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menu-block-scratchpads_pages-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-531"><a href="/node/4" title="About the checklist">About the checklist</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-532"><a href="/node/5" title="Checklist area">Checklist area</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-529"><a href="/node/2" title="Contributors to the checklist">Contributors</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-530"><a href="/node/3" title="How to cite the checklist website">How to cite</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div><div class="grid-8 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content"></a> <h1 class="title" id="page-title"> Introduction </h1> <div class="tabs clearfix"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Primary tabs</h2><ul class="tabs primary clearfix"><li class="active"><a href="/node/1" class="active">View<span class="element-invisible">(active tab)</span></a></li><li><a href="/node/1/revisions">Revisions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title gridless" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <article about="/node/1" typeof="foaf:Document" class="node node-page node-published node-not-promoted node-not-sticky author-michael-kuhlmann odd clearfix" id="node-page-1"> <header> <span property="dc:title" content="Introduction" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </header> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"> <p>The goal of the checklist is to offer comprehensive information about the bee fauna of the western Palaearctic biogeographical region and includes synonyms and country level distribution data (see map). It covers a much wider geographical area than the Fauna Europaea list of bees which is largely outdated and represents a much more comprehensive review including work by leading experts (see list of contributors). The checklist aims to give some orientation to bee taxonomists and the users of bee taxonomic information like ecologists, pollination biologists or agricultural scientists. It will also act as a planning tool for barcoding the bees of this region.</p> <p>The checklist is a compilation of data that is largely based on taxonomic and distributional data assembled for the "Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)" by John S. Ascher and John Pickering (<a href="http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species&flags=HAS:">http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species&flags=HAS:</a>). It contains updated information from the latest publications with additions from bee taxonomists and experts for the bee fauna of certain countries (see list of contributors). Thus, the checklist reflects the current state of published information and, when expert knowledge has been included, the personal taxonomic views of the colleagues who contributed to it. However, the checklist is not meant to be an authoritative catalog for the included taxa and cannot replace a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the respective genera. This especially applies to genera that have not been recently revised or where no taxonomists were available for review.</p> <p>The taxonomic status of a substantial number of species, including some from Western and Central Europe, remains uncertain. In these cases a short comment was included to highlight this fact. For some taxa (e.g. Eucerini, <em>Bombus</em>) only a selection of the most common synonyms are mentioned. This is due to limited availability of sufficiently reliable information about the identity and status of some taxa especially those in the older literature that might be nomina dubia.</p> <p>The checklist project started in 2008 and it quickly became clear that taxonomic expertise is globally lacking for several genera and that this gap is like to grow quickly due to the rapidly aging community of bee taxonomists. The places most heavily affected by the loss of taxonomic knowledge are the “hotspots” of species diversity and endemism around the Mediterranean Sea, in Turkey and the Middle East. Unfortunately, these are the areas that are most likely to be heavily affected by climate and landscape change. For this reason presumably most of the predicted changes and losses of unique fauna will go unnoticed.</p> <p>The bee species records presented here are likely to be incomplete, or sometimes even erroneous, especially for less well investigated areas in the southern and eastern parts of the western Palaearctic region. The checklist will be continuously updated so information about missing species (e.g. newly described species), erroneous or new records, changes in taxonomy and nomenclature or simply misspellings are very welcome and will be fully acknowledged. Please report these to:</p> <p>Prof. Dr. Michael Kuhlmann<br /> Zoological Museum<br /> Kiel University<br /> Hegewischstr. 3<br /> D-24105 Kiel, Germany<br /> Email: mkuhlmann [at] zoolmuseum.uni-kiel.de</p> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-taxonomic-name field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Taxonomic name: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/138">Andrena uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/194">Amegilla uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/210">Anthophora uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/261">Hylaeus uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/302">Anthidium uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/306">Chelostoma uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/312">Coelioxys uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/347">Megachile uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/367">Protosmia uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/379">Stelis uncertain (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/34">Bombus (Checklist)</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/215">Bombus Bombus (Checklist)</a></div></div></div> </div> <footer class="submitted"><span property="dc:date dc:created" content="2012-03-13T16:20:10+00:00" datatype="xsd:dateTime">2012-03-13 16:20</span> -- <span rel="sioc:has_creator"><a href="/user/2" title="View user profile." class="username" xml:lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="sioc:UserAccount" property="foaf:name" datatype="">Michael Kuhlmann</a></span> <div class="user-picture"> <a href="/user/2" title="View user profile."><img width="20px" height="20px" typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b2ffa5ebc4436333979a710b1a4c1baf.jpg?d=https%3A//westpalbees.myspecies.info/sites/all/modules/contrib/gravatar/avatar.png&s=100&r=G" alt="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b2ffa5ebc4436333979a710b1a4c1baf.jpg?d=https%3A//westpalbees.myspecies.info/sites/all/modules/contrib/gravatar/avatar.png&s=100&r=G" /></a> </div> </footer> <div class="clearfix"> <nav class="links node-links clearfix"></nav> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-12 region region-footer" id="region-footer"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-inner"> <div class="block block-scratchpads-blocks contextual-links-region block-footer-menu block-scratchpads-blocks-footer-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-scratchpads-blocks-footer-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="collapsed"><a href="/node/1" title="Introduction" class="active">Introduction</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/classification/5">Checklist</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/node/7">Updates</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="http://scratchpads.org/about/policies">Scratchpads Policies</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/rss.xml" class="feed-icon" title="Subscribe to RSS of Checklist of the Western Palaearctic Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)"><img width="16" height="16" alt="Subscribe to RSS of Checklist of the Western Palaearctic Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)" src="https://westpalbees.myspecies.info/misc/feed.png" typeof="foaf:Image"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="block block-block contextual-links-region block-1 block-block-1 even block-without-title" id="block-block-1"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <p>Suggested citation of this website:<br /> Kuhlmann, M. et al. 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