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<span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1639-1643_:_Qing_Campaign_against_the_indigenous_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1639-1643_:_Qing_Campaign_against_the_indigenous_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1639-1643_:_Qing_Campaign_against_the_indigenous_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1643-1644_:_Vasili_Poyarkov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1643-1644_:_Vasili_Poyarkov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1643-1644 : Vasili Poyarkov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1643-1644_:_Vasili_Poyarkov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1649-1653_:_Yerofey_Khabarov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1649-1653_:_Yerofey_Khabarov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1649-1653 : Yerofey Khabarov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1649-1653_:_Yerofey_Khabarov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1654-1658_:_Onufriy_Stepanov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1654-1658_:_Onufriy_Stepanov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1654-1658 : Onufriy Stepanov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1654-1658_:_Onufriy_Stepanov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1654-1658_:_The_Sino-Korean_allied_expeditions_against_Russians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1654-1658_:_The_Sino-Korean_allied_expeditions_against_Russians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>1654-1658 : The Sino-Korean allied expeditions against Russians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1654-1658_:_The_Sino-Korean_allied_expeditions_against_Russians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1665-1689:_Albazin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1665-1689:_Albazin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1665-1689: Albazin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1665-1689:_Albazin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1685-1687_:_The_Albazin/Yakesa_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1685-1687_:_The_Albazin/Yakesa_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1685-1687 : The Albazin/Yakesa Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1685-1687_:_The_Albazin/Yakesa_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E2%80%93%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7" title="রুশ–চীন সীমান্ত সংঘর্ষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ–চীন সীমান্ত সংঘর্ষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-%C4%8Dchingsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Rusko-čchingská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko-čchingská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictos_fronterizos_sino-rusos" title="Conflictos fronterizos sino-rusos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conflictos fronterizos sino-rusos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88" title="درگیری‌های مرزی روسیه و منچو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگیری‌های مرزی روسیه و منچو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_frontalier_sino-russe" title="Conflit frontalier sino-russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflit frontalier sino-russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD-%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B2%BD_%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81" title="청-러시아 국경 분쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청-러시아 국경 분쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_perbatasan_Tiongkok%E2%80%93Rusia" title="Konflik perbatasan Tiongkok–Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik perbatasan Tiongkok–Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Series of conflicts between China and Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1969 border conflict between the Soviet Union and China, see <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sino-Russian border conflicts</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albazin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Albazin.jpg/300px-Albazin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Albazin.jpg/450px-Albazin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Albazin.jpg/600px-Albazin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="698" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> forces storming the fort of <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Albazin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1652–1689</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priamurye" class="mw-redirect" title="Priamurye">Priamurye</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Qing victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Gryf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="POL COA Gryf"><img alt="POL COA Gryf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_COA_Gryf.svg/20px-POL_COA_Gryf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_COA_Gryf.svg/30px-POL_COA_Gryf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_COA_Gryf.svg/40px-POL_COA_Gryf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1019" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg/20px-Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg/30px-Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg/40px-Herb_Viyska_Zaporozkoho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="810" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="519" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerofey_Khabarov" title="Yerofey Khabarov">Yerofey Khabarov</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Onufriy_Stepanov" title="Onufriy Stepanov">Onufriy Stepanov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasy_Pashkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afanasy Pashkov (page does not exist)">Afanasy Pashkov</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Tolbuzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Tolbuzin (page does not exist)">Alexei Tolbuzin</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afanasy_Beiton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afanasy Beiton (page does not exist)">Afanasy Beiton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haise_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haise (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Haise</a> (海色)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hife (page does not exist)">Hife</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%A6%8F_(%E4%BB%96%E5%A1%94%E5%96%87%E6%B0%8F)" class="extiw" title="zh:希福 (他塔喇氏)">希福</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minggadari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minggadari (page does not exist)">Minggadari</a> (明安达理)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sarhuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarhuda">Sarhuda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Hsing-chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Hsing-chu (page does not exist)">Lin Hsing-chu</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho Yu (page does not exist)">Ho Yu</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="519" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byeon_Geup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byeon Geup (page does not exist)">Byeon Geup</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="519" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shin_Ryu" title="Shin Ryu">Shin Ryu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> 2,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Peers-33_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peers-33-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> 3,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Peers-33_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peers-33-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including both <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Manchu Bannermen</a> and Han Chinese soldiers</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="519" /></span></span></span> 200 gunners; 60 officers and interpreters</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1668%E2%80%931693).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia_%281668%E2%80%931693%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> c. 800 men<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> several hundreds (debated)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_king_of_Joseon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="519" /></span></span></span> 32 (7 killed, 24 injured, 1 died from wounds)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian-Qing_border_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian-Qing_border_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian-Qing border conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian-Qing_border_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian-Qing border conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian-Qing_border_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian-Qing border conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian-Qing_border_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Russian-Qing border conflicts</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hutong_(1654)" title="Battle of Hutong (1654)">Hutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hutong_(1658)" title="Battle of Hutong (1658)">2nd Hutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Albazin" title="Siege of Albazin">Albazin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg/220px-Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg/330px-Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg/440px-Kitchen-22-Asia-Amur-Basin-2854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The region of the conflict depicted on a British map about a century after the events, when most of it became parts of the Chinese provinces of <a href="/wiki/Qiqiha%27er" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiqiha'er">Qiqiha'er</a> (<i>Tcitcisar</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> (<i>Kirin</i>). <i>Nimguta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ninguta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninguta">Ninguta</a>) was the main early base of Qing river fleets, which was later relocated to <i>Kiring Ula</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin City</a>). <i>Saghalien R.</i> and <i>Tchikiri R.</i> are the Amur and the Zeya. <i>Saghalien</i>, or <i>Ula Hotum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aigun" title="Aigun">Aigun</a>) was the Manchus' forward base for the attacks on Albazin (which itself is not shown on this map); <i>Aihom ruin(e)d</i>, was Aigun's original site on the left bank of the Amur. <i>Mergenkhotun</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nenjiang_Town" title="Nenjiang Town">Nenjiang</a>) and <i>Tcitcisar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Qiqiha%27er" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiqiha'er">Qiqiha'er</a>) were the two other main Manchu centers in northern Manchuria. <i>Houmar River</i> is the "<a href="/wiki/Huma_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huma River (China)">Komar</a>" of Russian records. <i><a href="/wiki/Nerchinsk" title="Nerchinsk">Nerczinsk</a></i> is the site of the treaty negotiations.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sino-Russian border conflicts</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996828_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996828-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China, with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> of Korea, and the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur River</a> with disputes over the Amur region. The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of <a href="/wiki/Albazino" title="Albazino">Albazin</a> in 1686 and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a> in 1689 which gave the land to China. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southeast corner of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Stanovoy_Range" title="Stanovoy Range">Stanovoy Range</a> was twice contested between Russia and China. Hydrologically, the Stanovoy Range separates the rivers that flow north into the Arctic from those that flow south into the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>. Ecologically, the area is the southeastern edge of the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a> with some areas good for agriculture. Socially and politically, from about 600 AD, it was the northern fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Hulun_(Manchuria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulun (Manchuria)">Chinese-Manchu world</a>. Various Chinese dynasties would claim sovereignty, build forts and collect tribute when they were strong enough. The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan Regional Military Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-dict_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built a fort on the Northern bank of the Amur at <a href="/wiki/Aigun" title="Aigun">Aigun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-halde15_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halde15-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established an administrative seat at Telin, modern <a href="/wiki/Tyr,_Russia" title="Tyr, Russia">Tyr, Russia</a> above <a href="/wiki/Nikolaevsk-on-Amur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaevsk-on-Amur">Nikolaevsk-on-Amur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian <a href="/wiki/Siberian_River_Routes" title="Siberian River Routes">expansion into Siberia</a> began with the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a> in 1582. By 1643 they reached the Pacific at <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a>. East of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> there was little land fit for agriculture, except <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Dauria</a>, the land between the <a href="/wiki/Stanovoy_Range" title="Stanovoy Range">Stanovoy Range</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> which was nominally subject to the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1643, Russian adventurers spilled over the Stanovoy Range, but by 1689 they were driven back by the Qing. The land was populated by some 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Zeya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeya River">Zeya River</a>, 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Duchers" title="Duchers">Duchers</a> downstream and several thousand <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Tungus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a> toward the river mouth. The first Russians to hear of Dauria were probably <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Moskvitin" title="Ivan Moskvitin">Ivan Moskvitin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitim_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitim River">Maxim Perfilev</a> about 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859/60 the area was annexed by Russia and quickly filled up with a Russian population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1639-1643_:_Qing_Campaign_against_the_indigenous_rulers">1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>December 1639-May 1640 : 1st battle - the native siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of Gualar (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">селение Гуалар</span>) : between 2 regiments of Manchu bannermen and a detachment of 500 <a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-gasyan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasyan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by the <a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenk</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Bombogor_(Evenk_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombogor (Evenk chief)">Bombogor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 博木博果爾 or 博穆博果爾 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>:Bomboguoer) while the second native leader Bardači (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">巴爾達齊 or 巴爾達奇</span> <i>Bā'ěrdáqí</i>) kept neutral.</li> <li>September 1640 : 2nd battle - the native Siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Yaksa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Якса</span>): between the natives (<a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a>.</li> <li>May 1643 : 3rd battle - the native tribes submitted to the Qing Empire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1643-1644_:_Vasili_Poyarkov">1643-1644 : <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Poyarkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Poyarkov">Vasili Poyarkov</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1643-1644 : Vasili Poyarkov"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Winter 1643 - Spring 1644 : a detachment of a Russian expedition led by the Cossack <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Poyarkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Poyarkov">Vasili Poyarkov</a> explored the stream of the Jingkiri river, present-day <a href="/wiki/Zeya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeya River">Zeya</a>, and the Amur rivers. <a href="/wiki/Vassili_Poyarkov" title="Vassili Poyarkov">Vassili Poyarkov</a> traveled from <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Zeya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeya River">Zeya River</a>. He then sailed down the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> to its mouth and then north along the Okhotsk coast, returning to Yakutsk three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1649-1653_:_Yerofey_Khabarov">1649-1653 : <a href="/wiki/Yerofey_Khabarov" title="Yerofey Khabarov">Yerofey Khabarov</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1649-1653 : Yerofey Khabarov"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1650-1651 : In 1649 <a href="/wiki/Yerofei_Khabarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerofei Khabarov">Yerofei Khabarov</a> found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Albazin</a> at the northernmost point on the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He occupied the Daur's fort <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Albazin</a> after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">阿尔巴西</span> <i>Ā'ěrbāxī</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a> was accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the Russian Cossacks, who violently suppressed the natives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (羅剎), after Demons found in Buddhist mythology, by the Amur natives because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribes people, who were subjects of the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKang201226_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang201226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 24, 1652 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Achansky_fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Achansky fort (page does not exist)">Battle of Achansky fort</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой у Ачанского острога">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> <p>Next summer he sailed down the Amur and built a fort near modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achan_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achan (village) (page does not exist)">Achan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Ачан">ru</a>]</span> (Wuzhala (乌扎拉)) probably near present-day <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>. Again there was fighting and the natives called for the assistance of the Qing. On 24 March 1652, Achansk was unsuccessfully attacked by a large Qing force consisting of 600 Manchu soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Ninguta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninguta">Ninguta</a> and about 1500 Daurs and Duchers led by the Manchu general known as Haise (海色),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Izenei (Изеней or Исиней).<sup id="cite_ref-otp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haise was later executed for his poor performance.<sup id="cite_ref-hum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as the ice broke up Khabarov withdrew upriver<sup id="cite_ref-gai_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and built winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Huma_County" title="Huma County">Kumarsk</a>. In the spring of 1653 reinforcements arrived under Dmitry Zinoviev. The two quarreled, Khabarov was arrested and escorted to Moscow for investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1654-1658_:_Onufriy_Stepanov">1654-1658 : <a href="/wiki/Onufriy_Stepanov" title="Onufriy Stepanov">Onufriy Stepanov</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1654-1658 : Onufriy Stepanov"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hutong_(1654)" title="Battle of Hutong (1654)">Battle of Hutong (1654)</a></div> <ul><li>March–April 1655 : <a href="/wiki/Huma_County" title="Huma County">Siege of Komar</a></li> <li>1655 : Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".</li> <li>1657 : 2nd Battle of Sharhody.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Onufriy_Stepanov" title="Onufriy Stepanov">Onufriy Stepanov</a> was left in charge with about 400-500 men. They had little difficulty plundering the natives and defeating the local Qing troops. The Qing responded with two policies. First they ordered the local population to withdraw, thereby ending the grain production that had attracted the Russians in the first place. Second they appointed the experienced general <a href="/wiki/Sarhuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarhuda">Sarhuda</a> (who himself was from the Nierbo village from the mouth of Sungari) as the garrison commander at <a href="/wiki/Ninguta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninguta">Ninguta</a>. In 1657 he built more than 40 ships at the village of Ula (modern Jilin).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 1658 a large Qing fleet under Sarhuda caught up with Stepanov and killed him and about 220 Cossacks. A few escaped and became freebooters.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1654-1658_:_The_Sino-Korean_allied_expeditions_against_Russians">1654-1658 : The Sino-Korean allied expeditions against Russians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1654-1658 : The Sino-Korean allied expeditions against Russians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hutong_(1658)" title="Battle of Hutong (1658)">Battle of Hutong (1658)</a></div> <p>In the following operations significant Korean forces under <a href="/wiki/Hyojong_of_Joseon#Northern_campaigns" title="Hyojong of Joseon">King Hyojong</a> were included into Manchu-led troops. The campaigns became known in Korean historiography as <i>Naseon Jeongbeol</i> (나선정벌, literally <b>Russian campaign</b>). </p> <ul><li>January 1654 : the first time a Korean contingent arrived to join a Manchu army near <a href="/wiki/Ninguta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninguta">Ninguta</a>.</li> <li>July 1654 : Battle of Hutong (on lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Sungari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungari">Sungari</a> at the present-day <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Yilan County, Heilongjiang">Yilan</a>) between a joint Korean-Manchu army of 1500 men led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byeon_Geup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byeon Geup (page does not exist)">Byeon Geup</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>: 변급 <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 邊岌) against 400-500 Russians.</li> <li>1658 : Big warships capable of fighting Russian ships were built by Han Chinese shipbuilders for the Qing forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKang201231_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang201231-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarhuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarhuda">Sarhuda</a>'s Qing fleet from <a href="/wiki/Ninguta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninguta">Ninguta</a>, including a large Korean contingent led by <a href="/wiki/Shin_Ryu" title="Shin Ryu">Shin Ryu</a> sails down the Sungari into the Amur, and meets <a href="/wiki/Onufriy_Stepanov" title="Onufriy Stepanov">Onufriy Stepanov</a>'s smaller fleet from <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Albazin</a>. In a naval battle in the Amur a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Sungari (July 10, 1658). The 11-ship Russian flotilla is destroyed (the survivors flee on just one ship), and Stepanov himself dies.<sup id="cite_ref-pas_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below <a href="/wiki/Nerchinsk" title="Nerchinsk">Nerchinsk</a> and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws and renegade Cossacks. In 1660 a large band of Russians was destroyed. They had some difficulty pursuing the Cossacks since their own policy had removed most of the local food. In the 1670s the Chinese attempted to drive the Russians away from the Okhotsk coast, reaching as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Maya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya River">Maya River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amurrivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amurrivermap.png/220px-Amurrivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amurrivermap.png/330px-Amurrivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amurrivermap.png/440px-Amurrivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>The Amur Basin with modern national borders. Nerchinsk is on the lower Shilka, Albazin on the northern loop of the Amur, Kumarsk somewhat downstream, Aigun at the mouth of the Zeya and Achansk at Khabarovsk.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1665-1689:_Albazin">1665-1689: Albazin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1665-1689: Albazin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1665 <a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Chernigovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikifor Chernigovsky">Nikifor Chernigovsky</a> murdered<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the voyvoda of Ilimsk and fled to the Amur and reoccupied the fort at <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Albazin</a>, which became the center of a petty kingdom which he named <a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Chernigovsky#State_of_Jaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikifor Chernigovsky">Jaxa</a>. In 1670 it was unsuccessfully attacked. In 1672 Albazin received the Czar's pardon and was officially recognized. From 1673 to 1683 the Qing dynasty were tied up suppressing a rebellion in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a>. In 1682 or 1684 a voyvoda was appointed by Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After extensive reconnaissance, the Qing made their first attempt to conquer Albazin in 1685. At the time Albazin was a wooden fort with only 300 muskets, 3 cannons, and low stocks of gunpowder; regardless, the Chinese concluded that it could not be taken from its tiny garrison unless "red barbarian cannons" (<a href="/wiki/Hongyipao" title="Hongyipao">Hongyipao</a>) were used. Three thousand Qing soldiers initially assailed the fort. A detachment made a feint on the south of the fort, while other soldiers secretly moved Hongyipao to the north of the fort and to its sides, to carry out a pincer attack. In total, the Qing force included 100-150 light artillery, 40-50 large siege guns, and 100 musketeers, with the rest of the men using traditional weapons. On the first day, 100 Russians were killed or wounded by the massive artillery barrage. After the wooden walls were set ablaze, the Russians surrendered and acknowledged Qing suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017221–222_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017221–222-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this, the Russian garrison was ordered to build more powerful walls. With the help of Prussian soldier Afanasii Ivanovich Beiton (who was second in command of the fort), the walls were eventually built up to a height of five and a half meters and a thickness of seven and a half meters. In July 1686, the Qing sent another force of 3,000 troops (chiefly cavalry and including 30-40 "newly cast" cannons), supported by 150 supply boats manned by 3,000 to 6,000 more men, to retake the fort from the garrison of 736 Russian soldiers and militia (who had 11 cannons). The Russians rejected a Qing demand for surrender, and another battle ensued on July 18. Over the next few weeks, the Qing made various attempts to take the fort, but were always driven back with heavy losses, while Russian combat losses were negligible. The Russians even began sallying out for counterattacks to destroy Qing siege engines, one sally killing 150 Chinese troops for the loss of only 21 Russians. The Qing were befuddled by the design of the fort which, like contemporary European artillery forts, often left the Chinese soldiers caught in crossfires when they attempted to place their siege lines and artillery according to traditional tactics. The Qing general, Langtan, abandoned assaults in August and instead decided to starve the fort out by blocking Russian access to the nearby river. Eventually, the Qing investment in Albazin became so large that the fortifications of the siege camps dwarfed those of Albazin itself. Moscow sent elite musketeers to relieve the fort but the Qing controlled all approaches and no sled or sleigh could slip in. Both armies suffered from disease and starvation: Russian combatants and civilians alike died en masse from scurvy, typhus, and cholera, while the Chinese starved and froze outside the walls and were sometimes driven to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. By November, 600 Russian men and more than 1,500 Qing soldiers had died. In October 1686, Russian envoys arrived in Beijing from Moscow requesting peace. In December, a messenger from the Qing emperor arrived at the siege lines announcing a pause to the siege, and that his men, as a show of good faith, were to offer food and medicine to the remaining Russians, of which there were only 24.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017225–230_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017225–230-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albazin was eventually ceded to the Qing in the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, in exchange for trading privileges in Beijing and the right to keep the city of Nerchinsk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1685-1687_:_The_Albazin/Yakesa_Campaign"><span id="1685-1687_:_The_Albazin.2FYakesa_Campaign"></span>1685-1687 : The <a href="/wiki/Albazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin">Albazin/Yakesa</a> Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1685-1687 : The Albazin/Yakesa Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Albazin" title="Siege of Albazin">Siege of Albazin</a></div> <p>Former <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> loyalist Han Chinese troops who had served under <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chenggong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zheng Chenggong">Zheng Chenggong</a> and who specialized at fighting with rattan shields and swords (Tengpaiying) 藤牌营 were recommended to the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> to reinforce Albazin against the Russians. Kangxi was impressed by a demonstration of their techniques and ordered 500 of them to defend Albazin, under Lin Xingzhu (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">林兴珠</span>) and He You (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">何佑</span>), former Koxinga followers, and these rattan shield troops did not suffer a single casualty when they defeated and cut down Russian forces traveling by rafts on the river, only using the rattan shields and swords while fighting naked.<sup id="cite_ref-Felsing1979_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsing1979-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lux1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lux1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mancall1971_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancall1971-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>May–July 1685 : The siege of Albazin - The Qing used former Ming loyalist <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> naval specialists who had served under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Zheng family in Taiwan</a> in the siege of Albazin.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians were fought against by the Taiwan based former soldiers of Koxinga.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence1991_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1991-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nautical military understanding of the former Taiwan sailors were the reason for their participation in the battles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July–October 1686 : The siege of New Albazin.</li></ul> <p>see also <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> </p> <blockquote> <p>"[the Russian reinforcements were coming down to the fort on the river] Thereupon he [Marquis Lin] ordered all our marines to take off their clothes and jump into the water. Each wore a rattan shield on his head and held a huge sword in his hand. Thus they swam forward. The Russians were so frightened that they all shouted: 'Behold, the big-capped Tartars!' Since our marines were in the water, they could not use their firearms. Our sailors wore rattan shields to protect their heads so that enemy bullets and arrows could not pierce them. Our marines used long swords to cut the enemy's ankles. The Russians fell into the river, most of them either killed or wounded. The rest fled and escaped. Lin Hsing-chu had not lost a single marine when he returned to take part in besieging the city." written by Yang Hai-Chai who was related to Marquis Lin, a participant in the war<sup id="cite_ref-Fu1966_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu1966-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Albazin_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Albazin Cossacks">Albazin Cossacks</a> at Peking. The Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. Their original purpose was merely to harvest the local grain, a rare commodity in this part of Siberia. From June 1686, the fort was again besieged. Either the siege was raised in December when the armies learned that the two empires were engaged in peace negotiations,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the fort was captured after an 18-month siege and Tolbuzin was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time less than 100 defenders were left alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsyth_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lincoln_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-march_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-march-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaties">Treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png/220px-Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png/330px-Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png/440px-Ravenstein-The-Regions-of-the-Amur.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>The Amur Basin in 1860</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg/220px-MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg/330px-MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg/440px-MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="3185" /></a><figcaption>Changes in the Russo-Chinese border in the 17-19th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1689, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a>, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the <a href="/wiki/Argun_River_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argun River (Asia)">Argun River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stanovoy_Range" title="Stanovoy Range">Stanovoy Range</a>. In 1727 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Kyakhta">Treaty of Kyakhta</a> confirmed and clarified this border and regulated Russo-Chinese trade. </p><p>In 1858, almost two centuries after the fall of Albazin, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a>, Russia annexed the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur (commonly referred to in Russian as <i>Priamurye</i>, i.e. the "Lands along the Amur"). In 1860, with the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Beijing">Convention of Beijing</a>, Russia annexed the <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorye</a> (i.e. the "Maritime Region") down to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, an area that had not been in contention in the 17th century. Those treaties allowed the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa (state)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-Russian_border_conflicts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Peers-33-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peers-33_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peers-33_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CJ. Peers, <i>Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840</i>, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996828-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996828_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996">Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 1996</a>, p. 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dict_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03801-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03801-1">0-231-03801-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halde15-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halde15_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Halde1735" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Du_Halde" title="Jean-Baptiste Du Halde">Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1735). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=00992x04&do=chapitre"><i>Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise</i></a>. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+g%C3%A9ographique%2C+historique%2C+chronologique%2C+politique+et+physique+de+l%27empire+de+la+Chine+et+de+la+Tartarie+chinoise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=P.G.+Lemercier&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Du+Halde&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb2.bium.univ-paris5.fr%2Flivanc%2F%3Fcote%3D00992x04%26do%3Dchapitre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span> Numerous later editions are available as well, including one <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pcsAAAAYAAJ">on Google Books</a>. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Aigun" title="Aigun">Aigun</a>, as <i>Aykom</i>. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2002" class="citation book cs1">Li, Gertraude Roth (2002). "State Building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). <i>The Ch'ing Empire to 1800</i>. Cambridge History of China. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24334-6"><bdi>978-0-521-24334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Building+before+1644&rft.btitle=The+Ch%27ing+Empire+to+1800&rft.series=Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24334-6&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Gertraude+Roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsyth-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1994" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, James (1994). <i>A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47771-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47771-0"><bdi>978-0-521-47771-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Peoples+of+Siberia%3A+Russia%27s+North+Asian+Colony+1581-1990&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47771-0&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lincoln-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincoln_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2007" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007). <i>The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8922-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8922-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-8922-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+a+Continent%3A+Siberia+and+the+Russians&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8922-8&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-march-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-march_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Patrick March, Eastern Destiny: the Russians in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gasyan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gasyan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altaica.nm.ru/amur/gasyan.dhtml">К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001061216/http://altaica.nm.ru/amur/gasyan.dhtml">Archived</a> 2011-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a> word "гасян" (<i>gasyan</i>)) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang201226-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKang201226_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKang2012">Kang 2012</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGongLiu2007" class="citation book cs1">Gong, Shuduo; Liu, Delin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XzTXqTwECcC"><i>图说清</i></a>. 知書房出版集團. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-7151-64-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-7151-64-3"><bdi>978-986-7151-64-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%B4%E6%B8%85&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=%E7%9F%A5%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-986-7151-64-3&rft.aulast=Gong&rft.aufirst=Shuduo&rft.au=Liu%2C+Delin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XzTXqTwECcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span> (Although this particular book seems to misspell 海色 as 海包 (Haibao))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-otp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-otp_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/0/arhprint/577143">Август 1652 г. Из отписки приказного человека Е.П. Хабарова якутскому воеводе Д.А. Францбекову о походе по р. Амуру.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004202233/http://vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/0/arhprint/577143">Archived</a> 2011-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An excerpt from Khabarov's report to the Yakutsk Voivode D.A.Frantsbekov, August 1652.) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hum-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hum_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Šarhûda"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/%C5%A0arh%C3%BBda">"Šarhûda" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. p. 632. <q>Haise was executed for this disgrace</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%A0arh%C3%BBda&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pages=632&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gai-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gai_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amursk.ru/az/05/1130/r2.htm">Загадка Ачанского городка</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035909/http://www.amursk.ru/az/05/1130/r2.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The mystery of Fort Achansk)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2016" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Dominic (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QN85DQAAQBAJ&dq=cossacks+manchu+cattle++horses&pg=PA187"><i>Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143109891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143109891"><bdi>978-0143109891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Dragon+River%3A+A+Journey+Down+the+Amur+River+Between+Russia+and+China&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0143109891&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQN85DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcossacks%2Bmanchu%2Bcattle%2B%2Bhorses%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang201231-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKang201231_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKang2012">Kang 2012</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pas-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pas_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. Pastukhov, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altaica.nm.ru/korea/samsu.dhtml">Корейская пехотная тактика самсу в XVII веке и проблема участия корейских войск в Амурских походах маньчжурской армии</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708193714/http://altaica.nm.ru/korea/samsu.dhtml">Archived</a> 2012-07-08 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> " (Korean infantry tactic <i>samsu</i> (三手) in the 17th century, and the issues related to the Korean troops' participation in the Manchus' Amur campaigns) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur, 1860(sic), Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017221–222-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017221–222_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2017">Andrade 2017</a>, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017225–230-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2017225–230_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2017">Andrade 2017</a>, pp. 225–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felsing1979-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Felsing1979_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Felsing1979" class="citation book cs1">Robert H. Felsing (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EsO3AAAAIAAJ&q=Chenggong+Albazin"><i>The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan</i></a>. University of Iowa. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Han%3A+The+Gelaohui+and+the+1911+Revolution+in+Sichuan&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa.&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Robert+H.+Felsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsO3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DChenggong%2BAlbazin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lux1998-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lux1998_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_Lux1998" class="citation book cs1">Louise Lux (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfxVAAAAYAAJ&q=rattan+marines+stripped"><i>The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor</i></a>. Mark One Printing. p. 270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unsullied+Dynasty+%26+the+K%CA%BBang-hsi+Emperor&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Mark+One+Printing&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Louise+Lux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfxVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Drattan%2Bmarines%2Bstripped&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mancall1971-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mancall1971_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Mancall1971" class="citation book cs1">Mark Mancall (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEduAAAAMAAJ&q=rattan+shields"><i>Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674781153" title="Special:BookSources/9780674781153"><bdi>9780674781153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+China%3A+their+diplomatic+relations+to+1728&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780674781153&rft.au=Mark+Mancall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEduAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drattan%2Bshields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2005_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._Grant2005" class="citation book cs1">R. G. Grant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8qAQAAMAAJ&q=Albazin+Kangxi+had+a+substantial+force+sent+to+attack+the+outpost.+This+included+some+of+the+Zhengs%27+followers+recently+defeated+in+Taiwan%2C+who+supplied+valuable+naval+expertise+for+navigating+the+northern+rivers"><i>Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat</i></a>. DK Pub. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1360-0"><bdi>978-0-7566-1360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+Visual+Journey+Through+5%2C000+Years+of+Combat&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=DK+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-1360-0&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGb8qAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlbazin%2BKangxi%2Bhad%2Ba%2Bsubstantial%2Bforce%2Bsent%2Bto%2Battack%2Bthe%2Boutpost.%2BThis%2Bincluded%2Bsome%2Bof%2Bthe%2BZhengs%2527%2Bfollowers%2Brecently%2Bdefeated%2Bin%2BTaiwan%252C%2Bwho%2Bsupplied%2Bvaluable%2Bnaval%2Bexpertise%2Bfor%2Bnavigating%2Bthe%2Bnorthern%2Brivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence1991-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spence1991_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence" title="Jonathan D. Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA56">56</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30780-1"><bdi>978-0-393-30780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Modern+China&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30780-1&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenne2016" class="citation web cs1">Jenne, Jeremiah (September 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820105339/http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2016/09/settling-siberia-nerchinsk-1689/">"Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689"</a>. <i>The World of Chinese</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldofchinese.com/2016/09/settling-siberia-nerchinsk-1689/">the original</a> on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Chinese&rft.atitle=Settling+Siberia%3A+Nerchinsk%2C+1689&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.aulast=Jenne&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldofchinese.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fsettling-siberia-nerchinsk-1689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fu1966-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fu1966_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo-shu_Fu1966" class="citation book cs1">Lo-shu Fu (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuXoAAAAIAAJ&q=Lo-Shu+Fu,+A+Documentary+Chronicle+of+Sino-western+Relations"><i>A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644-1820: Translated texts</i></a>. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816501519" title="Special:BookSources/9780816501519"><bdi>9780816501519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+Chronicle+of+Sino-Western+Relations%2C+1644-1820%3A+Translated+texts&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Association+for+Asian+Studies+by+the+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780816501519&rft.au=Lo-shu+Fu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuXoAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DLo-Shu%2BFu%2C%2BA%2BDocumentary%2BChronicle%2Bof%2BSino-western%2BRelations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">March, chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Stephen, The Russian Far East, 1994,page 31</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Works cited</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2017). "The Renaissance Fortress". <i>The Gunpowder Age</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 211–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400874446-016">10.1515/9781400874446-016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7444-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-7444-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77j74.18">j.ctvc77j74.18</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Renaissance+Fortress&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age&rft.pages=211-234&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc77j74.18%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400874446-016&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7444-6&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Bisher, Jamie (2006). <i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76595-8"><bdi>978-1-135-76595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Terror%3A+Cossack+Warlords+of+the+Trans-Siberian&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76595-8&rft.aulast=Bisher&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Bisher, Jamie (2006). <i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76596-5"><bdi>978-1-135-76596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Terror%3A+Cossack+Warlords+of+the+Trans-Siberian&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76596-5&rft.aulast=Bisher&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsing1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Felsing, Robert H. (1979). <i>The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192098907">192098907</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/302906101">302906101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Heritage+of+Han%3A+The+Gelaohui+and+the+1911+Revolution+in+Sichuan&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192098907&rft.aulast=Felsing&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2005" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R. G. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran_e3z7"><i>Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). Dk Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0756613604" title="Special:BookSources/0756613604"><bdi>0756613604</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+Visual+Journey+Through+5%2C000+Years+of+Combat&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Dk+Pub&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0756613604&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlevisualjour0000gran_e3z7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2012" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Hyeokhweon (2012). "Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207035805/http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume4/EmoryEndeavors4Complete.pdf"><i>Emory Endeavors in History: Transnational Encounters in Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 26–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4751-3879-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4751-3879-5"><bdi>978-1-4751-3879-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume4/EmoryEndeavors4Complete.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Big+Heads+and+Buddhist+Demons%3A+The+Korean+Military+Revolution+and+Northern+Expeditions+of+1654+and+1658&rft.btitle=Emory+Endeavors+in+History%3A+Transnational+Encounters+in+Asia&rft.pages=26-47&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4751-3879-5&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Hyeokhweon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.emory.edu%2Fhome%2Fdocuments%2Fendeavors%2Fvolume4%2FEmoryEndeavors4Complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Kim, Loretta Eumie (2009). <i>Marginal constituencies: Qing borderland policies and vernacular histories of five tribes on the Sino-Russian frontier</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426251942">426251942</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/304891316">304891316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Marginal+constituencies%3A+Qing+borderland+policies+and+vernacular+histories+of+five+tribes+on+the+Sino-Russian+frontier&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426251942&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Loretta+Eumie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLux1998" class="citation book cs1">Lux, Louise (1998). <i>The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor</i>. Mark One Printing. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0029LDCSA">B0029LDCSA</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606335604">606335604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unsullied+Dynasty+%26+the+K%CA%BBang-hsi+Emperor&rft.pub=Mark+One+Printing&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606335604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0029LDCSA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lux&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancall1971" class="citation book cs1">Mancall, Mark (1971). <i>Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78115-3"><bdi>978-0-674-78115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+China%3A+Their+Diplomatic+Relations+to+1728&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-674-78115-3&rft.aulast=Mancall&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>1. Page 133 -152 China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005 </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, John J. (1994). <i>The Russian Far East: A History</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2701-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2701-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Far+East%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2701-3&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds. (1996). <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Maps</i>. Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013417-9"><bdi>978-3-11-013417-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Maps&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013417-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-Russian+border+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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