CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Functional gastrointestinal disorder - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c976e222-4428-4a4c-b15c-eb72b9895365","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder","wgTitle":"Functional gastrointestinal disorder","wgCurRevisionId":1238525774,"wgRevisionId":1238525774,"wgArticleId":885206,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Gastrointestinal tract disorders"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder","wgRelevantArticleId":885206,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5508825","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Functional gastrointestinal disorder - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder rootpage-Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Functional+gastrointestinal+disorder" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Functional+gastrointestinal+disorder" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Functional+gastrointestinal+disorder" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Functional+gastrointestinal+disorder" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early life factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosocial_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Psychosocial factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain-gut_axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain-gut_axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Brain-gut axis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain-gut_axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychotherapeutic_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotherapeutic_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Psychotherapeutic treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotherapeutic_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pharmaceutical treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Functional gastrointestinal disorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اضطرابات الجهاز الهضمي الوظيفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطرابات الجهاز الهضمي الوظيفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorn_gastrointestinal_funcional" title="Trastorn gastrointestinal funcional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trastorn gastrointestinal funcional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_digestivo_funcional" title="Trastorno digestivo funcional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trastorno digestivo funcional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_gastro-intestinal_fonctionnel" title="Trouble gastro-intestinal fonctionnel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trouble gastro-intestinal fonctionnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcionalni_poreme%C4%87aji_probavnog_sustava" title="Funkcionalni poremećaji probavnog sustava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Funkcionalni poremećaji probavnog sustava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbi_funzionali_gastrointestinali" title="Disturbi funzionali gastrointestinali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disturbi funzionali gastrointestinali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E8%83%83%E8%85%B8%E7%97%87" title="機能性胃腸症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="機能性胃腸症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaburzenia_czynno%C5%9Bciowe_przewodu_pokarmowego" title="Zaburzenia czynnościowe przewodu pokarmowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaburzenia czynnościowe przewodu pokarmowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Функциональные заболевания желудочно-кишечного тракта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Функциональные заболевания желудочно-кишечного тракта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="โรคทางเดินอาหารโดยหน้าที่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคทางเดินอาหารโดยหน้าที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5508825#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&oldid=1238525774" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&id=1238525774&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFunctional_gastrointestinal_disorder"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFunctional_gastrointestinal_disorder"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gastrointestinal_motility_disorders" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5508825" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Functional gastrointestinal disorder</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Disorders of gut–brain interaction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Functional gastrointestinal disorders</b> (<b>FGID</b>), also known as <b>disorders of gut–brain interaction</b>, include a number of separate <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> disorders which affect different parts of the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and involve <a href="/wiki/Visceral_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral hypersensitivity">visceral hypersensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_physiology#Motility" title="Gastrointestinal physiology">motility</a> disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using the Delphi method, the <a href="/wiki/Rome_process" title="Rome process">Rome Foundation</a> and its board of directors, chairs and co-chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_process" title="Rome process">ROME IV</a> committees developed the current definition for disorders of gut-brain interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-rome1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of disorders classified by GI symptoms related to any combination of:<sup id="cite_ref-rome1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Motility disturbance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral hypersensitivity">Visceral hypersensitivity</a></li> <li>Altered mucosal and immune function</li> <li>Altered <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut microbiota</a></li> <li>Altered <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) processing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terms such as <i>functional colonic disease</i> (or <i>functional bowel disorder</i>) refer in medicine to a group of <a href="/wiki/Bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel">bowel</a> disorders which are characterized by chronic abdominal complaints without a structural or biochemical cause that could explain symptoms. Other <i>functional</i> disorders relate to other aspects of the process of <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consensus review process of meetings and publications organised by the Rome Foundation, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rome_process" title="Rome process">Rome process</a>, has helped to define the functional gastrointestinal disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-urlRome_Foundation_//_Scoring_Rome_III_Questionnaire_using_SAS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRome_Foundation_//_Scoring_Rome_III_Questionnaire_using_SAS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successively, the Rome I, Rome II, Rome III and Rome IV proposed consensual classification system and terminology, as recommended by the Rome Coordinating Committee. These now include classifications appropriate for adults, children and neonates/toddlers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current <a href="/wiki/Rome_process" title="Rome process">ROME IV classification</a>, published in 2016, is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>A. Esophageal disorders</b> </p> <ul><li>A1. Functional <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a></li> <li>A2. <a href="/wiki/Functional_heartburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional heartburn">Functional heartburn</a></li> <li>A3. <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Reflux</a> hypersensitivity</li> <li>A4. <a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus</a></li> <li>A5. Functional <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a></li></ul> <p><b>B. Gastroduodenal disorders</b> </p> <ul><li>B1. <a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a> <ul><li>B1a. Postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)</li> <li>B1b. Epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)</li></ul></li> <li>B2. <a href="/wiki/Belching" class="mw-redirect" title="Belching">Belching</a> disorders <ul><li>B2a. Excessive supragastric belching</li> <li>B2b. Excessive gastric belching</li></ul></li> <li>B3. <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> disorders <ul><li>B3a. Chronic nausea vomiting syndrome (CNVS)</li> <li>B3b. <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome" title="Cyclic vomiting syndrome">Cyclic vomiting syndrome</a> (CVS)</li> <li>B3c. <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li></ul></li> <li>B4. <a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li></ul> <p><b>C. Bowel disorders</b> </p> <ul><li>C1. <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">Irritable bowel syndrome</a> (IBS) <ul><li>IBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C)</li> <li>IBS with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D)</li> <li>IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M)</li> <li>IBS unclassified (IBS-U)</li></ul></li> <li>C2. Functional <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a></li> <li>C3. Functional <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a></li> <li>C4. Functional abdominal <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>/distension</li> <li>C5. Unspecified functional bowel disorder</li> <li>C6. <a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_constipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid-induced constipation">Opioid-induced constipation</a></li></ul> <p><b>D. Centrally mediated disorders of gastrointestinal pain</b> </p> <ul><li>D1. <a href="/wiki/Functional_abdominal_pain_syndrome" title="Functional abdominal pain syndrome">Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome</a> (CAPS)</li> <li>D2. Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS)/ Opioid-induced GI hyperalgesia</li></ul> <p><b>E. Gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi disorders</b> </p> <ul><li>E1. Biliary pain <ul><li>E1a. Functional <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a> disorder</li> <li>E1b. Functional biliary <a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi" title="Sphincter of Oddi">sphincter of Oddi</a> disorder</li></ul></li> <li>E2. Functional <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreatic</a> sphincter of Oddi disorder</li></ul> <p><b>F. Anorectal disorders</b> </p> <ul><li>F1. <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">Fecal incontinence</a></li> <li>F2. Functional anorectal pain <ul><li>F2a. <a href="/wiki/Levator_ani" title="Levator ani">Levator ani</a> syndrome</li> <li>F2b. Unspecified functional anorectal pain</li> <li>F2c. <a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li></ul></li> <li>F3. Functional defecation disorders <ul><li>F3a. Inadequate defecatory propulsion</li> <li>F3b. <a href="/wiki/Dyssynergic_defecation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyssynergic defecation">Dyssynergic defecation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>G. Childhood functional GI disorders: Neonate/Toddler</b> </p> <ul><li>G1. Infant regurgitation</li> <li>G2. Rumination syndrome</li> <li>G3. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)</li> <li>G4. <a href="/wiki/Infant_colic" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant colic">Infant colic</a></li> <li>G5. Functional diarrhea</li> <li>G6. Infant <a href="/wiki/Dyschezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyschezia">dyschezia</a></li> <li>G7. Functional constipation</li></ul> <p><b>H. Childhood functional GI disorders: Child/Adolescent</b> </p> <ul><li>H1. Functional nausea and vomiting disorders <ul><li>H1a. Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)</li> <li>H1b. Functional nausea and functional vomiting <ul><li>H1b1. Functional nausea</li> <li>H1b2. Functional vomiting</li></ul></li> <li>H1c. Rumination syndrome</li> <li>H1d. <a href="/wiki/Aerophagia" title="Aerophagia">Aerophagia</a></li></ul></li> <li>H2. <a href="/wiki/Chronic_functional_abdominal_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic functional abdominal pain">Functional abdominal pain</a> disorders <ul><li>H2a. Functional dyspepsia <ul><li>H2a1. Postprandial distress syndrome</li> <li>H2a2. Epigastric pain syndrome</li></ul></li> <li>H2b. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)</li> <li>H2c. <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_migraine" title="Abdominal migraine">Abdominal migraine</a></li> <li>H2d. Functional abdominal pain ‒ NOS</li></ul></li> <li>H3. <a href="/wiki/Obstructed_defecation" title="Obstructed defecation">Functional defecation disorders</a> <ul><li>H3a. Functional constipation</li> <li>H3b. Nonretentive fecal incontinence</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FGIDs share in common any of several physiological features including increased motor reactivity, enhanced visceral hypersensitivity, altered mucosal immune and inflammatory function (associated with bacterial <a href="/wiki/Dysbiosis" title="Dysbiosis">dysbiosis</a>), and altered central nervous system and <a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric nervous system</a> (CNS-ENS) regulation. </p><p>The pathophysiology of FGID has been best conceptualized using <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biopsychosocial model</a> help to explain the relationships between an individual factors in their early life that in turn can influence their psychosocial factor and physiological functioning. This model also shows the complex interactions between these factors through the <a href="/wiki/Brain-gut_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-gut axis">brain-gut axis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rome_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anatomic_and_physiologic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatomic_and_physiologic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biopsychosocial_Model_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biopsychosocial_Model-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors affect how FGID manifest in terms of symptoms but also affect the clinical outcome. These factors are interconnected and the influences on these factors are bidirectional and mutually interactive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_factors">Early life factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early life factors include genetic factors, psychophysiological and sociocultural factors, and environmental exposures. </p> <ul><li><b>Genetics</b> – Several <a href="/wiki/Gene_polymorphism" title="Gene polymorphism">polymorphisms</a> and candidate genes may predispose individuals to develop FGID. These include <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic">alpha-2 adrenergic</a> and <a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">5-HT receptors</a>; <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> transporters (SERT, NET); inflammatory markers <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-10">interleukin-(IL)10</a>, <a href="/wiki/TNF_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="TNF alpha">tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) alpha</a>, and TNF super family member 15 (TNF-SF15); intracellular cell signaling (<a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a>); and ion channels (SCN5A).<sup id="cite_ref-Saito_Talley_2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saito_Talley_2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the expression of a FGID requires the influence of additional environmental exposures such as infection, illness modeling and other factors.</li> <li><b>Psychophysiological factors</b> may affect the expression of these genes, thus leading to symptoms production associated with FGID.<sup id="cite_ref-Importance_of_epigenetic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Importance_of_epigenetic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sociocultural factors and family interactions</b> have been shown to shape later reporting of symptoms, the development of FGIDs, and health care seeking. The expression of pain varies across cultures as well including denial of symptoms to dramatic expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Components_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Components-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Environmental exposures</b>  – Prior studies have shown the effect of environmental exposures in relation to the development of FGIDs. Environmental exposures such as childhood salmonella infection can be a risk factor for IBS in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmonella_Gastroenteritis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmonella_Gastroenteritis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosocial_factors">Psychosocial factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Psychosocial factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a strong link between FGIDs and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factors influence the functioning of the GI tract through the brain-gut axis, including the GI tract's motility, sensitivity, and barrier function. Psychosocial factors also affect experience and behavior, treatment selection, and clinical outcome. </p><p>Psychological stress or one's emotional response to stress exacerbates gastrointestinal symptoms and may contribute to FGID development and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-rome1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically in children and adolescents, anxiety and depression may present as FGID-associated somatic complaints, such as <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> in individuals with FGIDs is linked to greater pain severity, frequency, duration, chronicity, and disabling effects.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because psychological stress can impact the gut's mucosal barrier functions, allowing bacteria and bacterial products to migrate and cause pain, diarrhea, and other GI symptoms. Conversely, since the <a href="/wiki/Gut%E2%80%93brain_axis" title="Gut–brain axis">brain-gut axis</a> is bidirectional, GI inflammation and injury can amplify pain signals to the brain and contribute to worsened mental status, including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals with FGIDs may also experience poor socialization. Due to the nature of the disease, individuals with an FGID may have difficulty with regular school or work attendance and participation in extracurricular activities, leading to isolation and a lack of peer support. This lack of peer support may lead to depression and loneliness, conditions which exacerbate FGIDs symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Janicke_115–127_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janicke_115–127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, children with FGIDs are more likely to experience bullying. As such, stressful situations which influence socialization (seen as either a lack thereof or negative experiences) may lead to an impaired functioning in patients with FGIDs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family interactions may also play a role in the development of FGIDs through their effects on the physical and psychosocial functioning of an individual. Family factors which may influence the development of an FGID include child attachment style, maladaptive parenting behaviors (paternal rejection and hostility), and even the parents' health status, as children of chronically ill parents experience increased <a href="/wiki/Somatization" title="Somatization">somatization</a>, insecure attachment, and worsened biopsychosocial functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these factors leads to the accumulation of stressors, which can ultimately lead to the development of an FGID. In addition, family units which have a member with an FGIDs diagnosis are more likely to face family functioning difficulties, including challenges to familial roles, communication, affective involvement, organization, and cohesion. These challenges arise due to the nature of the disease, and ultimately worsen symptoms for the FGID patient.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The physiology of FGID is characterized by abnormal motility, visceral hypersensitivity as well as dysregulation of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and barrier function of the GI tract as well as inflammatory changes. </p> <ul><li><b>Abnormal motility</b> <br /> Studies have shown altered muscle contractility and tone, bowel compliance, and transit may contribute to many of the gastrointestinal symptoms of FGID which may include <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peripheral_Mechanisms_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peripheral_Mechanisms-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Visceral hypersensitivity</b> <br /> In FGID there is poor association of pain with GI motility in many functional GI disorders. These patient often have a lower pain threshold with balloon distension of the bowel (visceral <a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">hyperalgesia</a>), or they have increased sensitivity even to normal intestinal function; Visceral hypersensitivity may be amplified in patients with FGIDs.<sup id="cite_ref-Visceral_Hypersensitivity_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visceral_Hypersensitivity-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-visceral_hyperalgesia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visceral_hyperalgesia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Immune dysregulation, inflammation, and barrier dysfunction</b> <br /> Studies on postinfectious IBS have shown that factors such as mucosal membrane permeability, the intestinal flora, and altered mucosal immune function. Ultimately leading to visceral hypersensitivity. Factors contributing to this occurrence include genetics, psychological stress, and altered receptor sensitivity at the gut mucosa and myenteric plexus, which are enabled by mucosal immune dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-membrane_permeability_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membrane_permeability-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intestinal_barrier_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intestinal_barrier-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Microbiome</b> <br /> There has been increased attention to the role of bacteria and the microbiome in overall health and disease. There is evidence for a group of microorganisms which play a role in the <a href="/wiki/Gut%E2%80%93brain_axis" title="Gut–brain axis">brain-gut axis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brain–Gut_Microbiome_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brain–Gut_Microbiome-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have revealed that the bacterial composition of the gastrointestinal tract in IBS patient differs from healthy individuals (e.g., increased Firmicutes and reduced Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteria)<sup id="cite_ref-Rome_foundation_report_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome_foundation_report-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, further research is needed to determine the role of the microbiome in FGIDs.</li> <li><b>Food and diet</b><br /> The types of food consumed and diet consumed plays a role in the manifestation of FGID<sup id="cite_ref-Role_of_Food_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Role_of_Food-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also their relationship to intestinal microbiota.<sup id="cite_ref-Epiphenomena?_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epiphenomena?-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that specific changes in diet (e.g., low FODMAP—fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols, or gluten restriction in some patients) may help and reduce the symptom burden in FGID. However, no one diet has been shown to be recommended for all people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain-gut_axis">Brain-gut axis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brain-gut axis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional mechanism in which psychosocial factors influence the GI tract and vice versa. Specifically, the emotional and cognitive centers of the brain influence GI activity and immune cell function, and the microbes within the gut regulate mood, cognition, and mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two systems interact through several mechanisms. There are direct, physical connections between the central nervous system and nerve plexuses to the visceral muscles. In addition, neurotransmitters send signals related to thoughts, feelings, and pain regulation from the brain to the GI tract. The brain-gut axis influences the entire body through a variety of pathways; it regulates sensory, motor, endocrine, autonomic, immune, and inflammatory reactions. Within the physical and psychological interactions of FGIDs specifically, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and even autism are well-linked to GI dysfunction. Conversely, functional GI diseases are linked to several comorbid psychiatric diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, anger, stress, and pain may delay gastric emptying, decrease intestinal and colonic transit time, and induce defecation and diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychotherapeutic_treatments">Psychotherapeutic treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Psychotherapeutic treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because FGIDs are known to be multifactorial with external stressors and environmental factors playing a role in their development, current research demonstrates that psychological treatments may be effective in relieving some symptoms of the disease. Interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), hypnotherapy, and biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART) each show promise in symptom reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these therapies aims to alter an individual's thought patterns and behaviors while improving self-efficacy, which all work together to improve health outcomes. </p><p>Cognitive behavioral therapy is a treatment based on the theory that thinking affects one's feelings and behaviors. As such, alterations in one's thought process can have a positive or negative effect on actions and perceptions. Through the lens of FGIDs, a negative thought pattern may be associated with a negative physical experience of abdominal pain, discomfort, and general sickness. In theory, retraining the patient's thought patterns can alleviate these symptoms and improve quality of life. In patients with FGIDs, CBT is an effective treatment option; one study found 87.5% of participants to be completely pain-free following treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Janicke_115–127_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janicke_115–127-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet-based CBT (iCBT) is similarly effective, and may be a good treatment option for individuals who either cannot afford or otherwise lack access to traditional CBT.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypnotherapy, another method for reducing symptoms of FGIDs, teaches users how to alter their perception of uncomfortable sensations in the body. Gut-directed hypnotherapy specifically gives greater improvements in symptoms than standard treatment of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research demonstrates directed hypnotherapy to be an effective mechanism of reducing visceral hypersensitivity (a low pain threshold of the internal organs) and sympathetic activity, due to the reduced activity of the anterior cingulated cortex and state of relaxation achieved during hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional abdominal pain (FAP), hypnotherapy reduces pain intensity and frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BART therapies monitor the physiological changes occurring with thoughts, feelings, and emotions. These therapies aim to teach patients how to visualize the effects of the interventions they are undergoing. BART is used to improve mood and somatic responses to anxiety disorders, which may relieve some of the psychological and physiological symptoms of FGIDs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visual, real-time feedback given through BART empowers the patient to see the difference that the therapy is making, thus giving the patient control over the physiological components of the disease. This allows the patient to maximize their mind-body connection and eventually optimize symptom management and quality of life. BART allows the patient to break the positive feedback loop of anxiety and pain, thus reducing disease exacerbations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_treatments">Pharmaceutical treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antidepressants have been thoroughly studied as a potential treatment for FGIDs. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) show the most promise in treating some of the symptoms of FGIDs. TCAs, specifically amitriptyline, show promising results when examining common FGIDs symptoms such as pain and poor quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SNRIs also demonstrate pain-relieving qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SSRIs are less effective in pain management, but may reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, which would, in turn, reduce some FGIDs symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Functional gastrointestinal disorders are very common. Globally, irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia alone may affect 16–26% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23160283_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23160283-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is considerable research into the causes, diagnosis and treatments for FGIDs. Diet, microbiome, genetics, neuromuscular function and immunological response all interact.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A role for mast cell activation has been proposed as one of the factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FGID_mast_cell_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGID_mast_cell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_intolerance" title="Food intolerance">Food intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">Functional indigestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_intolerance" title="Histamine intolerance">Histamine intolerance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid27144617-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27144617_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrossman_DA2016" class="citation journal cs1">Drossman DA (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27144617">"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>150</b> (6): 1262–1279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2016.02.032">10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27144617">27144617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Functional+Gastrointestinal+Disorders%3A+History%2C+Pathophysiology%2C+Clinical+Features+and+Rome+IV.&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1262-1279&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2016.02.032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27144617&rft.au=Drossman+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F27144617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rome1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rome1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rome1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rome1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrossmanChang2016" class="citation book cs1">Drossman, D.A.; Chang, L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Op96wgEACAAJ"><i>Rome IV Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Disorders of Gut-brain Interaction. vol. 1</i></a>. Rome Foundation. p. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9907915-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9907915-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9907915-2-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+IV+Functional+Gastrointestinal+Disorders%3A+Disorders+of+Gut-brain+Interaction.+vol.+1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.pub=Rome+Foundation.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9907915-2-2&rft.aulast=Drossman&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft.au=Chang%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOp96wgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlRome_Foundation_//_Scoring_Rome_III_Questionnaire_using_SAS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlRome_Foundation_//_Scoring_Rome_III_Questionnaire_using_SAS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romecriteria.org/rome_iii_sas/">"Rome Foundation // Scoring Rome III Questionnaire using SAS"</a>. 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rome+Foundation+%2F%2F+Scoring+Rome+III+Questionnaire+using+SAS&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romecriteria.org%2Frome_iii_sas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rome_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rome_1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drossman DA. The Rome IV Committees, editor. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Rome IV process. In: Drossman DA, Chang L, Chey WD, Kellow J, Tack J, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome IV functional gastrointestinal disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction.I. Raleigh, NC: The Rome Foundation; 2016. pp 1–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drossman DA. Biopsychosocial issues in gastroenterology. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, and Brandt LJ ads. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2015:349–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerSavidgeShulman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Emeran A.; Savidge, Tor; Shulman, Robert J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114504">"Brain–Gut Microbiome Interactions and Functional Bowel Disorders"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>146</b> (6). Elsevier BV: 1500–1512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.02.037">10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5085">0016-5085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114504">4114504</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24583088">24583088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Brain%E2%80%93Gut+Microbiome+Interactions+and+Functional+Bowel+Disorders&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1500-1512&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4114504%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0016-5085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24583088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.02.037&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Emeran+A.&rft.au=Savidge%2C+Tor&rft.au=Shulman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4114504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anatomic_and_physiologic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anatomic_and_physiologic_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesDilleyDrossmanCrowell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, M. P.; Dilley, J. B.; Drossman, D.; Crowell, M. D. (2006-01-17). "Brain–gut connections in functional GI disorders: anatomic and physiologic relationships". <i>Neurogastroenterology & Motility</i>. <b>18</b> (2). Wiley: 91–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2982.2005.00730.x">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00730.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-1925">1350-1925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurogastroenterology+%26+Motility&rft.atitle=Brain%E2%80%93gut+connections+in+functional+GI+disorders%3A+anatomic+and+physiologic+relationships&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-103&rft.date=2006-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2982.2005.00730.x&rft.issn=1350-1925&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=M.+P.&rft.au=Dilley%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Drossman%2C+D.&rft.au=Crowell%2C+M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biopsychosocial_Model-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biopsychosocial_Model_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrossman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Drossman, Douglas A. (1998). "Gastrointestinal Illness and the Biopsychosocial Model". <i>Psychosomatic Medicine</i>. <b>60</b> (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 258–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006842-199805000-00007">10.1097/00006842-199805000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3174">0033-3174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9625212">9625212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+Illness+and+the+Biopsychosocial+Model&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=258-267&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0033-3174&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9625212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006842-199805000-00007&rft.aulast=Drossman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saito_Talley_2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saito_Talley_2008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaitoTalley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Saito, Yuri A.; Talley, Nicholas J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935287">"Genetics of Irritable Bowel Syndrome"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>103</b> (8). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2100–2104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2008.02048.x">10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02048.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9270">0002-9270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935287">3935287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684190">18684190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Genetics+of+Irritable+Bowel+Syndrome&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2100-2104&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3935287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9270&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18684190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2008.02048.x&rft.aulast=Saito&rft.aufirst=Yuri+A.&rft.au=Talley%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3935287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Importance_of_epigenetic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Importance_of_epigenetic_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranChalonerSawalhaGreenwood_Van-Meerveld2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, L.; Chaloner, A.; Sawalha, A.H.; Greenwood Van-Meerveld, B. (2013). "Importance of epigenetic mechanisms in visceral pain induced by chronic water avoidance stress". <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. <b>38</b> (6). Elsevier BV: 898–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2012.09.016">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4530">0306-4530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084728">23084728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Importance+of+epigenetic+mechanisms+in+visceral+pain+induced+by+chronic+water+avoidance+stress&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=898-906&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0306-4530&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23084728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2012.09.016&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Chaloner%2C+A.&rft.au=Sawalha%2C+A.H.&rft.au=Greenwood+Van-Meerveld%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Components-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Components_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZborowski1952" class="citation journal cs1">Zborowski, Mark (1952). "Cultural Components in Responses to Pain 1". <i>Journal of Social Issues</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 16–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-4560.1952.tb01860.x">10.1111/j.1540-4560.1952.tb01860.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4537">0022-4537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Cultural+Components+in+Responses+to+Pain+1&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-30&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-4560.1952.tb01860.x&rft.issn=0022-4537&rft.aulast=Zborowski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmonella_Gastroenteritis-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salmonella_Gastroenteritis_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremonStanghelliniPallottiFogacci2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cremon, Cesare; Stanghellini, Vincenzo; Pallotti, Francesca; Fogacci, Elisa; Bellacosa, Lara; Morselli-Labate, Antonio M.; Paccapelo, Alexandro; Di Nardo, Giovanni; Cogliandro, Rosanna F.; De Giorgio, Roberto; Corinaldesi, Roberto; Barbara, Giovanni (2014). "Salmonella Gastroenteritis During Childhood Is a Risk Factor for Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adulthood". <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>147</b> (1). Elsevier BV: 69–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.03.013">10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5085">0016-5085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24657623">24657623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Salmonella+Gastroenteritis+During+Childhood+Is+a+Risk+Factor+for+Irritable+Bowel+Syndrome+in+Adulthood&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-77&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0016-5085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24657623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.03.013&rft.aulast=Cremon&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft.au=Stanghellini%2C+Vincenzo&rft.au=Pallotti%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Fogacci%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Bellacosa%2C+Lara&rft.au=Morselli-Labate%2C+Antonio+M.&rft.au=Paccapelo%2C+Alexandro&rft.au=Di+Nardo%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Cogliandro%2C+Rosanna+F.&rft.au=De+Giorgio%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Corinaldesi%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Barbara%2C+Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins SM, Chang C, Mearin F. Postinfectious chronic gut dysfunction: from bench to bedside. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl 2012;1:2–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroNguyen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Michael A.; Nguyen, Mathew L. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939458">"Psychosocial stress and abdominal pain in adolescents"</a>. <i>Mental Health in Family Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 65–69. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-8358">1756-8358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939458">2939458</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22477924">22477924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mental+Health+in+Family+Medicine&rft.atitle=Psychosocial+stress+and+abdominal+pain+in+adolescents&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-69&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2939458%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1756-8358&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22477924&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Mathew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2939458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsCzyzewskiSelfShulman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Amy E.; Czyzewski, Danita I.; Self, Mariella M.; Shulman, Robert J. (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418969">"Are child anxiety and somatization associated with pain in pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders?"</a>. <i>Journal of Health Psychology</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 369–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1359105313502564">10.1177/1359105313502564</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-1053">1359-1053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418969">4418969</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24155191">24155191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Psychology&rft.atitle=Are+child+anxiety+and+somatization+associated+with+pain+in+pain-related+functional+gastrointestinal+disorders%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-379&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418969%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1359-1053&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24155191&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1359105313502564&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Amy+E.&rft.au=Czyzewski%2C+Danita+I.&rft.au=Self%2C+Mariella+M.&rft.au=Shulman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janicke_115–127-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janicke_115–127_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janicke_115–127_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanicke1999" class="citation journal cs1">Janicke, D. (1999-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2F24.2.115">"Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: recurrent abdominal pain"</a>. <i>Journal of Pediatric Psychology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 115–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2F24.2.115">10.1093/jpepsy/24.2.115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10361390">10361390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Psychology&rft.atitle=Empirically+supported+treatments+in+pediatric+psychology%3A+recurrent+abdominal+pain&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-127&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2F24.2.115&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10361390&rft.aulast=Janicke&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjpepsy%252F24.2.115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamLynch-JordanMezoffFarrell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Natoshia R.; Lynch-Jordan, Anne; Mezoff, Adam G.; Farrell, Michael K.; Cohen, Mitchell B.; Kashikar-Zuck, Susmita (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/00005176-201305000-00003">"Importance of Addressing Anxiety in Youth With Functional Abdominal Pain: Suggested Guidelines for Physicians"</a>. <i>Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition</i>. <b>56</b> (5): 469–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31828b3681">10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828b3681</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-2116">0277-2116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476243">4476243</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23412539">23412539</a> – via PubMed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Gastroenterology+%26+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Importance+of+Addressing+Anxiety+in+Youth+With+Functional+Abdominal+Pain%3A+Suggested+Guidelines+for+Physicians&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=469-474&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4476243%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0277-2116&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23412539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31828b3681&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Natoshia+R.&rft.au=Lynch-Jordan%2C+Anne&rft.au=Mezoff%2C+Adam+G.&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Michael+K.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Mitchell+B.&rft.au=Kashikar-Zuck%2C+Susmita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00005176-201305000-00003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaschChowLoganSchechter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Basch, Molly C.; Chow, Erika T.; Logan, Deirdre E.; Schechter, Neil L.; Simons, Laura E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605245">"Perspectives on the clinical significance of functional pain syndromes in children"</a>. <i>Journal of Pain Research</i>. <b>8</b>: 675–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FJPR.S55586">10.2147/JPR.S55586</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1178-7090">1178-7090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4605245">4605245</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26504406">26504406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pain+Research&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+the+clinical+significance+of+functional+pain+syndromes+in+children&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=675-686&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4605245%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1178-7090&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26504406&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FJPR.S55586&rft.aulast=Basch&rft.aufirst=Molly+C.&rft.au=Chow%2C+Erika+T.&rft.au=Logan%2C+Deirdre+E.&rft.au=Schechter%2C+Neil+L.&rft.au=Simons%2C+Laura+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4605245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrOdar_StoughOriglio2021" class="citation journal cs1">Garr, Katlyn; Odar Stough, Cathleen; Origlio, Julianne (2021-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article/46/5/485/6238745">"Family Functioning in Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Pediatric Psychology</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 485–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2Fjsab007">10.1093/jpepsy/jsab007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-8693">0146-8693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33876231">33876231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Psychology&rft.atitle=Family+Functioning+in+Pediatric+Functional+Gastrointestinal+Disorders%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=485-500&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.issn=0146-8693&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33876231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2Fjsab007&rft.aulast=Garr&rft.aufirst=Katlyn&rft.au=Odar+Stough%2C+Cathleen&rft.au=Origlio%2C+Julianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjpepsy%2Farticle%2F46%2F5%2F485%2F6238745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peripheral_Mechanisms-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peripheral_Mechanisms_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamilleri2012" class="citation journal cs1">Camilleri, Michael (2012-10-25). "Peripheral Mechanisms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>367</b> (17): 1626–1635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1207068">10.1056/NEJMra1207068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23094724">23094724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Peripheral+Mechanisms+in+Irritable+Bowel+Syndrome&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=1626-1635&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23094724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1207068&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visceral_Hypersensitivity-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Visceral_Hypersensitivity_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado-ArosCamilleri2005" class="citation journal cs1">Delgado-Aros, Silvia; Camilleri, Michael (2005). "Visceral Hypersensitivity". <i>Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology</i>. <b>39</b> (5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): S194–S203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.mcg.0000156114.22598.1b">10.1097/01.mcg.0000156114.22598.1b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-0790">0192-0790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15798485">15798485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Visceral+Hypersensitivity&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=S194-S203&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0192-0790&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15798485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.mcg.0000156114.22598.1b&rft.aulast=Delgado-Aros&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Camilleri%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visceral_hyperalgesia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-visceral_hyperalgesia_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerGebhart1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Emeran A.; Gebhart, G.F. (1994). "Basic and clinical aspects of visceral hyperalgesia". <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>107</b> (1). Elsevier BV: 271–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-5085%2894%2990086-8">10.1016/0016-5085(94)90086-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5085">0016-5085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8020671">8020671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Basic+and+clinical+aspects+of+visceral+hyperalgesia&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=271-293&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0016-5085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8020671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-5085%2894%2990086-8&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Emeran+A.&rft.au=Gebhart%2C+G.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-membrane_permeability-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-membrane_permeability_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouZhangVerne2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, QiQi; Zhang, Buyi; Verne, Nicholas G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763174">"Intestinal membrane permeability and hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome"</a>. <i>Pain</i>. <b>146</b> (1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 41–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pain.2009.06.017">10.1016/j.pain.2009.06.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3959">0304-3959</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763174">2763174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19595511">19595511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pain&rft.atitle=Intestinal+membrane+permeability+and+hypersensitivity+in+the+irritable+bowel+syndrome&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-46&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763174%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0304-3959&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19595511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pain.2009.06.017&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=QiQi&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Buyi&rft.au=Verne%2C+Nicholas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intestinal_barrier-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intestinal_barrier_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamilleriMadsenSpillerVan_Meerveld2012" class="citation journal cs1">Camilleri, M.; Madsen, K.; Spiller, R.; Van Meerveld, B. G.; Verne, G. N. (2012-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5595063">"Intestinal barrier function in health and gastrointestinal disease"</a>. <i>Neurogastroenterology & Motility</i>. <b>24</b> (6). Wiley: 503–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2982.2012.01921.x">10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01921.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-1925">1350-1925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5595063">5595063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22583600">22583600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurogastroenterology+%26+Motility&rft.atitle=Intestinal+barrier+function+in+health+and+gastrointestinal+disease&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=503-512&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5595063%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1350-1925&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22583600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2982.2012.01921.x&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+K.&rft.au=Spiller%2C+R.&rft.au=Van+Meerveld%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=Verne%2C+G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5595063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brain–Gut_Microbiome-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brain–Gut_Microbiome_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerSavidgeShulman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Emeran A.; Savidge, Tor; Shulman, Robert J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114504">"Brain–Gut Microbiome Interactions and Functional Bowel Disorders"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>146</b> (6). Elsevier BV: 1500–1512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.02.037">10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5085">0016-5085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4114504">4114504</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24583088">24583088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Brain%E2%80%93Gut+Microbiome+Interactions+and+Functional+Bowel+Disorders&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1500-1512&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4114504%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0016-5085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24583088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.02.037&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Emeran+A.&rft.au=Savidge%2C+Tor&rft.au=Shulman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4114504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rome_foundation_report-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rome_foundation_report_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimrénBarbaraFlintSpiegel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Simrén, Magnus; Barbara, Giovanni; Flint, Harry J; Spiegel, Brennan M R; Spiller, Robin C; Vanner, Stephen; Verdu, Elena F; Whorwell, Peter J; Zoetendal, Erwin G (2012-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551212">"Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report"</a>. <i>Gut</i>. <b>62</b> (1). BMJ: 159–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2012-302167">10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F5900">2164/5900</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-5749">0017-5749</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551212">3551212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22730468">22730468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.atitle=Intestinal+microbiota+in+functional+bowel+disorders%3A+a+Rome+foundation+report&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-176&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F5900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2012-302167&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22730468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3551212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0017-5749&rft.aulast=Simr%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft.au=Barbara%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Flint%2C+Harry+J&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Brennan+M+R&rft.au=Spiller%2C+Robin+C&rft.au=Vanner%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Verdu%2C+Elena+F&rft.au=Whorwell%2C+Peter+J&rft.au=Zoetendal%2C+Erwin+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3551212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Role_of_Food-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Role_of_Food_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChey2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chey, William D (2013). "The Role of Food in the Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Introduction to a Manuscript Series". <i>American Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>108</b> (5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 694–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fajg.2013.62">10.1038/ajg.2013.62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9270">0002-9270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23545712">23545712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Food+in+the+Functional+Gastrointestinal+Disorders%3A+Introduction+to+a+Manuscript+Series&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=694-697&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0002-9270&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23545712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fajg.2013.62&rft.aulast=Chey&rft.aufirst=William+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epiphenomena?-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epiphenomena?_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajilić-StojanovićJonkersSalonenHanevik2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rajilić-Stojanović, Mirjana; Jonkers, Daisy M; Salonen, Anne; Hanevik, Kurt; Raes, Jeroen; Jalanka, Jonna; de Vos, Willem M; Manichanh, Chaysavanh; Golic, Natasa; Enck, Paul; Philippou, Elena; Iraqi, Fuad A; Clarke, Gerard; Spiller, Robin C; Penders, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4317767">"Intestinal Microbiota And Diet in IBS: Causes, Consequences, or Epiphenomena?"</a>. <i>American Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>110</b> (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 278–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fajg.2014.427">10.1038/ajg.2014.427</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F11842">1956/11842</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9270">0002-9270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4317767">4317767</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25623659">25623659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Intestinal+Microbiota+And+Diet+in+IBS%3A+Causes%2C+Consequences%2C+or+Epiphenomena%3F&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=278-287&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1956%2F11842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fajg.2014.427&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25623659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4317767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9270&rft.aulast=Rajili%C4%87-Stojanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mirjana&rft.au=Jonkers%2C+Daisy+M&rft.au=Salonen%2C+Anne&rft.au=Hanevik%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Raes%2C+Jeroen&rft.au=Jalanka%2C+Jonna&rft.au=de+Vos%2C+Willem+M&rft.au=Manichanh%2C+Chaysavanh&rft.au=Golic%2C+Natasa&rft.au=Enck%2C+Paul&rft.au=Philippou%2C+Elena&rft.au=Iraqi%2C+Fuad+A&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Spiller%2C+Robin+C&rft.au=Penders%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4317767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Appleton, Jeremy (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6469458">"The Gut-Brain Axis: Influence of Microbiota on Mood and Mental Health"</a>. <i>Integrative Medicine (Encinitas, Calif.)</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 28–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-993X">1546-993X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6469458">6469458</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31043907">31043907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Medicine+%28Encinitas%2C+Calif.%29&rft.atitle=The+Gut-Brain+Axis%3A+Influence+of+Microbiota+on+Mood+and+Mental+Health&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6469458%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1546-993X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31043907&rft.aulast=Appleton&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6469458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfieldShulman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Whitfield, K. Lynette; Shulman, Robert J. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/00904481-20090501-11">"Treatment Options for Functional Gastrointestinal DisordersFrom Empiric to Complementary Approaches"</a>. <i>Pediatric Annals</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 288–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3928%2F00904481-20090501-11">10.3928/00904481-20090501-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-4481">0090-4481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42196894">42196894</a> – via SLACK Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Annals&rft.atitle=Treatment+Options+for+Functional+Gastrointestinal+DisordersFrom+Empiric+to+Complementary+Approaches&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=288-294&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42196894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-4481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3928%2F00904481-20090501-11&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=K.+Lynette&rft.au=Shulman%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.healio.com%2Fdoi%2F10.3928%2F00904481-20090501-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearFogliatiFogliatiGandy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dear, B.F.; Fogliati, V.J.; Fogliati, R.; Gandy, M.; McDonald, S.; Talley, N.; Holtmann, G.; Titov, N.; Jones, M. (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002239991731173X">"Transdiagnostic internet-delivered cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID): A feasibility open trial"</a>. <i>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</i>. <b>108</b>: 61–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2018.02.015">10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.02.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29602327">29602327</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychosomatic+Research&rft.atitle=Transdiagnostic+internet-delivered+cognitive-behaviour+therapy+%28CBT%29+for+adults+with+functional+gastrointestinal+disorders+%28FGID%29%3A+A+feasibility+open+trial&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=61-69&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2018.02.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29602327&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=B.F.&rft.au=Fogliati%2C+V.J.&rft.au=Fogliati%2C+R.&rft.au=Gandy%2C+M.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+S.&rft.au=Talley%2C+N.&rft.au=Holtmann%2C+G.&rft.au=Titov%2C+N.&rft.au=Jones%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS002239991731173X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiarioniPesceFantinSarnelli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chiarioni, Giuseppe; Pesce, Marcella; Fantin, Alberto; Sarnelli, Giovanni (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5802680">"Complementary and alternative treatment in functional dyspepsia"</a>. <i>United European Gastroenterology Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 5–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2050640617724061">10.1177/2050640617724061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-6406">2050-6406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5802680">5802680</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29435308">29435308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+European+Gastroenterology+Journal&rft.atitle=Complementary+and+alternative+treatment+in+functional+dyspepsia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-12&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5802680%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2050-6406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29435308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2050640617724061&rft.aulast=Chiarioni&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Pesce%2C+Marcella&rft.au=Fantin%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Sarnelli%2C+Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5802680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKennaGallagherForbesIbeziako2015" class="citation journal cs1">McKenna, Kristine; Gallagher, Katherine A.S.; Forbes, Peter W.; Ibeziako, Patricia (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0033318214001194">"Ready, Set, Relax: Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation Training (BART) in a Pediatric Psychiatry Consultation Service"</a>. <i>Psychosomatics</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 381–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psym.2014.06.003">10.1016/j.psym.2014.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25556570">25556570</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatics&rft.atitle=Ready%2C+Set%2C+Relax%3A+Biofeedback-Assisted+Relaxation+Training+%28BART%29+in+a+Pediatric+Psychiatry+Consultation+Service&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-389&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psym.2014.06.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25556570&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Katherine+A.S.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Ibeziako%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0033318214001194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorterinkRuttenVenmansBenninga2015" class="citation journal cs1">Korterink, Judith J.; Rutten, Juliette M.T.M.; Venmans, Leonie; Benninga, Marc A.; Tabbers, Merit M. (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347614009329">"Pharmacologic Treatment in Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>The Journal of Pediatrics</i>. <b>166</b> (2): 424–431.e6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2014.09.067">10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25449223">25449223</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Pharmacologic+Treatment+in+Pediatric+Functional+Abdominal+Pain+Disorders%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=424-431.e6&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2014.09.067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25449223&rft.aulast=Korterink&rft.aufirst=Judith+J.&rft.au=Rutten%2C+Juliette+M.T.M.&rft.au=Venmans%2C+Leonie&rft.au=Benninga%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=Tabbers%2C+Merit+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0022347614009329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23160283-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23160283_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperberDrossmanQuigley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sperber AD, Drossman DA, Quigley EM (2012). "The global perspective on irritable bowel syndrome: a Rome Foundation-World Gastroenterology Organisation symposium". <i>Am. J. Gastroenterol</i>. <b>107</b> (11): 1602–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fajg.2012.106">10.1038/ajg.2012.106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23160283">23160283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34208367">34208367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Gastroenterol.&rft.atitle=The+global+perspective+on+irritable+bowel+syndrome%3A+a+Rome+Foundation-World+Gastroenterology+Organisation+symposium&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1602-9&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34208367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23160283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fajg.2012.106&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Drossman%2C+DA&rft.au=Quigley%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FGID_mast_cell-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FGID_mast_cell_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoutersVicarioSantos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wouters MM, Vicario M, Santos J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2015-309151">"The role of mast cells in functional GI disorders"</a>. <i>Gut</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 155–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2015-309151">10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26194403">26194403</a>. <q>It is well established that mast cell activation can generate epithelial and neuro-muscular dysfunction and promote visceral hypersensitivity and altered motility patterns in FGIDs, postoperative ileus, food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.atitle=The+role+of+mast+cells+in+functional+GI+disorders&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-168&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2015-309151&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26194403&rft.aulast=Wouters&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Vicario%2C+M&rft.au=Santos%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1136%252Fgutjnl-2015-309151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashashatiMoossaviCremonBarbaro2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bashashati, M; Moossavi, S; Cremon, C; Barbaro, MR; Moraveji, S; Talmon, G; Rezaei, N; Hughes, PA; Bian, ZX; Choi, CH; Lee, OY; Coëffier, M; Chang, L; Ohman, L; Schmulson, MJ; McCallum, RW; Simren, M; Sharkey, KA; Barbara, G (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnmo.13192">"Colonic immune cells in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Neurogastroenterology & Motility</i>. <b>30</b> (1): e13192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnmo.13192">10.1111/nmo.13192</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28851005">28851005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33807711">33807711</a>. <q>Mast cells and CD3+ T cells are increased in colonic biopsies of patients with IBS vs non-inflamed controls</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurogastroenterology+%26+Motility&rft.atitle=Colonic+immune+cells+in+irritable+bowel+syndrome%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e13192&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33807711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28851005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnmo.13192&rft.aulast=Bashashati&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Moossavi%2C+S&rft.au=Cremon%2C+C&rft.au=Barbaro%2C+MR&rft.au=Moraveji%2C+S&rft.au=Talmon%2C+G&rft.au=Rezaei%2C+N&rft.au=Hughes%2C+PA&rft.au=Bian%2C+ZX&rft.au=Choi%2C+CH&rft.au=Lee%2C+OY&rft.au=Co%C3%ABffier%2C+M&rft.au=Chang%2C+L&rft.au=Ohman%2C+L&rft.au=Schmulson%2C+MJ&rft.au=McCallum%2C+RW&rft.au=Simren%2C+M&rft.au=Sharkey%2C+KA&rft.au=Barbara%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnmo.13192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFunctional+gastrointestinal+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508825" class="extiw" title="d:Q5508825">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003109">D003109</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_for_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders_(A03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drugs_for_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders" title="Template:Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drugs_for_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders" title="Template talk:Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs_for_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_for_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders_(A03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">functional gastrointestinal disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A03" title="ATC code A03">A03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs for<br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">functional<br /> bowel <br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Antimuscarinics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary<br /> amino group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camylofin" title="Camylofin">Camylofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicycloverine" title="Dicycloverine">Dicycloverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemerine" title="Difemerine">Difemerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihexyverine" title="Dihexyverine">Dihexyverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebeverine" title="Mebeverine">Mebeverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphencyclimine" title="Oxyphencyclimine">Oxyphencyclimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidolate" title="Piperidolate">Piperidolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rociverine" title="Rociverine">Rociverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary ammonium">Quaternary<br /> ammonium</a><br /> compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzilone" title="Benzilone">Benzilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevonium" title="Bevonium">Bevonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphemanil_metilsulfate" title="Diphemanil metilsulfate">Diphemanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpiverinium" title="Fenpiverinium">Fenpiverinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Glycopyrronium bromide">Glycopyrronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexocyclium" title="Hexocyclium">Hexocyclium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropamide" title="Isopropamide">Isopropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepenzolate" title="Mepenzolate">Mepenzolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methantheline" title="Methantheline">Methantheline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenonium_bromide" title="Oxyphenonium bromide">Oxyphenonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthienate" title="Penthienate">Penthienate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipenzolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipenzolate">Pipenzolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poldine" title="Poldine">Poldine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prifinium_bromide" title="Prifinium bromide">Prifinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propantheline" class="mw-redirect" title="Propantheline">Propantheline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemonium_iodide" title="Tiemonium iodide">Tiemonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timepidium_bromide" title="Timepidium bromide">Timepidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridihexethyl" title="Tridihexethyl">Tridihexethyl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">Phosphodiesterase<br /> inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drotaverine" title="Drotaverine">Drotaverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxaverine" title="Moxaverine">Moxaverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">Papaverine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting on<br /> <a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">serotonin receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist" title="5-HT3 antagonist">5-HT<sub>3</sub> antagonists</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alosetron" title="Alosetron">Alosetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilansetron" title="Cilansetron">Cilansetron</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">5-HT<sub>4</sub> agonists</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosapride" title="Mosapride">Mosapride</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alverine" title="Alverine">Alverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorbenzoxamine" title="Chlorbenzoxamine">Chlorbenzoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopromine" title="Diisopromine">Diisopromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopropionylphenothiazine" title="Dimethylaminopropionylphenothiazine">Dimethylaminopropionylphenothiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoverine" title="Fenoverine">Fenoverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpiprane" title="Fenpiprane">Fenpiprane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idanpramine" title="Idanpramine">Idanpramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha_piperita" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentha piperita">Mentha piperita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloroglucinol" title="Phloroglucinol">Phloroglucinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxazole" title="Proxazole">Proxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeticone" title="Simeticone">Simeticone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiropramide" title="Tiropramide">Tiropramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepibutone" title="Trepibutone">Trepibutone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyldiphenylpropylamine" title="Trimethyldiphenylpropylamine">Trimethyldiphenylpropylamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Belladonna</a><br /> and derivatives<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">antimuscarinics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tertiary amines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Quaternary ammonium compounds:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">Scopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylscopolamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylscopolamine">Butylscopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylscopolamine_bromide" title="Methylscopolamine bromide">Methylscopolamine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetropium_bromide" title="Cimetropium bromide">Cimetropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentonium_bromide" title="Fentonium bromide">Fentonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylatropine" title="Methylatropine">Methylatropine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokinetic">Propulsives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">Primarily dopamine antagonists</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alizapride" title="Alizapride">Alizapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromopride" title="Bromopride">Bromopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clebopride" title="Clebopride">Clebopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">5-HT<sub>4</sub> agonists</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinitapride" title="Cinitapride">Cinitapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acotiamide" title="Acotiamide">Acotiamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilebopride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilebopride (page does not exist)">Ilebopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapride" title="Mosapride">Mosapride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&oldid=1238525774">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&oldid=1238525774</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gastrointestinal_tract_disorders" title="Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders">Gastrointestinal tract disorders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 August 2024, at 10:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wfhcx","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.708","walltime":"0.802","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3321,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":126958,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":615,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":164617,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 710.384 1 -total"," 55.37% 393.344 1 Template:Reflist"," 46.50% 330.305 32 Template:Cite_journal"," 19.12% 135.838 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 16.79% 119.271 4 Template:Navbox"," 12.36% 87.815 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 10.14% 72.010 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.71% 54.794 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.07% 50.195 2 Template:Hlist"," 6.18% 43.912 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.473","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6202696,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rlhbk","timestamp":"20241122143915","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Functional gastrointestinal disorder","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Functional_gastrointestinal_disorder","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5508825","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5508825","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-08T08:56:50Z","dateModified":"2024-08-04T10:17:32Z","headline":"a number of idiopathic disorders that involve the gastrointestinal, (GI), tract"}</script> </body> </html>