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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Hawaii</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii_(album)" title="Music of Hawaii 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Alaska" title="Music of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Alabama" title="Music of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arkansas" title="Music of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arizona" title="Music of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colorado" title="Music of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Connecticut" title="Music of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Music of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Delaware" title="Music of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florida" title="Music of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Music of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iowa" title="Music of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Idaho" title="Music of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Illinois" title="Music of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indiana" title="Music of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kansas" title="Music of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kentucky" title="Music of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maryland" title="Music of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maine" title="Music of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Michigan" title="Music of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minnesota" title="Music of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Missouri" title="Music of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mississippi" title="Music of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montana" title="Music of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Carolina" title="Music of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Dakota" title="Music of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nebraska" title="Music of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Hampshire" title="Music of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Mexico" title="Music of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nevada" title="Music of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey" title="Music of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ohio" title="Music of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oklahoma" title="Music of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oregon" title="Music of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pennsylvania" title="Music of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rhode_Island" title="Music of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Carolina" title="Music of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Dakota" title="Music of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tennessee" title="Music of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Texas" title="Music of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Utah" title="Music of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Virginia" title="Music of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vermont" title="Music of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)" title="Music of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wisconsin" title="Music of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Virginia" title="Music of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wyoming" title="Music of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Symphony Orchestra">Honolulu Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Band" title="Royal Hawaiian Band">Royal Hawaiian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="Maui Academy of Performing Arts">Maui Academy of Performing Arts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Academy_of_Recording_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Academy of Recording Arts">Hawaii Academy of Recording Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Music_Awards" title="Hawaii Music Awards">Hawaii Music Awards</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></b> includes an array of traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Styles like <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">slack-key guitar</a> are well known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</a>. Hawaii also made a contribution to <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the music which began to be played by Puerto Ricans in Hawaii in the early 1900s is called <a href="/wiki/Cachi_Cachi_music" title="Cachi Cachi music">cachi cachi music</a>, on the islands of Hawaii. </p><p>The traditional music of Hawaii's <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian community</a> is largely religious in nature, and includes <a href="/wiki/Chanting" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanting">chanting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>. Hawaiian music has had a notable impact on the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian music">music of other Polynesian islands</a>; Peter Manuel called the influence of Hawaiian music a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".<sup id="cite_ref-Manuel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manuel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_festivals_and_venues">Music festivals and venues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music festivals and venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major music festivals in Hawaii include the <a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Hula_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrie Monarch Hula Festival">Merrie Monarch Hula Festival</a>, which brings together hula groups from across the world, as well as a number of slack-key and steel guitar festivals: Big Island Slack Key Guitar Festival, Steel Guitar Association Festival and the Gabby Pahinui/Atta Isaacs Slack Key Festival. April's <a href="/wiki/Aloha_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloha Week">Aloha Week</a> is a popular tourist attraction, as is the Moloka'i Music Festival held around <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a Hawaii International Jazz Festival, which ran from 1993 until 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-HIJF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIJF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jazz_fest_on_hold_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazz_fest_on_hold-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual Pacific Rim Jazz Festival occurs in mid-autumn at the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Convention_Center" title="Hawaii Convention Center">Hawaii Convention Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacific_Rim_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacific_Rim-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual Manoa Jazz & Heritage Festival takes place in early autumn at the Andrews Amphitheatre on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a> campus.<sup id="cite_ref-Manoa_Jazz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manoa_Jazz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawaii is home to numerous hotels, many of which feature music in the afternoon or evening; some of the more prominent ones include the Kahala Hilton, the Sheraton Moana Hotel, the Sheraton Waikiki, the Halekulani, Casanova's and the King Kamehameha Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large music venues in Hawaii include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii at Hilo">University of Hawaii at Hilo</a> Performing Arts Center, which has 600 seats<sup id="cite_ref-UHH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the largest venue on the Big Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Alternative_Big_Island_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alternative_Big_Island-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 560-seat venue and cultural exhibition center on Kauai is the <a href="/wiki/Kauai_Community_College_Performing_Arts_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauai Community College Performing Arts Center">Kauai Community College Performing Arts Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alternative_Kauai_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alternative_Kauai-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Honolulu, the <a href="/wiki/Neal_S._Blaisdell_Center" title="Neal S. Blaisdell Center">Neal S. Blaisdell Center</a> Arena, Concert Hall, and Exhibition Hall are three of the largest venues in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Neal_S._Blaisdel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal_S._Blaisdel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other venues for Hawaiian music on Oahu include the Waikiki Shell, an establishment used primarily for concerts and entertainment purposes. Over the years many local, as well as international artists, have graced the stage there. It is a unique outdoor theater located in Kapiolani Park. This venue seats 2,400 persons, with the capacity to hold up to 6,000 more on the lawn area. Concerts, graduation ceremonies, and hula shows are very popular at this site, as well as Kennedy Theatre and Andrews Amphitheatre on the campus of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, the Blaisdell Center Concert Hall, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Theatre" title="Hawaii Theatre">Hawaii Theatre</a> in downtown Honolulu, the Red Elephant (a performance space and recording studio in downtown Honolulu), Paliku Theatre on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Windward_Community_College" title="Windward Community College">Windward Community College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Community_College" title="Leeward Community College">Leeward Community College</a> Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Honolulu_Theaters_&_Auditoriums_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honolulu_Theaters_&_Auditoriums-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historic Lanai Theatre is a cultural landmark on <a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lanai</a>, dating back to the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Alternative_Lanai_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alternative_Lanai-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lanai_Theatre_and_Playhouse_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanai_Theatre_and_Playhouse-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_institutions_and_industry">Music institutions and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music institutions and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawaii is home to a number of renowned music institutions in several fields. The <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Symphony Orchestra">Honolulu Symphony Orchestra</a> is an important part of the state's musical history, and is the oldest orchestra in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, founded in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Honolulu_Symphony_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honolulu_Symphony-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orchestra has collaborated with other local institutions, like the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Opera_Theatre" title="Hawaii Opera Theatre">Hawaii Opera Theatre</a> and the Oʻahu Choral Society, which sponsors the Honolulu Symphony Chorus and the Honolulu Chamber Choir.<sup id="cite_ref-OCS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous businesses have been created supporting the special musical styles and instruments suited to the Hawaiian musical tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Guitar_and_Lute_Workshop" title="Guitar and Lute Workshop">Guitar and Lute Workshop</a> was an early manufacturer and proponent of specialty <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">slack-key guitars</a> in the early 1970s, and the <a href="/wiki/Kamaka_Ukulele" title="Kamaka Ukulele">Kamaka Ukulele</a> company was established as key manufacturer of ukuleles for Hawaiian musical acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hula0081110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hula0081110.jpg/220px-Hula0081110.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hula0081110.jpg/330px-Hula0081110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hula0081110.jpg/440px-Hula0081110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Dancer with ʻuliʻuli, hula kahiko competition, <a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a> 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawaiian folk music includes several varieties of chanting (<i><a href="/wiki/Mele_(Hawaiian_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mele (Hawaiian language)">mele</a></i>) and music meant for highly ritualized dance (<i><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></i>). Traditional Hawaiian music and dance was functional, used to express praise, communicate genealogy and mythology, and accompany games, festivals and other secular events. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a> has no word that translates precisely as <i>music</i>, but a diverse vocabulary exists to describe rhythms, instruments, styles and elements of voice production. Hawaiian folk music is simple in <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, but is "complex and rich" in the "poetry, accompanying mimetic dance (<i>hula</i>), and subtleties of vocal styles... even in the attenuated forms in which they survive today".<sup id="cite_ref-Manuel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manuel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg/250px-US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg/375px-US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg/500px-US_Navy_hula_031112-N-3228G-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Hula performance at a ceremony depicting the turning over <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> control over the island of <a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoolawe</a> to the state performed by Uncle Frank Kawaikapuokalani Hewett</figcaption></figure> <p>The chant (<i>mele</i>) is typically accompanied by an <i>ipu heke</i> (a double <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a>) and/or <i>pahu</i> (sharkskin covered drum). Some dances require dancers to utilize hula implements such as an <i><a href="/wiki/Ipu" title="Ipu">ipu</a></i> (single gourd), <i>ʻiliʻili</i> (waterworn lava stone castanets),<i>ʻuliʻuli</i> (feathered gourd rattles), <i>pu`ʻili</i> (split bamboo sticks), or <i>kalaʻau</i> (rhythm sticks). The older, formal kind of hula is called <i>kahiko</i>, while the modern version is <i>ʻauana</i>. There are also religious chants called <i>ʻoli</i>; when accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a>, it is called <i>mele hula pahu</i>. </p><p>In the pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a>, the word <i>mele</i> referred to any kind of poetic expression, though it now translates as <i>song</i>. The two kinds of Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chanting</a> were <i>mele oli</i> and <i>mele hula</i>. The first were <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> individual songs, while the latter were accompanied <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> performed by a group. The chanters were known as <i>haku mele</i> and were highly trained composers and performers. Some kinds of chants express emotions like <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affection</a>, or request a favor from another person. Other chants are for specific purposes like <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">naming</a>, (<i>mele inoa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> (<i>mele pule</i>), <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> (<i>mele he'e nalu</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical</a> recitations (<i>mele koihonua</i>). Mele chants were governed by strict rules, and were performed in a number of styles include the rapid <i>kepakepa</i> and the enunciate <i>koihonua</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_history">Music history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical documentation of Hawaiian music does not extend prior to the late 18th century, when non-Hawaiians (<i>haoles</i>) arrived on the island. From 1778 onward, Hawaii began a period of acculturation with the introduction of numerous styles of European music, including the hymns (<i>himeni</i>) introduced by Protestant missionary choirs. Spanish-speaking Mexican cowboys (<i>paniolos</i>), were particularly influential immigrants in the field of music, introducing <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> and possibly also the technique of <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> singing, while Portuguese immigrants brought the <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Cavaquinho" title="Cavaquinho">braguinha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also immigrants from all over the world had brought their own instruments along with them to the islands. </p><p>Elizabeth Tatar divided Hawaiian music history into seven periods, beginning with the initial arrival of Europeans and their musical cultures, spanning approximately from 1820 to 1872. The subsequent period lasted to the beginning of the 20th century, and was marked by the creation of an acculturated yet characteristically Hawaiian modern style, while European instruments spread across the islands. Tatar's third period, from 1900 to about 1915, saw the integration of Hawaiian music into the broader field of American popular music, with the invention of <i><a href="/wiki/Hapa_haole_music" title="Hapa haole music">hapa haole</a></i> songs, which use the English language and only superficial elements of Hawaiian music; the beginning of the Hawaiian recording industry was in 1906, when the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> made the first 53 recordings in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated228_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated228-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1912, recorded Hawaiian music had found an audience on the American mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii">Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii</a> began when <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>'s sugar industry was devastated by two <a href="/wiki/Hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricanes">hurricanes</a> in 1899. The devastation caused a worldwide shortage in sugar and a huge demand for the product from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">plantation</a> owners began to recruit the jobless, but experienced, laborers in Puerto Rico. They took with them their music and in the early 1900s introduced what is known as <a href="/wiki/Cachi_Cachi_music" title="Cachi Cachi music">Cachi Cachi music</a>, on the islands of Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated228_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated228-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1915 to 1930, mainstream audiences outside of Hawaii became increasingly enamored of Hawaiian music, though by this time the songs marketed as <i>Hawaiian</i> had only peripheral aspects of actual Hawaiian music. Tahitian and Samoan music had an influence on Hawaiian music during this period, especially in their swifter and more intricate rhythms. The following era, from about 1930 to 1960, has been called the "Golden Age of Hawaiian music". National radio host <a href="/wiki/Webley_Edwards" title="Webley Edwards">Webley Edwards</a>, broadcasting from Honolulu, first introduced most Americans to authentic and adapted for <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> styles through his popular hour-long radio show <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Calls" title="Hawaii Calls">Hawaii Calls</a>. Hawaiian performers like <a href="/wiki/Lani_McIntire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lani McIntire">Lani McIntire</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kameaaloha_Almeida" title="John Kameaaloha Almeida">John Kameaaloha Almeida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sol_Ho%CA%BBopi%CA%BBi" title="Sol Hoʻopiʻi">Sol Hoʻopiʻi</a> became mainstream stars as regulars on the show and through live performances. In the 1960s, Hawaiian-style music declined in popularity amid an influx of rock, soul and pop acts from the American mainland. This trend reversed itself in the final period of Hawaiian music history, the modern period beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a> in the 1970s and continuing with the foundation of a variety of modern music scenes in fields like <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Rap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Na mele paleoleo</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaiian">Jawaiian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatar_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liliʻuokalani_and_Henri_Berger"><span id="Lili.CA.BBuokalani_and_Henri_Berger"></span>Liliʻuokalani and Henri Berger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liliʻuokalani and Henri Berger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliuokalani,_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson,_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson%2C_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg/150px-Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson%2C_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson%2C_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg/225px-Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson%2C_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson%2C_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg/300px-Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Menzies_Dickson%2C_National_Library_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="4966" /></a><figcaption>Lili'uokalani</figcaption></figure> <p>Queen <a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a> was the last Queen of Hawaii before the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian monarchy">Hawaiian monarchy</a> was overthrown. She was also a musician and prolific composer <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_and_works_of_Queen_Liliuokalani_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="List of compositions and works of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii">who wrote many musical works</a>. She was best known for <i><a href="/wiki/Aloha_%27Oe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloha 'Oe">Aloha 'Oe</a></i>. A compilation of her works, titled "The Queen's Songbook", was published in 1999 by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onipaa.org/">The Queen Lili'uokalani Trust</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="177" data-mwtitle="Madam_Alapai,_Henry_N._Clark_-_Aloha_Oe.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Madam_Alapai,_Henry_N._Clark_-_Aloha_Oe.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Madam_Alapai%2C_Henry_N._Clark_-_Aloha_Oe.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Madam_Alapai%2C_Henry_N._Clark_-_Aloha_Oe.ogg/Madam_Alapai%2C_Henry_N._Clark_-_Aloha_Oe.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Aloha'oe performed by Madam Alapai in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Lili'uokalani was one of many members of the Hawaiian royal family with musical inclinations. They studied under a <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> military bandleader, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Berger" title="Henri Berger">Henri Berger</a>, who was sent by the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_V" title="Kamehameha V">Kamehameha V</a>. Berger became fascinated by Hawaiian folk music, and wrote much documentation on it. However, he also brought his own musical background in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">German music</a>, and heavily guided the Hawaiian musicians and composers he worked with. </p><p>King Kamehameha V also, in 1847, sent to Germany for a "band Leader" for "The Kings Own Band", now the Royal Hawaiian Band, William Mersberg, from Weimar, Germany. He is <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kaleialoha_Allen" title="Henry Kaleialoha Allen">Henry Kaleialoha Allen</a>'s great grandfather. Henry Kaleialoha Allen is "one of Hawaii's Living Treasures of Hawaiian Music" and a master music educator and has been honored many times on the Senate Floor and by the Legislature for such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guitar_innovations">Guitar innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guitar innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guitars could have come to Hawaii from several sources: sailors, missionaries, or travelers to and from California. The most frequently told story is that it accompanied the Mexican cowboys (<i>vaqueros</i>) brought by King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a> in 1832 in order to teach the natives how to control an overpopulation of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_wild_cattle" title="Hawaiian wild cattle">cattle</a>. The Hawaiian cowboys (<i>paniolo</i>) used guitars in their traditional folk music. The Portuguese introduced an instrument called the <i>braguinha</i>, a small, four-stringed <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/Cavaquinho" title="Cavaquinho">cavaquinho</a>; this instrument was a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/%60ukulele" class="mw-redirect" title="`ukulele">`ukulele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel-string guitars also arrived with the Portuguese in the 1860s and slack-key had spread across the chain by the late 1880s. A ship called the <i>Ravenscrag</i> arrived in Honolulu on August 23, 1879, bringing Portuguese field workers from <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>. Legend has it that one of the men, João Fernandes, later a popular musician, tried to impress the Hawaiians by playing folk music with a friend's <a href="/wiki/Cavaquinho" title="Cavaquinho">braguinha</a>; it is also said that the Hawaiians called the instrument <i>`ukulele</i> (<i>jumping flea</i>) in reference to the man's swift fingers. Others have claimed the word means <i>gift that came here</i> or a corruption of <i>ukeke lele</i> (<i>dancing <a href="/wiki/Ukeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukeke">ukeke</a></i>, a three-string bow).<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity throughout the 1920s of Hawaiian music, with its unique slide-style of guitar playing, prompted the invention of the electric guitar in 1931, as a <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">lap steel guitar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frying_pan_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frying pan (guitar)">"frying pan"</a>, by George Beauchamp. Electric amplification allowed the Hawaiian-style guitar to be heard in performances of larger popular bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_and_early_20th_century">Late 19th and early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late 19th and early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlohaOe1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/AlohaOe1913.jpg/220px-AlohaOe1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/AlohaOe1913.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>1913 sheet music cover</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hapa_haole_music" title="Hapa haole music">Hapa haole music</a></div> <p>In the 1880s and 90s, King <a href="/wiki/David_Kalakaua" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kalakaua">David Kalakaua</a> promoted Hawaiian culture and also encouraged the addition of new instruments, such as the ukulele and possibly steel guitar; Kalakaua died in 1891, and so it is highly unlikely he would have heard it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kalakaua's successor, his sister <a href="/wiki/Lili%27uokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lili'uokalani">Lili'uokalani</a>, was also a prolific composer and wrote several songs, like "Aloha 'Oe", which remain popular. During this period, Hawaiian music evolved into a "new distinctive" style, using the derivatives of European instruments; aside from the widespread string instruments, <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Band" title="Royal Hawaiian Band">Royal Hawaiian Band</a> performed Hawaiian songs as well as popular marches and ragtimes. </p><p>In about 1889, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kekuku" title="Joseph Kekuku">Joseph Kekuku</a> began sliding a piece of steel across the strings of a guitar, thus inventing <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> (<i>kika kila</i>); at about the same time, traditional Hawaiian music with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> lyrics became popular. Vocals predominated in Hawaiian music until the 20th century, when instrumentation took a lead role. Much of modern slack-key guitar has become entirely instrumental.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From about 1895 to 1915, Hawaiian music dance bands became in demand more and more. These were typically string quintets. <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a> music influenced the music, and English words were commonly used in the lyrics. This type of Hawaiian music, influenced by popular music and with lyrics being a combination of English and Hawaiian (or wholly English), is called <a href="/wiki/Hapa_haole" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapa haole">hapa haole</a> (literally: half white) music. In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Albert_%22Sonny%22_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert "Sonny" Cunha">Albert "Sonny" Cunha</a> composed <i>My Waikiki Mermaid</i>, arguably the first popular hapa haole song (The earliest known hapa haole song, "Eating of the Poi", was published in <i>Ka Buke o na Leo Mele Hawaii...o na Home Hawaii</i> in Honolulu in 1888 [See Kanahele, George S., <i>Hawaiian Music and Musicians</i> pp 71–72]). </p><p>In 1927, Rose Moe (1908–1999), a Hawaiian singer, with her husband <a href="/wiki/Tau_Moe" title="Tau Moe">Tau Moe</a> (1908–2004), a Samoan guitarist, began touring with <i>Madame Riviere's Hawaiians</i>. In 1929 they recorded eight songs in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Rose and Tau continued touring for over fifty years, living in countries such as Germany, Lebanon and India. They even performed in Germany as late as 1938 when the Nazi racism was on the rise and people of a darker color were regarded as inferior people; it is said that they even performed for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their children, the Tau Moe family did much to spread the sound of Hawaiian folk music and hapa haole music throughout the world. In 1988, the Tau Moe family re-recorded the 1929 sessions with the help of musician and ethnomusicologist Bob Brozman. </p><p>The 1920s also saw the development of a uniquely Hawaiian style of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, innovated by performers at the Moana and Royal Hawaiian Hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong_2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slack_key_guitar">Slack key guitar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slack key guitar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">Slack-key guitar</a></div> <p>Slack-key guitar (<i>kī ho`alu</i> in Hawaiian) is a fingerpicked playing style, named for the fact that the strings are most often "slacked" or loosened to create an open (unfingered) chord, either a major chord (the most common is G, which is called "taro patch" tuning) or a major 7th (called a "wahine" tuning). A tuning might be invented to play a particular song or facilitate a particular effect, and as late as the 1960s they were often treated as family secrets and passed from generation to generation. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a>, though, the example of players such as <a href="/wiki/Auntie_Alice_Namakelua" class="mw-redirect" title="Auntie Alice Namakelua">Auntie Alice Namakelua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kwan" title="Leonard Kwan">Leonard Kwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kane" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Kane">Raymond Kane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keola_Beamer" title="Keola Beamer">Keola Beamer</a> had encouraged the sharing of the tunings and techniques and probably saved the style from extinction. Playing techniques include "hammering-on", "pulling-off", "chimes" (harmonics), and "slides," and these effects frequently mimic the falsettos and vocal breaks common in Hawaiian singing. </p><p>The guitar entered Hawaiian culture from a number of directions—sailors, settlers, and contract workers. One important source of the style was Mexican cowboys hired to work on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi in the first half of the 19th century. These <a href="/wiki/Paniolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Paniolo">paniolo</a> brought their guitars and their music, and when they left, the Hawaiians developed their own style of playing the instrument. </p><p>Slack key guitar evolved to accompany the rhythms of Hawaiian dancing and the melodies of Hawaiian chant. Hawaiian music in general, which was promoted under the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_David_Kalakaua" class="mw-redirect" title="King David Kalakaua">King David Kalakaua</a> as a matter of national pride and cultural revival, drew rhythms from traditional Hawaiian beats and European military marches, and drew its melodies from Christian hymns and the cosmopolitan peoples of the islands (although principally American). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popularization">Popularization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg/220px-Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg/330px-Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg/440px-Bird_of_Paradise_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for the Broadway show <i>The Bird of Paradise</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century Hawaiians began touring the United States, often in small bands. A <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> show called <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walton_Tully" title="Richard Walton Tully">Bird of Paradise</a></i> introduced Hawaiian music to many Americans in 1912 and the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> followed in 1915; one year later, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical genres.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsoniainins_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsoniainins-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing popularization of Hawaiian music influenced <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> musicians; this connection can still be heard in modern country. In reverse, musicians like <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Nawahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennie Nawahi">Bennie Nawahi</a> began incorporating <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> into his <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a> music, while the Kalama Quartet introduced a style of group falsetto singing. </p><p>The musician <a href="/wiki/Sol_Ho%CA%BBopi%CA%BBi" title="Sol Hoʻopiʻi">Sol Hoʻopiʻi</a> arose during this time, playing both Hawaiian music and jazz, Western swing and country, and developing the pedal steel guitar; his recordings helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sound" title="Nashville sound">Nashville sound</a> of popular country music.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lani_McIntire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lani McIntire">Lani McIntire</a> was another musician who infused a Hawaiian guitar sound into mainstream American popular music through his recordings with <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg/330px-Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg/440px-Hawaiian_Music_Record_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>A 1916 advertisement for Hawaiian music records from Victor Records</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s and 30s, Hawaiian music became an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">local tourism</a>, with most hotels and attractions incorporating music in one form or another. Among the earliest and most popular musical attractions was the <i>Kodak Hula Show</i>, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, in which a tourist purchased Kodak film and took photographs of dancers and musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show ran from 1937 through 2002. Several vinyl LPs featuring music from the Kodak Hula Show were released by Waikiki Records, with full color photographs of the show's performers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of the 20th century, the mostly young men who hung around the Honolulu beaches, swimming and surfing, came to be known as the Waikiki Beachboys and their parties became famous across Hawaii and abroad; most of them played the ukulele all day long, sitting on the beach, and eventually began working for hotels to entertain tourists. </p><p>Popular Hawaiian music with English verse (hapa haole) can be described in a narrow sense. Generally, songs are sung to the ukulele or steel guitar. A steel string guitar sometimes accompanies. Melodies often feature an intervallic leap, such as a perfect fourth or octave. Falsetto vocals are suited for such leaps and are common in Hawaiian singing, as is the use of microtones. Rhythm is mostly in duple meter. A musical scale that is unique to Hawaiian music imbues it with its distinct feel, and so is aptly named the Hawaiian scale. </p><p>The Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco in 1915 introduced Hawaiian steel guitar to mainland country music artists, and by the 1930s country stars Hoot Gibson and Jimmy Davis were making records with Hawaiian musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influx of thousands of American servicemen into Hawaii during World War II created a demand for both popular swing rhythm and country sounds. The western swing style, popular on the mainland since the 1930s, employed the steel guitar as a key element and was therefore a natural evolution. Beginning in 1945, the Bell Record Company of Honolulu responded to the demand with a series of releases by the western swing band Fiddling Sam and his Hawaiian Buckaroos (led by fiddler Homer H. Spivey, and including Lloyd C. Moore, Tiny Barton, Al Hittle, Calvert Duke, Tolbert E. Stinnett, and Raymond "Blackie" Barnes). Between 1945 and 1950 Bell released some 40 sides by the Hawaiian Buckaroos, including a set of square dance numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamehameha_Schools_Song_Contest">Kamehameha Schools Song Contest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kamehameha Schools Song Contest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kamehameha Schools Song Contest, a well-known tradition within Hawaiʻi, is held by <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools" title="Kamehameha Schools">Kamehameha Schools</a> Kapālama annually in the Spring, typically mid-March, at the Neal Blaisdell Center. It is a musical competition between high school classes and every year, during the third semester, students prepare and rehearse to perform these different a cappella choral arrangements of mele (Hawaiian songs) as a class. Every year the theme changes, for example, in 2023 the theme was Na Mele Paniolo, songs and Hoʻike (half-time hula and music exhibition) were about the songs of the Hawaiian cowboy.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Song_Contest_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Song_Contest-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Director of Music at Kamehameha from 1926-1947, Miss Laura Brown, "the objectives of the song contest are to build up the repertoire of the best in Hawaiian music for the cultural heritage of any student who attends Kamehameha; to develop leadership, cooperation and good class spirit; and to give students the use of their singing voices and to give them pleasure in singing as a means of expression".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Song contest is a way to celebrate and showcase Hawaiian music and Hawaiian culture with people from all around the world. </p><p>The entire program length is around two-two and a half hours, and consists of the oli hoʻokipa (opening chant), pule (prayer), singing Hoʻonani Ka Makua Mau (Doxology), singing Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi (The Hawaiʻi National Anthem), the main program with 10 songs sung by classes singing their co-ed, men, and women songs, Hōʻike (hula half-time exhibition performance), results and awards being presented (Ka Hāʻawi Makana), and ending with the alma mater (Sonʻs of Hawaiʻi).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kamehameha Schools Song Contest is also very famous for the intermission Hōʻike performance. It is a half-time performance celebrating Hawaiian music and hula, and relates to the theme for that year. The performance also features live Hawaiian music, props, and many special guests, narration from students, and <a href="/wiki/Hula_%CA%BBauana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula ʻauana">hula ʻauana</a> (modern-style hula) and <a href="/wiki/Hula_kahiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula kahiko">hula kahiko</a> (traditional-style hula).<sup id="cite_ref-About_Song_Contest_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Song_Contest-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_music">Modern music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, traditional Hawaiian music has undergone a renaissance, with renewed interest from both ethnic Hawaiians and others. The islands have also produced a number of well-regarded <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">na mele paleoleo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> performers, and many local musicians in the clubs of Waikiki and Honolulu play outside the various "Hawaiian" genres. Hawaii has its own regional music industry, with several distinctive styles of recorded popular music. Hawaiian popular music is largely based on <a href="/wiki/American_popular_music" title="American popular music">American popular music</a>, but does have distinctive retentions from traditional Hawaiian music.<sup id="cite_ref-Manuel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manuel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaiian_Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hawaiian Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></div> <p>The Hawaiian Renaissance was a resurgence in interest in Hawaiian music, especially slack-key, among ethnic Hawaiians. Long-standing performers like <a href="/wiki/Gabby_Pahinui" title="Gabby Pahinui">Gabby Pahinui</a> found their careers revitalized; Pahinui, who had begun recording in 1947, finally reached mainstream audiences across the United States when sessions on which <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a> played with him and his family were released as <i>The Gabby Pahinui Hawaiian Band, Vol. 1</i> on a major mainland label. Pahinui inspired a legion of followers who played a mix of slack-key, reggae, country, rock, and other styles. The more traditional players included <a href="/wiki/Leland_Isaacs_Sr." title="Leland Isaacs Sr.">Leland "Atta" Isaacs, Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Chillingworth" title="Sonny Chillingworth">Sonny Chillingworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Kane">Ray Kane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kwan" title="Leonard Kwan">Leonard Kwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ledward_Ka%60apana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledward Ka`apana">Ledward Ka`apana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Pavao" title="Dennis Pavao">Dennis Pavao</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Keola_Beamer" title="Keola Beamer">Keola Beamer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Moon_(musician)" title="Peter Moon (musician)">Peter Moon</a> have been more eclectic in their approach. The Emerson brothers rekindled the classic sound of Sol Ho'opi'i with the National steel guitar on their vintage 1920s stylings. <a href="/wiki/George_Kanahele" title="George Kanahele">George Kanahele</a>'s <span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaiinationalmusicfoundation.com/">Hawaiian National Music Foundation</a></span></span> did much to spread slack-key and other forms of Hawaiian music, especially after a major 1972 concert.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Don_Ho" title="Don Ho">Don Ho</a> (1930–2007), originally from the small Honolulu neighborhood of Kaka'ako, was the most widely known Hawaiian entertainer of the last decades of the 20th century. Although he did not play "traditional" Hawaiian music, Ho became an unofficial ambassador of Hawaiian culture throughout the world as well as on the American mainland. Ho's style often combined traditional Hawaiian elements and older 1950s and 1960s-style crooner music with an easy listening touch. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Garner" title="Loyal Garner">Loyal Garner</a> also embraced Hawaiian elements in her Vegas-style lounge act and in the songs she recorded. A third notable performer, <a href="/wiki/Myra_English" title="Myra English">Myra English</a>, became known as the "Champagne Lady" after recording the song "Drinking Champagne" by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mack_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Mack (singer)">Bill Mack</a> in 1963 became her signature song in Hawaii, and she achieved considerable commercial success both locally and abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jawaiian">Jawaiian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jawaiian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jawaiian is a Hawaiian style of <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-sudden_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sudden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reggae music is a genre that evolved in the late 1960s and earlier in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. It has become popular across the world, especially among ethnic groups and races that have been historically oppressed, such as <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigine">Australian Aborigines</a>. In Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">ethnic Hawaiians</a> and others in the state began playing a mixture of reggae and local music in the early 1980s, although it was not until the late 1980s that it became recognized as a new genre in local music. The band Simplisity has been credited by <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Storm_Records" title="Quiet Storm Records">Quiet Storm Records</a> as originators of the Jawaiian style, while other influences include <a href="/wiki/Walter_Aipolani" title="Walter Aipolani">Walter Aipolani</a>, known as the Father of Hawaiian Reggae.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1980s, Jawaiian came to dominate the local music scene, as well as spawning a backlash that the <i><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin" title="Honolulu Star-Bulletin">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</a></i> compared to the "<a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> sucks" movement of the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reggae culture as a whole began to dominate Hawaii, as many locals can be seen sporting Bob Marley memorabilia, and much local merchandise and souvenirs have been emblazoned with the red, yellow, and green colors of the Hawaiian sovereignty as well as the Lion of Judah flag, a known symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>. The Rasta colors have also become a symbol of local pride. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_and_roll">Rock and roll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rock and roll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> music has long been popular in Hawaii - numerous rock and roll artists spent their developmental years in Hawaii (i.e. members of <a href="/wiki/The_Association" title="The Association">The Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Prunes" title="The Electric Prunes">The Electric Prunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Order" title="7th Order">7th Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicious_Rumors" title="Vicious Rumors">Vicious Rumors</a>, as well as guitarists <a href="/wiki/Marty_Friedman" title="Marty Friedman">Marty Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Johnson" title="Charles Foster Johnson">Charlie "Icarus" Johnson</a>), and its local popularity dates back to the earliest days of rock music.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>'s career included several Hawaii-related performances and records: a March 1961 live performance to raise money for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS Arizona Memorial</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> Bloch Arena in March 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his <i><a href="/wiki/Aloha_from_Hawaii_Via_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite">Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite</a></i> "comeback" record and concert in 1973, and three of his movies were based in Hawaii (<i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hawaii" title="Blue Hawaii">Blue Hawaii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Girls!_Girls!_Girls!" title="Girls! Girls! Girls!">Girls! Girls! Girls!</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Hawaiian_Style" title="Paradise, Hawaiian Style">Paradise, Hawaiian Style</a></i>). </p><p>Through the 1960s and 1970s, rock concerts were frequently held at venues like the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_International_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu International Center">Honolulu International Center</a> and The <a href="/wiki/Waikiki_Shell" title="Waikiki Shell">Waikiki Shell</a> by artists like <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>, and many other top rock artists.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three-day-long Crater Festivals (held over the New Years and July 4 holidays) at <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii" title="Diamond Head, Hawaii">Diamond Head</a> in the 1960s and 1970s were well attended through the era,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and frequently featured popular bands like <a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journey_(band)" title="Journey (band)">Journey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Miles" title="Buddy Miles">Buddy Miles</a> actually released their 1972 Crater Festival performance on the LP <i><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana_%26_Buddy_Miles!_Live!" title="Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live!">Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live!</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musicians">Musicians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable current and retired jazz musicians in Hawaii include <a href="/wiki/Gabe_Baltazar" title="Gabe Baltazar">Gabe Baltazar</a> (saxophone), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Denny" title="Martin Denny">Martin Denny</a> (piano), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyman" title="Arthur Lyman">Arthur Lyman</a> (vibraphone and marimba), Henry Allen (guitar), vonBaron (drums), David Choy (saxophone), Rich Crandall (piano), Dan Del Negro (keyboards), Pierre Grill (piano/keyboards/trombone), Bruce Hamada (bass), DeShannon Higa (trumpet), Jim Howard (piano), Steve Jones (bass), John Kolivas (bass), Noel Okimoto (drums/percussion/vibes), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Paulo" title="Michael Paulo">Michael Paulo</a> (reeds), <a href="/wiki/Rene_Paulo" title="Rene Paulo">Rene Paulo</a> (acoustic grand piano) was a forerunner of recording Hawaiian music in the jazz venue in the early 1960s and is one of Hawaii's legendary music greats, Robert Shinoda (guitar), Arex Ikehara (bass), Phil Bennett (drums), Aron Nelson (piano), Tennyson Stephens (piano), Dean Taba (bass), <a href="/wiki/Betty_Loo_Taylor" title="Betty Loo Taylor">Betty Loo Taylor</a> (piano), Tim Tsukiyama (saxophone), Reggie Padilla (saxophone), and Abe Lagrimas Jr. (drums/ukulele/vibes). </p><p>Notable jazz vocalists in Hawaii, both current and retired include Jimmy Borges, Rachel Gonzales, Azure McCall, Dana Land, Joy Woode, and I. Mihana Souza. Although Hawaiian vocalist <a href="/wiki/Melveen_Leed" title="Melveen Leed">Melveen Leed</a> is known primarily for singing Hawaiian and "Hawaiian country" music, she has also earned good reviews as a jazz singer. </p><p>There are frequent performances by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> jazz bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukulele">Ukulele</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ukulele"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">Ukulele</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a> was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> by <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeiran</a> immigrants near the close of the 19th century. Portuguese immigrants traveled to the Hawaiian Islands and brought parts of their culture with them, including a small guitar-like instrument, known as the braguinha in Portugal today, and also "machete de braga" (small guitar from Braga).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pioneers of the ukulele were Augusto Dias, Manuel Nunes, and José do Espírito Santo. They were aboard the Ravenscrag ship under a contract to help out with labor upon the sugar plantations spread throughout the Hawaiian Islands at the time. However, growing up in Madeira, they were trained as cabinet workers and soon opened up their own company and guitar shop around 1884-1885.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn-4-24_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-4-24-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> With Madeira being far in location, they soon began using local resources including the Hawaiian wood, Koa, to create their instruments. <a href="/wiki/Acacia_koa" title="Acacia koa">Koa wood</a> is one of the higher-quality woods which creates a deep and also clear sound for the ukulele. This makes Koa ukuleles very distinguishable by sound. Because of this, koa wood is known as a revered wood to create an ukulele. Not only are koa ukuleles distinguishable by sound but also by looks. They have a unique grain pattern and color that allows them to stand out more than the average wood.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The instrument became very popular in Hawaiian culture as it was the first introduction to a melodic instrument. A majority of Hawaiian songs involve the ukulele and many have begun playing the instrument from around the world. In Hawaiian, ukulele literally means "flea (uku) jumping (lele)." It was named in reference to the movement of players' fingers, acting as fleas jumping to and from different frets and strings. There are currently four sizes of ukulele; soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Queen Liliʻuokalani</a>, the last Hawaiian Queen, believed that the name for the ukulele means "The gift that came here". She believed this because of the Hawaiian words "uku" which means "gift or reward" and "lele" which means "to come."<sup id="cite_ref-Pryor,_page_18_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pryor,_page_18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument was very popular among the Royal Hawaiian family, with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Lili%CA%BBuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Liliʻuokalani">Queen Liliʻuokalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Kal%C4%81kaua" class="mw-redirect" title="King Kalākaua">King Kalākaua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ka%CA%BBiulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Kaʻiulani">Princess Kaʻiulani</a> being some of the members who played the instrument. Also with Koa being closely related and representative of the Royal Hawaiian Family, and Koa being what ukuleles are made of, Ukulele was highly valued within Hawaiian culture and practices as it also carried the imprint and association with the Royal Family.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn-4-24_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-4-24-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known that <a href="/wiki/King_Kal%C4%81kaua" class="mw-redirect" title="King Kalākaua">King Kalākaua</a> was an integral part of popularizing the instrument. He was known for composing and playing his ʻukulele, which made it grow in popularity and became almost a trend in those days. It was also seen to be a perfect accompaniment to hula and chanting that percussion implements could not perform.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrument came at a time of great turmoil for Native Hawaiians. With the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a> and an installed provisional government, the instrument was a valuable instrument used for protesting; a famous example is <a href="/wiki/Kaulana_N%C4%81_Pua" title="Kaulana Nā Pua">Kaulana Nā Pua</a> (Famous are the Flowers) by Ellen Kehoʻohiwaokalani Wright Prendergast. There is also not only great versatility within the instrument itself but it also is an authentic representation of the Hawaiian people in terms of music written.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn-4-24_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-4-24-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ukulele can be played with simple or elaborate strums, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fingerpicking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerpicking">fingerpicking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="‘Ūkēkē"><span id=".E2.80.98.C5.AAk.C4.93k.C4.93"></span>‘Ūkēkē</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: ‘Ūkēkē"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ukeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukeke">Ukeke</a> is a Hawaiian musical bow played with the mouth. It is the only stringed instrument indigenous to Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Ohe_hano_ihu"><span id=".27Ohe_hano_ihu"></span>'Ohe hano ihu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 'Ohe hano ihu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>'ohe hano ihu,</i> (Hawaiian: `ohe = bamboo +hano = breath + ihu = nose) or Traditional Hawaiian Nose Flute in English, is another type of Hawaiian instrument that has cultural and musical importance. It is made from a single bamboo section. According to <i>Arts and Crafts of Hawai`i</i> by Te Rangi Hiroa, old flutes in the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a> collection have a hole at the node area for the breath, and two or three fingering holes. In the three-finger-hole specimen, one fingering hole is placed near the breath hole. Lengths range from 10 to 21 inches (250–530 mm). Oral tradition in various families states that numbers of fingering holes ranged from one to four, and location of the holes varied depending on the musical taste of the player.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though primarily a courting instrument played privately and for personal enjoyment, it also could be used in conjunction with chants, song, and hula. <a href="/wiki/Kumu_Hula" title="Kumu Hula">Kumu hula</a> (dance masters), were said to be able to either make the flute sound as though it were chanting, or to chant as they played. Kumu hula Leilehua Yuen is one of the few contemporary Hawaiian musicians to perform with the nose flute in this manner. </p><p>Into the 19th and early 20th centuries, young men still used the 'ohe hano ihu as a way to win the affection and love of a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranga_Pae_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranga_Pae-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the `ohe hano ihu is enjoying a resurgence of popularity. </p><p>Two different oral traditions explain the use of the nose for playing the `ohe hano ihu. According to one, the `ohe hano ihu is played with air from the nose rather than from the mouth because a person's<i> hā</i>, breath, is expressive of the person's inner being. As the hā travels from the <i>na`ao</i>, or gut, through the mouth, the hā can be used to lie. When the hā travels through the nose, it cannot lie. Therefore, if a young man loves a woman, that love will be expressed in the music he plays with his `ohe hano ihu. According to the other tradition, the instrument is played with the nose to enable the player to softly sing or chant while playing. </p><p>Modern folklore says that the Hawaiian flute expresses "<a href="/wiki/Aloha" title="Aloha">aloha</a>" because to hear the flute one must come close to the <i>alo</i>, "face" or "presence" of the player to hear the <i>hā</i>, "divine breath" and so the listener experiences "being in one another's presence sharing the divine breath." While useful as a way to remember the contemplative and personal nature of the traditional Hawaiian flute, there is no actual etymological evidence, nor is there evidence in traditional chants or stories, to support this etymology. In the Hawaiian language, <i>hā</i>, breath, is unrelated to the word <i>ha</i>, a causative prefix. a search of cognate words in related languages also reveals no such etymologies for the word "aloha". </p><p>According to the book <i>`Ohe</i>, by Leilehua Yuen, the instrument was popularized in the 1970s by members of the Beamer family who played it during performances on tour in North America, as well as in the Hawaiian Islands. Segments of the children's educational TV show, Sesame Street, showing Keola Beamer and Mr. Snuffalupagus, one of the large puppet characters, playing `ohe hano ihu brought the instrument to national attention. Winona Beamer, Keola Beamer's mother, a noted kumu hula, also taught the use of the `ohe hano ihu in hula. Her hānai daughter, Maile Beamer Loo, continues to preserve and teach that legacy, and document such important aspects of Hawaiian musical and performing heritage through the Hula Preservation Society. </p><p>Notable late 20th Century and early 21st Century musicians of the`ohe hano ihu include Mahi Beamer, Nona Beamer, Keola Beamer, Kapono Beamer, Calvin Hoe, Nelson Kaai, Anthony Natividad, and Manu Josiah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a> from Honolulu has 8 #1 Billboard Hot 100 hits, including "<a href="/wiki/Uptown_Funk" title="Uptown Funk">Uptown Funk</a>" in 2015. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Medeiros" title="Glenn Medeiros">Glenn Medeiros</a> had a #1 Hot 100 hit in 1990 with "<a href="/wiki/She_Ain%27t_Worth_It" title="She Ain't Worth It">She Ain't Worth It</a>" ft. Bobby Brown. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a>, also from Honolulu, had a #1 Hot 100 hit with "<a href="/wiki/Wind_Beneath_My_Wings" title="Wind Beneath My Wings">Wind Beneath My Wings</a>" in 1989. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tane_Cain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tane Cain">Tane Cain</a>, who was raised in Hawaii, had a #37 Hot 100 hit with "<a href="/wiki/Holdin%27_On_(Tane_Cain_song)" title="Holdin' On (Tane Cain song)">Holdin' On</a>" in 1982. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Elliman" title="Yvonne Elliman">Yvonne Elliman</a>, from Honolulu, had a #1 Hot 100 hit with the disco song "<a href="/wiki/If_I_Can%27t_Have_You_(Bee_Gees_song)" title="If I Can't Have You (Bee Gees song)">If I Can't Have You</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a> in 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cachi_Cachi_music" title="Cachi Cachi music">Cachi Cachi music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Calls" title="Hawaii Calls">Hawaii Calls</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame">Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanikapila" title="Kanikapila">Kanikapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Hoku_Hanohano_Awards" title="Na Hoku Hanohano Awards">Na Hoku Hanohano Awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Unterberger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manuel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manuel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manuel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manuel_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel, pgs. 236 - 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIJF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HIJF_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080323103503/http://hawaiijazz.com/">"HAWAII INTERNATIONAL JAZZ FESTIVAL"</a>. March 3, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaiijazz.com/">the original</a> on March 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HAWAII+INTERNATIONAL+JAZZ+FESTIVAL&rft.date=2007-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaiijazz.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazz_fest_on_hold-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jazz_fest_on_hold_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarada2007" class="citation web cs1">Harada, Wayne (April 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Apr/20/ln/FP704200368.html">"Jazz fest on hold with death of founder"</a>. <i>The Honolulu Advertiser</i>. 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(January 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manoa_Jazz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manoa_Jazz_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outreach.hawaii.edu/community/programs/2012/EVENT-EV0012182T.asp">"2012 Mānoa Jazz & Heritage Festival"</a>. <i>UHM Outreach College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UHH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UHH_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artscenter.uhh.hawaii.edu/">"UH Hilo Performing Arts Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O%27ahu+Choral+Society&rft.pub=Oahuchoral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oahuchoral.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated228-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated228_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated228_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Footsteps in the Dark: The Hidden Histories of Popular Music"; By George Lipsitz; page 228; Publisher: University of Minnesota Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816650195" title="Special:BookSources/0816650195">0816650195</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816650194" title="Special:BookSources/9780816650194">9780816650194</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatar-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tatar_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatar_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatar, Elizabeth, in George Kanahele's <i>Hawaiian Music and Musicians</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Kanahele, George S., <i>Hawaiian Music and Musicians</i>, pp 367–368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jul-05-me-passings5.3-story.html">"Tau Moe, 95; Performed Hawaiian Music for Many World Leaders"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. July 5, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tau+Moe%2C+95%3B+Performed+Hawaiian+Music+for+Many+World+Leaders&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2004-jul-05-me-passings5.3-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong_2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_2006_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2006" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Randy (January 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070703011431/http://www.hawaiijazz.com/historyofhijf.pdf">"History of the Hawaii International Jazz Festival"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Hawaii+International+Jazz+Festival&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiijazz.com%2Fhistoryofhijf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsoniainins-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smithsoniainins_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2019" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Haleema (April 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-hawaiian-steel-guitar-changed-american-music-180972028/">"How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed American Music"</a>. <i>smithsonianmag.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=How+the+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar+Changed+American+Music&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Haleema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmithsonian-institution%2Fhow-hawaiian-steel-guitar-changed-american-music-180972028%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgerson2017" class="citation book cs1">Borgerson, Janet (2017). <i>Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in midcentury America</i>. Schroeder, Jonathan E., 1962-. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 260–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262036238" title="Special:BookSources/9780262036238"><bdi>9780262036238</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958205262">958205262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designed+for+hi-fi+living+%3A+the+vinyl+LP+in+midcentury+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958205262&rft.isbn=9780262036238&rft.aulast=Borgerson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422035800/http://heyrobertsilva.com/blog/2010/08/17/johnny-cash-in-a-grass-skirt-the-hawaiian-roots-of-country/">"Johnny Cash in a grass skirt: the Hawaiian roots of country"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heyrobertsilva.com/blog/2010/08/17/johnny-cash-in-a-grass-skirt-the-hawaiian-roots-of-country/">the original</a> on April 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnny+Cash+in+a+grass+skirt%3A+the+Hawaiian+roots+of+country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheyrobertsilva.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F08%2F17%2Fjohnny-cash-in-a-grass-skirt-the-hawaiian-roots-of-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_Song_Contest-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_Song_Contest_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Song_Contest_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himeni.com/content/about">"About Song Contest"</a>. <i>Hoʻokūkū Hīmeni</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ho%CA%BBok%C5%ABk%C5%AB+H%C4%ABmeni&rft.atitle=About+Song+Contest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himeni.com%2Fcontent%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksbe.edu/songcontest/2023">"Song Contest 2023"</a>. Kamehameha Schools Kapālama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Song+Contest+2023&rft.pub=Kamehameha+Schools+Kap%C4%81lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksbe.edu%2Fsongcontest%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksbe.edu/songcontest/2023">"Song Contest 2023"</a>. Kamehameha Schools Kapālama<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wayne State University Press: 88. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41389595">41389595</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse&rft.atitle=Sudden+Rush%3A+%22Na+Mele+Paleoleo%22+%28Hawaiian+Rap%29+as+Liberatory+Discourse&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41389595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Akindes&rft.aufirst=Fay+Yokomizo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41389595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason2014" class="citation web cs1">Gleason, Lea (January 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keolamagazine.com/music/bruddah-waltah/">"Bruddah Waltah: The Father of Hawaiian Reggae"</a>. <i>Ke Ola Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hawaiimagazine.com&rft.atitle=Memories+of+the+Diamond+Head+Crater+Festivals%2C+Hawaii%27s+own+%27Woodstock%27&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft.au=matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiimagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Fmemories-diamond-head-crater-festivals-hawaii%25E2%2580%2599s-own-%25E2%2580%2598woodstock%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza2012" class="citation web cs1">Souza, Luthier Joe (June 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9k1SMtwACI&t=45s">"The History of the Hawaiian Ukulele with Master Luthier Joe Souza of Kanileʻa Ukulele at Habilitat"</a>. Habilitat Hawaii<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Hawaiian+Ukulele+with+Master+Luthier+Joe+Souza+of+Kanile%CA%BBa+Ukulele+at+Habilitat&rft.pub=Habilitat+Hawaii&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Luthier+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DB9k1SMtwACI%26t%3D45s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hnn-4-24-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hnn-4-24_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn-4-24_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn-4-24_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DnFcjxzN6g">"Here's where the story of the ukulele actually begins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_News_Now" title="Hawaii News Now">Hawaii News Now</a></i>. April 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hawaii+News+Now&rft.atitle=Here%27s+where+the+story+of+the+ukulele+actually+begins&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7DnFcjxzN6g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Ukulele.html">"How ukulele is made - production process, manufacture, making, history, used, parts, product, machine, History"</a>. <i>www.madehow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.madehow.com&rft.atitle=How+ukulele+is+made+-+production+process%2C+manufacture%2C+making%2C+history%2C+used%2C+parts%2C+product%2C+machine%2C+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-6%2FUkulele.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413042518/http://luaukalamaku.com/kauai_luau_fun_facts_the_ukulele.html">"Fun Facts - The Ukulele"</a>. Luaukalamaku.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luaukalamaku.com/kauai_luau_fun_facts_the_ukulele.html">the original</a> on April 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fun+Facts+-+The+Ukulele&rft.pub=Luaukalamaku.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluaukalamaku.com%2Fkauai_luau_fun_facts_the_ukulele.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pryor,_page_18-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pryor,_page_18_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pryor, Alton. Little Known Tales in Hawaii History. Stagecoach Publishing: 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza2012" class="citation web cs1">Souza, Luthier Joe (June 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9k1SMtwACI&t=45s">"The History of the Hawaiian Ukulele with Master Luthier Joe Souza of Kanileʻa Ukulele at Habilitat"</a>. Habilitat Hawaii<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Hawaiian+Ukulele+with+Master+Luthier+Joe+Souza+of+Kanile%CA%BBa+Ukulele+at+Habilitat&rft.pub=Habilitat+Hawaii&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Luthier+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DB9k1SMtwACI%26t%3D45s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTe_Rangi_Hiroa2003" class="citation book cs1">Te Rangi Hiroa (2003). <i>Arts and Crafts of Hawaiʻi</i>. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+and+Crafts+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pub=Bishop+Museum+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Te+Rangi+Hiroa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranga_Pae-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranga_Pae_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rangapae.com/Nose%20Flute%20page.htm">"Ohe hano ihu"</a>. <i>Rangapae.com</i>. May 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rangapae.com&rft.atitle=Ohe+hano+ihu&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rangapae.com%2FNose%2520Flute%2520page.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/bient.htm">"Big Island: Entertainment"</a>. <i>Alternative Hawaii</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Big+Island%3A+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternative-hawaii.com%2Factivity%2Fbient.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/kent.htm">"Kuaui: Entertainment"</a>. <i>Alternative Hawaii</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Kuaui%3A+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternative-hawaii.com%2Factivity%2Fkent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper,_Mike2000" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Mike (2000). "Steel Slide Hula Baloos". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). <i>World Music, Vol. 2: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>. London: Rough Guides. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steel+Slide+Hula+Baloos&rft.btitle=World+Music%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/lent.htm">"Lanai: Entertainment"</a>. <i>Alternative Hawaii</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Lanai%3A+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternative-hawaii.com%2Factivity%2Flent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Peter1988" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu"><i>Popular Musics of the Non-Western World</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/236">236–241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506334-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506334-1"><bdi>0-19-506334-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Musics+of+the+Non-Western+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=236-241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-506334-1&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularmusicsofn0000manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanaheleBerger2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kanahele" title="George Kanahele">Kanahele, George S.</a>; Berger, John, eds. (2012) [1979]. <i>Hawaiian Music & Musicians</i> (2nd ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: Mutual Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566479677" title="Special:BookSources/9781566479677"><bdi>9781566479677</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808415079">808415079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Music+%26+Musicians&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI%2C+USA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mutual+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808415079&rft.isbn=9781566479677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger,_Richie1999" class="citation book cs1">Unterberger, Richie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465"><i>Music USA: The Rough Guide</i></a>. London: Rough Guides. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465">465–473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-421-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-421-X"><bdi>1-85828-421-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+USA%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=465-473&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85828-421-X&rft.au=Unterberger%2C+Richie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicusaroughgui0000unte%2Fpage%2F465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starbulletin.com/2002/09/26/news/story1.html">"Waikiki hula show ends run"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Waikiki+hula+show+ends+run&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarbulletin.com%2F2002%2F09%2F26%2Fnews%2Fstory1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatar,_Elizabeth1979" class="citation book cs1">Tatar, Elizabeth (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaiianmusicmus00kana/page/350">"Slack Key Guitar"</a></span>. In Kanahele, George S. (ed.). <i>Hawaiian Music and Musicians</i>. University Press of Hawaii. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaiianmusicmus00kana/page/350">350–360</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0578-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0578-X"><bdi>0-8248-0578-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slack+Key+Guitar&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=350-360&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8248-0578-X&rft.au=Tatar%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawaiianmusicmus00kana%2Fpage%2F350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Indie blog, 2008: "Country music musicians were drawn to Hawaiian music when they first heard the Hawaiian steel guitar at the San Francisco Pan Pacific Exposition in 1915. Soon, artists such as Hoot Gibson and Jimmie Davis were recording with Hawaiians. Hawaii's love affair with country music dates back to World War II, the result of the influx of great numbers of military personnel from the mainland USA. Local record labels scrambled to release "hillbilly music" to satisfy the new interest. Bell Records released recordings in 1945 by Fiddling Sam & his Hawaiian Buckaroos.</li> <li>Rockwell, T. Malcolm, Hawaiian & Hawaiian Guitar Records 1891 - 1960 (Mahina Piha Press © 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-14982-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-14982-0">978-0-615-14982-0</a> - ref. 78data.com</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Hawaii&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harahawaii.com/">Hawaii Academy of Recording Arts (HARA)</a> home of the <a href="/wiki/Na_Hoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Na Hoku">Na Hoku</a> Awards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liveukulele.com/">Live Ukulele: A collection of contemporary and traditional hawaiian songs and tabs.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.squareone.org/Hapa/">Hapa Haole Songs, Island songs written in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.territorialairwaves.com/">Territorial Airwaves - Your Source For The History of Hawaiian Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaiimusicawards.com/">Hawaii Music Awards</a> The "People's Choice" awards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503230330/http://www.hawaiimusicmuseum.org/main/cover.html">Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huapala.org/">Huapala, Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425065516/http://www.taropatch.net/">Taro Patch, An internet and international Slack Key community</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Larry W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IslandSongLyricsVolume1ByLarryWJones">"Island Song Lyrics Volume 1 by Larry W Jones"</a>. Lulu.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2012</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Island+Song+Lyrics+Volume+1+by+Larry+W+Jones&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Larry+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIslandSongLyricsVolume1ByLarryWJones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/music/">University of Hawaii Ethnomusicology Ensembles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.midweek.com/for-the-love-of-nose-flutes/">http://www.midweek.com/for-the-love-of-nose-flutes/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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Polynesia">Music of Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Polynesia" title="Music of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral</a></li> <li>Marquesas and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li>Tuamotus</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li>Chatham Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maori_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori music">Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame">Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na_Lani_%CA%BBEh%C4%81" title="Na Lani ʻEhā">Patrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leleiohoku_II" title="Leleiohoku II">Leleiohoku II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likelike" title="Likelike">Likelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Apaka" title="Alfred Apaka">Alfred Apaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Desha_Beamer" title="Helen Desha Beamer">Helen Desha Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Berger" title="Henri Berger">Henri Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_K._Bright_Sr." title="Sol K. Bright Sr.">Sol K. Bright Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keaulumoku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keaulumoku (page does not exist)">Keaulumoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kekuku" title="Joseph Kekuku">Joseph Kekuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._King" title="Charles E. King">Charles E. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Machado" title="Lena Machado">Lena Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukui" title="Mary Kawena Pukui">Mary Kawena Pukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickie_I%27i_Rodrigues" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickie I'i Rodrigues">Victoria K. I`i Rodrigues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_%22Sonny%22_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert "Sonny" Cunha">Albert "Sonny" Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Ho%CA%BBopi%CA%BBi" title="Sol Hoʻopiʻi">Sol Hoʻopiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvin_Kaleolani_Isaacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvin Kaleolani Isaacs (page does not exist)">Alvin Kaleolani Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunani_Kahalewai" title="Haunani Kahalewai">Haunani Kahalewai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekia_Kealaka%CA%BBi" title="Mekia Kealakaʻi">Mekia Kealakaʻi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kameaaloha_Almeida" title="John Kameaaloha Almeida">John Kameaaloha Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Farden_Aluli" title="Irmgard Farden Aluli">Irmgard Farden Aluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Anderson_(composer)" title="Robert Alexander Anderson (composer)">Robert Alexander Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Mossman" title="Bina Mossman">Bina Mossman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Nape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Nape (page does not exist)">David Nape</a></li> <li><b>Songs honored:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Aloha" title="Hawaii Aloha">Hawaii Aloha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ua_Like_No_A_Like&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ua Like No A Like (page does not exist)">Ua Like No A Like</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaulana_Na_Pua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaulana Na Pua">Kaulana Na Pua</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makalapua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makalapua (page does not exist)">Makalapua</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Na_Ali%60i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na Ali`i (page does not exist)">Na Ali`i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Hawaiian_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Hawaiian Band">The Royal Hawaiian Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maddy_Lam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maddy Lam (page does not exist)">Maddy Lam</a></li> <li><b>Hawaiian Chanters:</b> Keaulumoku, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%60opulupulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka`opulupulu (page does not exist)">Ka`opulupulu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapoukahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapoukahi (page does not exist)">Kapoukahi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapihe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapihe (page does not exist)">Kapihe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewahewa" title="Hewahewa">Hewahewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haili_Church_Choir" title="Haili Church Choir">Haili Church Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Keawe" title="Genoa Keawe">Genoa Keawe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kinney" title="Ray Kinney">Ray Kinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabby_Pahinui" title="Gabby Pahinui">Gabby Pahinui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Songs honored:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alika_(song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alika (song) (page does not exist)">Alika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalama%27ula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalama'ula (page does not exist)">Kalama'ula</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehiwehi_%27Oe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehiwehi 'Oe (page does not exist)">Wehiwehi 'Oe </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools" title="Kamehameha Schools">Kamehameha Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahauanu_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahauanu Lake (page does not exist)">Kahauanu Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_Church" title="Kawaiahaʻo Church">Kawaiahaʻo Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Alohikea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Alohikea (page does not exist)">Alfred Alohikea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahauanu_Lake_Trio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahauanu Lake Trio (page does not exist)">Kahauanu Lake Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ali%27iloa_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Ali'iloa Lincoln">Bill Ali'iloa Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_W._Waia%60u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry W. Waia`u (page does not exist)">Henry W. Waia`u</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahi_Beamer" title="Mahi Beamer">Mahi Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Cazimero" title="The Brothers Cazimero">The Brothers Cazimero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K.L._Davis" title="Charles K.L. Davis">Charles K.L. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Dela_Cruz" title="Linda Dela Cruz">Linda Dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nina_Keali%60iwahamana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nina Keali`iwahamana (page does not exist)">Nina Keali`iwahamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Veary" title="Emma Veary">Emma Veary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Ka%27iwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Ka'iwa (page does not exist)">Bill Ka'iwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Kalima" title="Jesse Kalima">Jesse Kalima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kamae" title="Eddie Kamae">Eddie Kamae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_McDiarmid_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald McDiarmid Sr. (page does not exist)">Donald McDiarmid Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Moon_(musician)" title="Peter Moon (musician)">Peter Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Sai" title="Marlene Sai">Marlene Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pi%27ilani_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pi'ilani Watkins (page does not exist)">John Pi'ilani Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ae%27a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Ae'a (page does not exist)">Joseph Ae'a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_%22Lizzie%22_Kahau_Kauanui_Alohikea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth "Lizzie" Kahau Kauanui Alohikea (page does not exist)">Elizabeth "Lizzie" Kahau Kauanui Alohikea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuhea_Audrey_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anuhea Audrey Brown (page does not exist)">Anuhea Audrey Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Kihei_Desha_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Kihei Desha Brown (page does not exist)">Thomas Kihei Desha Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Angeline_Johnson" title="Alice Angeline Johnson">Alice Angeline Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Keola_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Keola Lake (page does not exist)">John Keola Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Po%27ai_Nahale-a_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Po'ai Nahale-a Sr. (page does not exist)">Albert Po'ai Nahale-a Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Nahenahe_Singers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Nahenahe Singers (page does not exist)">Leo Nahenahe Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani_Vaughan" title="Palani Vaughan">Palani Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ka%CA%BBupena_Wong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Kaʻupena Wong (page does not exist)">James Kaʻupena Wong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hui_Ohana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hui Ohana (page does not exist)">Hui Ohana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sylvester_Kalama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sylvester Kalama (page does not exist)">Thomas Sylvester Kalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kamakahi" title="Dennis Kamakahi">Dennis Kamakahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27iki_Aiu_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'iki Aiu Lake">Ma'iki Aiu Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_Lee" title="Kui Lee">Kui Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Namaka_Bacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pat Namaka Bacon (page does not exist)">Pat Namaka Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Cummings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Cummings (page does not exist)">Andy Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ka%CA%BBai" title="Ernest Kaʻai">Ernest Kaʻai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kauhi_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Kauhi Quartet (page does not exist)">Richard Kauhi Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keali%27i_Reichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Keali'i Reichel">Keali'i Reichel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ilalaole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Ilalaole (page does not exist)">Joseph Ilalaole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Kalama" title="Benny Kalama">Benny Kalama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Li%27a_Kalainaina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Li'a Kalainaina (page does not exist)">Sam Li'a Kalainaina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akoni_Mika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akoni Mika (page does not exist)">Akoni Mika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Namakelua" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Namakelua">Alice Namakelua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olomana_(Hawaiian_music_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olomana (Hawaiian music group) (page does not exist)">Olomana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Pihanui_Kuluwaimaka_Palea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Pihanui Kuluwaimaka Palea (page does not exist)">James Pihanui Kuluwaimaka Palea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_Leo_Hawai%E2%80%98i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka Leo Hawai‘i (page does not exist)">Ka Leo Hawai‘i</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kainapau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kainapau (page does not exist)">George Kainapau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaha_Sons_of_Ni%27ihau" class="mw-redirect" title="Makaha Sons of Ni'ihau">Makaha Sons of Ni'ihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Na%27ope" class="mw-redirect" title="George Na'ope">George Na'ope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Owens" title="Harry Owens">Harry Owens</a></li> <li><b>Song honored:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Ponoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Ponoi">Hawaii Ponoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamaka_Ukulele" title="Kamaka Ukulele">Kamaka Hawaii, Inc.</a> (ukulele maker)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_H._Kane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew H. Kane (page does not exist)">Matthew H. Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolani_Luahine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolani Luahine">Iolani Luahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napua_Stevens" title="Napua Stevens">Napua Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Ho" title="Don Ho">Don Ho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Calls" title="Hawaii Calls">Hawaii Calls</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Chillingworth" title="Sonny Chillingworth">Sonny Chillingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Kawelohea_McKinzie" title="Edith Kawelohea McKinzie">Edith Kawelohea McKinzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puakea_Nogelmeier" title="Puakea Nogelmeier">Puakea Nogelmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Noa" title="Beverly Noa">Beverly Noa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lani_Custino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lani Custino (page does not exist)">Lani Custino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokalia_Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokalia Montgomery (page does not exist)">Lokalia Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lei_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lei Collins (page does not exist)">Lei Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halekulani_Girls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halekulani Girls (page does not exist)">Halekulani Girls</a> (Alice Fredlund, Sybil Bright Andrews, Linda Dela Cruz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Byrd" title="Jerry Byrd">Jerry Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darrell_Lupenui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darrell Lupenui (page does not exist)">Darrell Lupenui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaddius_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaddius Wilson (page does not exist)">Thaddius Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Brian_Eselu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Brian Eselu (page does not exist)">O'Brian Eselu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Noble" title="Johnny Noble">Johnny Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_%E2%80%9CKini%E2%80%9D_Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean “Kini” Sullivan (page does not exist)">Jean “Kini” Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kaimikaua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kaimikaua (page does not exist)">John Kaimikaua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamo_Howell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamo Howell (page does not exist)">Mamo Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaleikini" title="Danny Kaleikini">Danny Kaleikini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_%E2%80%9CBabe%E2%80%9D_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard “Babe” Bell (page does not exist)">Richard “Babe” Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Isaacs_%E2%80%98Ohana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Isaacs ‘Ohana (page does not exist)">The Isaacs ‘Ohana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kanaka%E2%80%99ole_%E2%80%98Ohana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kanaka’ole ‘Ohana (page does not exist)">The Kanaka’ole ‘Ohana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krash_Kealoha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krash Kealoha (page does not exist)">Krash Kealoha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_%22Skylark%22_Rossetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline "Skylark" Rossetti (page does not exist)">Jacqueline "Skylark" Rossetti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimo_Kahoano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimo Kahoano (page does not exist)">Kimo Kahoano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Keawehawai%E2%80%99i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Keawehawai’i (page does not exist)">Karen Keawehawai’i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melveen_Leed" title="Melveen Leed">Melveen Leed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kamakawiwo%CA%BBole" title="Israel Kamakawiwoʻole">Israel Kamakawiwoʻole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beamer_%E2%80%98Ohana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beamer ‘Ohana (page does not exist)">Beamer ‘Ohana</a> (Nona, Keola, Kapono)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bray_%E2%80%98Ohana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bray ‘Ohana (page does not exist)">Bray ‘Ohana</a> (Daddy and Lydia Bray)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%E2%80%98opi%E2%80%98i_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho‘opi‘i Brothers (page does not exist)">Ho‘opi‘i Brothers</a> (Richard and Solomon)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahananui_%E2%80%98Ohana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahananui ‘Ohana (page does not exist)">Kahananui ‘Ohana</a> (Dorothy Kahananui and Dorothy Gillett)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saichi_Kawahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saichi Kawahara (page does not exist)">Saichi Kawahara</a></li> <li><b>Literary award:</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Mele_Aloha:_A_Hawaiian_Songbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Mele Aloha: A Hawaiian Songbook (page does not exist)">He Mele Aloha: A Hawaiian Songbook</a></i> (Vicky Hollinger, Kimo Hussey, Puakea Nogelmeier, Carol Wilcox), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Queen%E2%80%99s_Songbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Queen’s Songbook (page does not exist)">The Queen’s Songbook</a></i> (Dorothy Kahananui Gillett, Barbara Smith and Hui Hanai)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pua_Ha%CA%BBaheo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pua Haʻaheo (page does not exist)">Pua Haʻaheo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Hohu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Hohu (page does not exist)">Marta Hohu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leila_Hohu_Kiaha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leila Hohu Kiaha (page does not exist)">Leila Hohu Kiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_%E2%80%9CFeet%E2%80%9D_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David “Feet” Rogers (page does not exist)">David “Feet” Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_B._Soria_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry B. Soria Jr. (page does not exist)">Harry B. Soria Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Kau%27i_Zuttermeister" title="Emily Kau'i Zuttermeister">Emily Kau'i Zuttermeister</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Room_musicians_from_Lexington_Hotel,_NYC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiian Room musicians from Lexington Hotel, NYC (page does not exist)">Hawaiian Room musicians from Lexington Hotel, NYC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Paused due to the global pandemic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ah_See" title="Jules Ah See">Jules Ah See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ah_See" title="Jules Ah See">Jules Ah See</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kihei_de_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kihei de Silva (page does not exist)">Kihei de Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuana_de_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mapuana de Silva (page does not exist)">Mapuana de Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawaikapuokalani_Hewett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawaikapuokalani Hewett (page does not exist)">Kawaikapuokalani Hewett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kalama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Kalama (page does not exist)">David Kalama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makua_Laiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makua Laiana (page does not exist)">Makua Laiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lyons" title="Lorenzo Lyons">Lorenzo Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_P._Robins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary P. Robins (page does not exist)">Mary P. Robins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Hawaii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaii" title="Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaii" title="Template talk:Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Hawaii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hawaii-related_articles" title="Index of Hawaii-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Seamount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Governance" title="Hawaii">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_parks" title="List of Hawaii state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hawaii" title="List of people from Hawaii">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaiian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hawaii" title="Abortion in Hawaii">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hawaii" title="Crime in Hawaii">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Demographics" title="Hawaii">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Economy" title="Hawaii">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education" title="Hawaii State Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Gun laws in Hawaii">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Hawaii">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hawaii">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_Hawaii" title="Folklore in Hawaii">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hawaii" title="Media in Hawaii">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Sports in Hawaii">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Main islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern <br /> Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hawaii" title="List of places in Hawaii">Notable communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii" title="Kailua-Kona, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kāneʻohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapolei,_Hawaii" title="Kapolei, Hawaii">Kapolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-statehood history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Polynesia" title="Music of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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