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You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiris&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div 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vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiris&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiris&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kashmiris" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kashmiris" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashmiris&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKashmiris%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKashmiris%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1196649" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Kashmiris">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kashmiris" title="Talk:Kashmiris">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kashmiris" title="Talk:Kashmiris">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AKashmiris&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Kashmiris"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. 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"Urdu being an alien language for all regions of the state does not have too many people considering it as their mother tongue in the state. This is despite the fact that most people understand and speak the language in Jammu and Kashmir."</ref> | rels = '''Majority''':<br />[[Kashmiri Muslims|Islam]]<br />{{nowrap|{{small|([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority, [[Shia Islam|Shia]] minority)}}}}<br />'''Minority''':{{hlist|[[Kashmiri Hindus|Hinduism]]}} | related = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] | footnotes = *The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language and may not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language.<br/>†The population figures are for those who self-identify as ethnic Kashmiris, with almost none speaking the language anymore. | native_name = | native_name_lang = ks }} '''Kashmiris''' ({{IPA|ks|kəːʃirʲ}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Jammu and Kashmir |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> speaking the [[Kashmiri language]] and originating from the [[Kashmir Valley]], which is today located in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. == History == {{Main|History of Kashmir}} {{For|the 1954–2019 history|Jammu and Kashmir (state)#History}} The earliest known [[Neolithic]] sites in the [[Kashmir valley]] are from around 3000 BCE. The most important sites are at [[Burzahom]].{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=111–3}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=259}} During the later [[Vedic period]], the [[Uttarakuru|Uttara–Kurus]] settled in Kashmir.{{sfn|Rapson|1955|p=118}}{{sfn|Sharma|1985|p=44}} During the reign of [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became part of the [[Maurya Empire]] and the city of Srinagari ([[Srinagar]]) was built.{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=219}} [[Kanishka]] (127–151 CE), an emperor of the [[Kushan dynasty]], conquered Kashmir.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1998|p=199}} In the eighth century, during the [[Karkota Empire]], Kashmir grew as an imperial power.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] defeated [[Yashovarman]] of [[Kanyakubja]] and conquered the eastern kingdoms of Magadha, [[Kamarupa]], [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]], and [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]. He defeated the [[Arabs]] at [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|pp=260–3}}{{sfn|Wink|1991|pp=242–5}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} The [[Utpala dynasty]], founded by [[Avanti Varman (Utpala dynasty)|Avantivarman]], followed the Karkotas.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=357}} [[Queen Didda]], who descended from the [[Hindu Shahi]]s of [[Udabhandapura]] on her mother's side, took over as ruler in the second half of the 10th century.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} After her death in 1003 CE, the [[Lohara dynasty]] ruled the region.{{sfn|Khan|2008|p=58}} In 1339, [[Shah Mir]] became the ruler of Kashmir, establishing the [[Shah Mir dynasty]]. During the rule of the Shah Mir dynasty, Islam spread in Kashmir. From 1586 to 1751, the [[Mughal Empire]] ruled Kashmir. The Afghan [[Durrani Empire]] ruled from 1747 until 1819. The [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]]s, under [[Ranjit Singh]], annexed Kashmir in 1819. In 1846, after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], the [[Treaty of Lahore]] was signed and upon the purchase of the region from the [[British East India Company|British]] under the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], the Raja of [[Jammu]], [[Gulab Singh]], became ruler of Kashmir. The rule of the [[Dogra dynasty]] under the British Crown lasted until 1947, when the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] became part of India. It is now a disputed territory, administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China. == Geographic distribution== {{See also|States of India by Kashmiri speakers|Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir|Kashmiris in Punjab|Kashmiri language}} There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the [[Kashmiri diaspora]] in other states of India.<ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web |title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |access-date=2 July 2018}} The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).</ref> Most Kashmiris are located in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Koshur">{{cite web |title=Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri |url=http://www.koshur.org/contents.html |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org)}}</ref> In the Kashmir valley, they form a majority. [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] is spoken by roughly five per cent of [[Azad Kashmir]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bukhari |first=Shujaat |date=14 June 2011 |title=The other Kashmir |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> According to the [[1998 Pakistan Census]], there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Shakil2">{{cite journal |last=Shakil |first=Mohsin |date=2012 |title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study) |url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567 |journal=University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,<ref name="Kachru2">{{cite web |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |author-link=Braj Kachru |date=3 July 2002 |title=The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language |url=http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619010025/http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=Kashmiri Overseas Association}}</ref><ref name="KJLR2">{{Cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Raja Nasim |last2=Rehman |first2=Khawaja A. |date=2007 |title=The Languages of the Neelam Valley |journal=Kashmir Journal of Language Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |issn=1028-6640 |quote=Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.}}</ref> particularly in the districts of [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] (15%), [[Neelum District|Neelam]] (20%) and [[Hattian Bala District|Hattian]] (15%), with very small minorities in [[Haveli District|Haveli]] (5%) and [[Bagh District|Bagh]] (2%).<ref name="Shakil2" /> The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still [[Mutual intelligibility|intelligible]] with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.<ref name="KJLR2" /> In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.<ref name="KJLR2" /> The Kashmiri dialect of Neelum is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]].<ref name="KJLR2" /> At the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiani |first=Khaleeq |date=28 May 2018 |title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447 |access-date=17 March 2020 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-622-0 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> A process of [[language shift]] is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist [[Tariq Rahman]], as they gradually adopt local dialects such as [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Hindko]] or move towards the ''lingua franca'' [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaw |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA328 |title=Kashmir and {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society |date=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |pages=328–329 |language=en |quote=In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), “there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere ...” Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of the them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government.}}</ref><ref name="Kachru2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hock |first1=Hans Henrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iFBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT811 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |last2=Bashir |first2=Elena |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-042338-9 |pages=811 |language=en |quote=In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu (Dhar 2009)}}</ref><ref name="KJLR2" /> This has resulted in these languages gaining ground at the expense of Kashmiri.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites |access-date=24 October 2020 |quote=He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Zafar Ali |date=20 February 2016 |title=Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1051223/lack-of-preservation-causing-regional-languages-to-die-a-slow-death |access-date=25 October 2020 |quote=Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad...}}</ref> There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol.<ref name="Rahman2">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |title=Language and politics in Pakistan |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577692-8 |author-link=Tariq Rahman}}</ref> Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Rahman2" /> == Language == The [[Kashmiri language]] is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|22 scheduled languages]] of [[India]].<ref name="Central Institute of Indian Languages">{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages of India |url=http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/indian.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524104936/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Languages/indian.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref> It was a part of the ''eighth Schedule'' in the former Constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the ''Sixth Schedule'', as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.<ref name="GAD">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India) |url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India)}}</ref> {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 360 | caption_align = center | align = right | image_style = border:none; | title = | image1 = Bakhshali manuscript.jpg | image2 = Stone Slab1 Verinag.jpg | footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=An example of early [[Sharada script]] in the Bakhshali manuscript (left); Stone Slab in [[Verinag]] in Perso-Arabic script (right)}} }} Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th century, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Siegfried |date=1 May 2012 |title=kashmir iii. Persian language in the state administration |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-iii-administration |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhat |first=M. Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+... |title=The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781443862608 |pages=75}}</ref> In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for the first time.<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |date=27 September 2020 |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2020 |title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 |work=Rising Kashmir |url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020 |url=http://businessworld.in/article/BJP-president-congratulates-J-K-people-on-passing-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Official-Language-Bill-2020/23-09-2020-323945 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> Kashmiri is closely related to [[Poguli]] and [[Kishtwari]], which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri. == Krams (surnames) == {{See also|List of Kashmiri tribes}} [[File:Ethnic Kashmiri girls in traditional pheran.jpg|thumb|upright|Ethnic Kashmiri girls in traditional pheran attire]] [[File:Kashmir-hindu-priests.jpg|thumb|Kashmiri Hindu priests in the 1890s]] [[Kashmiri Hindus]] are [[Saraswat Brahmins]] and are known by the exonym ''[[Kashmiri Pandit|Pandit]]''.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130|title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia|last1=Brower|first1=Barbara|last2=Johnston|first2=Barbara Rose|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781315430393|quote=Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).}}</ref> The Muslims living in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] are of the same stock as the [[Kashmiri Pandit]] community and are designated as [[Kashmiri Muslims]].<ref name=":023">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37337|title=Census of India, 1941|volume=22|pages=9|quote=The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighbouring Punjab and North West Frontier Province districts.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Kashmiri Muslims are descended from [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who [[Conversion to Islam|converted]] to [[Islam]], and Kashmiri Pandits are the predecessors of the Kashmiri Muslims,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&dq=kashmiris+are+native+to+kashmir+valley&pg=PA223 |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=9788176482363 |quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the '''precursors''' of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.}}</ref> who now form the majority population in the Kashmir Valley<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|pages=15|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|pages=16|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=The Sheikhs are considered to be the descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.}}</ref> Both the Kashmiri Hindus and Muslim society reckons descent patrilineally. Certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line, but certain inheritances may accrue through the female line. After [[Kashmiri Hindus]] converted to Islam they largely retained their family names (''kram'') which indicated their original profession, locality or community.<ref name=":74" /> These include: * [[Bhat#Kashmir|Bhat]], Bhatt or Butt<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52 |publisher=The Survey |year=2003 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 |accessdate=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130 |access-date=14 July 2023 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=9781315430393 |quote=Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these. }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=kashmiri+names+bat+dar+lone |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |pages=867 |quote=...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Yatoo..... |access-date=30 December 2016 |via=}}</ref><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name ="NADhar>{{Cite journal |last=Dhar |first=Nazir Ahmad |date=2002 |title=Social Distribution of Linguistic Variants in Kashmiri Speech |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930603 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=62/63 |page=46 |jstor=42930603 |issn=0045-9801 |quote=The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, Kakroo, etc. characterize aboriginal affinity}}</ref><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" /> * [[Dhar (surname)|Dhar]]/Dar<ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /> * [[Pandit (surname)|Pandit]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name ="DDSharma">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dhruv Dev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&dq=Haksar+caste+Kashmir&pg=PA184 |access-date=5 May 2023 |title=Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names |year=2005 |isbn=9788183240789 |quote=In Kashmiri, the Pandit surname is attested with Muslims as well, e.g. Mohd Shafi Pandit, Charman J & K Public Service Commission. |language=en-IN |publisher=Mittal Publication }}</ref><ref name ="NADhar /> * [[Kaul]]<ref name ="SVictoria">{{cite book|first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA118|accessdate=25 June 2012|year=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co |isbn= 1860648983 |page=4 |quote=...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many Hindus were subjected, they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus. }}</ref> * [[Raina (surname)|Raina]]<ref name=":74" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="MQRaina">{{cite book |date=13 November 2014 |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&dq=Madan+Kashmiri+surname&pg=PA55 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective |page=55 |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential. |isbn=9781482899450 |publisher=Partridge Singapore |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name="Lawrence" /> * [[Kak clan|Kak]]<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304|title=The Valley of Kashmir|quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|pages=304|language=en}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /> * [[Kachru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul /> * [[Kichlu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /> * Mantu/Mantoo/Mintoo<ref name=":0" /><ref name = "WMClements" /> * [[Fotedar]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /> * [[Haksar]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” /> * [[Handoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name = "WMClements" /> * [[Parimoo]]<ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name = "RBhat">{{cite web |date=23 February 2008 |last1=Anwar |last2=Bhat |first1=Tarique |first2=Rajesh |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226225421/https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |archive-date=26 February 2008 |title=Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir! |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name = "UKaul">{{cite web |date=4 September 2020 |last=Kaul |first=Upendra |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230405053256/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/amp/story/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |archive-date=5 April 2023 |title=My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> * [[Mattoo]]<ref name = "WMClements">{{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=William M.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |last2=Green |first2=Thomas A. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-32849-7 |page=60 |language=English |quote=A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name="Lawrence" /> * [[Rajguru]] * [[Bhan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /> * [[Bazaz]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad”>{{cite book |date=23 June 2017 |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=jalali+kashmiri+surname&pg=PT262 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |quote=One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo. |isbn=9789386062819 |language=en-IN }}</ref> * [[Bakshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal">{{cite book |date=20 August 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref> * Rather<ref name=":0" /> * [[Razdan (surname)|Razdan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /> * [[Munshi#Kashmiri surname|Munshi]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name=“KBAhmad” /> * [[Sapru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="SVictoria" /> * [[Thussu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /> * [[Tikoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /> * [[Zutshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /> * Magre/Magray<ref name=":0" /> * Yatoo<ref name=":0" /> * [[Wali (surname)|Wali]]<ref name=“KBAhmad” /><ref name ="Agrawal" /> * [[Wanchoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /> * Wazir<ref name ="Agrawal" /> * [[Madan (surname)|Madan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /> * [[Wani (surname)|Wani]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |editor-last=Hasan |editor-first=Amir |location=Manohar |pages=769 |language=en |quote=The Kesarwani Bania, or simply the Kesarwani, as they are popularly referred to, are an important group of the Vaishya or business community. They were also referred to as Baniya, Bani and Bakkal in the British time. From Kashmir, they came to Kara- Manikpur at the end of the twelfth century. |editor-last2=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref> * [[Lone (surname)|Lone]]<ref name=":0" /> * [[Mir (clan)|Mir]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wani |first=Muhammad Ashraf |title=Islam in Kashmir: Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century (pages 35, 191) |publisher=Oriental Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788190138505 |pages=35, 191 |language=en}}</ref> * Ganai<ref name=":0" /> * Tantray<ref name=":0" /> * Parray<ref name=":0" /> == Culture == {{main|Culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri handicrafts}} [[File:The Great Kashmiri Salt tea.png|thumb|upright|Kashmiri [[Samovar|Samovar and Noon Chai]]]] === Music === {{Main|Music of Jammu and Kashmir#Kashmir}} The traditional types of music of Kashmir are ''Sufi Kalam'', ''[[Wanvun]]'', ''Chakri'', ''Henzae'', and ''[[Ladishah]]''. Some of the musical instruments used in Kashmir are [[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]], ''Tumbaknaer'' (which is of Iranian origin) and [[Santoor]]. A traditional dance form usually performed by women on occasions like marriages and similar social functions is ''Rouf''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/kashmir/ |title=Folk Dances of Kashmir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513013523/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/kashmir/ |archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=25 March 2022 }}</ref> === Cuisine === {{Main|Kashmiri cuisine}} [[Meat]] and [[rice]] are popular food items among Kashmiris, rice being considered a [[staple food]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&q=kashmiris+meat&pg=PA98|title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|last=Kaw|first=M.K.|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2004|isbn=9788176485371|pages=98|quote=But perhaps the most popular items of the Kashmiri cuisine were meat and rice.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&q=kashmiris+rice+staple&pg=PA243|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir|last=Bamzai|first=Prithivi Nath Kaul|author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1994|isbn=9788185880310|pages=243|quote=Rice was, as now, the staple food of Kashmiris in ancient times.}}</ref> [[Noon Chai]] or ''Sheer Chai'' and ''[[Kahwah|Kahweh]]'' are beverages of Kashmir. [[Wazwan]] is a multi-course meal in Kashmir prepared by skilled chefs called ''Wazas''. Kashmir is also known for its baking traditions. ''[[Sheermal]]'', ''[[Bakarkhani]]'' (puff pastry), ''Lavas'' (unleavened bread), ''Tsochwor'' (hard, bagel-shaped bread) and ''[[Kulche]]'' are popular baked goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kashmir-has-special-confectionary_10027147.html|title=Kashmir has special confectionary|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=25 March 2012|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112836/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kashmir-has-special-confectionary_10027147.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See also == {{div col}} * [[List of Kashmiris]] * [[Kashmiri diaspora]] * [[Kashmiri Hindus]] * [[Kashmiri Shaikh]] * [[Kashmiriyat]] * [[1931 Kashmir agitation]] * [[1941 Census of Jammu and Kashmir]] * [[Kashmir conflict]] * [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] * [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]] * [[Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel]] {{div col end}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == {{Refbegin}} === Encyclopedia === * {{citation |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |chapter=Kashmir |editor=John L. Esposito |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islamic World |year=2009 |isbn=9780195305135 |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48# |ref={{sfnref|Amin & Schofield, Kashmir|2009}}}} * Khan, Nyla Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200706063826/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t355/e0016?_hi=3&_pos=47 ''Kashmir'']. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. * {{citation | last =West | first =Barbara | year =2010| title =Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania | publisher =Infobase | isbn =9781438119137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA372 }} === Scholarly books === * Ames, Frank (1986). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wT7rAAAAMAAJ ''The Kashmir shawl and its Indo-French influence'']. Antique Collectors' Club. {{ISBN|9780907462620}}. * {{Citation | last =Bhat | first =M. Ashraf | year =2017 | title =The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community | publisher =Cambridge Scholars Publishing | isbn =978-1-4438-6260-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55}} * {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Transforming India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72819-6 |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Transforming India|2013}}}} * {{cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3154-3039-3}} * C. Baron V. Hugel, Annotated By D.C. Sharma (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC ''Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.''] Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. {{ISBN|9788171560943}}. * {{citation |first=Rekha |last=Chowdhary |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41405-6}} * {{citation |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Wen |last2=Shih |first2=Chih-Yu |title=Borderland Politics in Northern India |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317605171 |ref={{sfnref|Chen & Shih, Borderland Politics in Northern India|2016}}}} * Drace-Francis, Alex, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1kwdBQAAQBAJ European Identity: A Historical Reader]''ed. European Identity: a historical reader.''] Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. * {{citation |last=Fahim |first=Farukh |chapter=Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle |editor=Harsh Dobhal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC&pg=PA259 |title=Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law, 2002–2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC |publisher=Human Rights Law Network/Socio Legal Information Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2011 |pages=258–264 |isbn=9788189479787 |ref={{sfnref|Fahim, Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle|2011}}}} * {{citation |last= Hangloo |first=Rattan Lal |title=The State in Medieval Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzduAAAAMAAJ |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-251-5 |ref={{sfnref|Hangloo, The State in Medieval Kashmir|2000}}}} * {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty|2002}}}} * {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}} * {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2000 |isbn=9781860648984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2000}}}} * {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ |year=2010 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-078-7 |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2010}}}} * {{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9781139536394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |ref={{sfnref|Sevea, The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal|2012}}}} * {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}} * Watt, George (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0idOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA648 ''A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2'']. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9781108068796}}. * {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004}}}} === Books === * {{citation |last=Bamzai |first=P. N. K. |author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Ancient Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |ref={{sfnref|Bamzai, Ancient Kashmir|1994}}}} * {{citation|last=Bamzai|first=Prithivi Nath Kaul|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4ZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications|isbn=978-81-85880-33-4 |ref={{sfnref|Bamzai, Medieval Kashmir|1994}}}} * {{citation |last=Bakshi |first=S. 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