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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsur%C5%8D_Watsuji" title="Tetsurō Watsuji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tetsurō Watsuji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="واتاتسوجی تتسورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واتاتسوجی تتسورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsur%C5%8D_Watsuji" title="Tetsurō Watsuji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tetsurō Watsuji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%93%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%8D%B0%EC%93%B0%EB%A1%9C" title="와쓰지 데쓰로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와쓰지 데쓰로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuro_Watsuji" title="Tetsuro Watsuji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tetsuro Watsuji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%BE%BB%E5%93%B2%E9%83%8E" title="和辻哲郎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="和辻哲郎" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese historian and philosopher (1889–1960)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Tetsuro Watsuji</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg/220px-Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg/330px-Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg/440px-Tetsuro_Watsuji_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 1889<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Himeji" title="Himeji">Himeji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 26, 1960 (aged 71)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E5%BA%AB%E7%9C%8C%E7%AB%8B%E5%A7%AB%E8%B7%AF%E8%A5%BF%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:兵庫県立姫路西高等学校">Himeji Chugakko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_(%E6%97%A7%E5%88%B6)" class="extiw" title="ja:第一高等学校 (旧制)">First Higher School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imperial_University_of_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial University of Tokyo">Imperial University of Tokyo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watsuji_Rinrigaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watsuji Rinrigaku (page does not exist)">Watsuji Rinrigaku</a> (Watsuji Ethics)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Toyo_University" title="Toyo University">Toyo University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hosei_University" title="Hosei University">Hosei University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imperial_University_of_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial University of Kyoto">Imperial University of Kyoto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ryukoku_University" title="Ryukoku University">Ryukoku University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Otani_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Otani University">Otani University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Being and Space (not just Time); Ethics as Philosophical Anthropology</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Category:Conservatism in Japan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Japan</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Japan" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism#Japan" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#Japan" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Japan_and_Manchukuo" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility#Japan" title="Nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Japan" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii">Yamato-damashii</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abenomics" title="Abenomics">Abenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Japan" title="CIA activities in Japan">CIA activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#History" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenk%C5%8D" title="Tenkō">Tenkō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_in_Japan" title="Red Scare in Japan">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">U.S.-Japan Security Treaty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Et%C5%8D" title="Jun Etō">Etō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuneari_Fukuda" title="Tsuneari Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasuda_Zenmei" title="Hasuda Zenmei">Hasuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoki_Hyakuta" title="Naoki Hyakuta">Hyakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanokogi_Kazunobu" title="Kanokogi Kazunobu">Kanokogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kobayashi" title="Hideo Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimazaki_Masaki" title="Shimazaki Masaki">Masaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mayuzumi" title="Toshiro Mayuzumi">Mayuzumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsukichi_Minobe" title="Tatsukichi Minobe">Minobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Mizushima" title="Satoru Mizushima">Mizushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyake_Setsurei" title="Miyake Setsurei">Miyake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Nishibe" title="Susumu Nishibe">Nishibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_%C5%8Cen" title="Hayashi Ōen">Ōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Sonfa" title="Oh Sonfa">Oh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunr%C5%8D_Oshikawa" title="Shunrō Oshikawa">Oshikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiko_Sakurai" title="Yoshiko Sakurai">Sakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_Shigetaka" title="Shiga Shigetaka">Shiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayako_Sono" title="Ayako Sono">Sono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Sugiyama" title="Koichi Sugiyama">Sugiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunoda_Tadayuki" title="Tsunoda Tadayuki">Tadayuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Tsunetomo" title="Yamamoto Tsunetomo">Tsunetomo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watsuji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hagakure" title="Hagakure">Hagakure</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Recorded 1709–1716)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan" title="Bushido: The Soul of Japan">Bushido: The Soul of Japan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Tea" title="The Book of Tea">The Book of Tea</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriotism_(short_story)" title="Patriotism (short story)">Patriotism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Steel_(essay)" title="Sun and Steel (essay)">Sun and Steel</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li>”<a href="/wiki/The_Japan_That_Can_Say_No" title="The Japan That Can Say No">The Japan That Can Say No</a>” <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dignity_of_the_Nation" title="The Dignity of the Nation">The Dignity of the Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Asō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Hashimoto" title="Tōru Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Hiranuma" title="Takeo Hiranuma">Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomi_Inada" title="Tomomi Inada">Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Ishiba" title="Jirō Ishiba">Ishiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shintaro_Ishihara" title="Shintaro Ishihara">Ishihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Kawamura_(politician)" title="Takashi Kawamura (politician)">Kawamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Kiichirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" title="Yuriko Koike">Koike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Koizumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dichi_Nakagawa" title="Shōichi Nakagawa">Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mio_Sugita" title="Mio Sugita">Sugita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Tarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi" title="Sanae Takaichi">Takaichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tojo (Hideki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuko_Tojo" title="Yuko Tojo">Tojo (Yuko)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Japan" title="Conservative Party of Japan">Conservative Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_for_the_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party for the People">Democratic Party for the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Japan_Patriotic_Party" title="Greater Japan Patriotic Party">Greater Japan Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_Realization_Party" title="Happiness Realization Party">Happiness Realization Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_First_Party" title="Japan First Party">Japan First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Japan Innovation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomin_First_no_Kai" title="Tomin First no Kai">Tokyoites First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishin_Seito_Shimpu" title="Ishin Seito Shimpu">Restoration Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanseit%C5%8D" title="Sanseitō">Party of Do it Yourself</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Constitutional Government Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Renewal_Party" title="Japan Renewal Party">Japan Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Restoration_Party" title="Japan Restoration Party">Japan Restoration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(Japan)" title="New Conservative Party (Japan)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Japanese_Kokoro" title="Party for Japanese Kokoro">Party for Japanese Kokoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_no_T%C5%8D" title="Kibō no Tō">Party of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_New_Party" title="People's New Party">People's New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Party" title="Sunrise Party">Sunrise Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Party" title="Your Party">Your Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbare_Nippon" title="Ganbare Nippon">Ganbare Nippon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_History_Textbook_Reform" title="Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform">Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seikijuku" title="Seikijuku">Seikijuku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaitokukai" title="Zaitokukai">Zaitokukai</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geny%C5%8Dsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Genyōsha">Genyōsha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokury%C5%ABkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokuryūkai">Kokuryūkai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatenokai" title="Tatenokai">Tatenokai</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungei_Shunj%C5%AB_(magazine)" title="Bungei Shunjū (magazine)">Bungei Shunjū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Culture_Channel_Sakura" title="Japanese Culture Channel Sakura">Japanese Culture Channel Sakura</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shokun!" title="Shokun!">Shokun!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shufu_no_Tomo" title="Shufu no Tomo">Shufu no Tomo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABkan_Shinch%C5%8D" title="Shūkan Shinchō">Shūkan Shinchō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Conservative_Movement" title="Action Conservative Movement">Action Conservative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_conservative" title="Anti-American conservative">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#Japan" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku-ha" title="Minzoku-ha">Minzoku-ha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">Netto-uyoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">National essentialism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_shugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon shugi">Nihon shugi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Shōwa Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Japan" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Anti-Korean sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility#Japan" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">Daimyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuge" title="Kuge">Kuge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">History textbooks controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nihonjinron" title="Nihonjinron">Nihonjinron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Japan">Politics in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#Japan" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a> (postwar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a> (postwar)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Template:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tetsuro Watsuji</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和辻哲郎</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Watsuji Tetsurō</i></span>, March 1, 1889 – December 26, 1960)</span> was a <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">moral philosopher</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watsuji was born in <a href="/wiki/Himeji,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Himeji, Hyōgo">Himeji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a> to a physician. During his youth he enjoyed poetry and had a passion for <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a>. For a short time he was the coeditor of a literary magazine and was involved in writing poems and plays. His interests in philosophy came to light while he was a student at First Higher School in Tokyo, although his interest in literature would always remain strong throughout his life. </p><p>In his early writings (between 1913 and 1915) he introduced the work of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> to Japan, as well as working on <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, but in 1918 he turned against this earlier position, criticizing Western philosophical <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, and attacking its influence on Japanese thought and life. This led to a study of the roots of Japanese culture, including Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, and notably the work of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>. Watsuji was also interested in the famous Japanese writer <a href="/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki" title="Natsume Sōseki">Natsume Sōseki</a>, whose books were influential during Watsuji's early years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1920s Watsuji taught at <a href="/wiki/Toyo_University" title="Toyo University">Toyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosei_University" title="Hosei University">Hosei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio</a> universities, and at <a href="/wiki/Tsuda_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuda College">Tsuda Eigaku-juku</a> (now, <a href="/wiki/Tsuda_University" title="Tsuda University">Tsuda University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issues of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> attracted his attention,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the hermeneutics of <a href="/wiki/August_B%C3%B6ckh" title="August Böckh">Boeckh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1925, Watsuji became a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto Imperial University</a>, joining the other leading philosophers of the time, <a href="/wiki/Nishida_Kitaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishida Kitaro">Nishida Kitaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanabe_Hajime" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanabe Hajime">Tanabe Hajime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Nishitani Keiji</a>. These three philosophers were members of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a>. While Watsuji joined their department, he is not typically considered a member of the School due to the intellectual independence in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, he was promoted to associate professor of ethics. </p><p>In January 1927, it was decided that he would go to Germany for 3 years for his research on the history of moral thought. He departed on 17th February and finally arrived in Berlin in early April. In the beginning of summer, he read Heidegger’s <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> which had just come out.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then went to Paris. He left Paris in early December and arrived in Genoa on the 12th of that month. </p><p>From January to March 1928, he travelled to Rome, Naples, Sicily, Florence, Bologna, Ravenna, Padua and Venice. He then cut his trip short, returning to Japan in early July. So his stay in Europe only lasted for roughly a year. </p><p>In March 1931, he was promoted to full professor at Kyoto Imperial University. </p><p>He then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Imperial University">Tokyo Imperial University</a> in July 1934 and held the chair in ethics until his retirement in March 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> his theories (which claimed the superiority of Japanese approaches to and understanding of human nature and ethics, and argued for the negation of self) provided support for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a>, a fact which, after the war, he said that he regretted. </p><p>Watsuji died at the age of 71. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watsuji's three main works were his two-volume 1954 <i>History of Japanese Ethical Thought</i>, his three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Watsuji)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Watsuji)">Ethics</a></i>, first published in 1937, 1942, and 1949, and his 1935 <i>Climate</i>. The last of these develops his most distinctive thought. In it, Watsuji argues for an essential relationship between <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and other environmental factors and the nature of human <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>, and he distinguished three types of culture: pastoral, desert, and monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watsuji wrote that <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">Kendo</a> involves raising a struggle to a life-transcending level by freeing oneself from an attachment to life.<sup id="cite_ref-samurai-spirit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samurai-spirit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>Collected Works</b></i> [和辻哲郎全集], 27 vols. (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1961-91) [CW]. </p><p>CW1 </p> <ul><li><i>Studies on <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></i> [ニイチェ研究] (Uchida Rôkakuho [内田老鶴圃], 1913), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974436/1/7">CW1:1-391.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></i> [ゼエレン・キェルケゴオル] (Uchida Rôkakuho [内田老鶴圃], 1915), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974436/1/203">CW1:393-679.</a></li></ul> <p>CW2 </p> <ul><li><i>Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples</i> [古寺巡礼] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1919), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/6">CW2:1-192.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Imperial_Villa" title="Katsura Imperial Villa">Katsura Imperial Villa</a>: Investigating the Background Behind Its Style</i> [桂離宮——様式の背後を探る] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1958), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/120">CW2:192-386.</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Originally published as <i>Katsura Imperial Villa: Reflections on Its Construction Process</i> [桂離宮——製作過程の考察] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1955), it was significantly rewritten after receiving criticism from the architectural historian Ôta Hirotarô.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>‘Eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">Haniwa</a> Statue’ [人物埴輪の眼] (<i>Sekai</i> [世界], January 1956), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/239">CW2:387-392.</a></li> <li>‘What the <a href="/wiki/Maijishan_Grottoes" title="Maijishan Grottoes">Maijishan Grottoes</a> Tell Us’ [麦積山塑像の示唆するもの] (Preface to Natori Yōnosuke, <i>Bakusekizan Sekkutsu</i> [麦積山石窟], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1957), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/243">CW2:392-400.</a></li></ul> <p>CW3 </p> <ul><li><i>Ancient Japanese Culture</i> [日本古代文化] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1920), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974257/1/6">CW3:1-305.</a></li> <li><i>The Hidden Japan</i> [埋もれた日本] (Shinchôsha [新潮社], 1951), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974257/1/164">CW3:307-507.</a></li></ul> <p>CW4 </p> <ul><li><i>Studies on Japanese Intellectual History</i>, Vol. 1 [日本精神史研究] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1926), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974267/1/6">CW4:1-271.</a></li> <li><i>Studies on Japanese Intellectual History</i>, Vol. 2 [続日本精神史研究] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974267/1/157">CW4:273-551.</a></li></ul> <p>CW5 </p> <ul><li><i>The Practical Philosophy of Early Buddhism</i> [原始仏教の実践哲学] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1927), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974268/1/7">CW5:1-293.</a></li> <li>The Beginnings of Buddhist Philosophy [仏教哲学の最初の展開] (<i>Kokoro</i> [心], June 1955-May 1958), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974268/1/154">CW5:295-568.</a></li> <li>‘Reply to Kimura Taiken’s Criticisms’ [木村泰賢氏の批評に答う] (<i>Shisō</i> [思想], April 1927), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974268/1/291">CW5:569-580.</a></li></ul> <p>CW6 </p> <ul><li><i>Professor <a href="/wiki/Raphael_von_Koeber" title="Raphael von Koeber">Koeber</a></i> [ケーベル先生] (Kôbundô [弘文堂], 1948), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/7">CW6:1-39.</a></li> <li><i>Critique of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></i> [ホメーロス批判] (Kaname Shobô [要書房], 1946), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/27">CW6:41-255.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></i> [孔子] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1938), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/135">CW6:257-355.</a></li> <li><i>Forerunners of the Modern Philosophy of History: Vico and Herder</i> [近代歴史哲学の先駆者——ヴィコとヘルダー] (Kôbundô [弘文堂], 1950), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/187">CW6:357-421.</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>On <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a> among others.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>CW7 </p> <ul><li><i>The Cultural Significance of Early Christianity</i> [原始キリスト教の文化的意義] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1926), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974269/1/7">CW7:1-150.</a></li> <li><i>Ethics of Humanity in the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></i> [ポリス的人間の倫理学] (Hakujitsu Shoin [白日書院], 1948), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974269/1/82">CW7:151-350.</a></li></ul> <p>CW8 </p> <ul><li><i>Climate: Philosophico-Anthropological Reflections</i> [風土——人間学的考察] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974270/1/6">CW8:1-256.</a></li> <li><i>Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples of Italy</i> [イタリア古寺巡礼] (Kaname Shobô [要書房], 1950), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974270/1/134">CW8:257-408.</a></li></ul> <p>CW9 </p> <ul><li><i>Ethics as the Study of Humanity</i> [人間の学としての倫理学] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1934), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974271/1/7">CW9:1-192.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>’s Critique of Practical Reason</i> [カント実践理性批判] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974271/1/103">CW9:193-315.</a></li> <li><i>Personality and Human Nature</i> [人格と人類性] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1938), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974271/1/165">CW9:317-479.</a></li></ul> <p>CW10 </p> <ul><li><i>Ethics</i>, Vol. 1 [倫理学(上)] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1937-42), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974272/1/7">CW10:1-659.</a></li></ul> <p>CW11 </p> <ul><li><i>Ethics</i>, Vol. 2 [倫理学(下)] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1949), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974273/1/7">CW11:1-448.</a></li></ul> <p>CW12 </p> <ul><li><i>A History of Japanese Ethical Thought</i>, Vol. 1 [日本倫理思想史(上)] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1952), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974274/1/7">CW12:1-514.</a></li></ul> <p>CW13 </p> <ul><li><i>A History of Japanese Ethical Thought</i>, Vol. 2 [日本倫理思想史(下)] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1952), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974275/1/7">CW13:1-496.</a></li></ul> <p>CW14 </p> <ul><li><i>Royalist Thought and Its Tradition</i> [尊皇思想とその伝統] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1943), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974276/1/7">CW14:1-294.</a></li> <li><i>The Way of the Imperial Subject in Japan</i> [日本の臣道] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1944), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974276/1/154">CW14:295-312.</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Published together with <i>The National Character of the United States</i> [アメリカの国民性]. The book was ordered banned from sale by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">SCAP</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">US Occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>The Symbol of National Unification</i> [国民統合の象徴] (Keisô Shobô [勁草書房], 1948), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974276/1/163">CW14:313-396.</a></li></ul> <p>CW15 </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a>: Japan’s Tragedy</i> [鎖国——日本の悲劇] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1950), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974277/1/7">CW15:1-562.</a></li></ul> <p>CW16 </p> <ul><li><i>Studies on the History of Japanese Art: <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri_(music)" title="Jōruri (music)"> Jōruri</a></i> [日本芸術史研究——歌舞伎と操り浄瑠璃] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1955), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974278/1/7">CW16:1-716.</a></li></ul> <p>CW17 </p> <ul><li><i>The Revival of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Idol</a></i> [偶像再興] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1918), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974279/1/7">CW17:1-284.</a></li> <li><i>Mask and <a href="/wiki/Persona" title="Persona">Persona</a></i> [面とペルソナ] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1937), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974279/1/7">CW17:285-450.</a></li> <li><i>The National Character of the United States</i> [アメリカの国民性] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1944), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974279/1/7">CW17:451-481.</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Published together with <i>The Way of the Imperial Subject in Japan</i> [日本の臣道].</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>CW18 </p> <ul><li><i>An Attempt at Autobiography</i> [自叙伝の試み] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1961), reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974280/1/7">CW18:1-458.</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Unfinished work, posthumous publication.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>CW19 </p> <ul><li>A History of Buddhist Ethical Thought [仏教倫理思想史]</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Previously unpublished work.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>CW20-24 </p> <ul><li>Essays</li></ul> <p>CW25 </p> <ul><li>Letters</li></ul> <p>CW26 </p> <ul><li>Lecture Notes</li></ul> <p>CW27 </p> <ul><li>Notes and Miscellanea</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1961: <i>Climate and Culture: A Philosophical Study</i> trans. from <i>Fūdo</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">風土</span></span>)</span> by Geoffrey Bownas (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press)</li> <li>1969: <i>Japanese Ethical Thought in the <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> Plays of the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromachi Period">Muromachi Period</a></i> trans. from chapter 4 of <i>Nihon Rinri Shisōshi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本倫理思想史</span></span>)</span> by David A. Dilworth (<i>Monumenta Nipponica</i> 24:4, 467-498) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383883">[1]</a></li> <li>1971: <i>The Significance of Ethics As the Study of Man</i> trans. from the introduction to <i>Rinrigaku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倫理学</span></span>)</span> vol. 1 by David A. Dilworth (<i>Monumenta Nipponica</i> 26:3/4, 395-413) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383653">[2]</a></li> <li>1996: <i>Watsuji Tetsurō's Rinrigaku: Ethics in Japan</i> trans. from the first half of <i>Rinrigaku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倫理学</span></span>)</span> vol. 1 by Seisaku Yamamoto & Robert Carter (Albany: State University of New York Press)</li> <li>1998: Various essays in <i>Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy</i> by David Dilworth and Valdo Viglielmo with Agustin Jacinto Zavala.</li> <li>2009: <i>Mask and Persona</i> trans. from <i>Men to Perusona</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">面とペルソナ</span></span>)</span> by Carl M. Johnson <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://carlsensei.com/docs/translations/mask-and-persona.html">[3]</a></li> <li>2009: <i>The Psychology of <a href="/wiki/Idol_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Idol Worship">Idol Worship</a></i> trans. from <i>Gūzō Sūhai no Shinri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">偶像崇拝の心理</span></span>)</span> by Carl M. Johnson <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://carlsensei.com/docs/translations/psychology-of-idol-worship.html">[4]</a></li> <li>2011: <i>Purifying Zen: Watsuji Tetsurō's Shamon Dōgen</i> trans. from <i>Shamon Dōgen</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">沙門道元</span></span>)</span> by Steve Bein (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/shopcore/978-0-8248-3556-9/">[5]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>2011: <i>Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples in <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a></i> trans. from <i>Koji Junrei</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">古寺巡礼</span></span>)</span> by Hiroshi Nara (Portland, ME: MerwinAsia) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.merwinasia.com/downloads/MACatalog_2012.pdf">[6]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>2021: “Professor Koeber” trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. <i>Journal of East Asian Philosophy</i> 1: 75–99.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43493-021-00002-9">[7]</a></li> <li>2021: “Middle School” from Attempt at an Autobiography trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. <i>European Journal of Japanese Philosophy</i> 6: 267–322.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4909">[8]</a></li> <li>2021: “America’s National Character” trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. <i>Philosophy East and West</i> 71 (4):1005-1028.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/819276">[9]</a></li> <li>2023: "A Consideration of National Character" trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth. <i>Journal East Asian Philosophy 2</i>. 199-215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43493-023-00018-3#citeas">[10]</a></li> <li>2024: "Watsuji Tetsurō’s Memory of Natsume Sōseki: A Translation of 'Until I met Sōseki' and 'Sōseki’s Character'" trans K.M.J. Shuttleworth. <i>Journal of East Asian Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s43493-024-00036-9">[11]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuki Shūzō">Kuki Shūzō</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Dilworth, et al., <i>Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy: Selected Documents</i> (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press); cited in Robert Carter, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/watsuji-tetsuro/">Watsuji Tetsurô</a>", <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marra, Michael F. (2002). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCcLEBldTagC&pg=PA76"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCcLEBldTagC&pg=PA76">Japanese hermeneutics,<i> pp. 76-88.</i></a>, p. 76, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">和辻哲郎「倫理学——人間の学としての倫理学の意義及び方法」『岩波講座——哲学第二』岩波書店、1932年、115ff. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1913099/405">https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1913099/405</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis2022" class="citation cs2">Davis, Bret W. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/kyoto-school/">"The Kyoto School"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kyoto+School&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2022&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Bret+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2022%2Fentries%2Fkyoto-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetsuro+Watsuji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">和辻哲郎「序言」『風土——人間学的考察』岩波書店、1979年、3頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">兵庫ゆかりの作家「和辻哲郎略年譜」(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.artm.pref.hyogo.jp/bungaku/jousetsu/authors/a70/">https://www.artm.pref.hyogo.jp/bungaku/jousetsu/authors/a70/</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> had developed a theory along similar lines, though with very different conclusions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samurai-spirit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-samurai-spirit_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosoda_Haruko2011" class="citation web cs1">Hosoda Haruko (December 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111232856/https://www.nippon.com/en/column/g00009/">"Samurai Spirit Still Animates Japan"</a>. <i>Nippon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/column/g00009/">the original</a> on November 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nippon&rft.atitle=Samurai+Spirit+Still+Animates+Japan&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.au=Hosoda+Haruko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fcolumn%2Fg00009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetsuro+Watsuji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">文部省社会教育局編『連合国軍総司令部から没収を命ぜられた宣伝用刊行物総目録』1949年 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1159482/169">https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1159482/169</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Maraldo, John C. (2001). "Watsuji" in <i>A Companion to the Philosophers</i> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Arrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. Arrington">Robert L. Arrington</a>, editor). Oxford: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22967-1">0-631-22967-1</a></li> <li>Marra, Michael F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCcLEBldTagC&q=Japanese+hermeneutics+:+current+debates+on+aesthetics+and+interpretation"><i>Japanese hermeneutics: Current Debates on Aesthetics and Interpretation.</i></a> Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824824570" title="Special:BookSources/9780824824570">9780824824570</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237578040">OCLC 237578040</a></li> <li>Mayeda, Graham. <i>Japanese Philosophers on Society and Culture: Nishida Kitarō, Watsuji Tetsurō, and Kuki Shūzō</i>. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-7208-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-7208-8">978-1-4985-7208-8</a></li> <li>———. (2006). <i>Time, Space and Ethics in the Philosophy of Watsuji Tetsurō, Kuki Shūzō, and Martin Heidegger</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97673-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97673-1">0-415-97673-1</a> (alk. paper).</li> <li>Hans Peter Liederbach (2001): <i>Martin Heidegger im Denken Watsuji Tetsuros</i>, München: Iudicium, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89129-363-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-89129-363-1">3-89129-363-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuro_Watsuji&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tetsur%C5%8D_Watsuji" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tetsurō Watsuji">Tetsurō Watsuji</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carter, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/watsuji-tetsuro/">"Watsuji Tetsurô"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watsuji+Tetsur%C3%B4&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwatsuji-tetsuro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetsuro+Watsuji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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