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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Preproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_Sapphire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_Sapphire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Project Sapphire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_Sapphire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decommissioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alfa-class submarine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_705_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="المشروع 705 ليرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشروع 705 ليرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/705(%D0%9A)_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="705(К) «Лира» проекчĕн шывай киммисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="705(К) «Лира» проекчĕн шывай киммисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_705" title="Projekt 705 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Projekt 705" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_705" title="Projekt 705 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Projekt 705" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clase_Alfa" title="Clase Alfa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clase Alfa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7" title="زیردریایی کلاس آلفا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیردریایی کلاس آلفا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_Alfa" title="Classe Alfa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classe Alfa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%9D%ED%8A%B8_705_%EB%A6%AC%EB%9D%BC%EA%B8%89_%EC%9E%A0%EC%88%98%ED%95%A8" title="프로젝트 705 리라급 잠수함 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로젝트 705 리라급 잠수함" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classe_Alfa" title="Classe Alfa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Classe Alfa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam_Kelas_Alfa" title="Kapal selam Kelas Alfa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal selam Kelas Alfa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa-klasse" title="Alfa-klasse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfa-klasse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E8%89%A6" title="アルファ型原子力潜水艦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルファ型原子力潜水艦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okr%C4%99ty_podwodne_projektu_705" title="Okręty podwodne projektu 705 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okręty podwodne projektu 705" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0_705(%D0%9A)_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Подводные лодки проекта 705(К) «Лира» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подводные лодки проекта 705(К) «Лира»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmornice_razreda_Lira" title="Podmornice razreda Lira – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podmornice razreda Lira" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekti_705" title="Projekti 705 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Projekti 705" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projekt_705_Lira" title="Projekt 705 Lira – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Projekt 705 Lira" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83_705,_705%D0%9A_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Підводні човни проєкту 705, 705К «Ліра» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підводні човни проєкту 705, 705К «Ліра»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_(l%E1%BB%9Bp_t%C3%A0u_ng%E1%BA%A7m)" title="Alfa (lớp tàu ngầm) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfa (lớp tàu ngầm)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alfa-class_submarine" title="Special:EditPage/Alfa-class submarine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alfa-class+submarine%22">"Alfa-class submarine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alfa-class+submarine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alfa-class+submarine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alfa-class+submarine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alfa-class+submarine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alfa-class+submarine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nuclear-powered attack submarine class</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_class_SSN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alfa_class_SSN.svg/300px-Alfa_class_SSN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alfa_class_SSN.svg/450px-Alfa_class_SSN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alfa_class_SSN.svg/600px-Alfa_class_SSN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="223" /></a></span><div>Alfa-class SSN profile</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg/300px-Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg/450px-Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg/600px-Alfa_class_submarine_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="312" /></a></span><div>An Alfa-class submarine underway</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Class overview</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td>Alfa class</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Operators</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Preceded by</td><td><a href="/wiki/Victor-class_submarine" title="Victor-class submarine">Victor class</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Succeeded by</td><td><a href="/wiki/Sierra-class_submarine" title="Sierra-class submarine">Sierra class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akula-class_submarine" title="Akula-class submarine">Akula class</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Built</td><td>1968–1981</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>1971–1996</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Planned</td><td>8<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Completed</td><td>7</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Cancelled</td><td>1</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Retired</td><td>7</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Type</td><td><a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Nuclear attack submarine</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2,300 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> surfaced</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3,200 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> submerged</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>81.4 m (267 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>9.5 m (31 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draught</td><td>7.6 m (25 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;"><a href="/wiki/OK-550_reactor" title="OK-550 reactor">OK-550</a> or <a href="/wiki/BM-40A_reactor" title="BM-40A reactor">BM-40A</a>, 155-<a href="/wiki/MWt#Watts_electrical_and_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="MWt">MWt</a> Lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">40,000 shp (30,000 kW) steam turbine, one shaft<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">12 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (14 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</a>; 22 <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a>) surfaced</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">41 knots (47 mph; 76 km/h) submerged<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Test depth</td><td>350 m (1,148 ft) test<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>31 (all officers)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">6 × 533 mm (21 in) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> (bow):</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">18 <a href="/w/index.php?title=SET-65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SET-65 (page does not exist)">SET-65</a> or <a href="/wiki/53-65_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="53-65 torpedo">53-65K</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">20 <a href="/wiki/VA-111_Shkval" title="VA-111 Shkval">VA-111 Shkval</a> torpedoes</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">24 <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mines</a></li> </ul></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>Alfa class</b>, Soviet designation <b>Project 705 Lira</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Лира</span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>", <a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_submarines" title="List of NATO reporting names for submarines">NATO reporting name</a> <b>Alfa</b>), was a class of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">attack submarines</a> in service with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> from 1971 into the early 1990s, with one serving in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> until 1996. They were among the fastest military submarines ever built, with only the prototype submarine <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-222" title="Soviet submarine K-222"><i>K-222</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a> Papa-class) exceeding them in submerged speed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Project 705 submarines had a unique design among other submarines. In addition to the revolutionary use of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> for its hull, it used a powerful <a href="/wiki/Lead-bismuth_eutectic" title="Lead-bismuth eutectic">lead-bismuth</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">liquid metal cooled reactor</a> as a power source, which greatly reduced the size of the reactor compared to conventional designs, thus reducing the overall size of the submarine, and allowing for very high speeds. However, it also meant that the reactor had a short lifetime and had to be kept warm when it was not being used. As a result, the submarines were used as interceptors, mostly kept in port ready for a high-speed dash into the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preproduction">Preproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Project 705 was first proposed in 1957 by M. G. Rusanov and the initial design work led by Rusanov began in May 1960 in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with design task assigned to SKB-143, one of the two predecessors (the other being TsKB-16) of the <a href="/wiki/Malakhit_Design_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Malakhit Design Bureau">Malakhit Design Bureau</a>, which would eventually become one of the three Soviet/Russian submarine design centers, along with <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Design_Bureau" title="Rubin Design Bureau">Rubin Design Bureau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazurit_Central_Design_Bureau" title="Lazurit Central Design Bureau">Lazurit Central Design Bureau</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The project was highly innovative in order to meet demanding requirements: sufficient speed to successfully pursue any ship; the ability to avoid anti-submarine weapons and to ensure success in underwater combat; low detectability, in particular to airborne <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector" title="Magnetic anomaly detector">MAD</a> arrays, and also especially to active sonars; minimal displacement; and minimal crew complement. </p><p>A special <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">titanium alloy</a> hull would be used to create a small, low drag, 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a>, six compartment<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vessel capable of very high speeds (in excess of 40 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (46 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</a>; 74 <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a>)) and deep diving. The submarine would operate as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interceptor_ship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interceptor ship (page does not exist)">interceptor</a>, staying in harbor or on patrol route and then racing out to reach an approaching fleet. A high-power <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">liquid-metal cooled</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> was devised, which was kept liquid in port through external heating. Extensive <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> would also greatly reduce the needed crew numbers to just 16 men. </p><p>The practical problems with the design quickly became apparent and in 1963 the design team was replaced and a less radical design was proposed, increasing all main dimensions and the vessel weight by 800 tons and almost doubling the crew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A prototype of a similar design, the Project 661 or <i>K-162</i> (since 1978 <i>K-222</i>) <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">cruise missile submarine</a> (referred to by NATO as the <a href="/wiki/Papa-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa-class submarine">Papa class</a>), was built at the <a href="/wiki/Sevmash" title="Sevmash">SEVMASH shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a> and completed in 1972. The long build time was caused by numerous design flaws and difficulties in manufacture. Extensively tested, she was taken out of service following a reactor accident in 1980. She had a top speed of 41.2 knots (47.4 mph; 76.3 km/h) and a test depth of 400 m (1,300 ft). This combined with other reports created some alarm in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> and prompted the rapid development of the <a href="/wiki/ADCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ADCAP">ADCAP</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> program and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Lance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Lance">Sea Lance</a> missile programs projects (the latter was cancelled when more definitive information about the Soviet project was known). The creation of the high-speed <a href="/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo" title="Spearfish torpedo">Spearfish torpedo</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was also a response to the threat posed by the reported capabilities of submarines of the Project 705. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Production started in 1964 as Project 705 with construction at both the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty yard">Admiralty yard</a>, Leningrad and at Sevmashpredpriyatiye (SEVMASH — Northern Machine-building Enterprise), <a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a>. The lead boat – the <i>K-64</i> – was built in Leningrad. Leningrad built three subsequent Project 705 submarines, and Severodvinsk built three Project 705K submarines (only differing in the reactor plant; see below). The first vessel was commissioned in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project 705 boats were intended to be experimental platforms themselves, to test all innovations and rectify their faults, that would afterwards found a new generation of submarines. This highly experimental nature mostly predetermined their future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1981, with the completion of the seventh vessel, production ended. All vessels were assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern Fleet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The power plant for the boat was a lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor. Such <a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">liquid metal cooled</a> reactors have a number of advantages over other types:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Due to higher coolant temperature, their <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> is up to 1.5 times higher.</li> <li>Lifetime without refueling can be increased more easily, in part due to higher efficiency.</li> <li>Liquid lead-bismuth systems can not cause an explosion and quickly solidify in case of a leak, greatly improving safety.</li> <li>Lead-bismuth cooled reactors are much lighter and smaller than water-cooled reactors, which was the primary factor when considering power plant choice for the Project 705 submarines.</li></ul> <p>Even though 1960s technology was barely sufficient to produce reliable LMRs, which are even today considered challenging, their advantages were considered compelling. Two power plants were developed independently, <a href="/wiki/BM-40A_reactor" title="BM-40A reactor">BM-40A</a> by <a href="/wiki/OKB_Gidropress" title="OKB Gidropress">OKB Gidropress</a> (Hydropress) in Leningrad and <a href="/wiki/OK-550_reactor" title="OK-550 reactor">OK-550</a> by the <a href="/wiki/OKBM" class="mw-redirect" title="OKBM">OKBM</a> design bureau in Nizhniy Novgorod, both using a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> for the primary cooling stage, and both producing 155 MW of power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Designed burst speed in tests was 43–45 kn (49–52 mph; 80–83 km/h) for all vessels, and speeds of 41–42 kn (47–48 mph; 76–78 km/h) could be sustained. Acceleration to top speed took one minute and reversing 180 degrees at full speed took just 40 seconds. This degree of maneuverability exceeds all other submarines and most torpedoes that were in service at the time. Indeed, during training the boats proved able to successfully evade torpedoes launched by other submarines, which required introduction of faster torpedoes such as the American ADCAP or British <i><a href="/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo" title="Spearfish torpedo">Spearfish</a></i>. However, the price for this was a very high noise level at burst speed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to U.S. Naval Intelligence, the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_speed" title="Tactical speed">tactical speed</a> was similar to <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon-class_submarine" title="Sturgeon-class submarine"><i>Sturgeon</i>-class</a> submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Submarines_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Submarines-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Propulsion was provided to the <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">crew</a> by a 40,000 shp steam turbine, and two 100 kW electric thrusters on the tips of the stern stabilizers were used for quieter "creeping" (low speed tactical maneuvering) and for emergency propulsion in the event of an engineering casualty. Electrical power was provided by two 1,500 kW turbogenerators, with a backup 500 kW <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generator</a> and a bank of 112 zinc-silver <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OK-550 plant was used on Project 705, but later, on 705K, the BM-40A plant was installed due to the low reliability of the OK-550. While more reliable, BM-40A still turned out to be much more demanding in maintenance than older <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactors</a>. The issue was that the lead/bismuth eutectic solution solidifies at 125 °C (257 °F). If it ever hardened, it would be impossible to restart the reactor, since the fuel assemblies would be frozen in the solidified coolant. Thus, whenever the reactor is shut down, the liquid coolant must be heated externally with <a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated steam</a>. Near the <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a> where the submarines were moored, a special facility was constructed to deliver superheated steam to the vessels' reactors when the reactors were shut down. A smaller ship was also stationed at the pier to deliver steam from her steam plant to the Alfa submarines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coastal facilities were treated with much less attention than the submarines and often turned out unable to heat the submarines' reactors. Consequently, the plants had to be kept running even while the subs were in harbor. The facilities completely broke down early in the 1980s and since then the reactors of all operational Alfas were kept constantly running. While the BM-40A reactors are able to work for many years without stopping, they were not specifically designed for such treatment and any serious reactor maintenance became impossible. This led to a number of failures, including coolant leaks and one reactor broken down and frozen while at sea. However, constantly running the reactors proved better than relying on the coastal facilities. Four vessels were decommissioned due to freezing of the coolant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Both the OK-550 and the BM-40A designs were single-use reactors and could not be refueled as the coolant would inevitably freeze in the process. This was compensated for by a much longer lifetime on their only load (up to 15 years), after which the reactors would be completely replaced. While such a solution could potentially decrease service times and increase reliability, it is still more expensive, and the idea of single-use reactors was unpopular in the 1970s. Furthermore, Project 705 does not have a modular design that would allow quick replacement of reactors, so such maintenance would take at least as long as refueling a normal submarine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hull">Hull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most Soviet nuclear submarines, Project 705 used a double hull, where the internal hull withstands the pressure and the outer one protects it and provides an optimal hydrodynamic shape. The gracefully curved outer hull and sail were highly streamlined for high submerged speed and maneuverability. </p><p>Apart from the prototypes, all six Project 705 and 705K submarines were built with <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> alloy hulls, which was revolutionary in submarine design at the time due to the cost of titanium and the technologies and equipment needed to work with it.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7513_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7513-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulties in the engineering became apparent in the first submarine that was quickly decommissioned after cracks developed in the hull. Later, metallurgy and welding technology were improved and no hull problems were experienced on subsequent vessels. American intelligence services became aware of the use of titanium alloys in the construction by retrieving metal shavings that fell from a truck as it left the St. Petersburg ship yard.<sup id="cite_ref-Cold_War_Submarines_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cold_War_Submarines-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pressure hull was separated into six watertight compartments, of which only the third (center) compartment was manned and others were accessible only for maintenance. The third compartment had reinforced spherical <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkheads</a> that could withstand the pressure at the test depth and offered additional protection to the crew in case of attack. To further enhance survivability, the ship was equipped with an ejectable rescue capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original test depth requirement specified for Project 705 was 500 metres (1,600 ft), but after the preliminary design was completed, SKB-143 proposed relaxing this requirement to 400 metres (1,300 ft). Reducing test depth and thinning the pressure hull would make up for increases in weight of the reactor, sonar system, and transverse bulkheads.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common myth that the Alfas could dive to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) or deeper is rooted in Western intelligence estimates made during the Cold War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_system">Control system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Control system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A suite of new systems was developed for these submarines, including:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Akkord</i> (Accord) combat information and control system, which received and processed hydroacoustic, television, radar, and navigation data from other systems, determining the location, speed, and predicted trajectory of other ships, submarines, and torpedoes. Information was displayed on control terminals, along with recommendations for operating a single submarine, both for attack and torpedo evasion, or commanding a group of submarines.</li> <li><i>Sargan</i> weapon control system controlling attack, torpedo homing, and use of countermeasures, both by human command and automatically if required.</li> <li><i>Okean</i> (Ocean) automated hydroacoustic (sonar) system that provided target data to other systems and eliminated the need for crew members working with detection equipment.</li> <li><i>Sozh</i> navigation system and <i>Boksit</i> (Bauxite) course control system, which integrated course, depth, trim, and speed control, for manual, automated, and programmed maneuvering.</li> <li><i>Ritm</i> (Rhythm) system controlling operation of all machinery aboard, eliminating the need for any personnel servicing reactor and other machinery, which was the main factor in reducing crew complement.</li> <li><i>Alfa</i> radiation monitoring system.</li> <li><i>TV-1</i> television optical system for outside observation.</li></ul> <p>All the systems of the submarine were fully automated and all operations requiring human decision were performed from the control room. While such automation is common on aircraft, other military ships and submarines have multiple, separate teams performing these tasks. Crew intervention was required only for course changes or combat and no maintenance was performed at sea. Due to these systems, the combat shift of Alfa submarines consisted only of eight officers stationed in the control room. While nuclear submarines typically have 120 to 160 crew members, the initially proposed crew number was 14 — all officers, except the cook. Later it was considered more practical to have additional crew aboard that could be trained to operate the new generation of submarines and the number was increased to 27 officers and four warrant officers. Also, given that most of the electronics were newly developed and failures were expected, additional crew was stationed to monitor their performance. Some reliability problems were connected with electronics, and it is possible that some accidents could have been foreseen with more mature and better developed monitoring systems. Overall performance was considered good for an experimental system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main reason behind the small crew complement and high automation was not just to allow a reduction in the size of the submarine, but rather to provide an advantage in reaction speed by replacing long chains of command with instant electronics, speeding up any action.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)" title="Displacement (fluid)">Displacement</a>: 2,300 <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tons</a> surfaced, 3,200 tons submerged</li> <li>Length: 81.4 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">Beam</a>: 9.5 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">Draft</a>: 7.6 m</li> <li>Depth: <ul><li>Usual operation: 350 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_depth_ratings" title="Submarine depth ratings">Test depth</a>: 400 m</li> <li>Crush depth: possibly over 1300 m,<sup id="cite_ref-fasman-rsrd_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fasman-rsrd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depth figure contradicted by an authoritative Russian publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Compartments: 6</li> <li>Complement: 27 officers, 4–18 NCOs; Russian source: 32<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Reactor</a>: <a href="/wiki/OK-550_reactor" title="OK-550 reactor">OK-550 reactor</a> or <a href="/wiki/BM-40A_reactor" title="BM-40A reactor">BM-40A reactor</a>, lead-bismuth cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor, 155 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam turbines">Steam turbines</a>: OK-7K, 40,000 shp (30,000 kW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a>: 1 <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a></li> <li>Speed (<a href="/wiki/Submarine#Buoyancy_and_trim" title="Submarine">submerged</a>): ~40 knots (46 mph; 74 km/h)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Armament">Armament</a>: 6 × 533 mm <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a>: <ul><li>18–20 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SET-65A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SET-65A (page does not exist)">SET-65A</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAET-60A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAET-60A (page does not exist)">SAET-60A</a> (or)</li> <li>18–20 <a href="/wiki/SS-N-15" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-N-15">SS-N-15</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> (or)</li> <li>20–24 <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mines</a> (or)</li> <li>a mix of the above</li></ul></li> <li>Systems: <ul><li><i>Topol</i> MRK.50 (Snoop Tray) surface search radar</li> <li><i>Sozh</i> navigation system radar</li> <li><i>MG-21 Rosa</i> underwater communications</li> <li><i>Molniya</i> satellite communications</li> <li><i>Vint</i> & <i>Tissa</i> radio communications antennas</li> <li><i>Accord</i> combat control system</li> <li><i>Leningrad-705</i> fire control system</li> <li><i>Ocean</i> active/passive sonar</li> <li><i>MG-24</i> luch mine detection sonar</li> <li><i>Yenisei</i> sonar intercept receiver</li> <li><i>Bukhta</i> ESM/ECM</li> <li><i>Chrome-KM</i> IFF</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Loss-of-coolant_accident" title="Loss-of-coolant accident">loss-of-coolant accidents</a> occurred in Alfa class submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Zrodnikov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zrodnikov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, suboptimal welding on the steam system allowed moisture to leak into an area where it picked up chlorides and then condensed and dripped onto primary coolant pipes containing the liquid metal coolant. This caused corrosion and breakage of the primary coolant pipes on Task Order 900. A move towards an integral pool-type reactor was considered the appropriate design evolution after this. </p><p>The second incident occurred on Project 705K (Task Order 105). Steam generator tubes in the evaporator section corroded and leaked steam into the primary system. Pressure increased in the primary system, which was designed to withstand the full pressure in this incident. However, a procedural step mandating that a valve to a sensitive <a href="/wiki/Manometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manometer">manometer</a> be closed during operation had not been followed. As a result, the high pressure could reach the sensitive instrument and broke through it, pouring Polonium-contaminated aerosols into the inhabited part of the reactor compartment. While the reactor could have been repaired, it was decided to replace it entirely with a new one.<sup id="cite_ref-Zrodnikov_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zrodnikov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alfa-class_submarine" title="Special:EditPage/Alfa-class submarine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alfas, as with almost all other nuclear submarines, were never actually used in combat. However, the Soviet government still made good use of them, by exaggerating the planned number of vessels,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which were assumed to allow naval superiority to be gained by shadowing major ship groups and destroying them in case of war. The US replied by starting the <a href="/wiki/ADCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ADCAP">ADCAP</a> program, and the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo" title="Spearfish torpedo">Spearfish torpedo</a> program, to create torpedoes with the range, speed, and intelligence to reliably pursue Alfa-class submarines. </p><p>The Alfas were intended to be only the first of a new generation of light, fast submarines, and before their decommissioning, there was already a family of derivative designs, including Project 705D, armed with long-range 650 mm torpedoes, and the Project 705A ballistic missile variant that was intended be able to defend herself successfully against attack submarines, therefore not needing patrolled <a href="/wiki/Bastion_(naval)" title="Bastion (naval)">bastions</a>. However, the main thrust of Russian/Soviet SSN development was instead focused toward the larger, quieter boats that eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Akula-class_submarine" title="Akula-class submarine"><i>Akula</i>-class</a> submarine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The technologies and solutions developed, tested, and perfected on Alfas formed the foundation for future designs. The suite of submarine control systems was later used in the <i>Akula</i>-class, or Project 971 attack submarines that have a crew of 50, more than the Alfa but still less than half as many as other attack submarines. The <i>Akula</i>-class submarines represent a hybrid of the Alfa and <a href="/wiki/Victor-class_submarine" title="Victor-class submarine">Victor III</a> classes, combining the stealth and towed sonar array of the Victor III with the automation of the Alfa class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_Sapphire">Project Sapphire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Project Sapphire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_Sapphire" title="Project Sapphire">Project Sapphire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Project_Sapphire" title="Project Sapphire">Project Sapphire</a> was a covert United States military operation to retrieve 1,278 pounds (580 kg) of very highly enriched uranium fuel intended for the Alfa-class submarines from a warehouse at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant outside <a href="/wiki/Ust-Kamenogorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ust-Kamenogorsk">Ust-Kamenogorsk</a> in far eastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, where it was stored with little protection after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes,_Richard_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material, known as uranium oxide-beryllium, was produced by the Ulba plant in the form of ceramic fuel rods for use by the submarines. "The Kazakh government had no idea that this material was there", Kazakh officials later told Harvard's Graham Allison, a national-security analyst.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes,_Richard_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1994 it was uncovered by Elwood Gift, an engineer from the Y-12 plant at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, stored in quart sized steel cans in a vault about twenty feet wide and thirty feet long. Some of it was on wire shelves while others were sitting on the floor. The cans were covered with dust.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes,_Richard_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word soon came that Iran had officially visited the site looking to purchase reactor fuel. Washington set up a <a href="/wiki/Tiger_team" title="Tiger team">tiger team</a>, and on 8 October 1994 the Sapphire Team flew out of <a href="/wiki/McGhee_Tyson_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base">McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base</a> in three blacked out <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a> cargo planes with 130 tons of equipment. It took the team six weeks, working twelve-hour shifts, six days a week, to process and can the 1,050 cans of uranium. The Sapphire Team finished recanning the uranium on 18 November 1994 at a cost of between ten and thirty million dollars (actual cost classified). The cans were loaded into 447 special fifty-five gallon drums for secure transport to the United States. Five C-5 Galaxys were dispatched from <a href="/wiki/Dover_Air_Force_Base" title="Dover Air Force Base">Dover Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, to retrieve the team and the uranium, but four were forced to turn back because of bad weather. Only a single C-5, carrying 30,000 pounds of supplies Tennesseans had donated for Ust-Kamenogorsk area orphanages, got through. Eventually a second C-5 arrived, and the two planes carried the uranium to Dover, from where it was transported to Oak Ridge to be blended down for reactor fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes,_Richard_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decommissioning">Decommissioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decommissioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first vessel was decommissioned in 1974. five more in 1990 and the seventh in 1996. <i>K-123</i> underwent a refit between 1983 and 1992 and had her reactor compartment replaced<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a VM-4 <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactor</a>. After being used for training she was officially decommissioned July 31, 1996. Decommissioning of the ships entailed the singular complication that, the reactor being cooled by liquid metals, the nuclear rods became fused with the coolant when the reactor was stopped and conventional methods for disassembling the reactor were unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique_et_aux_%C3%A9nergies_alternatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives">Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives</a> designed and donated special equipment for a dedicated dry-dock (SD-10) in <a href="/wiki/Gremikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremikha">Gremikha</a>, which was used to remove and store the reactors until they could be dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Shipyard </th> <th>Laid down </th> <th>Launched </th> <th>Commissioned </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-64" title="Soviet submarine K-64"><i>K-64</i></a> </td> <td>Admiralty (Sudomekh), <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">Leningrad</a> </td> <td>June 2, 1968 </td> <td>April 22, 1969 </td> <td>December 31, 1971<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned August 19, 1974, for scrapping<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-123&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-123 (page does not exist)"><i>K-123</i></a> </td> <td>SEVMASH, <a href="/wiki/Severodvinsk" title="Severodvinsk">Severodvinsk</a> </td> <td>December 22, 1967 </td> <td>April 4, 1976 </td> <td>December 12, 1977<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned July 31, 1996, for scrapping<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-316 (page does not exist)"><i>K-316</i></a> </td> <td>Admiralty (Sudomekh), <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">Leningrad</a> </td> <td>April 26, 1969 </td> <td>July 25, 1974 </td> <td>September 30, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-432 (page does not exist)"><i>K-432</i></a> </td> <td>SEVMASH, Severodvinsk </td> <td>November 12, 1967 </td> <td>November 3, 1977 </td> <td>December 31, 1978<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-373&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-373 (page does not exist)"><i>K-373</i></a> </td> <td>Admiralty (Sudomekh), <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">Leningrad</a> </td> <td>June 26, 1972 </td> <td>April 19, 1978 </td> <td>December 29, 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-493 (page does not exist)"><i>K-493</i></a> </td> <td>SEVMASH, Severodvinsk </td> <td>January 21, 1972 </td> <td>September 21, 1980 </td> <td>September 30, 1981<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-463&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-463 (page does not exist)"><i>K-463</i></a> </td> <td>Admiralty (Sudomekh), <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">Leningrad</a> </td> <td>June 26, 1975 </td> <td>March 30, 1981 </td> <td>December 30, 1981<sup id="cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Decommissioned April 19, 1990, for scrapping </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes" title="List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes">List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Future of the Russian Navy">Future of the Russian Navy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Podvodnaya lodka-istrebitel Pr.705(705K), special issue "Tayfun", Sankt Peterburg, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2003_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Podvodnye Lodki, Tom I, Chast 2,Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8172-0072-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8172-0072-4">5-8172-0072-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-military-submarine">"Fastest military submarine"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. 2019-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advisory+Group+Meeting+on+Small+Power+and+Heat+Generation+Systems+on+the+Basis+of+Propulsion+and+Innovative+Reactor+Technologies&rft.atitle=Use+of+Russian+technology+of+ship+reactors+with+lead-bismuth+coolant+in+nuclear+power&rft.issue=IAEA-TECDOC-1172&rft.date=1998-07-20%2F1998-07-24&rft.aulast=Zrodnikov&rft.aufirst=A+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finis.iaea.org%2Fsearch%2F31058476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfa-class+submarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes,_Richard_2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes,_Richard_2010_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2010" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (2010). <i>The Twilight of the Bombs</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26754-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26754-2"><bdi>978-0-307-26754-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+the+Bombs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26754-2&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfa-class+submarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugreevEfimovIgnatievPankratov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bugreev, M. I.; Efimov, E. I.; Ignatiev, S. V.; Pankratov, D. V.; Tchitaykin, V. I. (2002). "Assessment of Spent Fuel of Alfa Class Nuclear Submarines". <i>MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive</i>. <b>713</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2FPROC-713-JJ11.61">10.1557/PROC-713-JJ11.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-9172">0272-9172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MRS+Online+Proceedings+Library+Archive&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+Spent+Fuel+of+Alfa+Class+Nuclear+Submarines&rft.volume=713&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2FPROC-713-JJ11.61&rft.issn=0272-9172&rft.aulast=Bugreev&rft.aufirst=M.+I.&rft.au=Efimov%2C+E.+I.&rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=Pankratov%2C+D.+V.&rft.au=Tchitaykin%2C+V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfa-class+submarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsen2012" class="citation news cs1">Nilsen, Thomas (2012-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://barentsobserver.com/en/nature/urgent-lift-dumped-k-27-nuclear-sub-25-09">"Urgent to lift dumped K-27 nuclear sub"</a>. Barents Observer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Urgent+to+lift+dumped+K-27+nuclear+sub&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft.aulast=Nilsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Fnature%2Furgent-lift-dumped-k-27-nuclear-sub-25-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfa-class+submarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podvodnye_Lodki_2002_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Podvodnye Lodki, Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8172-0069-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-8172-0069-4">5-8172-0069-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2002" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Antony (2002). <i>The World's Worst Warships</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-754-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-754-6"><bdi>0-85177-754-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Worst+Warships&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85177-754-6&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfa-class+submarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarMoore2003" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Moore, K. J. (2003). <i>Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945–2001</i>. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-594-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-594-4"><bdi>1-57488-594-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Submarines%3A+The+Design+and+Construction+of+U.S.+and+Soviet+Submarines%2C+1945%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57488-594-4&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Moore%2C+K.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfa-class+submarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfa_class_submarines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alfa class submarines">Alfa class submarines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414194523/http://www.bellona.org/subjects/Atom">the Environmental Foundation Bellona: Nuclear Energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704005742/http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/decommissioning/39663">Bellona: Spent nuclear fuel from liquid metal cooled reactor unloaded in Gremikha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101727/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/705.htm">Federation of American Scientists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104024503/http://193.71.199.52/en/international/russia/navy/northern_fleet/report_2-1996/11091.html">The Russian Northern Fleet Nuclear-powered vessels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/705/list.htm">Storm of Deep</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=100183">Article in Russian Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324175426/http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=100183">Archived</a> 2007-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050911025859/http://www.submarine.id.ru/sub.php?705">Article in Russian Language from Russian Submarines</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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submarine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alfa_class_submarine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alfa class submarine"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alfa-class_submarines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfa-class submarines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-64" title="Soviet submarine K-64"><i>K-64</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-123&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-123 (page does not exist)"><i>K-123</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-316 (page does not exist)"><i>K-316</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-373&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-373 (page does not exist)"><i>K-373</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-432 (page does not exist)"><i>K-432</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-463&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-463 (page does not exist)"><i>K-463</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_submarine_K-493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet submarine K-493 (page does not exist)"><i>K-493</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Submarines_of_the_Soviet_Navy" title="Category:Submarines of the Soviet Navy">List of Soviet and Russian submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes" title="List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes">List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes_after_1945" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_and_Russian_submarines_after_1945" title="Template:Soviet and Russian submarines after 1945"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_and_Russian_submarines_after_1945" title="Template talk:Soviet and Russian submarines after 1945"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_and_Russian_submarines_after_1945" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet and Russian submarines after 1945"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes_after_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian</a> submarine classes after 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile nuclear submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel-class_submarine" title="Hotel-class submarine">658 Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee-class_submarine" title="Yankee-class submarine">667A Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-class_submarine#Delta_I_(Project_667B_Murena)_18_boats" title="Delta-class submarine">667B Delta I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-class_submarine#Delta_II_(Project_667BD_Murena-M)_4_boats" title="Delta-class submarine">667BD Delta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III-class_submarine" title="Delta III-class submarine">667BDR Delta III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon-class submarine">941 Typhoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-class_submarine#Delta_IV_(Project_667BDRM_Delfin)_7_boats" title="Delta-class submarine">667BDRM Delta IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borei-class_submarine" title="Borei-class submarine">955 Borei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile nuclear submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo-class_submarine" title="Echo-class submarine">659 Echo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo-class_submarine" title="Echo-class submarine">675 Echo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie-class_submarine" title="Charlie-class submarine">670 Charlie I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie-class_submarine" title="Charlie-class submarine">670M Charlie II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-222" title="Soviet submarine K-222">661 Papa</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar-class_submarine" title="Oscar-class submarine">949 Oscar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar-class_submarine" title="Oscar-class submarine">949A Oscar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasen-class_submarine" title="Yasen-class submarine">885 Yasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika-class_submarine" title="Laika-class submarine">545 Laika</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_attack_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear attack submarine">Nuclear attack submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November-class_submarine" title="November-class submarine">627A November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor-class_submarine" title="Victor-class submarine">671 Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor-class_submarine" title="Victor-class submarine">671RT Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor-class_submarine" title="Victor-class submarine">671RTM Victor III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">705/705K Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra-class_submarine" title="Sierra-class submarine">945 Sierra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra-class_submarine" title="Sierra-class submarine">945A Sierra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets" title="Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets">685 Mike</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akula-class_submarine" title="Akula-class submarine">971 Akula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk-class_submarine" title="Khabarovsk-class submarine">09851 Khabarovsk</a> (under construction)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Conventional <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulu-class_submarine" title="Zulu-class submarine">AV611 Zulu IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf-class_submarine" title="Golf-class submarine">629 Golf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Conventional <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">cruise missile submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey-class_submarine" title="Whiskey-class submarine">644/665 Whiskey (missile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliett-class_submarine" title="Juliett-class submarine">651 Juliett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Conventional <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">attack submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulu-class_submarine" title="Zulu-class submarine">611 Zulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey-class_submarine" title="Whiskey-class submarine">613 Whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec-class_submarine" title="Quebec-class submarine">615 Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_S-99" title="Soviet submarine S-99">617 Whale</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo-class_submarine" title="Romeo-class submarine">633 Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtrot-class_submarine" title="Foxtrot-class submarine">641 Foxtrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango-class_submarine" title="Tango-class submarine">641B Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilo-class_submarine" title="Kilo-class submarine">877 Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilo-class_submarine" title="Kilo-class submarine">636 Improved Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada-class_submarine" title="Lada-class submarine">677 Lada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur-class_submarine" title="Amur-class submarine">Amur</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1000-class_submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="S1000-class submarines">S1000</a> (development suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Kalina" title="Project Kalina">Kalina</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravo-class_submarine" title="Bravo-class submarine">690 Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-class_submarine" title="India-class submarine">940 India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga-class_submarine" title="Beluga-class submarine">1710 Beluga</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima-class_submarine" title="Lima-class submarine">1840 Lima</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashalot-class_submarine" title="Kashalot-class submarine">1910 Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losos-class_submarine" title="Losos-class submarine">865 Losos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">210 Losharik</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Sarov_(B-90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian submarine Sarov (B-90)">20120 Sarov</a><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>S</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>S</dt> <dd>Single ship of class</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&oldid=1260190861">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfa-class_submarine&oldid=1260190861</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alfa-class_submarines" 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