href="/wiki/Zuppa_inglese" title="Zuppa inglese">zuppa inglese</a></i>, a chocolate and custard pudding on a bed of <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a> soaked in <a href="/wiki/Alchermes" title="Alchermes">Alchermes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a> of the area, an <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> created by the river Po, is not ideal for wine; a notable exception is Bosco Eliceo (<a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOC</a>) wine, made from grapes cultivated on the sandy coast line.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div> <p>Ferrara is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Broni" title="Broni">Broni</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><noscript><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" data-alt="Argentina" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Formia" title="Formia">Formia</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park,_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kallithea" title="Kallithea">Kallithea</a>, Greece</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><noscript><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovenia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">Koper</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><noscript><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Czech Republic" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prague_1" title="Prague 1">Prague 1</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><noscript><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><noscript><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" data-alt="Wales" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales, United Kingdom</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a>, Hungary</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224">"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"</a>. Italian National Institute of Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superficie+di+Comuni+Province+e+Regioni+italiane+al+9+ottobre+2011&rft.pub=Italian+National+Institute+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Farchivio%2F156224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6c4193b2686f905553042f4ae1ae4934aea078c8-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html">"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018"</a>. Italian National Institute of Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popolazione+Residente+al+1%C2%B0+Gennaio+2018&rft.pub=Italian+National+Institute+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fpop2018%2Findex3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://servizi.comune.fe.it/8242/popolazione-2016">"Popolazione 2016"</a> (in Italian). Municipality of Ferrara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popolazione+2016&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Ferrara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservizi.comune.fe.it%2F8242%2Fpopolazione-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ferrara" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferrara">Ferrara</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferrara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=283&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1999" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Alexander John (1999). <i>Colony and mother city in ancient Greece</i> (Special ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719057396" title="Special:BookSources/0719057396"><bdi>0719057396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colony+and+mother+city+in+ancient+Greece&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=Special&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0719057396&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Alexander+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurfa2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_MacIntosh_Turfa" title="Jean MacIntosh Turfa">Turfa, Jean MacIntosh</a>, ed. (2013). <i>The Etruscan world</i>. London: Routledge. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415673082" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415673082"><bdi>978-0415673082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+world&rft.place=London&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415673082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frizzi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frizzi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frizzi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrizzi2012" class="citation book cs1">Frizzi, Antonio (2012) [1791]. <i>Memorie Per La Storia Di Ferrara</i>. Vol. 1. Florence: Nabu Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781274747815" title="Special:BookSources/9781274747815"><bdi>9781274747815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorie+Per+La+Storia+Di+Ferrara&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781274747815&rft.aulast=Frizzi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domenico-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Domenico_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Domenico_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenico2002" class="citation book cs1">Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). <i>The regions of Italy : a reference guide to history and culture</i> (1st ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313307331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313307331"><bdi>978-0313307331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+regions+of+Italy+%3A+a+reference+guide+to+history+and+culture&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=85&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0313307331&rft.aulast=Domenico&rft.aufirst=Roy+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCI_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ferrara and its province</i>. Milan: <a href="/wiki/Touring_Club_Italiano" title="Touring Club Italiano">Touring Club of Italy</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788836534401" title="Special:BookSources/9788836534401"><bdi>9788836534401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferrara+and+its+province&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Touring+Club+of+Italy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788836534401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ferrara-Italy">"Ferrara, Italy"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ferrara%2C+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FFerrara-Italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuohy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuohy_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuohy2002" class="citation book cs1">Tuohy, Thomas (2002). <i>Herculean Ferrara : Ercole d'Este, 1471–1505, and the invention of a Ducal capital</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, with the assistance of the Istituto di Studi Rinascimentali, Ferrara. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521522632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521522632"><bdi>978-0521522632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herculean+Ferrara+%3A+Ercole+d%27Este%2C+1471%E2%80%931505%2C+and+the+invention+of+a+Ducal+capital&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=211&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+with+the+assistance+of+the+Istituto+di+Studi+Rinascimentali%2C+Ferrara&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521522632&rft.aulast=Tuohy&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Charles M. (2010). <i>The court cities of northern Italy : Milan, Parma, Piacenza, Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, Urbino, Pesaro, and Rimini</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521792486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521792486"><bdi>978-0521792486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+court+cities+of+northern+Italy+%3A+Milan%2C+Parma%2C+Piacenza%2C+Mantua%2C+Ferrara%2C+Bologna%2C+Urbino%2C+Pesaro%2C+and+Rimini&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521792486&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPade1990" class="citation book cs1">Pade, Marianne; et al. 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Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8772890500" title="Special:BookSources/978-8772890500"><bdi>978-8772890500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+court+of+Ferrara+%26+its+Patronage&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-8772890500&rft.aulast=Pade&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrin1994" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, Michael (1994). <i>History and warfare in Renaissance epic</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226554037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226554037"><bdi>978-0226554037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+warfare+in+Renaissance+epic&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0226554037&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallettShaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2005). <i>The Italian Wars, 1494-1559 : War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe</i> (1st ed.). Harlow: Pearson. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582057586" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582057586"><bdi>978-0582057586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Wars%2C+1494-1559+%3A+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0582057586&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearder1994" class="citation book cs1">Hearder, Harry (1994). <i>Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento: 1790–1870</i> (7th ed.). London: Longman. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582491465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582491465"><bdi>978-0582491465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+in+the+Age+of+the+Risorgimento%3A+1790%E2%80%931870&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0582491465&rft.aulast=Hearder&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooneStabel2000" class="citation book cs1">Boone, Marc; Stabel, Peter (2000). <i>L'apparition d'une identité urbaine dans l'Europe du bas moyen age</i> [<i>Shaping Urban Identity in Late Medieval Europe</i>]. 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Bloomsbury Academic. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230360334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230360334"><bdi>978-0230360334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Italy&rft.pages=151&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0230360334&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamagni1993" class="citation book cs1">Zamagni, Vera (1993). <i>The Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990: From the Periphery to the Centre</i> (Reprint ed.). 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Ferrara: Cds Edizioni. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95014-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-95014-00-5"><bdi>978-88-95014-00-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferrara+e+il+suo+Petrolchimico+il+Lavoro+e+il+Territorio+Storia%2C+Cultura+e+Proposta+%28in+Italian%29&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Cds+Edizioni&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-95014-00-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemecNiggSiccardi1993" class="citation book cs1">Nemec, J.; Nigg, J.M.; Siccardi, F. 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Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00dugg/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521408486" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521408486"><bdi>978-0521408486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Italy&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521408486&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00dugg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clim-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clim_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/ferrara">"Clima - Ferrara (Emilia Romagna)"</a>. Climi e viaggi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clima+-+Ferrara+%28Emilia+Romagna%29&rft.pub=Climi+e+viaggi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climieviaggi.it%2Fclima%2Fitalia%2Fferrara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISPRA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISPRA_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/SA_55_14_Valori_climatici_normali.pdf">"Valori climatici normali di temperatura e precipitazione in Italia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Temperature estreme in Toscana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ferrara+Osservatorio+Meteorologico&rft.pub=Temperature+estreme+in+Toscana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimaintoscana.altervista.org%2Fitalia%2Fstazioni-storiche%2Fferrara-osservatorio-meteorologico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.fe.it/335/statuto">"The Municipal Statute of Ferrara (in Italian)"</a>. Municipality of Ferrara<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/en/themes/state-local_authority_relations/Local_self-government_authority_system.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+self-government+authority+system+under+the+Italian+legislation&rft.pub=Italian+Ministry+of+Internal+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.interno.gov.it%2Fmininterno%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fstate-local_authority_relations%2FLocal_self-government_authority_system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princely_Palaces_in_the_Italian_Quattrocento_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltramoCantatoreFolin2016" class="citation book cs1">Beltramo, Silvia; Cantatore, Flavia; Folin, Marco (2016). <i>A Renaissance Architecture of Power: Princely Palaces in the Italian Quattrocento</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">189–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004243613" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004243613"><bdi>978-9004243613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Renaissance+Architecture+of+Power%3A+Princely+Palaces+in+the+Italian+Quattrocento&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9004243613&rft.aulast=Beltramo&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Cantatore%2C+Flavia&rft.au=Folin%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz2002" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2002). <i>Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia</i>. New York: Garland. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824047894" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824047894"><bdi>978-0824047894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0824047894&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenevolo2002" class="citation book cs1">Benevolo, Leonardo (2002). <i>The architecture of the Renaissance</i> (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415267090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415267090"><bdi>978-0415267090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+architecture+of+the+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415267090&rft.aulast=Benevolo&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarese1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varese, Ranieri (1972). "BRASAVOLA, Pietrobono". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietrobono-brasavola_(Dizionario-Biografico)/"><i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BRASAVOLA%2C+Pietrobono&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Varese&rft.aufirst=Ranieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpietrobono-brasavola_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. Demo.istat.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft.pub=Demo.istat.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fbil2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrinsky1985" class="citation book cs1">Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1985). <i>Synagogues of Europe : architecture, history, meaning</i>. New York, N.Y.: Architectural History Foundation. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262610483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262610483"><bdi>978-0262610483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synagogues+of+Europe+%3A+architecture%2C+history%2C+meaning&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Architectural+History+Foundation&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0262610483&rft.aulast=Krinsky&rft.aufirst=Carol+Herselle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colonel Danilo Oreskovich and 1,300 Croatians of the 2nd Banat battalion, 4,000 Ferrarese auxiliary troops commanded by Count Antonio Gardani, and several hundred local peasants commanded by Major Angelo Pietro Poli. Acerbi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html"><i>The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acerbi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html"><i>The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accerbi reports that wages were the equivalent of a daily intake of 21 "<a href="/wiki/Baiocchi" title="Baiocchi">Baiocchi</a>" in cash and four in bread. Acerbi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html"><i>The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acerbi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html"><i>The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799</i></a>; Klenau's force included a battalion of light infantry, a couple battalions of border infantry, a squadron of the <i>Nauendorf</i> Hussars (8th Hussars), and approximately 4,000 armed peasants. For details on Austrian force, see Smith, <i>Ferrara</i>, <i>Data Book</i>, p. 156. Klenau's force also captured 75 guns from the fortress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/253969/ferrara-italy-jewish-museum">"Once It Imprisoned Jews, Now It's a Museum of Their History in Italy"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Once+It+Imprisoned+Jews%2C+Now+It%27s+a+Museum+of+Their+History+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-life-and-religion%2F253969%2Fferrara-italy-jewish-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2019" class="citation news cs1">Wall, Harry D. (2019-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/travel/jewish-history-museum-ferrara-italy.html">"A New Museum Explores 2,000 Years of Jewish Life in Italy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Museum+Explores+2%2C000+Years+of+Jewish+Life+in+Italy&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Harry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F24%2Ftravel%2Fjewish-history-museum-ferrara-italy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinLarsenLevin2007" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Diana Maury; Larsen, Anne R; Levin, Carole (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England</i>. ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women+in+the+Renaissance%3A+Italy%2C+France%2C+and+England&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Diana+Maury&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Anne+R&rft.au=Levin%2C+Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Badura-Skoda. "Interpreting Bach at the Keyboard", p. 259. Translated by Alfred Clayton. Oxford University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816576-5">0-19-816576-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt" class="citation book cs1">Butt, John (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Bach</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Bach&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 139., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58780-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58780-8">0-521-58780-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8910904/"><i>Innocents</i></a>, Medici, Daniel Sharman, Francesco Montanari, Sarah Parish, 2020-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innocents&rft.series=Medici&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt8910904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedazione2019" class="citation web cs1">Redazione (November 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finestresullarte.info/en/works-and-artists/i-medici-3-ten-locations-where-the-series-about-lorenzo-the-magnificent-was-filmed">"Medici 3: ten locations where the series about Lorenzo the Magnificent was filmed"</a>. <i>Finestre sull Arte</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finestre+sull+Arte&rft.atitle=Medici+3%3A+ten+locations+where+the+series+about+Lorenzo+the+Magnificent+was+filmed&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft.au=Redazione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finestresullarte.info%2Fen%2Fworks-and-artists%2Fi-medici-3-ten-locations-where-the-series-about-lorenzo-the-magnificent-was-filmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emiliaromagnaturismo.com/en/events/ferrara/ferrara/palio-di-ferrara?set_language=en">"PALIO DI FERRARA"</a>. <i>Emiliaromagnaturismo.com</i>. Official tourist information site of the Emilia-Romagna Region<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emiliaromagnaturismo.com&rft.atitle=PALIO+DI+FERRARA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emiliaromagnaturismo.com%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fferrara%2Fferrara%2Fpalio-di-ferrara%3Fset_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare2014" class="citation news cs1">Clare, Horatio (28 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a133716a-b0fa-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de">"The Palio of Ferrara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a133716a-b0fa-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de">the original</a></span> on 2022-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+Palio+of+Ferrara&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Clare&rft.aufirst=Horatio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa133716a-b0fa-11e3-bbd4-00144feab7de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emiliaromagnaturismo.com/en/events/ferrara/ferrara/ferrara-buskers-festival-1?set_language=en">"FERRARA BUSKERS FESTIVAL"</a>. <i>Emiliaromagnaturismo.com</i>. Official tourist information site of the Emilia-Romagna Region<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emiliaromagnaturismo.com&rft.atitle=FERRARA+BUSKERS+FESTIVAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emiliaromagnaturismo.com%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fferrara%2Fferrara%2Fferrara-buskers-festival-1%3Fset_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferrarainfo.com/en/ferrara/events/events-and-initiatives/folklore-and-festivals/ferrara-balloons-festival-2017">"Ferrara Balloons Festival 2017"</a>. <i>www.ferrarainfo.com</i>. "Ferrara Terra e Acqua", the official website for Ferrara and its province<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ferrarainfo.com&rft.atitle=Ferrara+Balloons+Festival+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferrarainfo.com%2Fen%2Fferrara%2Fevents%2Fevents-and-initiatives%2Ffolklore-and-festivals%2Fferrara-balloons-festival-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2017/12/20/spal-receives-boost-expand-stadium/">"SPAL RECEIVES BOOST TO FURTHER EXPAND STADIUM"</a>. <i>TheStadiumBusiness</i>. 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheStadiumBusiness&rft.atitle=SPAL+RECEIVES+BOOST+TO+FURTHER+EXPAND+STADIUM&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestadiumbusiness.com%2F2017%2F12%2F20%2Fspal-receives-boost-expand-stadium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferraraterraeacqua.it/en/flavours/typical-products/ferraras-bread-igp">"Ferrara's bread – IGP"</a>. <i>Ferrara Terra e Acqua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ferrara+Terra+e+Acqua&rft.atitle=Ferrara%27s+bread+%E2%80%93+IGP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferraraterraeacqua.it%2Fen%2Fflavours%2Ftypical-products%2Fferraras-bread-igp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferraraterraeacqua.it/en/flavours/typical-products/the-zia-ferrarese-salami?set_language=en">"The Zia ferrarese Salami"</a>. <i>Ferrara Terra e Acqua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ferrara+Terra+e+Acqua&rft.atitle=The+Zia+ferrarese+Salami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferraraterraeacqua.it%2Fen%2Fflavours%2Ftypical-products%2Fthe-zia-ferrarese-salami%3Fset_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferraraterraeacqua.it/en/flavours/typical-products/typical-melon-from-emilia">"Typical Melon from Emilia"</a>. <i>Ferrara Terra e Acqua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ferrara+Terra+e+Acqua&rft.atitle=Typical+Melon+from+Emilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferraraterraeacqua.it%2Fen%2Fflavours%2Ftypical-products%2Ftypical-melon-from-emilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhou-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhou_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouHui2014" class="citation book cs1">Zhou, Weibiao; Hui, Y. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bF7BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA701"><i>Bakery Products Science and Technology</i></a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 701. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11879-193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11879-193-6"><bdi>978-1-11879-193-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bakery+Products+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=701&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-11879-193-6&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Weibiao&rft.au=Hui%2C+Y.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF7BAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enotecaemiliaromagna.it/en/our-wines/doc-and-docg-wines/a/bosco-eliceo">"Bosco Eliceo DOC"</a>. Enoteca Regionale Emilia-Romagna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bosco+Eliceo+DOC&rft.pub=Enoteca+Regionale+Emilia-Romagna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotecaemiliaromagna.it%2Fen%2Four-wines%2Fdoc-and-docg-wines%2Fa%2Fbosco-eliceo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.fe.it/2975/gemellaggi-e-patti-d-amicizia">"Gemellaggi e patti d'amicizia"</a> (in Italian). Ferrara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemellaggi+e+patti+d%27amicizia&rft.pub=Ferrara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.fe.it%2F2975%2Fgemellaggi-e-patti-d-amicizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Acerbi, Enrico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/1799/c_1799z4.html">"The 1799 Campaign in Italy: Klenau and Ott Vanguards and the Coalition’s Left Wing April – June 1799"</a>. Napoleon Series, Robert Burnham, editor in chief. March 2008. Accessed 30 October 2009.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ferrara#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Ferrara">Bibliography of the history of Ferrara</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Bassi2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bassi" title="Carlo Bassi">Carlo Bassi</a> (2015). <i>Ferrara rara: Perché Ferrara è bella</i> (in Italian). Cernobbio: Archivio Cattaneo editore in Cernobbio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-98086-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-98086-23-8"><bdi>978-88-98086-23-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferrara+rara%3A+Perch%C3%A9+Ferrara+%C3%A8+bella&rft.place=Cernobbio&rft.pub=Archivio+Cattaneo+editore+in+Cernobbio&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-88-98086-23-8&rft.au=Carlo+Bassi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Bassi2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bassi" title="Carlo Bassi">Carlo Bassi</a> (2015). <i>Breve ma veridica storia di Ferrara</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: 2G Libri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89248-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89248-06-5"><bdi>978-88-89248-06-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+ma+veridica+storia+di+Ferrara&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=2G+Libri&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-88-89248-06-5&rft.au=Carlo+Bassi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Bassi2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bassi" title="Carlo Bassi">Carlo Bassi</a> (2012). <i>Nuova guida di Ferrara. Vita e spazio nell'architettura di una città emblematica</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: Italo Bovolenta editore (originario nel 1981) 2G editrice (ristampa anastatica del 2012). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89248-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89248-14-0"><bdi>978-88-89248-14-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuova+guida+di+Ferrara.+Vita+e+spazio+nell%27architettura+di+una+citt%C3%A0+emblematica&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Italo+Bovolenta+editore+%28originario+nel+1981%29+2G+editrice+%28ristampa+anastatica+del+2012%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-89248-14-0&rft.au=Carlo+Bassi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerolamo_Melchiorri2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerolamo Melchiorri (2009). <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bassi" title="Carlo Bassi">Carlo Bassi</a> (ed.). <i>Nomenclatura ed etimologia delle piazze e strade di Ferrara e Ampliamenti</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: 2G Editrice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89248-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89248-21-8"><bdi>978-88-89248-21-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclatura+ed+etimologia+delle+piazze+e+strade+di+Ferrara+e+Ampliamenti&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=2G+Editrice&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-88-89248-21-8&rft.au=Gerolamo+Melchiorri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_Ravenna1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Ravenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Ravenna (page does not exist)">Paolo Ravenna</a>, ed. (1985). <i>Le mura di Ferrara: immagini e storia</i> (in Italian). Modena: Panini. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\VEA\0042366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mura+di+Ferrara%3A+immagini+e+storia&rft.place=Modena&rft.pub=Panini&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_Zevi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zevi" title="Bruno Zevi">Bruno Zevi</a> (2006). <i>Saper vedere la città. Ferrara di Biagio Rossetti, "la prima città moderna europea"</i> (in Italian). Turin: Biblioteca Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-18259-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-18259-5"><bdi>88-06-18259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saper+vedere+la+citt%C3%A0.+Ferrara+di+Biagio+Rossetti%2C+%22la+prima+citt%C3%A0+moderna+europea%22&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Einaudi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-06-18259-5&rft.au=Bruno+Zevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ferrara_res-5a6b494c-8b74-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)//">FERRARA</a> entry <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ferrara_res-c612d476-87e7-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)//">FERRARA</a> entry <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrante_Borsetti,_Ferranti_Bolani1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrante Borsetti, Ferranti Bolani (1970). <i>Historia almi Ferrariae Gymnasii</i> (in Italian). Vol. 2. Bologna: Forni. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\MIL\0064484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+almi+Ferrariae+Gymnasii&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Forni&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Ferrante+Borsetti%2C+Ferranti+Bolani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAVV2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AAVV (2008). Servizio protezione flora e fauna oasi e zone protette della Provincia di Ferrara (ed.). <i>I grandi alberi della Provincia di Ferrara</i> (in Italian). Vol. 2. Ferrara: Provincia di Ferrara. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\UFE\0838673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+grandi+alberi+della+Provincia+di+Ferrara&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Provincia+di+Ferrara&rft.date=2008&rft.au=AAVV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAVV1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AAVV (1998). <i>Atlante cartografico dell'artigianato tipico italiano</i> (in Italian). Rome: ACI, Automobile club d'Italia. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\CAG\1325138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlante+cartografico+dell%27artigianato+tipico+italiano&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=ACI%2C+Automobile+club+d%27Italia&rft.date=1998&rft.au=AAVV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComitato_diocesano_per_il_grande_giubileo2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comitato diocesano per il grande giubileo, ed. (2000). <i>Guida del pellegrino in terra ferrarese</i> (in Italian). Milano e Ferrara: Banca Popolare di Milano – Arcidiocesi di FerraraComacchio. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\FER\0180423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+del+pellegrino+in+terra+ferrarese&rft.place=Milano+e+Ferrara&rft.pub=Banca+Popolare+di+Milano+%E2%80%93+Arcidiocesi+di+FerraraComacchio&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlaria_Pavan2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ilaria Pavan (2006). <i>Il podestà ebreo. La storia di Renzo Ravenna tra fascismo e leggi razziali</i> (in Italian). Roma-Bari: Laterza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-7899-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-7899-9"><bdi>88-420-7899-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+podest%C3%A0+ebreo.+La+storia+di+Renzo+Ravenna+tra+fascismo+e+leggi+razziali&rft.place=Roma-Bari&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=88-420-7899-9&rft.au=Ilaria+Pavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu_Ming2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ming" title="Wu Ming">Wu Ming</a> (2015). <i>L'invisibile ovunque</i> (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\PAR\1233731.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27invisibile+ovunque&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Wu+Ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonella_Guarnieri2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonella Guarnieri (2011). <i>Il fascismo ferrarese. Dodici articoli per raccontarlo. Con un saggio inedito su Edmondo Rossoni</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: Casa Editrice Tresogni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97320-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-97320-03-6"><bdi>978-88-97320-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+fascismo+ferrarese.+Dodici+articoli+per+raccontarlo.+Con+un+saggio+inedito+su+Edmondo+Rossoni&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Tresogni&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-97320-03-6&rft.au=Antonella+Guarnieri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonella_GuarnieriDelfina_TromboniDavide_Guarnieri2014" class="citation book cs1">Antonella Guarnieri; Delfina Tromboni; Davide Guarnieri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122235440/https://www.comune.fe.it/attach/superuser/docs/lo_squadrismo.pdf"><i>Lo squadrismo: come lo raccontarono i fascisti, come lo vissero gli antifascisti</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ferrara: Comune di Ferrara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-98786-06-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-98786-06-0"><bdi>978-88-98786-06-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.fe.it/attach/superuser/docs/lo_squadrismo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lo+squadrismo%3A+come+lo+raccontarono+i+fascisti%2C+come+lo+vissero+gli+antifascisti&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Comune+di+Ferrara&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-88-98786-06-0&rft.au=Antonella+Guarnieri&rft.au=Delfina+Tromboni&rft.au=Davide+Guarnieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.fe.it%2Fattach%2Fsuperuser%2Fdocs%2Flo_squadrismo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandro_Roveri2000" class="citation book cs1">Alessandro Roveri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115357/https://books.google.it/books?id=HN5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265&lpg=PT265&dq=ferrara+novecento+ricostruzione+postbellica&source=bl&ots=dqrIjarxvP&sig=hD_1H5_gFCnUUZ4K-FuEslAZlZg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX45DlgPbcAhVRvxoKHU7GBtoQ6AEwDnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=ferrara%20novecento%20ricostruzione%20postbellica&f=false"><i>Ferrara città europea: storia politica e civile dalle origini ai giorni nostri</i></a>. Ferrara: Este edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788828323723" title="Special:BookSources/9788828323723"><bdi>9788828323723</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\FER\0181191. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HN5aDwAAQBAJ&q=ferrara+novecento+ricostruzione+postbellica&pg=PT265">the original</a> on 2018-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferrara+citt%C3%A0+europea%3A+storia+politica+e+civile+dalle+origini+ai+giorni+nostri&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Este+edition&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788828323723&rft.au=Alessandro+Roveri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHN5aDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dferrara%2Bnovecento%2Bricostruzione%2Bpostbellica%26pg%3DPT265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiulia_Aguzzoni_e_Angela_Ghinato2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giulia Aguzzoni e Angela Ghinato (2013). "prefazione di Anna Maria Quarzi, introduzione di Giuseppe Vancini". <i>Arte e bottega</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: Este edition. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\UFE\0979179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=prefazione+di+Anna+Maria+Quarzi%2C+introduzione+di+Giuseppe+Vancini&rft.btitle=Arte+e+bottega&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Este+edition&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Giulia+Aguzzoni+e+Angela+Ghinato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Carina_H._Keskitalo2010" class="citation book cs1">E. Carina H. Keskitalo, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H78uqYbtXSoC&q=Climate+Alliance+ferrara&pg=PA259"><i>Developing adaptation policy and practice in Europe: multi-level governance of climate change</i></a>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048193257" title="Special:BookSources/9789048193257"><bdi>9789048193257</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\PUV\1423725.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+adaptation+policy+and+practice+in+Europe%3A+multi-level+governance+of+climate+change&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048193257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH78uqYbtXSoC%26q%3DClimate%2BAlliance%2Bferrara%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiennale_ortofrutticola_internazionale_Ferrara1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biennale ortofrutticola internazionale Ferrara (1969). <i>Eurofrut '69: 21-28 settembre 1969: catalogo ufficiale/4. biennale ortofrutticola internazionale</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: Ente Manifestazioni Ortofrutticole. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\FER\0190433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurofrut+%2769%3A+21-28+settembre+1969%3A+catalogo+ufficiale%2F4.+biennale+ortofrutticola+internazionale&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Ente+Manifestazioni+Ortofrutticole&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Biennale+ortofrutticola+internazionale+Ferrara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdriano_Franceschini2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriano_Franceschini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriano Franceschini (page does not exist)">Adriano Franceschini</a> (2007). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Ravenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Ravenna (page does not exist)">Paolo Ravenna</a> (ed.). <i>Presenza ebraica a Ferrara. Testimonianze archivistiche fino al 1492</i> (in Italian). Ferrara: Carife. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-222-5741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-222-5741-3"><bdi>978-88-222-5741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presenza+ebraica+a+Ferrara.+Testimonianze+archivistiche+fino+al+1492&rft.place=Ferrara&rft.pub=Carife&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-222-5741-3&rft.au=Adriano+Franceschini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Ellen_Snodgrass2004" class="citation book cs1">Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IYeOAgAAQBAJ&q=Ferrara+Lucrezia+Borgia++Alfonso+I++Messisbugo+tagliatelle&pg=PT132"><i>Encyclopedia of kitchen history</i></a>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135455716" title="Special:BookSources/1135455716"><bdi>1135455716</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a> IT\ICCU\BVE\0266908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+kitchen+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1135455716&rft.au=Mary+Ellen+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIYeOAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DFerrara%2BLucrezia%2BBorgia%2B%2BAlfonso%2BI%2B%2BMessisbugo%2Btagliatelle%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerrara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferrara" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ferrara">Ferrara</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ferrara#Q13362" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ferrara">Ferrara</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferrarainfo.com/">Official Tourism Office Site – in six languages</a></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.fe.it/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferraraok.it/">Search engine and index of websites related to Ferrara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050206204915/http://www.ferraraok.it/">Archived</a> 2005-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teatrocomunaleferrara.it/">The Comunale Theatre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ferrarasottolestelle.it/">Ferrara Under the Stars – The most important Italian summer music festival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferrarabuskers.com/">Ferrara Buskers' Festival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palazzodiamanti.it/">Palazzo dei Diamanti – Ferrara National Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unife.it/">The University of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estense.com/">Local Newspaper</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&oldid=1272774628">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&oldid=1272774628</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrara&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ileagae" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1738212346"> <span>Last edited on 30 January 2025, at 04:45</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="فرارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فرارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ферара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ферара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фэрара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэрара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ферара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ферара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara_(munisipyo)" title="Ferrara (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ferrara (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Φερράρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φερράρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frara" title="Frara – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Frara" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فرارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrare" title="Ferrare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferrare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrare" title="Ferrare – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ferrare" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="페라라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페라라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ֆեռարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեռարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Феррарæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Феррарæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94" title="פרארה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרארה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ფერარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferraria_(Italia)" title="Ferraria (Italia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferraria (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferr%C4%81ra" title="Ferrāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ferrāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferara" title="Ferara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ferara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferara" title="Ferara – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ferara" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ферара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ферара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="फेरारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फेरारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ფერარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფერარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فيرارا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيرارا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara_(stad)" title="Ferrara (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferrara (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="フェラーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェラーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فیرارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فیرارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABrara" title="Fërara – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fërara" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferr%C3%A1ria" title="Ferrária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferrária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="फेर्ररा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फेर्ररा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firrara" title="Firrara – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Firrara" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ферара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ферара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แฟร์รารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟร์รารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Феррара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феррара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فیرارا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فیرارا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferara" title="Ferara – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ferara" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89" title="费拉拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费拉拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89" title="費拉拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="費拉拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ferrara" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89" title="费拉拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="费拉拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 January 2025, at 04:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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