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<span>Bracteole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bracteole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involucral_bracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involucral_bracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Involucral bracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involucral_bracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epicalyx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epicalyx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Epicalyx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epicalyx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spathe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spathe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spathe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spathe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skutblaar" title="Skutblaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skutblaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="قنابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1ctea" title="Bráctea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bráctea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Прыкветак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыкветак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakteja" title="Brakteja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brakteja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A0ctea" title="Bràctea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bràctea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen" title="Listen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Listen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragblatt" title="Tragblatt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tragblatt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandeleht" title="Kandeleht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kandeleht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1ctea" title="Bráctea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bráctea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakteo" title="Brakteo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brakteo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braktea" title="Braktea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Braktea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DA%A9" title="برگک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برگک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract%C3%A9e" title="Bractée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bractée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracht" title="Bracht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1ctea" title="Bráctea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bráctea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%BD" title="포엽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포엽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सहपत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहपत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakteo" title="Brakteo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brakteo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun_pelindung" title="Daun pelindung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daun pelindung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattea" title="Brattea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brattea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%94" title="חפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bractea" title="Bractea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bractea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A0tea" title="Bràtea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bràtea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murvalev%C3%A9l" title="Murvalevél – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Murvalevél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Прицветник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прицветник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സഹപത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഹപത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutblad_(plant)" title="Schutblad (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schutblad (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%9E" title="苞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="苞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yblad" title="Høyblad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyblad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsadka" title="Podsadka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podsadka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1ctea" title="Bráctea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bráctea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Прицветник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прицветник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract" title="Bract – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bract" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste%C5%88" title="Listeň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Listeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovr%C5%A1ni_list" title="Ovršni list – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ovršni list" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Приперак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приперак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakteja" title="Brakteja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brakteja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gblad" title="Högblad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högblad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ใบประดับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใบประดับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakte" title="Brakte – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brakte" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Приквіток – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приквіток" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%9E%E7%89%87" title="苞片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苞片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q729496#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Involucre" redirects here. For the protective layer that encloses spores in fungi, see <a href="/wiki/Peridium" title="Peridium">Peridium</a>. For the indusium in ferns or fungi, see <a href="/wiki/Sorus" title="Sorus">Sorus</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg/220px-Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg/330px-Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg/440px-Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Papery (upper) and leafy bracts on hay rattle (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhinanthus_minor" title="Rhinanthus minor">Rhinanthus minor</a></i>). All the "leaves" in this image are bracts.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, a <b>bract</b> is a modified or specialized <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a>, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> axis, or <a href="/wiki/Cone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone scale">cone scale</a>. </p><p>Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves; they may be of a different size, color, shape, or texture. Typically, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals or <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a>. </p><p>A plant having bracts is referred to as <b>bracteate</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>bracteolate</b>, while one that lacks them is referred to as <b>ebracteate</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>ebracteolate</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some bracts are brightly coloured and serve the function of attracting pollinators, either together with the <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> or instead of it. Examples of this type of bract include those of <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_pulcherrima" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphorbia pulcherrima">Euphorbia pulcherrima</a></i> (poinsettia) and <i><a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea" title="Bougainvillea">Bougainvillea</a></i>: both of these have large colourful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colourful flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, called the <b>lemma</b> (lower bract) and <b>palea</b> (upper bract), while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called <b>glumes</b>. These bracts form the <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a> removed from <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grain during <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bats may detect acoustic signals from dish-shaped bracts such as those of <i><a href="/wiki/Marcgravia_evenia" title="Marcgravia evenia">Marcgravia evenia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>prophyll</b> is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending (extending under) a single flower or <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicel</a>. The term can also mean the lower bract on a <a href="/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)" title="Peduncle (botany)">peduncle</a>. </p><p>The frequently showy pair of bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a></i> species in subgenus <i>Lacanthis</i> are the <b>cyathophylls</b>. </p><p>Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, and in some cases, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i>, they extend beyond the cone scales. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bright yellow bracts of Castilleja levisecta are more tightly pressed against the stem than bracts of other Castilleja species."><img alt="Bright yellow bracts of Castilleja levisecta are more tightly pressed against the stem than bracts of other Castilleja species." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg/109px-Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg/163px-Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg/217px-Castilleja_levisecta_bracts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bright yellow bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Castilleja_levisecta" title="Castilleja levisecta">Castilleja levisecta</a></i> are more tightly pressed against the stem than bracts of other <i><a href="/wiki/Castilleja" title="Castilleja">Castilleja</a></i> species.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bracts of Bougainvillea glabra, differ in colour from the non-bract leaves, and attract pollinators."><img alt="Bracts of Bougainvillea glabra, differ in colour from the non-bract leaves, and attract pollinators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG/120px-Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG/180px-Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG/240px-Bougainvillea_glabra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea_glabra" title="Bougainvillea glabra">Bougainvillea glabra</a></i>, differ in colour from the non-bract leaves, and attract pollinators.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_bract.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bracts along a banana flower stalk surround the rows of flowers"><img alt="Bracts along a banana flower stalk surround the rows of flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Banana_bract.jpg/90px-Banana_bract.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Banana_bract.jpg/135px-Banana_bract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Banana_bract.jpg/180px-Banana_bract.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bracts along a <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> flower stalk surround the rows of flowers </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euphorbia milii var. vulcanii cyathia bearing a pair of pinkish cyathophylls."><img alt="Euphorbia milii var. vulcanii cyathia bearing a pair of pinkish cyathophylls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg/120px-E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg/180px-E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg/240px-E_milii_vulcanii_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_milii" title="Euphorbia milii">Euphorbia milii</a></i> var. <i>vulcanii</i> cyathia bearing a pair of pinkish cyathophylls.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colourful bracts of Ananas bracteatus."><img alt="Colourful bracts of Ananas bracteatus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg/80px-Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg/120px-Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg/160px-Ananas_bracteatus_var_tricolor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colourful bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Ananas_bracteatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananas bracteatus">Ananas bracteatus</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The many green involucral bracts of Erigeron peregrinus are linear, loose, taper to a point, about the same length, and help to distinguish this species."><img alt="The many green involucral bracts of Erigeron peregrinus are linear, loose, taper to a point, about the same length, and help to distinguish this species." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG/120px-Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG/180px-Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG/240px-Erigeron_peregrinus_6287.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The many green <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Involucral_bracts">involucral bracts</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Erigeron_peregrinus" title="Erigeron peregrinus">Erigeron peregrinus</a></i> are linear, loose, taper to a point, about the same length, and help to distinguish this species.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blooming_Dogwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dogwood species Cornus florida inflorescence showing four large white bracts and central flower cluster."><img alt="Dogwood species Cornus florida inflorescence showing four large white bracts and central flower cluster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Blooming_Dogwood.jpg/120px-Blooming_Dogwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Blooming_Dogwood.jpg/180px-Blooming_Dogwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Blooming_Dogwood.jpg/240px-Blooming_Dogwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">Dogwood</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Cornus florida</a></i> inflorescence showing four large white bracts and central flower cluster.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cornus florida dogwood cultivar with pink bracts surrounding small flower cluster."><img alt="Cornus florida dogwood cultivar with pink bracts surrounding small flower cluster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg/120px-2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg/180px-2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg/240px-2013-05-10_08_26_08_Closeup_of_pink_dogwoods_at_the_Brendan_T._Byrne_State_Forest_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Cornus florida</a></i> dogwood <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> with pink bracts surrounding small flower cluster.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The red bracts of Aechmea bracteata."><img alt="The red bracts of Aechmea bracteata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg/90px-%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg/135px-%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg/180px-%E8%B1%94%E7%B4%85%E8%8B%9E%E9%B3%B3%E6%A2%A8_20190712192436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The red bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Aechmea_bracteata" title="Aechmea bracteata">Aechmea bracteata</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pink bracts of Curcuma petiolata."><img alt="The pink bracts of Curcuma petiolata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg/90px-%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg/135px-%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg/180px-%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91_20190715203108_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pink bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_petiolata" title="Curcuma petiolata">Curcuma petiolata</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pink bract of a new cultivar: Anthurium andraeanum 'Pink Lady'."><img alt="The pink bract of a new cultivar: Anthurium andraeanum 'Pink Lady'." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg/90px-%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg/135px-%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg/180px-%E7%81%AB%E9%B6%B4_20190729181532.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pink bract of a new cultivar: <i><a href="/wiki/Anthurium_andraeanum" title="Anthurium andraeanum">Anthurium andraeanum</a></i> 'Pink Lady'.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The inflorescence of Alpinia zerumbet protected by two bracts before flower bloom."><img alt="The inflorescence of Alpinia zerumbet protected by two bracts before flower bloom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg/90px-%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg/135px-%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg/180px-%E8%B1%94%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%9C%E8%8A%B1%E5%BA%8F%E7%B8%BD%E8%8B%9E_20190508131956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The inflorescence of <i><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_zerumbet" title="Alpinia zerumbet">Alpinia zerumbet</a></i> protected by two bracts before flower bloom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The golden bracts of Musella lasiocarpa."><img alt="The golden bracts of Musella lasiocarpa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg/90px-%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg/135px-%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg/180px-%E5%9C%B0%E6%B9%A7%E9%87%91%E8%93%AE_Musella_lasiocarpa_20201028130818_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The golden bracts of <i><a href="/wiki/Musella_lasiocarpa" title="Musella lasiocarpa">Musella lasiocarpa</a></i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bracteole">Bracteole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bracteole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small bract is called a <b>bracteole</b> or <b>bractlet</b>. Technically this is any bract that arises <i>on</i> a pedicel instead of subtending it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involucral_bracts">Involucral bracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Involucral bracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg/100px-Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg/150px-Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg/200px-Leafy-bract-Beggar-ticks.we.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Beggar-tick (<i><a href="/wiki/Bidens_comosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidens comosa">Bidens comosa</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bracts that appear in a <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorl</a> subtending an <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> are collectively called an <b>involucre</b>. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipsacaceae" title="Dipsacaceae">Dipsacaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a>. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts, in this case called an <b>involucel</b>. In this case they may be called <i>chaff</i>, <i>paleas</i>, or <i>receptacular bracts</i> and are usually minute scales or bristles. Many <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">asteraceous</a> plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence. In the family <a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a>, notably in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Carpinus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Corylus</a></i>, the <b>involucre</b> is a leafy structure that protects the developing nuts. Beggar-tick (<i><a href="/wiki/Bidens_comosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidens comosa">Bidens comosa</a></i>) has narrow involucral bracts surrounding each inflorescence, each of which also has a single bract below it. There is then a pair of leafy bracts on the main stem and below those a pair of leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epicalyx">Epicalyx</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epicalyx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg/220px-Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg/330px-Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg/440px-Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis3_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Epicalyx of <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>An epicalyx, which forms an additional whorl around the <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the epicalyx is a <i>group of bracts resembling a calyx</i> or <i>bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. Each individual segment of the epicalyx is called an <b>episepal</b> because they resemble the sepals in them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are present in the hibiscus family, <a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Fragaria</a></i> (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spathe">Spathe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spathe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg/220px-Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg/330px-Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg/440px-Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Anthurium_scherzerianum" title="Anthurium scherzerianum">Anthurium scherzerianum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> with spathe and <a href="/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">spadix</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>spathe</i> is a large bract or pair of bracts forming a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of such plants as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arum" title="Arum">arums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">irises</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">crocuses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dayflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayflower">dayflowers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Commelina" title="Commelina">Commelina</a></i>). <i><a href="/wiki/Zephyranthes_tubispatha" title="Zephyranthes tubispatha">Zephyranthes tubispatha</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> derives its <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">specific name</a> from its tubular spathe. In many arums (family <a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a>), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a <a href="/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">spadix</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Glossary of botanical terms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bract&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bracts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bracts">Bracts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bracteate">"the definition of bracteate"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051604/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bracteate">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+bracteate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbracteate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greengonzo.com/dictionary/Ebractiate.html">"Definition of Ebractate"</a>. <i>www.greengonzo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052240/http://www.greengonzo.com/dictionary/Ebractiate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greengonzo.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Ebractate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greengonzo.com%2Fdictionary%2FEbractiate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpsbAQAAIAAJ"><i>Environment Southwest</i></a>. San Diego Society of Natural History. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environment+Southwest&rft.pub=San+Diego+Society+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpsbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenSalisbury1972" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, William August; Salisbury, Frank B. (1972). <i>Botany: an Ecological Approach</i>. Wadsworth Publishing Company. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-00092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-00092-9"><bdi>978-0-534-00092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany%3A+an+Ecological+Approach&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-534-00092-9&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+August&rft.au=Salisbury%2C+Frank+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon11_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_SimonMarc_W._HolderiedCorinna_U._KochOtto_von_Helversen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph Simon; Marc W. Holderied; Corinna U. Koch; Otto von Helversen (2011). "Floral acoustics: Conspicuous echoes of a dish-shaped leaf attract bat pollinators". <i>Science</i>. <b>333</b> (6042): 631–633. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333..631S">2011Sci...333..631S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1204210">10.1126/science.1204210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21798950">21798950</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5035286">5035286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Floral+acoustics%3A+Conspicuous+echoes+of+a+dish-shaped+leaf+attract+bat+pollinators&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=6042&rft.pages=631-633&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1204210&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5035286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21798950&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...333..631S&rft.au=Ralph+Simon&rft.au=Marc+W.+Holderied&rft.au=Corinna+U.+Koch&rft.au=Otto+von+Helversen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopay2022" class="citation report cs1">Popay, I (2022-01-07). 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Pratiyogita Darpan. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+Science+Vision&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Pratiyogita+Darpan&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Darpan&rft.aufirst=Pratiyogita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214091359/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/12/Std12-Botany-EM.pdf">"Botany"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/books/12/std12-botany-em.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in%2Fbooks%2F12%2Fstd12-botany-em.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botanydictionary.org/epicalyx.html">"epicalyx – Dictionary of botany"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=epicalyx+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+botany&rft.pub=Botanydictionary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotanydictionary.org%2Fepicalyx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABract" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lynch <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grvYTul5CSUC&pg=PA203">The Book of the Iris</a></i>, p. 203, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Casha <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Poo9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287">Flora of the Maltese Islands</a></i>, p. 287, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List 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