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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian evangelist and Anglican bishop</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">Dalit Nayak</div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">CoE</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/LL._D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL. D.">LL. D.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris causa</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cantab.</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">Bishop in Dornakal <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912-1945)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Reverend" title="The Right Reverend">The Right Reverend</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Azariah_.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bishop_Azariah_.png/220px-Bishop_Azariah_.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bishop_Azariah_.png/330px-Bishop_Azariah_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bishop_Azariah_.png/440px-Bishop_Azariah_.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2879" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dornakal_Diocese_of_the_Church_of_South_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India">Dornakal</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In office</th><td class="infobox-data">1912 to 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blacker_Elliott" title="Anthony Blacker Elliott">A. B. Elliott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">CSI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Team Member, <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Christian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Christian Association">Young Men's Christian Association</a> (YMCA)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1909</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-12-29</span>)</span>December 29, 1912, St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta (<a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Bishop</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-08-17</span>)</span>17 August 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vellalanvilai" title="Vellalanvilai">Vellalanvilai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-01-01)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dornakal" title="Dornakal">Dornakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad state">Hyderabad state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data">Epiphany Cathedral Compound, Dornakal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Undergraduation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambaram" title="Tambaram">Tambaram</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">2 January</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bishop <b>Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah</b> (17 August 1874 - 1 January 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also transliterated as Vedanayakam Samuel Azariah) was an Indian evangelist and the first Indian bishop in the churches of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, serving as the first bishop of the diocese of <a href="/wiki/Dornakal" title="Dornakal">Dornakal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pioneer of Christian ecumenism in India, Azariah had a complex relationship with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, who at least once called him postcolonial Indians' "Enemy Number One."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2000291–351_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2000291–351-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_family_life">Early and family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedanayagam_Samuel_Azariah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early and family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vedanayakam Samuel Azariah was born in 1874 in the village of Vellalanvilai, <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoothukudi District">Thoothukudi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, in the far south of India to Christian (Anglican) priest Thomas Vedanayagam, and his second wife Ellen. His family was previously traditionally orthodox Hindu and dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (hence the Tamil family name Vedanayakam possibly reflecting Shiva's 3-pronged spear or one of many names of his son <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas had converted to Christianity, in 1839 while at a Church Missionary Society school. He named his son Samuel after the Old Testament prophet, because of the 13-year gap after the couple had a daughter. </p><p>Thomas died in 1889, but his devout mother raised Samuel, sending him at age 10 to be educated at Christian missionary boarding schools including the one at <a href="/wiki/Megnanapuram" title="Megnanapuram">Megnanapuram</a> run by his half-brother Ambrose, as she became the matron of the related girls' school. At the school in <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a> (called Tinnevelly during British rule), Azariah helped found a society to overcome caste differences, not a popular position with his caste but which foreshadowed his career. </p><p>Samuel Vedanayakam was then sent to the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (then known as Madras), where the British principal of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a> gave him the name Azariah to distinguish him from other boys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper200025–26_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper200025–26-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, his classmates included K.T. Paul (1876-1931), with whom Azariah would later work. He also came into contact with American missionary <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Eddy" title="Sherwood Eddy">Sherwood Eddy</a>, who also became a lifelong friend. Azariah studied mathematics, like one of his elder brothers who also became a missionary, but never received a degree - he completed his coursework in 1893 but fell ill shortly before his final mathematics exam and later chose not to retake it. Later, Azariah would criticize those who flaunted their degrees without becoming B.A. (meaning Born Again). </p><p>Instead, Azariah became an evangelist with the nondenominational <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Christian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Christian Association">Young Men's Christian Association</a> (YMCA) at age 19. By 1895, he led YMCA spiritual meetings and directed the opening of a new branch in Madras. In 1896 he met the evangelist <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a> who noted his enthusiasm favorably. In 1902 Azariah traveled to <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> to evangelize among the Tamils, which caused him to reevaluate the relatively prosperous Tinnevelly church's position concerning evangelization. The following year Azariah revitalized a long-dormant proposal and thus helped form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Missionary_Society_(IMS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Missionary Society (IMS) (page does not exist)">Indian Missionary Society (IMS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (based in Tinnevelly), whereby fellow Tamil Christians could evangelize among their brethren. </p><p>Azariah also served as secretary of the YMCA in south India from 1895 to 1909, and remained convinced of the importance of indigenization in the Christian mission. On Christmas Day, 1905, in Carey's library at <a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Serampore</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, the interdenominational National Missionary Society was founded, with Azariah as its secretary and a mission to evangelize not only in India, but also in Afghanistan, Tibet, and Nepal. Other prominent individuals among the 17 founders included K.T.Paul, J.W.N. Hensman, Savarirayan Jesudasan and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Forrester_Paton" title="Ernest Forrester Paton">Ernest Forrester Paton</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore, in 1907, Azariah attended the World Student Christian Federation Conference in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and the YMCA conference in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and remained interested in evangelizing strategies for Japan and China, as well as India. He focused on a pan-Asian global vision and converting Asians, rather than nationalists' call to free Asia from Western domination. </p><p>In 1898, Azariah married Ambu Mariammal Samuel, one of the first Christian women in South India to take a college course, whom he described as "the most spiritually minded girl in Tirunelveli.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their marriage broke or reinterpreted several native religious traditions, since the bride and groom corresponded with each other before marriage, disregarded dowry customs, set a mere 40 rupee budget for the ceremony, and married on a Wednesday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper200057_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper200057-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple eventually had four sons (George, Henry, Edwin, and Ambrose) and two daughters (Grace and Mercy).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper20003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper20003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministry">Ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedanayagam_Samuel_Azariah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png/220px-Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png/330px-Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png/440px-Azariah_Turban_Cassock.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Azariah wearing a clergy cassock and turban.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1909, at age 35, Azariah was ordained as an Anglican priest, left his positions with the YMCA, learned <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and began as a missionary in <a href="/wiki/Dornakal" title="Dornakal">Dornakal</a>. That mission has been started by the Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly, and Rev. Azariah continued to speak widely on the need for indigenisation, including at the <a href="/wiki/1910_World_Missionary_Conference" title="1910 World Missionary Conference">1910 World Missionary Conference</a> at Edinburgh. </p><p>On 29 December 1912, after three years as a priest, Azariah was consecrated the first Bishop of the new <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dornakal_of_the_Church_of_South_India" title="Diocese of Dornakal of the Church of South India">Diocese of Dornakal</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta">St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">Dr. J. R. Mott</a>, present on the occasion, called it one of the most impressive ceremonies he ever witnessed. Eleven Bishops of the Province of India took part in the act of Consecration, which made Rt.Rev. Azariah the first Indian to be consecrated a Bishop of the Anglican Communion. Indians from all parts, and especially from the new Bishop's own country of Tinnevelly, attended in large numbers to honour their distinguished brother.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canon <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sell_(priest)" title="Edward Sell (priest)">Edward Sell</a>'s sermon on that occasion was soon published and remains available.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese,_Dornakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese%2C_Dornakal.jpg/220px-Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese%2C_Dornakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese%2C_Dornakal.jpg/330px-Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese%2C_Dornakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese%2C_Dornakal.jpg/440px-Ephiphany_Cathedral_Dornakal_Diocese%2C_Dornakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ephiphany Cathedral, Dornakal, visioned and built by Rt. Rev. V. S. Azariah</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dornakal_of_the_Church_of_South_India" title="Diocese of Dornakal of the Church of South India">Diocese of Dornakal</a>, initially small, grew during Bishop Azariah's episcopate. Initially comprising the south-east corner of the Nizam's Dominions in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, it soon added the District of <a href="/wiki/Dummagudem" class="mw-redirect" title="Dummagudem">Dummagudem</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (CMS) worked. In 1920, the Episcopal Synod resolved that all the areas in which either the low-church CMS or the high church <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel</a> (SPG) evangelized in the Telugu country would become part of this diocese, transforming it into one of the largest (in terms of numbers of Christians) in India. Thus were added the watersheds of the <a href="/wiki/Kistna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kistna">Kistna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godavery_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavery river">Godavery</a> rivers; parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuddapah_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuddapah district">Cuddapah</a> districts evangelized by the SPG, as well as the areas in the Hyderabad State served by missionaries of the Indian Missionary Society of Tinnevelly, the <a href="/wiki/Singareni" title="Singareni">Singareni</a> Mission, the <a href="/wiki/Khammam_district" title="Khammam district">Khammamett</a> Mission (formerly under the Church Missionary Society), and the newly formed Dornakal Diocesan Mission (to the Mulag Taluq). Soon, the new bishop started raising funds and designing a cathedral to reflect his dioceses' multiple ethnic and cultural traditions(merging Muslim, Hindu and Christian architectural elements), which was finally completed and consecrated in 1936 as Epiphany Cathedral. </p><p>Bishop Azariah lived for a time in a tent near his new cathedral, but spent most of his episcopate traveling across his vast diocese by bullock cart or bicycle, usually accompanied by his wife and coworker, Anbu. His village sermons often attacked "the four demons - Dirt, Disease, Debt, and Drink."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proved the most successful leader of grassroots conversions to Christianity in South Asia during the early twentieth century. Known by the affectionate honorific Thandrigaru ("father"), Azariah inspired mass movements that brought roughly 200,000 outcast Malas and Madigas, tribals and low-caste non-Brahmins into his fledgling church.<sup id="cite_ref-bu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established a school to educate girls, later renamed for him. By 1924, the Diocese of Dornakal had 8 English-born priests and 53 Indian clergy. By 1935, his diocese had 250 ordained Indian clergy and over 2,000 village teachers, plus medical clinics, cooperative societies, and printing presses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mark,_Westmoreland_Road,_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Mark%2C_Westmoreland_Road%2C_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg/220px-St_Mark%2C_Westmoreland_Road%2C_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Mark%2C_Westmoreland_Road%2C_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg/330px-St_Mark%2C_Westmoreland_Road%2C_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/St_Mark%2C_Westmoreland_Road%2C_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg/440px-St_Mark%2C_Westmoreland_Road%2C_Bromley_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window in <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Bromley" title="St Mark's Church, Bromley">St Mark's Church, Bromley</a>, with Azariah on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The bishop became both an ally and leading foe of <a href="/wiki/M.K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="M.K. Gandhi">M.K. Gandhi</a> during battles over communal representation and religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-bu_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While also an Indian nationalist, Azariah believed Hinduism inherently repressive and grounded in a destructive caste system. On the other hand, Gandhi saw conversions to Christianity as a threat. </p><p>Bishop Azariah also believed the Church's mission should express its unity, and thus continued to take a leading role in negotiating to reunite Protestant Christian missions in India. For many years Azariah served as chairman of the National Christian Council of India, Burma and Ceylon. </p><p>Rt. Rev. Azariah became the first, and remained the only native Indian bishop of an Anglican diocese from 1912 until his death in 1945. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> awarded him an honorary degree. As both an effective evangelist to Indian villagers and a respected bishop in the British church hierarchy, Azariah provided a unique bridge between ordinary Indians and British elites during the late phase of their imperial associations. He was especially popular in rural <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, where he was known by the epithet "Dalit Nayak" (Leader of outcastes). He was an esteemed builder of Protestant unification within India, and a pioneer of the ecumenical movement globally.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitehead_(bishop)" title="Henry Whitehead (bishop)">Bishop Henry Whitehead</a>, Bishop Vedanayagam Azariah wrote <i>Christ in the Indian Villages</i> (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous year, he published two articles in the "International Review of Missions". In 1936 V.S. Azariah published <i>India and the Christian Movement</i> and <i>South India Union: an Examination of the Scheme from the Anglican Point of View</i> as well as <i>The Church and Evangelism: Being Studies on the Evangelization of India Based on Early Church History</i>. His most popular book, <i>Christian Giving</i> (1940), was subsequently translated into more than 15 languages, although not yet freely available online. Azariah also wrote articles on Christian mission, such as 'The Necessity of Christian Unity for the missionary enterprise of the world' and 'The Expansion of Christianity', as well as published a number of works in his native Tamil as well as Telugu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedanayagam_Samuel_Azariah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishop Azariah died on 1 January 1945 in Dornakal. At the time of his death, Dornakal was a diocese with 200,000 members. Two years later, one of his dreams was realized, and a united <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> was formed, for the first time unifying an episcopal church (Anglican) with non-episcopal churches (Congregational, Presbyterian, Methodist) since the Reformation. </p><p>The diocese's only college, Bishop Azariah College in Dornakal, is also named for him and educated both Christians and non-Christians. The girls' school which he established was also renamed in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secondary school in his native Vellalanvilai is also now named in his honor. </p><p>There is a memorial window to Bishop Azariah in <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Bromley" title="St Mark's Church, Bromley">St Mark's Church, Bromley</a>, south-east London, where he is accompanied by Bishops <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Samuel Ajayi Crowther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Patteson_(bishop)" title="John Patteson (bishop)">John Patteson</a>. </p><p>Vedanayagam is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(observance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemoration (observance)">commemoration</a> on <a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2"><i>2</i> January</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedanayagam_Samuel_Azariah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>K. Heiberg, <i>V. S. Azariah</i> (1950)</li> <li>B. P. Emmet, <i>Apostle of India, Azariah, bishop of Dornakal</i> (1949)</li> <li>C. Graham, <i>Azariah of Dornakal</i> (1946)</li> <li>J. Z. Hodge, <i>Bishop Azariah of Dornakal</i> (1946)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedanayagam_Samuel_Azariah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance M. Millington, <i>An Ecumenical Venture: The History of Nandyal Diocese in Andhra Pradesh, 1947-1990</i>, ATC, Bangalore, 1993, p.12.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ue_jAAAAMAAJ&q=university+of+cambridge+honorary+degree+azariah">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melton, J. Gordon (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PA59">Encyclopedia of Protestantism</a></i>. New York: Facts on File, Inc., pp. 59-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSundaram1931" class="citation journal cs1">Sundaram, K. J. G. (February 1931). "A Deccan Village in India". <i>Journal of Geography</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931JGeog..30...49S">1931JGeog..30...49S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00221343108987303">10.1080/00221343108987303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geography&rft.atitle=A+Deccan+Village+in+India&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=1931-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00221343108987303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1931JGeog..30...49S&rft.aulast=Sundaram&rft.aufirst=K.+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2000291–351-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2000291–351_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2000">Harper 2000</a>, pp. 291–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billington at p. 16n.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper200025–26-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper200025–26_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2000">Harper 2000</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imst.co.in/">"Home Default Slider - Indian Missionary Society & IMS Charitable Trust"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Default+Slider+-+Indian+Missionary+Society+%26+IMS+Charitable+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimst.co.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bmcbangalore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bishop-Vedanayagam-Samuel-Azariah.pdf">http://www.bmcbangalore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bishop-Vedanayagam-Samuel-Azariah.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper200057-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper200057_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2000">Harper 2000</a>, pp. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper20003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper20003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2000">Harper 2000</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalden_Richard_(ed)1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Malden" title="Richard Malden">Malden Richard (ed)</a> (1920). <i>Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1920 (51st edn)</i>. London: The Field Press. p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crockford%27s+Clerical+Directory+for+1920+%2851st+edn%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=The+Field+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Malden+Richard+%28ed%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterton1924" class="citation book cs1">Chatterton, Eyre (1924). "The Diocese of Dornakal, 1912. A Diocese of Mass Movements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/25.html"><i>A History of the Church of England in India since the early days of the East India Company</i></a>. London: SPCK – via Project Canterbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diocese+of+Dornakal%2C+1912.+A+Diocese+of+Mass+Movements&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+of+England+in+India+since+the+early+days+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Chatterton&rft.aufirst=Eyre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Findia%2Fchatterton1924%2F25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/india/sell_dornakal1912.html">"Strengthened with Might, by Edward Sell (1912)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strengthened+with+Might%2C+by+Edward+Sell+%281912%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Findia%2Fsell_dornakal1912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmcbangalore.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bishop-Vedanayagam-Samuel-Azariah.pdf">"Bishop Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.bmcbangalore.org</i>. August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bmcbangalore.org&rft.atitle=Bishop+Vedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmcbangalore.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FBishop-Vedanayagam-Samuel-Azariah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bu-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bu_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bu_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/a-c/azariah-vedanayagam-samuel-1874-1945">"Azariah, Vedanayagam Samuel (1874-1945) | History of Missiology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azariah%2C+Vedanayagam+Samuel+%281874-1945%29+%26%23124%3B+History+of+Missiology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fmissiology%2Fmissionary-biography%2Fa-c%2Fazariah-vedanayagam-samuel-1874-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2000" class="citation book cs1">Harper, S. B. (2000). <i>In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop V. S. Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Mahatma%3A+Bishop+V.+S.+Azariah+and+the+Travails+of+Christianity+in+British+India&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzariahWhitehead1930" class="citation book cs1">Azariah, V. S.; Whitehead, Henry (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41575ucmf_8"><i>Christ in the Indian Villages</i></a>. London: SCM Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+the+Indian+Villages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Azariah&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41575ucmf_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missionstclare.com/english/people/jan2.html">"Bishop V. Samuel Azariah, 2 January"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop+V.+Samuel+Azariah%2C+2+January&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionstclare.com%2Fenglish%2Fpeople%2Fjan2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVedanayagam+Samuel+Azariah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedanayagam_Samuel_Azariah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://satucket.com/lectionary/VSAzariah.htm">Lectionary Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/india/vsazariah">Bibliographic directory</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org">Project Canterbury</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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