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<li id="toc-Modern_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Modern methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jessica_Mitford_and_the_revisionist_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jessica_Mitford_and_the_revisionist_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jessica Mitford and the revisionist position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jessica_Mitford_and_the_revisionist_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_embalmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_embalmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terms for embalmers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_embalmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grooming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grooming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grooming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grooming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_embalming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_embalming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Specialist embalming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialist_embalming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_anatomy_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_anatomy_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>For anatomy education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_anatomy_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religious practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_embalmings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_embalmings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable embalmings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_embalmings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Embalming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B7" title="تحنيط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحنيط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-embalsamar" title="Pag-embalsamar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag-embalsamar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Балсамиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балсамиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momificaci%C3%B3" title="Momificació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Momificació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzamov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Balzamování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balzamování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamering" title="Balsamering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Balsamering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einbalsamierung" title="Einbalsamierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einbalsamierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsameerimine" title="Palsameerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palsameerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ταρίχευση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταρίχευση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalsamamiento" title="Embalsamamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Embalsamamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbalzamigo" title="Enbalzamigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enbalzamigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilondura" title="Hilondura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilondura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embaumement" title="Embaumement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Embaumement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbalsamazion" title="Imbalsamazion – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Imbalsamazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хьамалдаккхар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьамалдаккхар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="유체보존기술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유체보존기술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B4%D5%BC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Զմռսում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զմռսում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="शवलेपन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शवलेपन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzamiranje" title="Balzamiranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Balzamiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembalsaman" title="Pembalsaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembalsaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbalsamazione" title="Imbalsamazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imbalsamazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="חניטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חניטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzamavimas" title="Balzamavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balzamavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="എംബാമിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എംബാമിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmitan" title="Tahmitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tahmitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balseming" title="Balseming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balseming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="エンバーミング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンバーミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamering" title="Balsamering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Balsamering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamering" title="Balsamering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Balsamering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzamlash" title="Balzamlash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Balzamlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumifikacja" title="Mumifikacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mumifikacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalsamamento" title="Embalsamamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Embalsamamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emb%C4%83ls%C4%83mare" title="Îmbălsămare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Îmbălsămare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бальзамирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бальзамирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Embalming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamovanje" title="Balsamovanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Balsamovanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsamointi" title="Palsamointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palsamointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsamering" title="Balsamering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Balsamering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Embalmer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Embalmer (disambiguation)">The Embalmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embalmer_(band)" title="Embalmer (band)">Embalmer (band)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embalming_(manga)" title="Embalming (manga)">Embalming (manga)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Embalming surgeon at work on soldier's body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg/220px-Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg/330px-Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg/440px-Unknown_location._Embalming_surgeon_at_work_on_soldier%27s_body_LOC_cwpb.01887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="7335" /></a><figcaption>Embalming was popularized in the United States during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Embalming</b> is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (with chemicals in modern times) to forestall <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually done to make the deceased suitable for viewing as part of the funeral ceremony or keep them preserved for medical purposes in an anatomical laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three goals of embalming are <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">sanitization</a>, presentation, and preservation, with restoration being an important additional factor in some instances.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performed successfully, embalming can help preserve the body for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embalming has a long, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> history, with many cultures giving the embalming processes religious meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal remains can also be embalmed by similar methods, though embalming is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a>. Embalming preserves the body intact, whereas <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a> is the recreation of an animal's form often using only the creature's skin, fur or feathers mounted on an anatomical form. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png/220px-KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png/330px-KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png/440px-KV54-Pottery-Dishes-OtherItems_MetropolitanMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Pottery, dishes, and other miscellaneous items from the embalming cache of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the term <i>embalming</i> is used for both ancient and modern methods of preserving a deceased person, there is very little connection between the modern-day practices of embalming and ancient methods in terms of techniques or final aesthetic results.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies" title="Chinchorro mummies">Chinchorro culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama desert</a> of present-day Chile and Peru is among the earliest cultures known to have performed artificial mummification, as early as 5000⁠–⁠6000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known evidence of artificial preservation in Europe was found in <a href="/wiki/Osorno_la_Mayor" title="Osorno la Mayor">Osorno</a> (Spain) – approximately 5000-year-old human bones covered in <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> for preservation – however embalming remained unusual in Europe up to the time of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient culture that developed embalming to the greatest extent was probably <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>. As early as the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> (3200 BCE), specialized priests were in charge of embalming and <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a>. They did so by removing organs, ridding the body of moisture, and covering the body with <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>, a mixture of desiccating salts found naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Wadi El Natrun</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Egyptians believed that mummification enabled the soul to return to the preserved corpse after death. Other cultures known to have used embalming techniques in antiquity include the <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivaro_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaro people">Jivaro</a> Indians, <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian">Nigerian</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, artificially preserved remains have been recovered from the period of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BCE–220 CE), the main examples being those of <a href="/wiki/Xin_Zhui" title="Xin Zhui">Xin Zhui</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui Han tombs site</a>. While these remains have been extraordinarily well preserved, the embalming fluids and methods used are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe the ancient practice of artificial preservation had become widespread by about 500 CE. The period of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> is known as the anatomists' period of embalming and is characterized by an increased influence of scientific developments in medicine and the need for bodies for dissection purposes. Early methods used are documented by contemporary physicians such as Peter Forestus (1522–1597) and <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambroise Pare">Ambroise Pare</a> (1510–1590). The first attempts to inject the vascular system were made by <a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Giliani" title="Alessandra Giliani">Alessandra Giliani</a>, who died in 1326. Various attempts and procedures have been reported by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (1452–1519), Jacobus Berengar (1470–1550), <a href="/wiki/Eustachius,_Bartolomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustachius, Bartolomeo">Bartholomeo Eustachius</a> (1520–1574), <a href="/wiki/Reinier_de_Graaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinier de Graaf">Reinier de Graaf</a> (1641–1673), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a> (1637–1680), and <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a> (1638–1731).<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_methods">Modern methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hunter_(anatomist).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Hunter_%28anatomist%29.jpg/220px-William_Hunter_%28anatomist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Hunter_%28anatomist%29.jpg/330px-William_Hunter_%28anatomist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Hunter_%28anatomist%29.jpg/440px-William_Hunter_%28anatomist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(anatomist)" title="William Hunter (anatomist)">William Hunter</a> developed and popularized the modern technique of arterial embalming in the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Britain)1878_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain)1878-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern method of embalming involves the injection of various chemical solutions into the arterial network of the body to primarily disinfect and slow the decomposition process. <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, the 17th century English physician who was the first to detail the system of <a href="/wiki/Blood_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood circulation">blood circulation</a>, made his discoveries by injecting colored solutions into corpses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Scottish surgeon <a href="/wiki/William_Hunter_(anatomist)" title="William Hunter (anatomist)">William Hunter</a> was the first to apply these methods to the art of embalming as part of mortuary practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a widely read report on the appropriate methods for arterial and cavity embalming in order to preserve bodies for burial.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a>, applied these methods and advertised his embalming services to the general public from the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of his more notorious clients was dentist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Butchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Van Butchell">Martin Van Butchell</a>. When his wife Mary died on 14 January 1775, he had her embalmed as an attraction to draw more customers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunter injected the body with preservatives and color additives that gave a glow to the corpse's cheeks, replaced her eyes with <a href="/wiki/Glass_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass eye">glass eyes</a>, and dressed her in a fine lace dress. The body was embedded in a layer of <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris">plaster of Paris</a> in a glass-topped coffin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butchell exhibited the body in the window of his home and many Londoners came to see it; however, Butchell drew criticism for the display. A rumor, possibly started by Butchell himself, claimed that his wife's <a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">marriage certificate</a> had specified that her husband would only have control over her estate after her death for as long as her body was kept unburied.<sup id="cite_ref-years_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-years-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in, and demand for, embalming grew steadily in the 19th century largely for sentimental reasons. People sometimes wished to be buried at far-off locations, which became possible with the advent of the railways, and mourners wanted the chance to pay their last respects beside the displayed body. Other motives behind embalming were prevention of disease and the wish to prepare funerals and burials, which were becoming more elaborate, without undue haste. After <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, his body was preserved in brandy and spirits of wine mixed with camphor and myrrh for over two months. At the time of his state funeral in 1805, his body was found to still be in excellent condition and completely plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_1807_72–73_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty_1807_72–73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embalming_fluid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Embalming_fluid.jpg/220px-Embalming_fluid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Embalming_fluid.jpg/330px-Embalming_fluid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Embalming_fluid.jpg/440px-Embalming_fluid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Embalming fluids used in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Alternative methods of preservation, such as ice packing or laying the body on so called 'cooling boards', gradually lost ground to the increasingly popular and effective methods of embalming. By the mid-19th century, the newly emerging profession of <a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">businessmen-undertakers</a> – who provided funeral and burial services – began adopting embalming methods as standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embalming became more common in the United States during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when servicemen often died far from home. The wish of families for their remains to be returned home for local burial and lengthy transport from the battlefield meant it became common in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Problem_of_Embalming_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Problem_of_Embalming-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period from about 1861 is sometimes known as the funeral period of embalming and is marked by a separation of the fields of embalming by undertakers and embalming (anatomical wetting) for medical and scientific purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holmes_(mortician)" title="Thomas Holmes (mortician)">Thomas Holmes</a> received a commission from the <a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Medical Corps">Army Medical Corps</a> to embalm the corpses of dead <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union officers</a> to return to their families. Military authorities also permitted private embalmers to work in military-controlled areas. The passage of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s body home for burial was made possible by embalming, and it brought wider public attention to the possibilities and potential of embalming.<sup id="cite_ref-Problem_of_Embalming_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Problem_of_Embalming-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the early 20th century, embalming fluids often contained <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> until it was supplanted by more effective and less toxic chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was concern about the possibility of arsenic from embalmed bodies contaminating ground water supplies, as well as legal concerns that people suspected of murder by arsenic poisoning might claim that levels of poison in the deceased's body were the result of post-mortem embalming, not <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1855, the Russian chemist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butlerov" title="Alexander Butlerov">Alexander Michailowitsch Butlerow</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, the preservative properties of which were soon noted, and it became the foundation for modern methods of embalming.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr Frederic Ruysch was the first to have used the arterial injection method for embalming. His work of embalming was so nearly perfect that people thought the dead body was actually alive; however, he only used it to prepare specimens for his anatomical work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern embalming is most often performed to ensure a better presentation of the deceased for <a href="/wiki/Viewing_(funeral)" title="Viewing (funeral)">viewing</a> by friends and relatives. It is also used for medical research or training. </p><p>A successful viewing of the body is considered to be helpful in the <a href="/wiki/Grieving" class="mw-redirect" title="Grieving">grieving</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embalming has the potential to prevent mourners from having to deal with the rotting and eventual putrescence of the corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a common misconception, embalming is not mandatory in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Problem_of_Embalming_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Problem_of_Embalming-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is a general legal requirement for international repatriation of human remains to the U.S. (exceptions do occur).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no universal international preservation requirements for repatriation of human remains, but requirements for embalming do exist for a variety of countries depending on locality and circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some international standards do exist however, such as the Strasbourg Agreement of the Council of Europe, agreed to by more than 20 States in Europe, which only requires embalming in cases where the individual died due to an infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jessica_Mitford_and_the_revisionist_position">Jessica Mitford and the revisionist position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jessica Mitford and the revisionist position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beneficial perception of the viewing of a properly embalmed deceased person has been challenged by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mitford" title="Jessica Mitford">Jessica Mitford</a>, who points out that there is no general consensus that viewing an embalmed corpse is somehow "therapeutic" to the bereaved, and that terms such as "memory picture" were invented by the undertakers themselves, who would have a financial interest in selling the process of embalming to the public. Mitford also points out that, in many countries, embalming is rare, and the populace of such countries are still able to grieve normally.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_for_embalmers">Terms for embalmers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terms for embalmers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Embalming%22">"Embalming"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Embalming%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Embalming%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Embalming%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Embalming%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Embalming%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An embalmer is someone who has been trained and qualified in the art and science of sanitization, presentation, and preservation of the human deceased. The term <i>mortician</i> is far more generic; it may refer to someone who is a funeral director, an embalmer, or just a person who prepares the deceased, with or without the formal qualification of an embalmer. Thus while all embalmers are morticians, many morticians are not embalmers and the terms are not intrinsically synonymous. </p><p>Embalming training commonly involves formal study in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">thanatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and specific embalming theory (to widely varied levels depending on the region of the world one lives in) combined with practical instruction in a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary">mortuary</a> with a resultant formal qualification granted after the passing of a final practical examination and acceptance into a recognized society of professional embalmers. The roles of a <a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">funeral director</a> and embalmer are different, depending on the locals custom and licensing body for a region in which the funeral director and/or embalmer operate. A funeral director arranges for the final disposition of the deceased, and may or may not prepare the deceased, including embalming, for viewing (or other legal requirements). </p><p>Legal requirements over who can practice vary geographically. Some regions or countries do not have specific requirements, while others have clear prohibitions. In the United States, the title of an embalmer is largely based on the state in which they are licensed. Additionally, in many places, embalming is not done by specialist embalmers, but rather by doctors, medical technicians or laboratory technicians who, while they have the required anatomical or chemical knowledge, are not trained specialists in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, embalming is a common practice in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Britain and Ireland, while it is much less frequent in many parts of Europe; most modern countries have embalming available in some manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_practices">Modern practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Embalming%22">"Embalming"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Embalming%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Embalming%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Embalming%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Embalming%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Embalming%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg/220px-Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg/330px-Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg/440px-Utensils_used_for_embalming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Instruments used for embalming</figcaption></figure> <p>As practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_home" title="Funeral home">funeral home</a>, embalming involves several distinct steps. Modern embalming techniques are not the result of a single practitioner, but rather the accumulation of many decades, even centuries, of research, trial and error, and invention. A standardized version follows below, but variation in techniques are common. </p><p>The first step in embalming is to verify the permissions and requests of the family followed by a careful plan for the deceased's preparation, including reviewing the medical certificate of death. The deceased is placed on the mortuary table in the <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine anatomical position</a> with the head elevated by a head rest. Before commencing any preparation the embalmer will verify the identity of the body (normally via wrist or leg bracelets or tags). At this point, embalmers commonly perform an initial evaluation of the deceased's condition, noting things such as <a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">rigor mortis</a>, skin condition, edema, intravenous injection sites, presence of fecal matter, tissue gas and numerous other factors which may affect the procedure and outcome. The embalming procedure is a surgical one, albeit rather minimally invasive. The process requires significant effort over the course of multiple hours, including intensive planning, evaluation, and chemical selection. </p><p>Any clothing on the body is removed and set aside, and any personal effects such as jewelry are inventoried. A modesty cloth is commonly placed over the <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a>. The body is washed in a germicidal soap. During this process the embalmer bends, flexes, and massages the arms and legs to relieve <a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">rigor mortis</a>. The eyes are posed using an eye cap that keeps them shut and in the proper expression. The mouth may be closed via suturing with a needle and ligature, using an adhesive, or by setting a wire into the maxilla and mandible with a needle injector, a specialized device most commonly used in North America and unique to mortuary practice. Care is taken to make the expression look as relaxed and natural as possible, and ideally, a recent photograph of the deceased in good health is used as a reference. The process of closing the mouth and eyes, shaving, etc. is collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Setting_the_features" title="Setting the features">setting the features</a>. Features may also be set after the completion of the arterial embalming process, which allows the embalmer to clean and remove any purge that occurs during the embalming process. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_containing_embalming_fluid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Container_containing_embalming_fluid.jpg/220px-Container_containing_embalming_fluid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Container_containing_embalming_fluid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Tank containing embalming fluid</figcaption></figure> <p>The actual embalming process usually involves four parts: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arterial</a> embalming, which involves the injection of embalming chemicals into the blood vessels, usually via the right <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a>. Blood and interstitial fluids are displaced by this injection and, along with excess arterial solution, are expelled from the right <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a> and collectively referred to as drainage. The <a href="/wiki/Embalming_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Embalming solution">embalming solution</a> is injected with a centrifugal pump, and the embalmer massages the body to break up circulatory clots so as to ensure the proper distribution of the embalming fluid. This process of raising vessels with injection and drainage from a solitary location is known as a single-point injection. In cases of poor circulation of the arterial solution, additional injection points (commonly the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">axillary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">brachial</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral</a> arteries, with the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_artery" title="Ulnar artery">ulnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_artery" title="Posterior tibial artery">tibial</a> vessels if necessary) are used. The corresponding veins are commonly also raised and utilized for drainage. Cases where more than one vessel is raised are referred to as multiple-point injection, with a reference to the number of vessels raised (i.e. a six-point injection or six-pointer). As a general rule, the more points needing to be raised, the greater the difficulty of the case. In some cases draining from a different site from injection (i.e. injecting arterial fluid into the right common carotid artery and draining from the right <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral vein</a>) is referred to as a split (or sometimes cut) injection. In certain cases the embalmer may deem it necessary to perform a restricted cervical injection, which involves injecting the head of the deceased separately from the rest of body. This is done in cases where distention (swelling) has a greater chance of occurring. In many cases, an embalmer may select to perform what is known as a pre-injection. A pre-injection is a solution of chemicals that do not contain any preservative chemicals, but rather chemicals that encourage vasodilation, help disperse blood clots, and act as chelating agents. The focus of this "pre-injection" is to allow for a more complete drainage and better distribution of the arterial embalming solution.</li> <li>Cavity treatment/embalming refers to the removal of internal fluids inside body cavities via the use of an <a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(medical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (medical device)">aspirator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trocar" title="Trocar">trocar</a>. The embalmer makes a small incision just above the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a> (two inches superior and two inches to the right) and pushes the trocar into the abdominal and chest cavities. This first punctures the hollow organs and aspirates their contents. The embalmer then fills the cavities with concentrated chemicals (known as cavity chemicals) that contain formaldehyde, which are delivered to the chest cavity via the trocar inserted through the diaphragm.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incision is either sutured closed (commonly using the purse-string or 'N' suture methods) or a "trocar button" is secured into place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypodermic">Hypodermic</a> embalming is a supplemental method which refers to the injection of embalming chemicals into tissue with a hypodermic needle and syringe, which is generally used as needed on a case-by-case basis to treat areas where arterial fluid has not been successfully distributed during the main arterial injection.</li> <li>Surface embalming, another supplemental method, utilizes embalming chemicals to preserve and restore areas directly on the skin's surface and other superficial areas as well as areas of damage such as from accident, decomposition, cancerous growths, or skin donation.</li></ol> <p>The duration of an embalming can vary greatly, but a common approximate time of between two and four hours to complete an embalming is typical. However, an embalming case that presents excessive complications could require substantially longer. The treatment of someone who has undergone an autopsy, cases of extreme trauma, or the restoration of a long-bone donor are a few such examples, and embalmings which require multiple days to complete are known.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Embalming is meant to temporarily preserve the body of a deceased person. Regardless of whether embalming is performed, the type of burial or entombment, and the materials used – such as wood or metal coffins and vaults – the body of the deceased will, under most circumstances, eventually decompose. Modern embalming is done to delay decomposition so that funeral services may take place or for the purpose of shipping the remains to a distant place for disposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grooming">Grooming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grooming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG/220px-Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG/330px-Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG/440px-Mortician%27s_resorative_tools.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Restoration tools, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Funeral_Customs" title="Museum of Funeral Customs">Museum of Funeral Customs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the body is rewashed and dried, a moisturizing cream is applied to the face, hands and arms. Ideally the deceased will usually sit for as long as possible for observation by the embalmer. After being dressed for visitation or funeral services, cosmetics are commonly, but not universally, applied to make the body appear more lifelike. For babies who have died, the embalmer may apply a light cosmetic massage cream after embalming to provide a natural appearance; massage cream is also used on the face to prevent it from dehydrating, and the infant's mouth is often kept slightly open for a more natural expression. If possible, the funeral director uses a light, translucent cosmetic; sometimes, heavier, opaque cosmetics are used to hide bruises, cuts, or discolored areas. Makeup is applied to the lips to mimic their natural color. Sometimes a very pale or light pink lipstick is applied on males, while brighter colored lipstick is applied to females. Hair gel or <a href="/wiki/Baby_oil" title="Baby oil">baby oil</a> is applied to style short hair; while hairspray is applied to style long hair. Powders (especially <a href="/wiki/Baby_powder" title="Baby powder">baby powder</a>) are applied to the body to eliminate odors, and it is also applied to the face to achieve a matte and fresh effect to prevent oiliness of the corpse. Mortuary cosmeticizing is not done for the same reason as make-up for living people; rather, it is designed to add depth and dimension to a person's features that lack of blood circulation has removed. Warm areas – where blood vessels in living people are superficial, such as the cheeks, chin, and knuckles – have subtle reds added to recreate this effect, while browns are added to the palpebrae (<a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelids</a>) to add depth, especially important as viewing in a <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> creates an unusual perspective rarely seen in everyday life. During the viewing, pink-colored lighting is sometimes used near the body to lend a warmer tone to the deceased's complexion. </p><p>A photograph of the deceased in good health is often sought to guide the embalmer's hand in restoring the body to a more lifelike appearance. Blemishes and discolorations (such as bruises, in which the discoloration is not in the circulatory system, and cannot be removed by arterial injection) occasioned by the last illness, the settling of blood, or the embalming process itself are also dealt with at this time (although some embalmers utilize hypodermic bleaching agents, such as phenol-based cauterants, during injection to lighten discoloration and allow easier cosmeticizing). It is also common for the embalmer to perform minor restoration of the deceased's appearance with tissue building chemicals and a hypodermic syringe. Tissue building chemicals (Tissue Builders) become solid with the introduction of liquids such as water or interstitial fluids. Commonly the area where the sphenoid and temporal bones meet; this can also be referred to the temples. In the event of trauma or natural depressions on the face or hands, tissue builder can also be utilised to return those regions of the face to the expectations of the family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with all funeral practises local custom, culture, religion and family request are the key determiners of clothing for the deceased. In the Western world, men are usually buried in <a href="/wiki/Informal_attire" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal attire">business attire</a>, such as a suit or coat and tie, and women in semi-formal dresses or pant suits. In recent years, a change has occurred, and many individuals are now buried in less formal clothing, such as what they would have worn on a daily basis, or other favorite attire. The clothing used can also reflect the deceased person's profession or vocation: priests and ministers are often dressed in their liturgical <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>, and military and law enforcement personnel often wear their uniform. Underwear, singlets, bras, briefs, and hosiery are all used if the family so desires, and the deceased is dressed in them as they would be in life. </p><p>In certain instances a funeral director will request a specific style of clothing, such as a collared shirt or blouse, to cover traumatic marks or <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> incisions. In other cases clothing may be cut down the back and placed on the deceased from the front to ensure a proper fit. In many areas of Asia and Europe, the custom of dressing the body in a specially designed <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">shroud</a> or burial cloth, rather than in clothing used by the living, is preferred. </p><p>After the deceased has been dressed, they are generally placed in their <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> or casket. In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the word <i>coffin</i> is used to refer to an anthropoid (stretched hexagonal) form, whereas <i>casket</i> refers specifically to a rectangular coffin. It is common for photographs, notes, cards, and favourite personal items to be placed in the coffin with the deceased. Bulky and expensive items, such as electric guitars, are occasionally interred with a body. In some ways this mirrors the ancient practice of placing <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> with a person for their use or enjoyment in the afterlife. In traditional Chinese culture, paper substitutes of the goods are buried or <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> with the deceased instead, as well as <a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">paper money</a> specifically purchased for the occasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemicals">Chemicals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Embalming_chemicals" title="Embalming chemicals">Embalming chemicals</a></div> <p>Embalming chemicals are a variety of preservatives, sanitizers, disinfectant agents, and additives used in modern embalming to temporarily delay <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> and restore a natural appearance for viewing a body after death. A mixture of these chemicals is known as embalming fluid, and is used to preserve deceased individuals, sometimes only until the funeral, other times indefinitely. </p><p>Typical embalming fluid contains a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, humectants and wetting agents, and other solvents that can be used. The formaldehyde content generally ranges from 5–35%, and the methanol content may range from 9–56%. </p><p>Environmentalists sometimes have concerns about embalming because of the harmful chemicals involved and their potential interactions with the environment. Recently, more eco-friendly embalming methods have become available, including formaldehyde-free mixtures of chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialist_embalming">Specialist embalming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Specialist embalming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Badly decomposing bodies, trauma cases, frozen, or drowned bodies, and those to be transported over long distances also require special treatment beyond that for the "normal" case. The restoration of bodies and features damaged by accident or disease is commonly called restorative art or <a href="/wiki/Demisurgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Demisurgery">demisurgery</a>, and all qualified embalmers have some degree of training and practice in it. For such cases, the benefit of embalming is startlingly apparent. Normally, a better result can be achieved when a photograph and the decedent's regular make-up (if worn) are available to help make the deceased appear more as they did when alive. </p><p>Embalming <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> cases differs from standard embalming because the nature of the post-mortem examination irrevocably disrupts the circulatory system, due to the removal of the organs and viscera. In these cases, a six-point injection is made through the two iliac or femoral arteries, subclavian or axillary vessels, and common carotids, with the <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a> treated separately with cavity fluid or a special embalming powder in a viscera bag. </p><p>Long-term preservation requires different techniques, such as using stronger preservatives and multiple injection sites to ensure thorough saturation of body tissues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_anatomy_education">For anatomy education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: For anatomy education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Embalming%22">"Embalming"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Embalming%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Embalming%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Embalming%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Embalming%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Embalming%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A rather different process is used for <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadavers</a> embalmed for dissection by medical professionals, students, and researchers. Here, the first priority is for long-term preservation, not presentation. As such, medical embalmers use anatomical wetting fluids that contain concentrated formaldehyde (37–40%, known as formalin) or <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, and are made without dyes or perfumes. Many embalming chemical companies make specialized anatomical embalming fluids. </p><p>Anatomical embalming is performed into a closed circulatory system. The fluid is usually injected with an embalming machine into an artery under high pressure and flow, and allowed to swell and saturate the tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Problem_of_Embalming_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Problem_of_Embalming-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the deceased is left to sit for a number of hours, the venous system is generally opened and the fluid allowed to drain out, although many anatomical embalmers do not use any drainage technique. </p><p>Anatomical embalmers may choose to use gravity-feed embalming, where the container dispensing the embalming fluid is elevated above the body's level, and fluid is slowly introduced over an extended time, sometimes as long as several days. Unlike standard arterial embalming, no drainage occurs, and the body distends extensively with fluid. The distension eventually reduces, often under extended (up to six months) refrigeration, leaving a fairly normal appearance. No separate cavity treatment of the internal organs is given. Anatomically embalmed cadavers have a typically uniform grey colouration, due both to the high formaldehyde concentration mixed with the blood and the lack of red colouration agents commonly added to standard, nonmedical, embalming fluids. Formaldehyde mixed with blood causes the grey discoloration also known as "formaldehyde grey" or "embalmer's grey". </p><p>A new embalming technique developed gradually since the 1960s by anatomist Walter Thiel at the Graz Anatomy Institute in Austria has been the subject of various academic papers, as the cadaver retains the body's natural color, texture and plasticity after the process.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method uses 4-chloro-3-methylphenol and various salts for fixation, boric acid for disinfection, and ethylene glycol for the preservation of tissue plasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thiel embalmed cadavers are used in anatomical research, surgical and anaesthesia training, preoperative test procedures, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a> image quality studies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_practices">Religious practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opinions differ among different faiths as to the permissibility of embalming. A brief overview of some of the larger faiths’ positions is as follows: </p> <ul><li>Most branches and <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> faith allow embalming. Some bodies within <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> profess an absolute ban on embalming except when required by law or other necessity,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others may discourage but do not prohibit it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most Christian denominations, the decision on embalming is the preference of the deceased's family rather than for church policy or theological viewpoint.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> does not discourage or prohibit embalming. Often, due to the custom of church members dressing the deceased, embalming is given preference.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagans</a> discourage embalming, believing it unnatural to disrupt the physical recycling of the body to the Earth.</li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> are not embalmed. Instead, the body is washed and then placed in a cotton, linen, or silk shroud.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> traditionally hold a type of <a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">sky burial</a> within a structure known as a <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Tower of Silence</a> in which the body is exposed to weathering and predation to dispose of the remains. Embalming the body is thus contrary to their funeral designs.</li> <li>Traditional Jewish law forbids embalming. Burial is to be done as soon as possible; preferably within 24 hours.</li> <li>Embalming is not practiced in Hinduism. The body is usually cremated as soon as possible, preferably within 24 hours, except when the offspring of the deceased need time to get to the location (in which case the body is refrigerated).</li> <li>In Islam, embalming of the dead is not practiced, except in cases of necessity, such as when a body is being transported internationally and the law requires it to be embalmed. Muslims bury their deceased without delay (preferably within 24 hours), to allow the soul to transition to the afterlife as soon as possible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_embalmings">Notable embalmings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable embalmings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Embalming#n" title="Talk:Embalming">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Embalming" title="Special:EditPage/Embalming">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a> (1758–1805) was preserved for two months in brandy and spirits of wine mixed with camphor and myrrh after which time the body was found to be in excellent condition and completely plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_1807_72–73_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty_1807_72–73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Various communist leaders have been embalmed and put on public display. Perhaps the most famous embalmed body of the 20th century is that of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which continues to draw crowds decades after his death in 1924, and is seen in <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">his Moscow mausoleum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was also embalmed and placed next to Lenin, but his body was buried in 1961 during <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, who died just five days after attending <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s funeral, was embalmed and displayed in a mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_in_Vitkov" class="mw-redirect" title="National Monument in Vitkov">National Monument in Vitkov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. However, in 1962 due to political reasons, the body was removed and cremated. <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian people">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> was embalmed and placed on display in the <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov_Mausoleum" title="Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum">Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum</a>. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Bulgaria">Communism in Bulgaria</a>, his body was buried in 1990 in the Central cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. Mongolia's <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a>, Angola's <a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a>, Romania's <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> and Guyana's <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Burnham" title="Forbes Burnham">Forbes Burnham</a> were also embalmed by the same Russian team.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, embalmed communist leaders can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Mao Zedong">Mausoleum of Mao Zedong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kumsusan_Palace_of_the_Sun" title="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun">Kumsusan Palace of the Sun</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>.</li> <li>The botched embalming of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> (1876–1958; pope 1939–1958) by a charlatan doctor – which only sped up the rate of decomposition – led to his body turning black and his nose falling off while lying in state, and the body disintegrated in the coffin. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guards" title="Swiss Guards">Swiss Guards</a> stationed around Pius XII's body were forced to change shifts every 10 to 15 minutes, since the body's odor caused some guards to pass out. The doctor who performed the embalming had also taken photos of the pontiff in his death throes, intending to sell them to tabloids. The Italian tabloids refused to buy the photos, and the doctor was banned from entering the Vatican City-State by <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a>, who furthermore prohibited any photography of a deceased pope until the body is properly vested and laid out.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a> (1682–1718) is one of several <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">Swedish kings</a> to have been embalmed. When Charles XII's sarcophagus was opened in 1917, his features were still recognizable, almost 200 years after his death. Photographs of his remains clearly show the gunshot wound to his head leading to his death.</li> <li>The body of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1881–1963; pope 1958–1963) is on display on an altar on the main floor of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Peter">Basilica of Saint Peter</a> after having been exhumed from the grottoes beneath the main altar and has retained an extremely well-preserved state. If a body's remains do not decompose, contrary to expectations, it is often treated as a miracle. However, the case of John XXIII's body did not enjoy the same acclamation, as it was held to have been due to embalming and <a href="/wiki/Adipocere" title="Adipocere">adipocere</a> formation.</li> <li>The body of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> (1835–1914; pope 1903–1914) lies in a crystal coffin, in the Chapel of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary. On 17 February 1952, Pius X's body was transferred from the crypt of the Vatican grotto. The body is dressed in pontifical robes, while the face and hands are covered with silver. He lies within a glass and bronze-work sarcophagus for the faithful to see. Papal physicians had been in the habit of removing organs to aid the embalming process. Pius X expressly prohibited this, however, and none of his successors has allowed the practice to be reinstituted.</li> <li>Murdered civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a> was so well embalmed that a valid <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> was able to be performed on his corpse decades after his death, and this helped secure the conviction of his killer.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincolnatpeace2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lincolnatpeace2.jpg/220px-Lincolnatpeace2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lincolnatpeace2.jpg/330px-Lincolnatpeace2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lincolnatpeace2.jpg/440px-Lincolnatpeace2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, detail from a <i><a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">carte de visite</a></i> (photo caption from book, retouched <a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography"><i>post mortem</i> photograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_B._Bachelder" title="John B. Bachelder">John B. Bachelder</a>, Washington, DC, 16 April 1865)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Famous Russian surgeon and scientist <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ivanovich_Pirogov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov">N. I. Pirogov</a> was embalmed after his death in 1881. He was embalmed using the technique he himself developed. His body rests in a church in <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnitsa</a>, Ukraine. In contrast to the corpse of Lenin, which undergoes thorough maintenance in a special underground clinic twice a week, the body of Pirogov rests untouched and unchanging – reportedly only dust has to be brushed off of it. It rests at room temperature in a glass-lid coffin (while Lenin's body is preserved at a constant low temperature).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was embalmed after his assassination in 1865. To prevent anyone stealing Lincoln's body, Lincoln's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert</a> called for Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Exhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhumation">exhumation</a> in 1901 to be buried in a concrete vault in the burial room of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">his tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>. Fearing that his body would have been stolen in the interim, Lincoln's coffin was opened, and his features were still recognizable, 36 years after his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalia_Lombardo" title="Rosalia Lombardo">Rosalia Lombardo</a>, who died at age one on 6 December 1920, was one of the last corpses to be interred in the <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_catacombs_of_Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin catacombs of Palermo">Capuchin catacombs of Palermo</a>, Sicily before the local authorities banned the practice. Nicknamed the 'Sleeping Beauty', Rosalia's body is still perfectly intact. Embalmed by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Salafia" title="Alfredo Salafia">Alfredo Salafia</a>, she is in a glass case, looking very much like a surreal doll.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a> was embalmed by Dr. Pedro Ara, as ordered by her husband <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a>. The body was preserved to look like it was in a <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>-like state. The procedure worked and the body showed no signs of decomposition when Eva was interred at her final resting place many years after the initial procedure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> was embalmed. His remains were originally laid to rest in the <a href="/wiki/Ethnography_Museum_of_Ankara" title="Ethnography Museum of Ankara">Ethnography Museum of Ankara</a> from 10 November 1938 to 10 November 1953. He was subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey, buried in a 42-ton sarcophagus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> were embalmed and rest at <a href="/wiki/Cihu_Mausoleum" title="Cihu Mausoleum">Cihu Mausoleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Touliao_Mausoleum" title="Touliao Mausoleum">Touliao Mausoleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daxi_District" title="Daxi District">Daxi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoyuan City">Taoyuan City</a>, Taiwan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> was embalmed. His remains were originally laid to rest in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Fallen" title="Valley of the Fallen">Valley of the Fallen</a> from 1975 to 2019. He was subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/Mingorrubio_Cemetery" title="Mingorrubio Cemetery">Mingorrubio Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Pardo" title="El Pardo">El Pardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> was embalmed in Hawaii upon his death. His body was flown home and is on display at <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Museum_and_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos Museum and Mausoleum">Marcos Museum and Mausoleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batac" title="Batac">Batac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>, Philippines from 1993 to 18 November 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> was embalmed shortly after her death in France in August 1997. The decision to embalm her provoked conspiracy theories that she was pregnant; conspiracists claimed, incorrectly, that the embalming fluid would have destroyed any evidence of fetal presence in her womb. The official explanation for the embalming was that the warm conditions in the chapel of rest where her body was laid out would have sped up the decomposition of the remains.</li> <li>When the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> was desecrated by French revolutionaries in 1793, the body of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> was so well preserved it was displayed two days before being thrown in a mass grave, and a new <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> was able to be made. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> was still recognisable thanks to his well preserved <a href="/wiki/Moustache" title="Moustache">moustache</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Viscount_of_Turenne" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne">Turenne</a> was so well preserved that looters first thought he was still alive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> died in childbirth on 15 November 1853 at the age of 34. She was embalmed the following day. In a letter dated 28 November 1853, the Duchess of Ficalho, the queen's lady-in-waiting, reported the outcome to her brother, the 2nd Count of Lavradio:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Sad embalming, which took place on November 16th, I was always there. The <i>Infante'</i>s (prince) and Queen's lasted seven hours. Once that affliction was over, it was time to put the clothes on, which was almost impossible due to the state of dissolution [of the body] of Her Majesty, but it was done as well as possible, bearing the Orders and the Royal Mantle, but it was necessary to close the coffin, because it's not possible to describe the state of dissolution."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>Between February and September 2012, researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> in Brazil exhumed the remains of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> (also King of Portugal as Pedro IV; 1798–1834) and his two wives <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Empress Maria Leopoldina</a> (1797–1826) and <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Empress Amélie</a> (1812–1873). They were surprised to find that the body of the latter had been mummified. Skin, hair and internal organs were preserved. Examinations at the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_das_Cl%C3%ADnicas_da_Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo">Hospital das Clínicas</a> found an incision in the empress' <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a>. Aromatics such as <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> were injected into the incision during the embalming process. "It certainly helped to nullify the decomposition", said Brazilian forensic archaeologist Valdirene Ambiel, responsible for the research. She added that another contributing factor was the casket, saying it was so hermetically sealed that there were no micro-organisms in it. Before the reinterment, scientists reembalmed Amélie's mummified body using a method similar to the first one.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._(1825-1891),_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien,_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_(Zeno_Fotografie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._%281825-1891%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien%2C_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/220px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._%281825-1891%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien%2C_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._%281825-1891%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien%2C_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/330px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._%281825-1891%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien%2C_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._%281825-1891%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien%2C_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/440px-Atelier_Nadar_-_Pedro_II._%281825-1891%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Brasilien%2C_auf_seinem_Totenbett_in_Paris_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>The embalmed body of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> lying in repose before <a href="/wiki/Exile_and_death_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil#Funeral" title="Exile and death of Pedro II of Brazil">his state funeral</a> in Paris, 1891. Post-mortem photograph by <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> died from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> during his exile in France in 1891 at the age of 66.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019493–494_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019493–494-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was embalmed on 5 December, the day of his death. During the process, six liters (1.585 gallons) of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochloride</a> of zinc and aluminum was injected into his <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993603_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993603-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three coffins were used: an inner lead-lined coffin, which contained the body, and two outer coffins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993606_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993606-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Julie Anne Taddeo, a research professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>, lead helps keep out moisture and preserve the body for longer and prevent smells and toxins from a dead body escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro II was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal on 12 December 1891. The site had become a place of pilgrimage for Brazilians arriving in the country at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people used to visit it late at night only to find the place dark. With candles given to them by a local guard, they went to the emperor's glass-topped coffin in order to see the embalmed monarch and accidentally spilled wax on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil#Empire_of_Brazil_(1822–1889)" title="Flag of Brazil">flag of the Empire of Brazil</a> that covered it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1910s, Brazilian educator and archivist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Gast%C3%A3o_d%27Escragnolle_D%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Gastão d'Escragnolle Dória (page does not exist)">Luís Gastão d'Escragnolle Dória</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gast%C3%A3o_d%27Escragnolle_D%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Luís Gastão d'Escragnolle Dória">pt</a>]</span> went to Europe as a scholarship student to search for historical documents about Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, he visited the Royal Pantheon. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the occasion, he had noticed the well-preserved state of Pedro II's body, in the same way as when he was placed in the coffin, along with the clothes which he was interred in (the court dress military uniform; the collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a>; and a silver crucifix sent by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in his hands), although he did find the embalming left a lot to be desired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"His face looks like old wax. His beard, once so fine, so silky, so white, has turned ugly and yellow, like old ivory [...]. When I saw him in February 1912, I did find he was smaller than he had been in late 1909 [...]. The head of <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dom</a> Pedro II rests on a pillow filled up with Brazilian sand [...]. The emperor looks so different! How cruel is an imperfect embalming! Where is that majestic head, crowned in past times with that silvery silky hair? Where are his steel gleam blue eyes; the beautiful beard gilded by youthfulness and silvered by old age; his stately bearing? </p><p>Everything is gone, faded! </p><p> Involuntarily, I do compare the mummified sovereign, [...] ugly, tiny, to the giant man who, in 1886, I saw entering the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Cathedral" title="São Paulo Cathedral">São Paulo See</a> [Cathedral], among a colossal wave of people, dominating it, seeming so many cubits taller."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2019498–499-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pedro II's remains, as well as those of his wife <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina</a>, were returned to Brazil in 1921. The emperor and empress are interred in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Cathedral of Petrópolis">Cathedral of Saint Peter of Alcantara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, a city founded by Pedro II himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_drying" title="Freeze drying">Freeze drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_cosmetology" title="Funeral cosmetology">Funeral cosmetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Premature burial</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brenner-2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner-2014_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Erich (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931544">"Human body preservation – old and new techniques"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>224</b> (3): 316–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.12160">10.1111/joa.12160</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931544">3931544</a></span>. <a 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Embalming"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Embalming">"Embalming" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embalming&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbalming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Frederick, L.G.; Strub, Clarence G. [1959] (1989). <i>The Principles and Practice of Embalming</i>, 5th ed., Dallas, TX: Professional Training Schools Inc & Robertine Frederick. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20723376">20723376</a>.</li> <li>Mayer, Robert G. (2000). <i>Embalming: History, Theory and Practice,</i> 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-2187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-2187-8">978-0-8385-2187-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz-Esser2013" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz-Esser, Romedio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snPnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA611">"Embalming and Dissecting the Corpse between East and West: From ar-Razi to Henry de Mondeville"</a>. In Classen, Albrecht (ed.). <i>East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Transcultural Experiences in the Premodern World</i>. Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Vol. 14. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 611–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110321517.611">10.1515/9783110321517.611</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110328783" title="Special:BookSources/9783110328783"><bdi>9783110328783</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1864-3396">1864-3396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embalming+and+Dissecting+the+Corpse+between+East+and+West%3A+From+ar-Razi+to+Henry+de+Mondeville&rft.btitle=East+Meets+West+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Early+Modern+Times%3A+Transcultural+Experiences+in+the+Premodern+World&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.series=Fundamentals+of+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Culture&rft.pages=611-624&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1864-3396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110321517.611&rft.isbn=9783110328783&rft.aulast=Schmitz-Esser&rft.aufirst=Romedio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnPnBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbalming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesouchet1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besouchet, Lídia (1993). <i>Pedro II e o Século XIX</i> (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-209-0494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-209-0494-7"><bdi>978-85-209-0494-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+II+e+o+S%C3%A9culo+XIX&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-85-209-0494-7&rft.aulast=Besouchet&rft.aufirst=L%C3%ADdia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbalming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezzutti2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezzutti, Paulo (2019). <i>D. Pedro II: a história não contada: O último imperador do Novo Mundo revelado por cartas e documentos inéditos</i> (in Portuguese). Leya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7734-677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7734-677-6"><bdi>978-85-7734-677-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Pedro+II%3A+a+hist%C3%B3ria+n%C3%A3o+contada%3A+O+%C3%BAltimo+imperador+do+Novo+Mundo+revelado+por+cartas+e+documentos+in%C3%A9ditos&rft.pub=Leya&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-85-7734-677-6&rft.aulast=Rezzutti&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbalming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dignityfunerals.co.uk/what-to-do-when-someone-dies/what-is-embalming/">https://www.dignityfunerals.co.uk/what-to-do-when-someone-dies/what-is-embalming/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embalming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Embalming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Embalming">Embalming</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Embalming" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Embalming">Embalming</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/front_page/newsid_8208000/8208070.stm">BBC article on Salisbury's School of Embalming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726131016/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM0401.pdf">Infection risks and embalming</a> by KS Creely. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Occupational_Medicine" title="Institute of Occupational Medicine">Institute of Occupational Medicine</a> Research Report TM/04/01</li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/_7rS_d1fiUc">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035613/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rS_d1fiUc&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTED2011" class="citation cs2">TED (14 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rS_d1fiUc"><i>Jae Rhim Lee: My mushroom burial suit</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jae+Rhim+Lee%3A+My+mushroom+burial+suit&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.au=TED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_7rS_d1fiUc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbalming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332997#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332997#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4278884-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Embalming"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042662">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Embaumement"><a 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647408">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40203">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dignityfunerals.co.uk/what-to-do-when-someone-dies/what-is-embalming/">"What is embalming?"</a>. <i>Dignity Funerals</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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