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During his youth he enjoyed poetry and had a passion for [[Western literature]]. For a short time he was the coeditor of a literary magazine and was involved in writing poems and plays. His interests in philosophy came to light while he was a student at First Higher School in Tokyo, although his interest in literature would always remain strong throughout his life. In his early writings (between 1913 and 1915) he introduced the work of [[Søren Kierkegaard]] to Japan, as well as working on [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], but in 1918 he turned against this earlier position, criticizing Western philosophical [[individualism]], and attacking its influence on Japanese thought and life. This led to a study of the roots of Japanese culture, including Japanese [[Buddhist art]], and notably the work of the medieval [[Zen Buddhism|Zen Buddhist]] [[Dōgen]]. Watsuji was also interested in the famous Japanese writer [[Natsume Sōseki]], whose books were influential during Watsuji's early years. ==Career== In the early 1920s Watsuji taught at [[Toyo University|Toyo]], [[Hosei University|Hosei]] and [[Keio University|Keio]] universities, and at [[Tsuda College|Tsuda Eigaku-juku]] (now, [[Tsuda University]]).<ref>David A. Dilworth, et al., ''Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy: Selected Documents'' (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press); cited in Robert Carter, "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/watsuji-tetsuro/ Watsuji Tetsurô]", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', 2004.</ref> The issues of [[hermeneutics]] attracted his attention,<ref>Marra, Michael F. (2002). {{google books|VCcLEBldTagC|''Japanese hermeneutics,'' pp. 76-88.|page=76}}</ref> especially the hermeneutics of [[August Böckh|Boeckh]] and [[Wilhelm Dilthey|Dilthey]].<ref>和辻哲郎「倫理学——人間の学としての倫理学の意義及び方法」『岩波講座——哲学第二』岩波書店、1932年、115ff. (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1913099/405)</ref> In March 1925, Watsuji became a lecturer at [[Kyoto University|Kyoto Imperial University]], joining the other leading philosophers of the time, [[Nishida Kitaro]], [[Tanabe Hajime]] and [[Keiji Nishitani|Nishitani Keiji]]. These three philosophers were members of the [[Kyoto School]]. While Watsuji joined their department, he is not typically considered a member of the School due to the intellectual independence in his work.<ref>{{Citation |last=Davis |first=Bret W. |title=The Kyoto School |date=2022 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/kyoto-school/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-03-14 |edition=Winter 2022 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> In July, he was promoted to associate professor of ethics. In January 1927, it was decided that he would go to Germany for 3 years for his research on the history of moral thought. He departed on 17th February and finally arrived in Berlin in early April. In the beginning of summer, he read Heidegger’s ''[[Being and Time]]'' which had just come out.<ref>和辻哲郎「序言」『風土——人間学的考察』岩波書店、1979年、3頁</ref> He then went to Paris. He left Paris in early December and arrived in Genoa on the 12th of that month. From January to March 1928, he travelled to Rome, Naples, Sicily, Florence, Bologna, Ravenna, Padua and Venice. He then cut his trip short, returning to Japan in early July. So his stay in Europe only lasted for roughly a year. In March 1931, he was promoted to full professor at Kyoto Imperial University. He then moved to the [[Tokyo Imperial University]] in July 1934 and held the chair in ethics until his retirement in March 1949.<ref>兵庫ゆかりの作家「和辻哲郎略年譜」(https://www.artm.pref.hyogo.jp/bungaku/jousetsu/authors/a70/)</ref> During [[World War II]] his theories (which claimed the superiority of Japanese approaches to and understanding of human nature and ethics, and argued for the negation of self) provided support for [[Japanese nationalism]], a fact which, after the war, he said that he regretted. Watsuji died at the age of 71. ==Work== Watsuji's three main works were his two-volume 1954 ''History of Japanese Ethical Thought'', his three-volume ''[[Ethics (Watsuji)|Ethics]]'', first published in 1937, 1942, and 1949, and his 1935 ''Climate''. The last of these develops his most distinctive thought. In it, Watsuji argues for an essential relationship between [[climate]] and other environmental factors and the nature of human [[culture]]s, and he distinguished three types of culture: pastoral, desert, and monsoon.<ref>The [[France|French]] philosopher [[Montesquieu]] had developed a theory along similar lines, though with very different conclusions.</ref> Watsuji wrote that [[Kendo]] involves raising a struggle to a life-transcending level by freeing oneself from an attachment to life.<ref name="samurai-spirit">{{cite web |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/column/g00009/ |author=Hosoda Haruko |title=Samurai Spirit Still Animates Japan |website=Nippon |date=December 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111232856/https://www.nippon.com/en/column/g00009/ |archive-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref> ==List of works== '''''Collected Works''''' [和辻哲郎全集], 27 vols. (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1961-91) [CW]. CW1 * ''Studies on [[Nietzsche]]'' [ニイチェ研究] (Uchida Rôkakuho [内田老鶴圃], 1913), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974436/1/7 CW1:1-391.] * ''[[Søren Kierkegaard]]'' [ゼエレン・キェルケゴオル] (Uchida Rôkakuho [内田老鶴圃], 1915), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974436/1/203 CW1:393-679.] CW2 * ''Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples'' [古寺巡礼] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1919), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/6 CW2:1-192.] * ''[[Katsura Imperial Villa]]: Investigating the Background Behind Its Style'' [桂離宮——様式の背後を探る] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1958), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/120 CW2:192-386.] :: Originally published as ''Katsura Imperial Villa: Reflections on Its Construction Process'' [桂離宮——製作過程の考察] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1955), it was significantly rewritten after receiving criticism from the architectural historian Ôta Hirotarô. * ‘Eyes of the [[Haniwa]] Statue’ [人物埴輪の眼] (''Sekai'' [世界], January 1956), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/239 CW2:387-392.] * ‘What the [[Maijishan Grottoes]] Tell Us’ [麦積山塑像の示唆するもの] (Preface to Natori Yōnosuke, ''Bakusekizan Sekkutsu'' [麦積山石窟], Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1957), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974437/1/243 CW2:392-400.] CW3 * ''Ancient Japanese Culture'' [日本古代文化] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1920), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974257/1/6 CW3:1-305.] * ''The Hidden Japan'' [埋もれた日本] (Shinchôsha [新潮社], 1951), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974257/1/164 CW3:307-507.] CW4 * ''Studies on Japanese Intellectual History'', Vol. 1 [日本精神史研究] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1926), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974267/1/6 CW4:1-271.] * ''Studies on Japanese Intellectual History'', Vol. 2 [続日本精神史研究] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974267/1/157 CW4:273-551.] CW5 * ''The Practical Philosophy of Early Buddhism'' [原始仏教の実践哲学] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1927), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974268/1/7 CW5:1-293.] * The Beginnings of Buddhist Philosophy [仏教哲学の最初の展開] (''Kokoro'' [心], June 1955-May 1958), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974268/1/154 CW5:295-568.] * ‘Reply to Kimura Taiken’s Criticisms’ [木村泰賢氏の批評に答う] (''Shisō'' [思想], April 1927), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974268/1/291 CW5:569-580.] CW6 * ''Professor [[Raphael von Koeber|Koeber]]'' [ケーベル先生] (Kôbundô [弘文堂], 1948), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/7 CW6:1-39.] * ''Critique of [[Homer]]'' [ホメーロス批判] (Kaname Shobô [要書房], 1946), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/27 CW6:41-255.] * ''[[Confucius]]'' [孔子] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1938), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/135 CW6:257-355.] * ''Forerunners of the Modern Philosophy of History: Vico and Herder'' [近代歴史哲学の先駆者——ヴィコとヘルダー] (Kôbundô [弘文堂], 1950), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/3006386/1/187 CW6:357-421.] :: On [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]] among others. CW7 * ''The Cultural Significance of Early Christianity'' [原始キリスト教の文化的意義] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1926), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974269/1/7 CW7:1-150.] * ''Ethics of Humanity in the [[Polis]]'' [ポリス的人間の倫理学] (Hakujitsu Shoin [白日書院], 1948), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974269/1/82 CW7:151-350.] CW8 * ''Climate: Philosophico-Anthropological Reflections'' [風土——人間学的考察] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974270/1/6 CW8:1-256.] * ''Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples of Italy'' [イタリア古寺巡礼] (Kaname Shobô [要書房], 1950), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974270/1/134 CW8:257-408.] CW9 * ''Ethics as the Study of Humanity'' [人間の学としての倫理学] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1934), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974271/1/7 CW9:1-192.] * ''[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]’s Critique of Practical Reason'' [カント実践理性批判] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1935), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974271/1/103 CW9:193-315.] * ''Personality and Human Nature'' [人格と人類性] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1938), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974271/1/165 CW9:317-479.] CW10 * ''Ethics'', Vol. 1 [倫理学(上)] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1937-42), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974272/1/7 CW10:1-659.] CW11 * ''Ethics'', Vol. 2 [倫理学(下)] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1949), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974273/1/7 CW11:1-448.] CW12 * ''A History of Japanese Ethical Thought'', Vol. 1 [日本倫理思想史(上)] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1952), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974274/1/7 CW12:1-514.] CW13 * ''A History of Japanese Ethical Thought'', Vol. 2 [日本倫理思想史(下)] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1952), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974275/1/7 CW13:1-496.] CW14 * ''Royalist Thought and Its Tradition'' [尊皇思想とその伝統] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1943), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974276/1/7 CW14:1-294.] * ''The Way of the Imperial Subject in Japan'' [日本の臣道] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1944), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974276/1/154 CW14:295-312.] :: Published together with ''The National Character of the United States'' [アメリカの国民性]. The book was ordered banned from sale by [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|SCAP]] during the [[Occupation of Japan|US Occupation]].<ref>文部省社会教育局編『連合国軍総司令部から没収を命ぜられた宣伝用刊行物総目録』1949年 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1159482/169).</ref> * ''The Symbol of National Unification'' [国民統合の象徴] (Keisô Shobô [勁草書房], 1948), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974276/1/163 CW14:313-396.] CW15 * ''[[Sakoku]]: Japan’s Tragedy'' [鎖国——日本の悲劇] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1950), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974277/1/7 CW15:1-562.] CW16 * ''Studies on the History of Japanese Art: [[Kabuki]] and [[Jōruri (music)| Jōruri]]'' [日本芸術史研究——歌舞伎と操り浄瑠璃] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1955), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974278/1/7 CW16:1-716.] CW17 * ''The Revival of the [[Cult image|Idol]]'' [偶像再興] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1918), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974279/1/7 CW17:1-284.] * ''Mask and [[Persona]]'' [面とペルソナ] (Iwanami Shoten [岩波書店], 1937), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974279/1/7 CW17:285-450.] * ''The National Character of the United States'' [アメリカの国民性] (Chikuma Shobô [筑摩書房], 1944), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974279/1/7 CW17:451-481.] :: Published together with ''The Way of the Imperial Subject in Japan'' [日本の臣道]. CW18 * ''An Attempt at Autobiography'' [自叙伝の試み] (Chûô Kôronsha [中央公論社], 1961), reprinted in [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2974280/1/7 CW18:1-458.] :: Unfinished work, posthumous publication. CW19 * A History of Buddhist Ethical Thought [仏教倫理思想史] :: Previously unpublished work. CW20-24 * Essays CW25 * Letters CW26 * Lecture Notes CW27 * Notes and Miscellanea ===English translations=== * 1961: ''Climate and Culture: A Philosophical Study'' trans. from {{nihongo4|''Fūdo''|風土}} by Geoffrey Bownas (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press) * 1969: ''Japanese Ethical Thought in the [[Noh]] Plays of the [[Muromachi Period]]'' trans. from chapter 4 of {{nihongo4|''Nihon Rinri Shisōshi''|日本倫理思想史}} by David A. Dilworth (''Monumenta Nipponica'' 24:4, 467-498) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383883] * 1971: ''The Significance of Ethics As the Study of Man'' trans. from the introduction to {{nihongo4|''Rinrigaku''|倫理学}} vol. 1 by David A. Dilworth (''Monumenta Nipponica'' 26:3/4, 395-413) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383653] * 1996: ''Watsuji Tetsurō's Rinrigaku: Ethics in Japan'' trans. from the first half of {{nihongo4|''Rinrigaku''|倫理学}} vol. 1 by Seisaku Yamamoto & Robert Carter (Albany: State University of New York Press) * 1998: Various essays in ''Sourcebook for Modern Japanese Philosophy'' by David Dilworth and Valdo Viglielmo with Agustin Jacinto Zavala. * 2009: ''Mask and Persona'' trans. from {{nihongo4|''Men to Perusona''|面とペルソナ}} by Carl M. Johnson [http://carlsensei.com/docs/translations/mask-and-persona.html] * 2009: ''The Psychology of [[Idol Worship]]'' trans. from {{nihongo4|''Gūzō Sūhai no Shinri''|偶像崇拝の心理}} by Carl M. Johnson [http://carlsensei.com/docs/translations/psychology-of-idol-worship.html] * 2011: ''Purifying Zen: Watsuji Tetsurō's Shamon Dōgen'' trans. from {{nihongo4|''Shamon Dōgen''|沙門道元}} by Steve Bein (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press) [http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/shopcore/978-0-8248-3556-9/]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 2011: ''Pilgrimages to the Ancient Temples in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]'' trans. from {{nihongo4|''Koji Junrei''|古寺巡礼}} by Hiroshi Nara (Portland, ME: MerwinAsia) [http://www.merwinasia.com/downloads/MACatalog_2012.pdf]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 2021: “Professor Koeber” trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. ''Journal of East Asian Philosophy'' 1: 75–99.[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43493-021-00002-9] * 2021: “Middle School” from Attempt at an Autobiography trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. ''European Journal of Japanese Philosophy'' 6: 267–322.[https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4909] * 2021: “America’s National Character” trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth and Sayaka Shuttleworth. ''Philosophy East and West'' 71 (4):1005-1028.[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/819276] * 2023: "A Consideration of National Character" trans. K.M.J. Shuttleworth. ''Journal East Asian Philosophy 2''. 199-215. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43493-023-00018-3#citeas] * 2024: "Watsuji Tetsurō’s Memory of Natsume Sōseki: A Translation of 'Until I met Sōseki' and 'Sōseki’s Character'" trans K.M.J. Shuttleworth. ''Journal of East Asian Philosophy''. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s43493-024-00036-9] ==See also== * [[Kuki Shūzō]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * Maraldo, John C. (2001). "Watsuji" in ''A Companion to the Philosophers'' ([[Robert L. Arrington]], editor). Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|0-631-22967-1}} * Marra, Michael F. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VCcLEBldTagC&q=Japanese+hermeneutics+:+current+debates+on+aesthetics+and+interpretation ''Japanese hermeneutics: Current Debates on Aesthetics and Interpretation.''] Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. {{ISBN|9780824824570}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237578040 OCLC 237578040] * Mayeda, Graham. ''Japanese Philosophers on Society and Culture: Nishida Kitarō, Watsuji Tetsurō, and Kuki Shūzō''. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-4985-7208-8}} * ———. (2006). ''Time, Space and Ethics in the Philosophy of Watsuji Tetsurō, Kuki Shūzō, and Martin Heidegger''. New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-97673-1}} (alk. paper). * Hans Peter Liederbach (2001): ''Martin Heidegger im Denken Watsuji Tetsuros'', München: Iudicium, {{ISBN|3-89129-363-1}} == External links == {{Commons category|Tetsurō Watsuji}} *{{cite SEP |url-id=watsuji-tetsuro |title=Watsuji Tetsurô |last=Carter |first=Robert }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watsuji, Tetsuro}} [[Category:1889 births]] [[Category:1960 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Japanese philosophers]] [[Category:Cultural historians]] [[Category:Academic staff of Hosei University]] [[Category:Intellectual historians]] [[Category:Japanese ethicists]] [[Category:Japanese nationalism]] [[Category:Academic staff of Keio University]] [[Category:Kyoto School]] [[Category:Academic staff of Kyoto University]] [[Category:People from Himeji, Hyōgo]] [[Category:People of Shōwa-period Japan]] [[Category:Philosophers of art]] [[Category:Philosophers of religion]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Culture]] 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href="/wiki/Module:Lang/ISO_639_synonyms" title="Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms">Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/ISO_639_synonyms&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data" title="Module:Lang/data">Module:Lang/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_languages" title="Module:Lang/data/iana languages">Module:Lang/data/iana languages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_languages&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana languages">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Lang/data/iana_regions" title="Module:Lang/data/iana regions">Module:Lang/data/iana regions</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Lang/data/iana_regions&action=edit" title="Module:Lang/data/iana 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