CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Germination - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"349b38e8-1aa4-4775-8926-c8eb83e83a80","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Germination","wgTitle":"Germination","wgCurRevisionId":1250129390,"wgRevisionId":1250129390,"wgArticleId":227478,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Germination","Seeds","Plant physiology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage": "en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Germination","wgRelevantArticleId":227478,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193838","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg/1200px-Sunflower_seedlings.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1050"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg/800px-Sunflower_seedlings.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="700"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg/640px-Sunflower_seedlings.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="560"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Germination - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Germination rootpage-Germination skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Germination" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Germination" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Germination" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Germination" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Seed_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seed_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Seed plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seed_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seed plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seed_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dormancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dormancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dormancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dormancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seedling_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seedling_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Seedling establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seedling_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germination_rate_and_germination_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germination_rate_and_germination_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Germination rate and germination capacity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germination_rate_and_germination_capacity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Germination rate and germination capacity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Germination_rate_and_germination_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Repair_of_DNA_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair_of_DNA_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Repair of DNA damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair_of_DNA_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dicot_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dicot_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dicot germination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dicot_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epigeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Epigeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypogeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypogeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Hypogeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypogeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monocot_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monocot_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Monocot germination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monocot_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precocious_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precocious_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Precocious germination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precocious_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollen_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollen_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pollen germination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollen_germination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollen germination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollen_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-incompatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-incompatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Self-incompatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-incompatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spore_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spore_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spore germination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spore_germination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spore germination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spore_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resting_spores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resting_spores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Resting spores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resting_spores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferns_and_mosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferns_and_mosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ferns and mosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferns_and_mosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light-stimulated_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light-stimulated_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Light-stimulated germination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-stimulated_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germination</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontkieming" title="Ontkieming – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontkieming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إنبات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltu" title="Biltu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biltu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE" title="অঙ্কুরোদগম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঙ্কুরোদগম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-g%C3%AA" title="Hoat-gê – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-gê" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Покълване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покълване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klijanje" title="Klijanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klijanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinaci%C3%B3" title="Germinació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germinació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%AD%C4%8Den%C3%AD_semene" title="Klíčení semene – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klíčení semene" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiring_(plante)" title="Spiring (plante) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spiring (plante)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keimung" title="Keimung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keimung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idanemine" title="Idanemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idanemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinaci%C3%B3n" title="Germinación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germinación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cermado" title="Ĝermado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝermado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernetze" title="Ernetze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernetze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جوانه زدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوانه زدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination" title="Germination – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germination" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginidi%C3%BA" title="Ginidiú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ginidiú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%84" title="발아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ծլարձակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծլարձակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अंकुरण क्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकुरण क्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination" title="Germination – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Germination" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkecambahan" title="Perkecambahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perkecambahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinazione" title="Germinazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germinazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="נביטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נביטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thukul" title="Thukul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thukul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8minasyon" title="Jèminasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jèminasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91cs%C3%ADr%C3%A1ztat%C3%A1s" title="Előcsíráztatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Előcsíráztatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="മുളയ്ക്കൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുളയ്ക്കൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percambahan" title="Percambahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Percambahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Соёололт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёололт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieming" title="Kieming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kieming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E8%8A%BD" title="発芽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発芽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiring" title="Spiring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spiring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiring" title="Spiring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spiring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaa%E2%80%99uu_Sanyii" title="Mutaa’uu Sanyii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mutaa’uu Sanyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/veneve" title="veneve – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="veneve" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kie%C5%82kowanie" title="Kiełkowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kiełkowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Germinação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germinação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germina%C8%9Bie" title="Germinație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germinație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phutuy" title="Phutuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phutuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination" title="Germination – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germination" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalitev" title="Kalitev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalitev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клијање семена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клијање семена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klijanje" title="Klijanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klijanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4minen" title="Itäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groning" title="Groning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="முளைத்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முளைத்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="విత్తనోత్పత్తి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విత్తనోత్పత్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BC" title="Нешзании тухм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нешзании тухм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87imlenme" title="Çimlenme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çimlenme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Проростання насіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проростання насіння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جرمنیشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_n%E1%BA%A3y_m%E1%BA%A7m" title="Sự nảy mầm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự nảy mầm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%8A%BD" title="發芽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="發芽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%8A%BD" title="发芽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="发芽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193838#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Germination" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germination"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germination"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Germination" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Germination" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&oldid=1250129390" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Germination&id=1250129390&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermination"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermination"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Germination&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germination" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193838" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Growth of an organism from a seed or spore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Gemination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_seedlings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg/250px-Sunflower_seedlings.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg/375px-Sunflower_seedlings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg/500px-Sunflower_seedlings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">Sunflower</a> seedlings, three days after germination</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif/220px-Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif/330px-Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Sunflower_growing_time_lapse.gif 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sunflower time lapse with soil. Cross section, showing how the root and the upper part of the plant grow</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germination</b> is the process by which an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> grows from a seed or <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a>. The term is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouting</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a>, the growth of a <a href="/wiki/Sporeling" title="Sporeling">sporeling</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a>, such as the spores of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, ferns, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pollen_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollen grain">pollen grain</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed plant</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seed_plants">Seed plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Seed plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horticulture_Tray3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Horticulture_Tray3.jpg/150px-Horticulture_Tray3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Horticulture_Tray3.jpg/225px-Horticulture_Tray3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Horticulture_Tray3.jpg/300px-Horticulture_Tray3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>A seed pot used in horticulture for sowing and taking plant cuttings and growing <a href="/wiki/Plug_(horticulture)" title="Plug (horticulture)">plugs</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprossenglas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sprossenglas.JPG/220px-Sprossenglas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sprossenglas.JPG/330px-Sprossenglas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sprossenglas.JPG/440px-Sprossenglas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption>Germination glass (glass sprouter jar) with a plastic <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieve</a>-lid</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_(Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_%28Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds%29.jpg/250px-Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_%28Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_%28Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds%29.jpg/375px-Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_%28Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_%28Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds%29.jpg/500px-Raapstelen_gekiemde_zaden_%28Brassica_campestris_germinating_seeds%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica campestris</a></i> germinating seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/250px--Mung_bean_germination.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Mung_bean_germination.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/Mung_bean_germination.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/Mung_bean_germination.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1080" data-height="810" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/Mung_bean_germination.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/Mung_bean_germination.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/Mung_bean_germination.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Mung_bean_germination.ogv/Mung_bean_germination.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Time-lapse video of mung bean seeds germinating</figcaption></figure> <p>Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed resulting in the formation of the seedling. It is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plumule" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumule">plumule</a>. The seed of a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> is a small package produced in a <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cone</a> after the union of male and female <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">reproductive cells</a>. All fully developed seeds contain an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> and, in most plant species some store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Dormant seeds are viable seeds that do not germinate because they require specific internal or environmental stimuli to resume growth. Under proper conditions, the seed begins to germinate and the embryo resumes growth, developing into a seedling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seed_Germination.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seed_Germination.png/220px-Seed_Germination.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seed_Germination.png/330px-Seed_Germination.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seed_Germination.png/440px-Seed_Germination.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Step 1: Water imbibition, the uptake of water, results in rupture of seed coat. Step 2: The imbibition of the seed coat results in emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a> (1) and the <a href="/wiki/Plumule" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumule">plumule</a> (2); the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotyledons">cotyledons</a> are unfolded (3).<br /> Step 3: This marks the final step in the germination of the seed, where the cotyledons are expanded, which are the true leaves. Note: Temperature must be kept at an optimum level.</figcaption></figure> <p>Disturbance of soil can result in vigorous plant growth by exposing seeds already in the soil to changes in environmental factors where germination may have previously been inhibited by depth of the seeds or soil that was too compact. This is often observed at gravesites after a burial.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seed germination depends on both internal and external conditions. The most important external factors include right <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> or <a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">darkness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various plants require different variables for successful seed germination. Often this depends on the individual seed variety and is closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological conditions</a> of a plant's <a href="/wiki/Natural_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural habitat">natural habitat</a>. For some seeds, their future germination response is affected by environmental conditions during seed formation; most often these responses are types of <a href="/wiki/Seed_dormancy" title="Seed dormancy">seed dormancy</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Water</b> is required for germination. Mature seeds are often extremely dry and need to take in significant amounts of water, relative to the dry weight of the seed, before cellular <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and growth can resume. Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them. The uptake of water by seeds is called <a href="/wiki/Imbibition" title="Imbibition">imbibition</a>, which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat. When seeds are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>. This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo. When the seed imbibes water, <a href="/wiki/Hydrolytic_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolytic enzyme">hydrolytic enzymes</a> are activated which break down these stored food resources into metabolically useful <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the seedling emerges from the seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves, the seedling's food reserves are typically exhausted; at this point <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> provides the energy needed for continued growth and the seedling now requires a continuous supply of water, nutrients, and light.</li> <li><b>Oxygen</b> is required by the germinating seed for <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen is used in <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a>, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen is an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric gas">atmospheric gas</a> that is found in <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> pore spaces; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen starved. Some seeds have impermeable seed coats that prevent oxygen from entering the seed, causing a type of physical dormancy which is broken when the seed coat is worn away enough to allow gas exchange and water uptake from the environment. <ul><li>In a small number of plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">rice</a>, anaerobic germination can occur in waterlogged conditions. The seed produces a hollow <a href="/wiki/Coleoptile" title="Coleoptile">coleoptile</a> that acts like a 'snorkel', providing the seed with access to oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Temperature</b> affects cellular metabolic and growth rates. Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures. Seeds often have a temperature range within which they will germinate, and they will not do so above or below this range. Many seeds germinate at temperatures slightly above 60-75 F (16–24 C) [room-temperature in centrally heated houses], while others germinate just above freezing and others germinate only in response to alternations in temperature between warm and cool. Some seeds germinate when the soil is cool 28–40 F (-2 - 4 C), and some when the soil is warm 76-90 F (24–32 C). Some seeds require exposure to cold temperatures (<a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">vernalization</a>) to break dormancy. Some seeds in a dormant state will not germinate even if conditions are favorable. Seeds that are dependent on temperature to end dormancy have a type of physiological dormancy. For example, seeds requiring the cold of winter are inhibited from germinating until they take in water in the fall and experience cooler temperatures. Cold <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(seeds)" title="Stratification (seeds)">stratification</a> is a process that induces the dormancy breaking prior to light emission that promotes germination .<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four degrees Celsius is cool enough to end dormancy for most cool dormant seeds, but some groups, especially within the family <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a> and others, need conditions cooler than -5 C. Some seeds will only germinate after hot temperatures during a <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fire</a> which cracks their seed coats; this is a type of physical dormancy.</li></ul> <p>Most common annual <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> have optimal germination temperatures between 75–90 F (24–32 C), though many species (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radishes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>) can germinate at significantly lower temperatures, as low as 40 F (4 C), thus allowing them to be grown from seeds in cooler climates. Suboptimal temperatures lead to lower success rates and longer germination periods. </p> <ul><li><b>Light or darkness</b> can be an environmental trigger for germination and is a type of physiological dormancy. Most seeds are not affected by light or darkness, but many <a href="/wiki/Photoblasticism" title="Photoblasticism">photoblastic</a> seeds, including species found in forest settings, will not germinate until an opening in the canopy allows sufficient light for the growth of the seedling.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scarification_(botany)" title="Scarification (botany)">Scarification</a></b> mimics natural processes that weaken the seed coat before germination. In nature, some seeds require particular conditions to germinate, such as the heat of a fire (e.g., many Australian native plants), or soaking in a body of water for a long period of time. Others need to be passed through an animal's <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a> to weaken the seed coat enough to allow the seedling to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/250px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/375px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/500px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Malted (germinated) <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> grains</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dormancy">Dormancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dormancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some live seeds are <a href="/wiki/Dormancy" title="Dormancy">dormant</a> and need more time, and/or need to be subjected to specific environmental conditions before they will germinate. <a href="/wiki/Seed_dormancy" title="Seed dormancy">Seed dormancy</a> can originate in different parts of the seed, for example, within the embryo; in other cases the seed coat is involved. Dormancy breaking often involves changes in membranes, initiated by dormancy-breaking signals. This generally occurs only within hydrated seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors affecting seed dormancy include the presence of certain plant hormones, notably <a href="/wiki/Abscisic_acid" title="Abscisic acid">abscisic acid</a>, which inhibits germination, and <a href="/wiki/Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">gibberellin</a>, which ends seed dormancy. In <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a>, barley seeds are treated with gibberellin to ensure uniform seed germination for the production of barley <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seedling_establishment">Seedling establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seedling establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some definitions, the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a> marks the end of germination and the beginning of "establishment", a period that utilizes the food reserves stored in the seed. Germination and establishment as an independent organism are critical phases in the life of a plant when they are the most vulnerable to injury, disease, and water stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The germination index can be used as an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Phytotoxicity" title="Phytotoxicity">phytotoxicity</a> in soils. The mortality between dispersal of seeds and completion of the establishment can be so high that many species have adapted to produce large numbers of seeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germination_rate_and_germination_capacity">Germination rate and germination capacity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germination rate and germination capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg/220px-Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg/330px-Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg/440px-Seedling_of_Eucalyptus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Germination of <a href="/wiki/Seedlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedlings">seedlings</a> raised from <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> after three days of <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a>, the <b>germination rate</b> describes how many seeds of a particular <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, variety or seedlot are likely to germinate over a given period. It is a measure of germination time course and is usually expressed as a percentage, e.g., an 85% germination rate indicates that about 85 out of 100 seeds will probably germinate under proper conditions over the germination period given. Seed germination rate is determined by the seed genetic composition, morphological features and environmental factors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The germination rate is useful for calculating the number of seeds needed for a given area or desired number of plants. For seed physiologists and seed scientists "germination rate" is the reciprocal of time taken for the process of germination to complete starting from time of <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">sowing</a>. On the other hand, the number of seed able to complete germination in a population (i.e. seed lot) is referred to as <b>germination capacity</b>. </p><p>Soil salinity is one of the stress factors that can limit the germination rate. Environmental stress activates some stress-related activities [CuZn-<a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutase</a> (SOD), Mn-SOD, <a href="/wiki/L-ascorbate_oxidase" title="L-ascorbate oxidase">L-ascorbate oxidase</a> (AO), <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerase</a> Delta 1 (POLD)-1, Chaperon (CHAPE) and heat shock protein (HSP)-21], genetic template stability and photosynthetic pigment activation.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Application of exogenic <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a> limiting this process. Research carried out on <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> seeds shows a reduction in the mean germination time, an increase in the coefficient of germination velocity, the germination index and germination percentage after administration of exogenous glutamine to plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair_of_DNA_damage">Repair of DNA damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Repair of DNA damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seed quality deteriorates with age, and this is associated with accumulation of genome damage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25750428_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25750428-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During germination, <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair</a> processes are activated to deal with accumulated <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11321247_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11321247-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, single- and double-strand breaks in DNA can be repaired.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20584150_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20584150-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DNA damage checkpoint kinase <a href="/wiki/ATM_serine/threonine_kinase" title="ATM serine/threonine kinase">ATM</a> has a major role in integrating progression through germination with repair responses to the DNA damages accumulated by the aged seed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27503884_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27503884-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dicot_germination">Dicot germination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dicot germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg/220px-Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg/330px-Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg/440px-Stages_of_germination_in_pea_plants.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>The stages of germination of a pea plant: A. seed coat, B. radicle, C. primary root, D. secondary root, E. cotyledon, F. plumule, G. leaf, H. tap root</figcaption></figure> <p>The part of the plant that first emerges from the seed is the embryonic root, termed the <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a> or primary root. It allows the seedling to become anchored in the ground and start absorbing water. After the root absorbs water, an embryonic <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoot</a> emerges from the seed. This shoot comprises three main parts: the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a> (seed leaves), the section of shoot below the cotyledons (<a href="/wiki/Hypocotyl" title="Hypocotyl">hypocotyl</a>), and the section of shoot above the cotyledons (<a href="/wiki/Epicotyl" title="Epicotyl">epicotyl</a>). The way the shoot emerges differs among plant groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epigeal">Epigeal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epigeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Epigeal_germination" title="Epigeal germination">Epigeal germination</a> (or epigeous germination) is a botanical term indicating that the germination takes place above the ground. In epigeal germination, the <i>hypocotyl</i> elongates and forms a hook, pulling rather than pushing the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical meristem</a> through the soil. Once it reaches the surface, it straightens and pulls the cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the air. <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Beans</a>, tamarind, and papaya are examples of plants that germinate this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypogeal">Hypogeal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hypogeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germination can also be done by hypogeal germination (or hypogeous germination), where the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this type of germination, the cotyledons stay underground where they eventually decompose. Peas, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a> and mango, for example, germinate this way.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monocot_germination">Monocot germination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monocot germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocot</a> seeds, the embryo's radicle and cotyledon are covered by a <a href="/wiki/Coleorhiza" title="Coleorhiza">coleorhiza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleoptile" title="Coleoptile">coleoptile</a>, respectively. The coleorhiza is the first part to grow out of the seed, followed by the radicle. The coleoptile is then pushed up through the ground until it reaches the surface. There, it stops elongating and the first leaves emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precocious_germination">Precocious germination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Precocious germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a seed germinates without undergoing all four stages of seed development, i.e., globular, heart shape, torpedo shape, and cotyledonary stage, it is known as precocious germination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollen_germination">Pollen germination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pollen germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another germination event during the life cycle of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> is the germination of a pollen grain after <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>. Like seeds, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grains are severely dehydrated before being released to facilitate their dispersal from one plant to another. They consist of a protective coat containing several cells (up to 8 in gymnosperms, 2–3 in flowering plants). One of these cells is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_cell_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tube cell (plant) (page does not exist)">tube cell</a>. Once the pollen grain lands on the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> of a receptive <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> (or a female <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cone</a> in gymnosperms), it takes up water and germinates. Pollen germination is facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_hydration" title="Tissue hydration">hydration</a> on the stigma, as well as by the structure and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> of the stigma and style.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollen can also be induced to germinate <i>in vitro</i> (in a <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">petri dish</a> or test tube).<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pfahler_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfahler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During germination, the tube cell elongates into a <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a>. In the flower, the pollen tube then grows towards the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> where it discharges the <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> produced in the pollen grain for fertilization. The germinated pollen grain with its two sperm cells is the mature male <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">microgametophyte</a> of these plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-incompatibility">Self-incompatibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Self-incompatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since most plants carry both male and female reproductive organs in their flowers, there is a high risk of self-pollination and thus <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>. Some plants use the control of pollen germination as a way to prevent this self-pollination. Germination and growth of the pollen tube involve molecular signaling between stigma and pollen. In <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-incompatibility in plants">self-incompatibility in plants</a>, the stigma of certain plants can molecularly recognize pollen from the same plant and prevent it from germinating.<sup id="cite_ref-Takayama_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takayama-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spore_germination">Spore germination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spore germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germination can also refer to the emergence of cells from <a href="/wiki/Resting_spore" title="Resting spore">resting spores</a> and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Sporeling" title="Sporeling">sporeling</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thalli</a> from spores in <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a> and some plants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conidia">Conidia</a> are asexual reproductive (reproduction without the fusing of gametes) spores of fungi which germinate under specific conditions. A variety of cells can be formed from the germinating conidia. The most common are germ tubes which grow and develop into hyphae. The initial formation and subsequent elongation of the germ tube in the fungus <i>Aspergillus niger</i> has been captured in 3D using <a href="/wiki/Holotomography" title="Holotomography">holotomography</a> microscopy. Another type of cell is a conidial anastomosis tube (CAT); these differ from germ tubes in that they are thinner, shorter, lack branches, exhibit determinate growth and home toward each other. Each cell is of a tubular shape, but the conidial anastomosis tube forms a bridge that allows fusion between conidia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D-visualization_of_Aspergillus_niger_spore_germination.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/3D-visualization_of_Aspergillus_niger_spore_germination.gif/220px-3D-visualization_of_Aspergillus_niger_spore_germination.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/3D-visualization_of_Aspergillus_niger_spore_germination.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>3D-visualization of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> spore germination. This image has been captured using <a href="/wiki/Holotomography" title="Holotomography">holotomography</a> microscopy.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resting_spores">Resting spores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Resting spores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Resting_spore" title="Resting spore">resting spores</a>, germination involves cracking the thick cell wall of the dormant spore. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Zygomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomycete">zygomycetes</a> the thick-walled zygosporangium cracks open and the <a href="/wiki/Zygospore" title="Zygospore">zygospore</a> inside gives rise to the emerging sporangiophore. In <a href="/wiki/Slime_mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime mould">slime molds</a>, germination refers to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeboid</a> cells from the hardened spore. After cracking the spore coat, further development involves cell division, but not necessarily the development of a multicellular organism (for example in the free-living amoebas of slime molds).<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferns_and_mosses">Ferns and mosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ferns and mosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, and a few others, spores germinate into independent <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>. In the bryophytes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>), spores germinate into <a href="/wiki/Protonema" title="Protonema">protonemata</a>, similar to fungal hyphae, from which the gametophyte grows. In <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, the gametophytes are small, heart-shaped <a href="/wiki/Prothalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Prothalli">prothalli</a> that can often be found underneath a spore-shedding adult plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacterial spores can be <a href="/wiki/Exospore" class="mw-redirect" title="Exospore">exospores</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospores</a> which are dormant structures produced by a number of different bacteria. They have no or very low metabolic activity and are formed in response to adverse environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-GhuysenHakenbeck1994_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhuysenHakenbeck1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They allow survival and are not a form of reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-SolomonBerg2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SolomonBerg2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under suitable conditions the spore germinates to produce a viable bacterium. Endospores are formed inside the mother cell, whereas exospores are formed at the end of the mother cell as a bud.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Light-stimulated_germination">Light-stimulated germination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Light-stimulated germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned earlier, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> can be an environmental factor that stimulates the germination process. The seed needs to be able to determine when is the perfect time to germinate and they do that by sensing environmental cues. Once germination starts, the stored nutrients that have accumulated during maturation start to be digested which then supports cell expansion and overall growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Penfield-2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penfield-2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within light-stimulated germination, <a href="/wiki/Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochrome</a> B (<a href="/w/index.php?title=PHYB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHYB (page does not exist)">PHYB</a>) is the photoreceptor that is responsible for the beginning stages of germination. When red light is present, PHYB is converted to its active form and moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it upregulates the degradation of <a href="/wiki/PIF1" class="mw-redirect" title="PIF1">PIF1</a>. PIF1, phytochrome-interaction-factor-1, negatively regulates germination by increasing the expression of proteins that repress the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Gibberellin" title="Gibberellin">gibberellin</a> (GA), a major hormone in the germination process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor that promotes germination is HFR1 which accumulates in light in some way and forms inactive heterodimers with PIF1.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the exact mechanism is not known, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO) plays a role in this pathway as well. NO is thought to repress PIF1 gene expression and stabilises HFR1 in some way to support the start of germination.<sup id="cite_ref-Penfield-2017_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penfield-2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bethke et al. (2006) exposed dormant <i>Arabidopsis</i> seeds to NO gas and within the next 4 days, 90% of the seeds broke dormancy and germinated. The authors also looked at how NO and GA effects the vacuolation process of aleurone cells that allow the movement of nutrients to be digested. A NO mutant resulted in inhibition of vacuolation but when GA was later added the process was active again leading to the belief that NO is prior to GA in the pathway. NO may also lead to the decrease in sensitivity of <a href="/wiki/Abscisic_acid" title="Abscisic acid">abscisic acid</a> (ABA), a plant hormone largely responsible for seed dormancy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The balance between GA and ABA is important. When ABA levels are higher than GA then that leads to dormant seeds and when GA levels are higher, seeds germinate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The switch between seed dormancy and germination needs to occur at a time when the seed has the best chances of surviving and an important cue that begins the process of seed germination and overall plant growth is light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lily_seed_germination_types" title="Lily seed germination types">Lily seed germination types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_viable_seed" title="Oldest viable seed">Oldest viable seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot farm">Pot farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyte" title="Pyrophyte">Pyrophyte</a>, for germination after fire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_tray" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed tray">Seed tray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">Sprouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">Urban horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivipary" title="Vivipary">Vivipary</a>, when seeds or embryos begin to develop inside or before they detach from the parent</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Forensic Botany</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. 2012. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+Botany&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raven_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenEvertEichhorn2005" class="citation book cs1">Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0"><i>Biology of Plants</i></a></span> (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/504">504–508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1007-3"><bdi>978-0-7167-1007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=504-508&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H&rft.au=Evert%2C+Ray+Franklin&rft.au=Eichhorn%2C+Susan+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyofplants00rave_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelRosen1962" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel SM, Rosen LA (1962). "Effects of Reduced Oxygen Tension on Germination and Seedling Growth". <i>Physiologia Plantarum</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 437–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054.1962.tb08047.x">10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08047.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiologia+Plantarum&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Reduced+Oxygen+Tension+on+Germination+and+Seedling+Growth&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-444&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054.1962.tb08047.x&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Rosen%2C+LA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagneschiPerata2008" class="citation journal cs1">Magneschi, Leonardo; Perata, Pierdomenico (25 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/103/2/181/187259">"Rice germination and seedling growth in the absence of oxygen"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>103</b> (2): 181–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcn121">10.1093/aob/mcn121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2707302">2707302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18660495">18660495</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Rice+germination+and+seedling+growth+in+the+absence+of+oxygen&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-196&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2707302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18660495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcn121&rft.aulast=Magneschi&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=Perata%2C+Pierdomenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Faob%2Farticle%2F103%2F2%2F181%2F187259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskinBaskin2014" class="citation book cs1">Baskin CC, Baskin JM (2014). <i>Variation in Seed Dormancy and Germination within and between Individuals and Populations of a Species. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and, Evolution of Dormancy and Germination</i>. Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 5–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124166837" title="Special:BookSources/9780124166837"><bdi>9780124166837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+in+Seed+Dormancy+and+Germination+within+and+between+Individuals+and+Populations+of+a+Species.+Seeds%3A+Ecology%2C+Biogeography%2C+and%2C+Evolution+of+Dormancy+and+Germination.&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=5-35&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780124166837&rft.aulast=Baskin&rft.aufirst=Carol+C&rft.au=Baskin%2C+Jerry+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewleyBlackHalmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Bewley JD, Black M, Halmer P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&pg=PA203"><i>The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses Cabi Series</i></a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-723-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-723-0"><bdi>978-0-85199-723-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+seeds%3A+science%2C+technology+and+uses+Cabi+Series&rft.pages=203&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-723-0&rft.aulast=Bewley&rft.aufirst=J+Derek&rft.au=Black%2C+Michael&rft.au=Halmer%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaE414KuXu4gC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FH_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlukapiNasircilar2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ulukapi, Kamile; Nasircilar, Ayse Gul (February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Ffhort-2024-0002">"The role of exogenous glutamine on germination, plant development and transcriptional expression of some stress-related genes in onion under salt stres"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Folia_Horticulturae" title="Folia Horticulturae">Folia Horticulturae</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1). Polish Society of Horticultural Science: 19–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Ffhort-2024-0002">10.2478/fhort-2024-0002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19887643">19887643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=The+role+of+exogenous+glutamine+on+germination%2C+plant+development+and+transcriptional+expression+of+some+stress-related+genes+in+onion+under+salt+stres&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-34&rft.date=2024-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Ffhort-2024-0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19887643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ulukapi&rft.aufirst=Kamile&rft.au=Nasircilar%2C+Ayse+Gul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Ffhort-2024-0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25750428-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25750428_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterworthBrayWest2015" class="citation journal cs1">Waterworth WM, Bray CM, West CE (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferv080">"The importance of safeguarding genome integrity in germination and seed longevity"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i>. <b>66</b> (12): 3549–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferv080">10.1093/jxb/erv080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25750428">25750428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+safeguarding+genome+integrity+in+germination+and+seed+longevity&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3549-58&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferv080&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25750428&rft.aulast=Waterworth&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Bray%2C+CM&rft.au=West%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252Ferv080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11321247-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11321247_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppenVerschaeve2001" class="citation journal cs1">Koppen G, Verschaeve L (2001). "The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay: a way to study DNA repair in radicle cells of germinating Vicia faba". <i>Folia Biologica</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 50–4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11321247">11321247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Biologica&rft.atitle=The+alkaline+single-cell+gel+electrophoresis%2Fcomet+assay%3A+a+way+to+study+DNA+repair+in+radicle+cells+of+germinating+Vicia+faba&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-4&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11321247&rft.aulast=Koppen&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Verschaeve%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20584150-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20584150_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterworthMasnaviBhardwajJiang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Waterworth WM, Masnavi G, Bhardwaj RM, Jiang Q, Bray CM, West CE (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2010.04285.x">"A plant DNA ligase is an important determinant of seed longevity"</a>. <i>The Plant Journal</i>. <b>63</b> (5): 848–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2010.04285.x">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04285.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20584150">20584150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Journal&rft.atitle=A+plant+DNA+ligase+is+an+important+determinant+of+seed+longevity&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=848-60&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2010.04285.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20584150&rft.aulast=Waterworth&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Masnavi%2C+G&rft.au=Bhardwaj%2C+RM&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Q&rft.au=Bray%2C+CM&rft.au=West%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-313X.2010.04285.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27503884-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27503884_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterworthFootittBrayFinch-Savage2016" class="citation journal cs1">Waterworth WM, Footitt S, Bray CM, Finch-Savage WE, West CE (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003248">"DNA damage checkpoint kinase ATM regulates germination and maintains genome stability in seeds"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>113</b> (34): 9647–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.9647W">2016PNAS..113.9647W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1608829113">10.1073/pnas.1608829113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003248">5003248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27503884">27503884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=DNA+damage+checkpoint+kinase+ATM+regulates+germination+and+maintains+genome+stability+in+seeds&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=9647-52&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003248%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27503884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1608829113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.9647W&rft.aulast=Waterworth&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Footitt%2C+S&rft.au=Bray%2C+CM&rft.au=Finch-Savage%2C+WE&rft.au=West%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5003248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadhu1989" class="citation book cs1">Sadhu MK (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gQh6OI7GcC&q=mango+hypogeous+germination&pg=PA61"><i>Plant propagation</i></a>. New Age International. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-0065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-0065-6"><bdi>978-81-224-0065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+propagation&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-224-0065-6&rft.aulast=Sadhu&rft.aufirst=MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-gQh6OI7GcC%26q%3Dmango%2Bhypogeous%2Bgermination%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Martin FW (June 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC366081">"In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>49</b> (6): 924–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.49.6.924">10.1104/pp.49.6.924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC366081">366081</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16658085">16658085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=In+vitro+measurement+of+pollen+tube+growth+inhibition&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=924-5&rft.date=1972-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC366081%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16658085&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.49.6.924&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=FW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC366081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfahler-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pfahler_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfahler1981" class="citation journal cs1">Pfahler PL (January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1568653">"In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>37</b>: 125–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3429260">10.2307/3429260</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3429260">3429260</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1568653">1568653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7460877">7460877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=In+vitro+germination+characteristics+of+maize+pollen+to+detect+biological+activity+of+environmental+pollutants&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=125-32&rft.date=1981-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1568653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7460877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3429260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3429260&rft.aulast=Pfahler&rft.aufirst=PL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1568653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takayama-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Takayama_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakayamaIsogai2005" class="citation journal cs1">Takayama S, Isogai A (2005). "Self-incompatibility in plants". <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 467–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.56.032604.144249">10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15862104">15862104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1196223">1196223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Self-incompatibility+in+plants&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=467-89&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1196223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15862104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.56.032604.144249&rft.aulast=Takayama&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Isogai%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocaDavideDavideMendes-Costa2004" class="citation journal cs1">Roca MG, Davide LC, Davide LM, Mendes-Costa MC, Schwan RF, Wheals AE (November 2004). "Conidial anastomosis fusion between Colletotrichum species". <i>Mycological Research</i>. <b>108</b> (Pt 11): 1320–6. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.463.3369">10.1.1.463.3369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756204000838">10.1017/S0953756204000838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15587065">15587065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&rft.atitle=Conidial+anastomosis+fusion+between+Colletotrichum+species&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=Pt+11&rft.pages=1320-6&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.463.3369%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15587065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0953756204000838&rft.aulast=Roca&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Davide%2C+LC&rft.au=Davide%2C+LM&rft.au=Mendes-Costa%2C+MC&rft.au=Schwan%2C+RF&rft.au=Wheals%2C+AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocaArltJeffreeRead2005" class="citation journal cs1">Roca MG, Arlt J, Jeffree CE, Read ND (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1140100">"Cell biology of conidial anastomosis tubes in Neurospora crassa"</a>. <i>Eukaryotic Cell</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 911–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.4.5.911-919.2005">10.1128/EC.4.5.911-919.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1140100">1140100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15879525">15879525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&rft.atitle=Cell+biology+of+conidial+anastomosis+tubes+in+Neurospora+crassa&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=911-9&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1140100%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15879525&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FEC.4.5.911-919.2005&rft.aulast=Roca&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Arlt%2C+J&rft.au=Jeffree%2C+CE&rft.au=Read%2C+ND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1140100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GhuysenHakenbeck1994-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GhuysenHakenbeck1994_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.-M._GhuysenR._Hakenbeck1994" class="citation book cs1">J.-M. Ghuysen; R. Hakenbeck (9 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjBxBsRY-AEC&pg=PA167"><i>Bacterial Cell Wall</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 167–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-086087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-086087-9"><bdi>978-0-08-086087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacterial+Cell+Wall&rft.pages=167-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1994-02-09&rft.isbn=978-0-08-086087-9&rft.au=J.-M.+Ghuysen&rft.au=R.+Hakenbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRjBxBsRY-AEC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SolomonBerg2010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SolomonBerg2010_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldra_SolomonLinda_BergDiana_W._Martin2010" class="citation book cs1">Eldra Solomon; Linda Berg; Diana W. Martin (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC&pg=PT554"><i>Biology</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 554–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-74125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-538-74125-5"><bdi>978-0-538-74125-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pages=554-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-538-74125-5&rft.au=Eldra+Solomon&rft.au=Linda+Berg&rft.au=Diana+W.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitHVNZicPgwC%26pg%3DPT554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2002" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopedia Britannica (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia britannica</i></a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. p. 580. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2"><bdi>978-0-85229-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+britannica&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-787-2&rft.au=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoVUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penfield-2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penfield-2017_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penfield-2017_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield2017" class="citation journal cs1">Penfield S (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.05.050">"Seed dormancy and germination"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>27</b> (17): R874–R878. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CBio...27.R874P">2017CBio...27.R874P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.05.050">10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28898656">28898656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Seed+dormancy+and+germination&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R874-R878&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28898656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.05.050&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CBio...27.R874P&rft.aulast=Penfield&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2017.05.050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_WitGalvãoFankhauser2016" class="citation journal cs1">de Wit M, Galvão VC, Fankhauser C (April 2016). "Light-Mediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development". <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>67</b>: 513–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-043015-112252">10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26905653">26905653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Light-Mediated+Hormonal+Regulation+of+Plant+Growth+and+Development&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=513-37&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-043015-112252&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26905653&rft.aulast=de+Wit&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Galv%C3%A3o%2C+VC&rft.au=Fankhauser%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiJiaYuYang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Li R, Jia Y, Yu L, Yang W, Chen Z, Chen H, Hu X (February 2018). "Nitric oxide promotes light-initiated seed germination by repressing PIF1 expression and stabilizing HFR1". <i>Plant Physiology and Biochemistry</i>. <b>123</b>: 204–212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PlPB..123..204L">2018PlPB..123..204L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plaphy.2017.11.012">10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29248678">29248678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Nitric+oxide+promotes+light-initiated+seed+germination+by+repressing+PIF1+expression+and+stabilizing+HFR1&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=204-212&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29248678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plaphy.2017.11.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PlPB..123..204L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Jia%2C+Y&rft.au=Yu%2C+L&rft.au=Yang%2C+W&rft.au=Chen%2C+Z&rft.au=Chen%2C+H&rft.au=Hu%2C+X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethkeLibourelAoyamaChung2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bethke PC, Libourel IG, Aoyama N, Chung YY, Still DW, Jones RL (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820924">"The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>143</b> (3): 1173–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.106.093435">10.1104/pp.106.093435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820924">1820924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17220360">17220360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+Arabidopsis+aleurone+layer+responds+to+nitric+oxide%2C+gibberellin%2C+and+abscisic+acid+and+is+sufficient+and+necessary+for+seed+dormancy&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1173-88&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1820924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17220360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.106.093435&rft.aulast=Bethke&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Libourel%2C+IG&rft.au=Aoyama%2C+N&rft.au=Chung%2C+YY&rft.au=Still%2C+DW&rft.au=Jones%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1820924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuMengShuaiLiu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shu K, Meng YJ, Shuai HW, Liu WG, Du JB, Liu J, Yang WY (November 2015). "Dormancy and germination: How does the crop seed decide?". <i>Plant Biology</i>. <b>17</b> (6): 1104–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PlBio..17.1104S">2015PlBio..17.1104S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fplb.12356">10.1111/plb.12356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26095078">26095078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Dormancy+and+germination%3A+How+does+the+crop+seed+decide%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1104-12&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26095078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fplb.12356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PlBio..17.1104S&rft.aulast=Shu&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Meng%2C+YJ&rft.au=Shuai%2C+HW&rft.au=Liu%2C+WG&rft.au=Du%2C+JB&rft.au=Liu%2C+J&rft.au=Yang%2C+WY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajjouDuvalGallardoCatusse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rajjou L, Duval M, Gallardo K, Catusse J, Bally J, Job C, Job D (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01000608/file/Rajjou2012.pdf">"Seed germination and vigor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>63</b>: 507–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-042811-105550">10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22136565">22136565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Seed+germination+and+vigor&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=507-33&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-042811-105550&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22136565&rft.aulast=Rajjou&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Duval%2C+M&rft.au=Gallardo%2C+K&rft.au=Catusse%2C+J&rft.au=Bally%2C+J&rft.au=Job%2C+C&rft.au=Job%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01000608%2Ffile%2FRajjou2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeno1980" class="citation book cs1">Deno NC (1980). <i>Seed Germination: Theory and Practice</i>. State College, PA. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918148836">918148836</a>. <q>An extensive study of the germination rates of a huge variety of seeds under different experimental conditions, including temperature variation and chemical environment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seed+Germination%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=State+College%2C+PA&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918148836&rft.aulast=Deno&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermination" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germination&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Germination">Germination</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germination" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Germination">Germination</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1906 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Germination" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Germination">Germination</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theseedsite.co.uk/seedsowing.html">Sowing Seeds</a>, a survey of seed sowing techniques</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTZih16DUB4&hd=1">Germination time-lapse</a>, ≈1 minute HD video of mung bean seeds germinating over 10 days, on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563028">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germination&oldid=1250129390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germination&oldid=1250129390</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germination" title="Category:Germination">Germination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seeds" title="Category:Seeds">Seeds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_physiology" title="Category:Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 16:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germination&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-txx8l","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.802","walltime":"1.068","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3289,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":105899,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3936,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":131412,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 902.462 1 -total"," 37.08% 334.599 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.85% 170.100 9 Template:Cite_book"," 15.17% 136.921 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.41% 120.988 1 Template:Botany"," 11.69% 105.535 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.42% 103.095 3 Template:Sister_project"," 11.11% 100.293 3 Template:Side_box"," 11.05% 99.711 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.96% 62.804 2 Template:If_then_show"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.491","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5853701,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kpnzx","timestamp":"20241122142833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Germination","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germination","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193838","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193838","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-15T17:31:53Z","dateModified":"2024-10-08T16:41:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/75\/Sunflower_seedlings.jpg","headline":"process by which an organism grows from a seed"}</script> </body> </html>