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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish missionary</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Ernest Forrester Paton</b> (1891–1970), also known by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> name <b>Chinnannan</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Free Church">United Free Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, part of then-<a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. He was the co-founder of <i>Christukula Ashram</i>, the first <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Jesudasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Jesudasan (page does not exist)">S. Jesudasan</a>, a fellow missionary and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamil_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thamil people (page does not exist)">Tamilan</a> convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tiruppattur,_Tirupattur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district">Tirupattur</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North Arcot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Thamil Nadu</a>—part of then-<a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-med_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ernest Forrester Paton was born the son of Alexander Forrester Paton (1852-1915) and his wife Jean Paton. They were a religiously devout family at <a href="/wiki/Alloa" title="Alloa">Alloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Forrester_Paton" title="Catherine Forrester Paton">Catherine Forrester Paton</a>, his aunt, founded a women's missionary training college in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After primary schooling in Alloa, he continued his education at <a href="/wiki/The_Leys_School" title="The Leys School">The Leys School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. While at King's College, he became actively involved in the Student Christian movement and decided to become a missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missionary_work">Missionary work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Missionary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, Ernest while a final year medical student in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> appears to have got acquainted with Jesudasan, who was then-working in the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> Medical Mission Hospital; it is also believed that it was Jesudasan who persuaded Ernest to go India for missionary work. Ernest Forrester and S. Jesudasan were sent as missionaries by the <a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Free Church">United Free Church</a> (UFC) to <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>'s Pune, presently in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Pune, Ernest and Jesudasan appear to have disliked the missionary duties, especially the mission's attitude to the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>; consequently, both left the UFC and went back to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> before they returned to India as missionaries to <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-med_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ernest worked for fifty years as a missionary in South India. During that period, he changed his attire to Indian look by adopting an Indian way of living. All his life, he lived a simple life and contributed his earnings to the construction of hospitals, schools, and building up the ashram.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his association with the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Christian_Medical_College_%26_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Medical College & Hospital">Vellore Christian Medical College</a>, both he and Jesudasan went to work amongst the villages and established <i>Christu-Kula Ashram</i>. They also built a <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> at Tirupattur between 1928 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-R4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sil_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He joined <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Disobedience">Civil Disobedience</a> campaign in 1930, and became a controversial figure in the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. On February 29, 1932, during the Civil Disobedience campaign, he was arrested on charges of <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picketing</a> (under Ordinance V of 1932) and in fact, beaten by police during a <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> demonstration. This police case gained wider attention in India and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, including the raising of questions in the then-<a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>. On 18 March February 1934, Gandhi came to Tiruppatur and visited S. Jesudan and Ernest Forrester.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-med_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died at an age of seventy-nine on 2 May 1970 at <a href="/wiki/Kotagiri" title="Kotagiri">Kotagiri</a>, where he had been staying due to the hot climate at Tirupaatur during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christukula_Ashram">Christukula Ashram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christukula Ashram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the growing national movement for <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a>, liberal <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">theologians</a>, Indian Christian leaders associated with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> provinces like <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, and notably, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> missionaries at <a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a> encouraged Indian Christian converts to rethink Christianity from an Indian perspective and clean it with Indian Christian literature. It also included like wearing the clothes of Indian <a href="/wiki/Sannyasin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasin">Sannyasin</a> as adopted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Nobili" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Nobili">Robert de Nobili</a>, and expressed their angst over the missionary emphasis on institutions like "Church". The Re-thinking group at Madras Christian College reiterated that Christianity must understand the <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> genius of India, and adopt local methods of work and forms of worship; consequently, spirituality through <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> tradition (loving surrender to God) took its shape, and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a> of Christian faith through the notion of <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> became the order of the day. However, the attempts of the Re-thinking group attracted only a particular section of the Christian community—non-denominational missionary organizations started by converts in both Bengal and Madras Presidency failed to compete with well-established Western churches with adequate local resources attached to it. During this time, nationalist leaders like <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaji">Rajaji</a> gave an open call to the Indian christians to reform the institutional churches for allegedly having "impurities." [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]—national leaders, especially <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> leaders or prominent Christian leaders associated with Indian National Congress, including liberal protestant theologians criticised the institution of the church for having hierarchy, rituals, and fixed dogmas – they publicly denounced that Church was more interested in administration than the Christian life—It is also believed without exaggeration that the nexus between the promoters of Indian Christian Ashram Movements and the Indian National Congress party facilitated the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, drafted similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s proclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, certain initiatives were made to localize Christianity using another fusion model called the <i>Ashram strategy</i>. Although an <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a>, a small community of faithful people living the life of simplicity and as disciples of <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> for Christians, had been existing from long before, the idea of establishing the ashram as counter-institution to the Western church became a reality after Gandhi made a speech on the concept of ashram in a conference at <a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a> in 1915. Gandhi also supported the Christian Ashram at <a href="/wiki/Sattal" title="Sattal">Sattal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> founded in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/E._Stanley_Jones" title="E. Stanley Jones">E. Stanley Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> Christian missionary to India; and friend of Gandhi who wrote biography on Gandhi, Ethel Mary Turner and Younus Singh Sinha. Ashram strategy has spread all across India rapidly as Gandhi was a prominent Indian national leader, especially with wider state support and public sympathy after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Gandhi assassination</a>—Ashram is also an institution like Church with hierarchy and local resources attached to it – often, either ashram or church performs same administration and receives grants or lands from state.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sil_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With consultations from then-prominent Indian leaders like Gandhi and Rajaji, Ernest and Jesudasan established the <i>Christukula Ashram</i> (also <i>Christu-Kula Ashram</i>), family of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a>, in 1921 at <a href="/wiki/Tiruppattur,_Tirupattur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district">Tirupattur</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North Arcot</a>, Tamil Nadu—South India. This ashram is considered as the first Protestant ashram to be founded in India to promote equality between <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>, and also to present Christian life and worship to Indians—this ashram was aimed largely in aligning Christian community with the presumed ancient Hindu idea of the ashram.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi was invited to this ashram and he looks to have appreciated its remarkable endorsement of another religious ethos.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R5_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sil_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Christukula Ashram</i> introduced new strategies like re-thinking everything in the light of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> to suit the Indian context. As a pursuit of achieving <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a>, mysticism was identified with "conscious awareness of ultimate reality, the divinity, the spiritual truth, or God through direct experience, intuition, or insight." [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] In the same context, Indian Christian theologians believed <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> as a bridge of understanding between <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as they felt that Bhakti mysticism was the nearest to Christian mystical experience.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ashram Past and Present</i>.</li> <li><i>Devotional Addresses</i>.</li> <li><i>The Christukula Ashram: Family of Christ Ashram at Tirupattur</i>, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ashram_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Ashram Movement">Christian Ashram Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-R1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606144946/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/02121202.html">"Ernest Forrester Paton – Administrative/Biographical History"</a>. archiveshub.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/02121202.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Ernest Forrester Paton, also known as Chinnannan, missionary in South India, was born in July 1891 at Alloa in Scotland – After consultation with Indian leaders they established the Christukula Ashram (Family of Christ Ashram) at Tirupattur, North Arcot, South India, in 1921. Affiliated to the National Missionary Society, this was one of the first Protestant ashrams and it aimed to promote equality between Europeans and Indians and to give an Indian presentation of Christian life and worship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ernest+Forrester+Paton+%E2%80%93+Administrative%2FBiographical+History&rft.pub=archiveshub.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.ac.uk%2Ffeatures%2F02121202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226072210/http://irdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/jird-issue-7-doss-2.pdf">"Uncapping the Springs of Localization: Christian Acculturation in South India in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, by M. Christhu Doss"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. irdialogue.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/jird-issue-7-doss-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>nationalists including Gandhi gave an open call to the Christian intelligentsia to reform the institutionalized church for allegedly having impurities and its denial of salvation to all who were not considered Christians – The very idea of establishing an ashram—a small community of faithful people living a life of the greatest simplicity as disciples of a guru—for Christians, became a reality only after Gandhi made a speech on the concept of ashram in a conference in Madras Christian College in 1915 – the first Christian ashram, called Cristukula Ashram and founded by both a foreign missionary and an Indian named S. Jesudasan in 1921 in Thamil Nadu, continued the task of making distinctively Indian forms of Christianity. Interestingly, Gandhi was invited to this ashram and appreciated its remarkable endorsement of another religious ethos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uncapping+the+Springs+of+Localization%3A+Christian+Acculturation+in+South+India+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries%2C+by+M.+Christhu+Doss&rft.pub=irdialogue.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firdialogue.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F08%2Fjird-issue-7-doss-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130221230206/http://ashramchristians.net/christian_ashrams/christian_ashrams__indian_national_activism">"Christian Ashrams & Indian National Activism"</a>. ashramchristians.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ashramchristians.net/christian_ashrams/christian_ashrams__indian_national_activism">the original</a> on 21 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>As the freedom struggle was gaining momentum, Periannan (Dr Savarirayan Jesudason F R C S E) along with Chinnannan (Dr Ernest Forrester Paton) started Christukula Ashram, the second Christian ashram in India in 1921 at Tirupattur. This ashram attracted many national leaders of the freedom struggle like Rajaji and Gandhiji. In 1928 Dr Savarirayan went to Sabarmathi Ashram, to meet Gandhiji.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Ashrams+%26+Indian+National+Activism&rft.pub=ashramchristians.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fashramchristians.net%2Fchristian_ashrams%2Fchristian_ashrams__indian_national_activism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R4_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ashramchristians.net/donate__support">"Christu-Kula Ashram, Thirupaththur Needs Your Support"</a>. ashramchristians.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Christu-kula (Christ Family)? Ashram is the FIRST Christian Ashram (1921). This came into being with the dedicated initiatives of Dr Savarirayn Jesudasan F R C S E a.k.a. PERIANNANAN? and Dr Ernest Forrester Paton? F R C S E a.k.a. CHENNANAN.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christu-Kula+Ashram%2C+Thirupaththur+Needs+Your+Support&rft.pub=ashramchristians.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fashramchristians.net%2Fdonate__support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R5_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728182633/http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/3/22.htm">"Forrester-Paton, Ernest"</a>. mundus.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/3/22.htm">the original</a> on 28 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Ernest Forrester Paton, also known as Chinnannan, missionary in South India, was born in July 1891 at Alloa in Scotland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forrester-Paton%2C+Ernest&rft.pub=mundus.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mundus.ac.uk%2Fcats%2F3%2F22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-med-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-med_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-med_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-med_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart2001" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, Brian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEN3Qp8bBH8C&dq=Ernest+Forrester+Paton&pg=PA180"><i>A People's Collector In The British Raj: Arthur Galletti</i></a>. Readworthy. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9350181185" title="Special:BookSources/9350181185"><bdi>9350181185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Collector+In+The+British+Raj%3A+Arthur+Galletti&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Readworthy&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9350181185&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEN3Qp8bBH8C%26dq%3DErnest%2BForrester%2BPaton%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwinDaniel_O'Connor1993" class="citation book cs1">Elwin, Verrier; Daniel O'Connor (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-XWAAAAMAAJ&q=Ernest+Forrester+Paton"><i>Din-sevak: Verrier Elwin's life of service in tribal India</i></a>. I.S.P.C.K. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/817214069X" title="Special:BookSources/817214069X"><bdi>817214069X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Din-sevak%3A+Verrier+Elwin%27s+life+of+service+in+tribal+India&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=I.S.P.C.K&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=817214069X&rft.aulast=Elwin&rft.aufirst=Verrier&rft.au=Daniel+O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-XWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DErnest%2BForrester%2BPaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1994" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Elizabeth Susan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvbYAAAAMAAJ&q=Ernest+Forrester+Paton"><i>The attitudes of British Protestant missionaries towards nationalism in India: with special reference to Madras Presidency, 1919-1927</i></a>. Konark Publishers. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-220-0361-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-220-0361-3"><bdi>81-220-0361-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+attitudes+of+British+Protestant+missionaries+towards+nationalism+in+India%3A+with+special+reference+to+Madras+Presidency%2C+1919-1927&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Konark+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-220-0361-3&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvbYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DErnest%2BForrester%2BPaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusk2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lusk, Isabel (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70062">"Paton, Catherine Forrester- (1855–1914), philanthropist and a founder of women's missionary training in Scotland"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F70062">10.1093/ref:odnb/70062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paton%2C+Catherine+Forrester-+%281855%E2%80%931914%29%2C+philanthropist+and+a+founder+of+women%27s+missionary+training+in+Scotland&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F70062&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Lusk&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-70062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sil-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sil_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sil_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sil_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silvepura.blogspot.in/2010/01/contemplation-and-social-justice.html">"CONTEMPLATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE"</a>. silvepura.blogspot.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Not far from Kolar, two doctors at the newly founded Christian Medical college of Vellore, who were Dr. Ernest Forrester Paton, and Dr. Jesudasan, started the Christhu Kula Ashram. Here the Ashram was planned as a community dedicated to healing, and to helping the local community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONTEMPLATION+AND+SOCIAL+JUSTICE.&rft.pub=silvepura.blogspot.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilvepura.blogspot.in%2F2010%2F01%2Fcontemplation-and-social-justice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiachristianashrams.org/?page_id=37">"Who is E. Stanley Jones?"</a>. californiachristianashrams.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>E. Stanley Jones had the ear of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the war years and was instrumental in nearly brokering a peace between Japan and the US. He knew Mahatma Gandhi, and Brother Stanley's book about Gandhi's efforts in non-violent resistance inspired Martin Luther King, Jr. to use that method in the civil rights struggle – In 1930, Brother Stanley started the first Christian Ashram because he recognized the need for accountability, fellowship and discipleship from fellow Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+E.+Stanley+Jones%3F&rft.pub=californiachristianashrams.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiachristianashrams.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sierrachristianashram.wordpress.com/e-stanley-jones/">"Sierra Christian Ashram – E. Stanley Jones"</a>. sierrachristianashram.wordpress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>E. Stanley Jones helped to re-establish the Indian "Ashram" (forest retreat) where men and women would come together for days at a time to explore each other's faiths. Jones would later go on to establish Christian Ashrams around the world – He was a close confidant of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the time preceding World War II, and after the war he was greeted in Japan as the "Apostle of Peace". He played an important role in establishing religious freedom in the post-colonial Indian government. He became a close friend of Mahatma Gandhi and even wrote a biography of Gandhi, a book which Martin Luther King said influenced him to adopt strict non-violent methods in the American civil rights movement. Jones had a strong influence in preventing the spread of communism in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sierra+Christian+Ashram+%E2%80%93+E.+Stanley+Jones&rft.pub=sierrachristianashram.wordpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsierrachristianashram.wordpress.com%2Fe-stanley-jones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924004901/http://www.holidayiq.com/Sattal-Christian-Ashram-Sattal-Sightseeing-544-94.html">"About Sattal Christian Ashram"</a>. holidayiq.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holidayiq.com/Sattal-Christian-Ashram-Sattal-Sightseeing-544-94.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Sattal Mission Estate and Methodist Ashram is the most popular sightseeing of Sattal. This ashram was established in 1930 by a Christian missionary named E. Stanley Jones. Stanley Jones was a friend of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Sattal+Christian+Ashram&rft.pub=holidayiq.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holidayiq.com%2FSattal-Christian-Ashram-Sattal-Sightseeing-544-94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavarirayanErnest_Forrester-Paton1940" class="citation book cs1">Savarirayan, Jesudason; Ernest Forrester-Paton (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkRlGwAACAAJ"><i>The Christukula Ashram: Family of Christ Ashram at Tirupattur</i></a>. N.M.S. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christukula+Ashram%3A+Family+of+Christ+Ashram+at+Tirupattur&rft.pub=N.M.S.+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Savarirayan&rft.aufirst=Jesudason&rft.au=Ernest+Forrester-Paton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkRlGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsSavarirayan_JesudasonErnest_Forrester-Paton1941" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Charles Freer; Savarirayan Jesudason; Ernest Forrester-Paton (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jlaywAACAAJ&q=Ernest+Forrester+Paton"><i>Devotional Addresses</i></a>. Christu-Kula Ashram.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotional+Addresses&rft.pub=Christu-Kula+Ashram&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Charles+Freer&rft.au=Savarirayan+Jesudason&rft.au=Ernest+Forrester-Paton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jlaywAACAAJ%26q%3DErnest%2BForrester%2BPaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnest+Forrester+Paton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Forrester_Paton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/jird-issue-7-svh-08-15-11-3.pdf">The Journal of InterReligious Dialogue – p.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226073720/http://irdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/jird-issue-7-svh-08-15-11-3.pdf">Archived</a> 26 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/thechristianashrammovement/sadhu-sannyasi/periannan-chinnannan-1">Periannan & Chinnannan</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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