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href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwng"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ffwng rootpage-Ffwng skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Ffwng" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Ffwng" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Ffwng" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Ffwng" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geirdarddiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geirdarddiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geirdarddiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geirdarddiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nodweddion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nodweddion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nodweddion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nodweddion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amrywiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amrywiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Amrywiaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amrywiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mycoleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycoleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mycoleg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mycoleg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Mycoleg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mycoleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morffoleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morffoleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morffoleg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morffoleg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Morffoleg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morffoleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adeileddau_microsgopig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adeileddau_microsgopig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adeileddau microsgopig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adeileddau_microsgopig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adeileddau_macrosgopig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adeileddau_macrosgopig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Adeileddau macrosgopig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adeileddau_macrosgopig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twf_a_ffisioleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twf_a_ffisioleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Twf a ffisioleg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twf_a_ffisioleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atgynhyrchu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atgynhyrchu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Atgynhyrchu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atgynhyrchu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Atgynhyrchu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atgynhyrchu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atgenhedlu_anrhywiol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atgenhedlu_anrhywiol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Atgenhedlu anrhywiol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atgenhedlu_anrhywiol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atgenhedlu_rhywiol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atgenhedlu_rhywiol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Atgenhedlu rhywiol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atgenhedlu_rhywiol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwasgaru_sborau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwasgaru_sborau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Gwasgaru sborau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwasgaru_sborau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esblygiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esblygiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Esblygiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esblygiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ecoleg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecoleg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Ecoleg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecoleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbiosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbiosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Symbiosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbiosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gyda_phlanhigion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gyda_phlanhigion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Gyda phlanhigion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gyda_phlanhigion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gydag_algâu_a_syanobacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gydag_algâu_a_syanobacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Gydag algâu a syanobacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gydag_algâu_a_syanobacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llenyddiaeth_yn_y_ffynhonnell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llenyddiaeth_yn_y_ffynhonnell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Llenyddiaeth yn y ffynhonnell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llenyddiaeth_yn_y_ffynhonnell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llyfryddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Llyfryddiaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolenni_allanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolenni_allanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Dolenni allanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ffwng</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 183 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">183 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swam" title="Swam - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%B5" title="ፈንገስ - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈንገስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फफूंदी - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फफूंदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভেঁকুৰ - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেঁকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocockweto" title="Ocockweto - Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocockweto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Göbələklər - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤبه‌لکلر - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤبه‌لکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшмәктәр - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшмәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammal" title="Schwammal - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwammal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABba" title="Grība - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ছত্রাক - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һархяаг - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һархяаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongs" title="Fongs - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fongs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abungawg-uhong" title="Abungawg-uhong - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abungawg-uhong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏭᎾᎩ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎾᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کوارگ - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu" title="Fungu - Corseg" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fungu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opap%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Opapışlar - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Opapışlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houby" title="Houby - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grz%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Grzëbë - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grzëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмпасем - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмпасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Malɛɣu - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Malɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griby" title="Griby - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Griby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μύκητας - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύκητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C5%9B" title="Funś - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Funś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoj" title="Fungoj - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onddo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="قارچ - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siin" title="Siin - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppar" title="Soppar - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Soppar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Fungi)" title="Swaampen (Fungi) - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Fungi)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmels" title="Skimmels - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skimmels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía) - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fungo (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ميش - Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupe" title="Urupe - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urupe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungys" title="Fungys - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fungys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-khi%C3%B9n" title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטריות - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="फफूंद - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriby" title="Hriby - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hriby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpiyon" title="Chanpiyon - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chanpiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomb%C3%A1k" title="Gombák - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սունկ - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ЖӀаленускалаш - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаленускалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppir" title="Sveppir - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菌類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonggos" title="Fonggos - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fonggos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სოკოები - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саңырауқұлақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EA%B3%84" title="균계 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuv" title="Kuv - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong" title="Fong - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Козу карындар - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilzer%C3%A4ich" title="Pilzeräich - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pilzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Къарникъуз - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къарникъуз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6me" title="Käöme - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonch" title="Fonch - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fonch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C9%9Bb%C3%BA" title="Liyɛbú - Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyɛbú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybai" title="Grybai - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Панга - Mocsia" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holatra" title="Holatra - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Holatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="പൂപ്പൽ - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="बुरशी - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မှို - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82" title="Пангт - Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пангт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گوشک - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوشک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanacatl" title="Nanacatl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nanacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A4mme" title="Swämme - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swämme" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ढुसी - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुसा - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopp" title="Sopp - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopper" title="Sopper - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_doo_yit%CA%BC%C3%ADinii_dl%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C3%81bishjaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ - Nafaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Nafaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mycota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faangasii" title="Faangasii - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faangasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зокъотæ - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зокъотæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੱਲੀ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzyby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چڼاس - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چڼاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa" title="K'allampa - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Fungi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कवकम् - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कवकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тэллэйдэр - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэллэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci" title="Funci - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="فنگس - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobbarat" title="Guobbarat - Sami Gogleddol" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guobbarat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljiva" title="Gljiva - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gljiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuffit_n_u%C9%9Baqqay" title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB" title="දිලීර - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby" title="Huby - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glive" title="Glive - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuobb%C3%A2reh" title="Kuobbâreh - Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuobbâreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpudhat" title="Kërpudhat - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpudhat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гљиве - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гљиве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poagenstoule_(Riek)" title="Poagenstoule (Riek) - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poagenstoule (Riek)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suung" title="Suung - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvu" title="Kuvu - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuvu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grziby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="பூஞ்சை - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಲಾಂಬು - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಾಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శిలీంధ్రం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలీంధ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Занбӯруғҳо - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เห็ดรา - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang-singaw" title="Halamang-singaw - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang-singaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talingelinga" title="Talingelinga - Tongeg" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Talingelinga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantarlar" title="Mantarlar - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гөмбәләр - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөмбәләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Губи - Fotiaceg" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Губи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Fotiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%BA" title="زەمبۇرۇغ - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زەمبۇرۇغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гриби - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پھپھوند - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھپھوند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamburug%CA%BBlar" title="Zamburugʻlar - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamburugʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nấm - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funig" title="Funig - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Funig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion" title="Tchampion - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Теңгрин ки - Calmyceg" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Теңгрин ки" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Calmyceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Fungi" title="I-Fungi - Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Fungi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სოკოეფი - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოკოეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שוואם - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bu" title="Èbu - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èbu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen%27gin" title="Caen'gin - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caen'gin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn" title="Chin-khún - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhunta" title="Ukhunta - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhunta" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ffwng" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Ffwng&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (dim tudalen ar gael) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ffwng"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ffwng"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Ffwng" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Ffwng" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&oldid=13079413" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Ffwng&id=13079413&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFfwng"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFfwng"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ffwng"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ffwng&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fungi" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fungi" hreflang="en"><span>Wicifywyd</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: lightblue">Ffyngau </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/225px-Fungi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/338px-Fungi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/450px-Fungi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Yn null cloc o'r top chwith: <p>1. amanita'r gwybed (<i>Amanita muscaria</i>); 2. cwpan Robin goch (<i>Sarcoscypha coccinea</i>); 3. llwydni bara; 4. cytrid; 5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conidioffor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conidioffor (dim tudalen ar gael)">conidioffor</a> asbergilws. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Dosbarthiad_gwyddonol" title="Dosbarthiad gwyddonol">Dosbarthiad gwyddonol</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Parth: </td> <td><span class="parth" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teyrnas: </td> <td><span class="teyrnas" style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Fungi</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: lightblue">Isdeyrnass/Ffyla/Isffyla<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozellomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozellomyceta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rozellomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozellomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rozellomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsporidia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Microsporidia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelidiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelidiomyceta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Aphelidiomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphelidiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphelidiomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Aphelidiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumycota">Eumycota</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomyceta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chytridiomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chytridiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomyceta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Blastocladiomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Blastocladiomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoopagomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoopagomyceta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Zoopagomyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidiobolomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidiobolomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Basidiobolomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomophthoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomophthoromycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Entomophthoromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Kickxellomycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortierellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mortierellomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mortierellomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromyceta (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mucoromyceta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcarisporiellomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcarisporiellomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Calcarisporiellomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Mucoromycota</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbiomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Symbiomycota</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomeromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomeromycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entorrhizomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entorrhizomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Entorrhizomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikarya (dim tudalen ar gael)">Dikarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidiomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Basidiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascomycota (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ascomycota</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <p>Grŵp o <a href="/wiki/Organeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Organeb">organebau</a> ewcaryotig <a href="/wiki/Organeb_ungellog" title="Organeb ungellog">ungellog</a> neu <a href="/wiki/Organeb_amlgellog" title="Organeb amlgellog">amlgellog</a> sy'n perthyn i'r deyrnas <i>Fungi</i> yw <b>ffwng</b> (unigol) neu <b>ffyngau</b> (lluosog), ac sy'n cynnwys micro-organebau fel <a href="/wiki/Burum" title="Burum">burum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llwydni" title="Llwydni">llwydni</a>, ffwng y gawod a ffwng y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penddu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penddu (dim tudalen ar gael)">penddu</a>, yn ogystal ag organebau mwy o faint fel <a href="/wiki/Madarchen" title="Madarchen">madarch</a>, caws llyffant, codau mwg a'r <a href="/wiki/Cingroen" title="Cingroen">gingroen</a>. Fe'u dosbarthwyd fel <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">planhigion</a> yn wreiddiol ond maent yn perthyn yn nes at <a href="/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail">anifeiliaid</a>. Mae mwy na 70,000 o <a href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth" title="Rhywogaeth">rywogaethau</a> o ffwngau. O fewn tacsonomeg, maent yn ffurfio <a href="/wiki/Parth_(bioleg)" title="Parth (bioleg)">parth</a> mawr o <a href="/wiki/Meicro-organeb" title="Meicro-organeb">ficro-organebau</a> <a href="/wiki/Procaryot" title="Procaryot">procaryotig</a> a chant eu hastudio o fewn <a href="/wiki/Bioleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioleg">bioleg</a>. O ran maint, mae'r rhan fwyaf ychydig o <a href="/wiki/Micrometr" title="Micrometr">ficrometrau</a> o hyd. Roedd bacteria ymhlith y ffurfiau bywyd cyntaf i ymddangos ar <a href="/wiki/Y_Ddaear" title="Y Ddaear">y Ddaear</a>, ac maent yn bresennol yn y rhan fwyaf o gynefinoedd. Gallant fyw mewn pridd, dŵr, ffynhonnau poeth asidig, <a href="/wiki/Gwastraff_niwclear" title="Gwastraff niwclear">gwastraff ymbelydrol</a>, a biosffer dwfn cramen y <a href="/wiki/Cramen_y_Ddaear" title="Cramen y Ddaear">Ddaear</a>. </p><p>Mae pob ffwng yn heterotroff. Mae llawer o ffyngau yn saproffytig sy'n bwydo ar organebau marw, ac mae llawer o ffyngau eraill yn <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">barasytig</a> sy'n bwydo ar organebau byw. Mae rhai ffyngau yn byw gydag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alga (dim tudalen ar gael)">algâu</a> mewn perthynas <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotig</a>, ac yn ffurfio <a href="/wiki/Cen" title="Cen">cennau</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Mycena_inclinata,_Clustered_Bonnet,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mycena_inclinata%2C_Clustered_Bonnet%2C_UK.jpg/220px-Mycena_inclinata%2C_Clustered_Bonnet%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mycena_inclinata%2C_Clustered_Bonnet%2C_UK.jpg/330px-Mycena_inclinata%2C_Clustered_Bonnet%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mycena_inclinata%2C_Clustered_Bonnet%2C_UK.jpg/440px-Mycena_inclinata%2C_Clustered_Bonnet%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4825" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption>Bonet glystyrog (<i>Mycena inclinata</i>) yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enfield (dim tudalen ar gael)">Enfield</a>, Lloegr</figcaption></figure> <p>Mae ffyngau o bwysigrwydd economaidd yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Burum" title="Burum">burum</a> a ddefnyddir i wneud <a href="/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw">cwrw</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bara" title="Bara">bara</a> a rhai rhywogaethau o <a href="/wiki/Llwydni" title="Llwydni">lwydni</a> a ddefnyddir i wneud <a href="/wiki/Caws" title="Caws">caws</a>. </p><p>Un nodwedd sy'n gosod ffyngau mewn teyrnas wahanol i blanhigion, bacteria, a rhai protistau yw'r <a href="/wiki/Citin" title="Citin">chitin</a> sydd yn eu <a href="/wiki/Cellfur" title="Cellfur">cellfuriau</a>. Mae ffyngau, fel anifeiliaid, yn heterotroffau; cael eu bwyd trwy amsugno moleciwlau toddedig, yn nodweddiadol trwy secretu ensymau treulio i'w hamgylchedd. Nid yw ffyngau yn <a href="/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis">ffotosyntheseiddio</a>. Mae eu symudedd yn ddibynnol ar eu <a href="/wiki/Sb%C3%B4r" title="Sbôr">sborau</a>, a all deithio trwy'r awyr neu ddŵr. Ffyngau yw'r prif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadgyfansoddwr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadgyfansoddwr (dim tudalen ar gael)">ddadelfenwyr</a> mewn systemau ecolegol. Mae'r gwahaniaethau hyn a gwahaniaethau eraill yn gosod ffyngau mewn un grŵp o organebau perthynol, o'r enw yr <i>Eumycota</i> (y <i>gwir ffyngau</i> neu'r <i>Eumycetes</i>), sy'n rhannu hynafiad cyffredin (hy maent yn <i>ffurfio grŵp monoffyletig</i>), dehongliad sydd hefyd yn cael ei gefnogi'n gryf gan ffylogeneteg moleciwlaidd. Mae'r grŵp ffwngaidd hwn yn wahanol i'r mycsomysetau (llwydni llysnafeddog) ac öomysetau (llwydni'r dŵr) sy'n debyg o ran strwythur. Gelwir y ddisgyblaeth <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">fiolegol</a> a neilltuir i astudio ffyngau yn <a href="/wiki/Mycoleg" title="Mycoleg"><i>mycoleg</i></a> (o'r <a href="/wiki/Hen_Roeg_(iaith)" title="Hen Roeg (iaith)">Hen Roeg</a> <i><span lang="grc-Latn">mýkēs</span></i> <span lang="grc" class="polytonic" style="font-family:'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Greek', Athena, 'EB Garamond 12', 'Foulis Greek', Cardo, 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, Garamond, 'Palatino Linotype', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', FreeSerif, FreeSans, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', Code2000, sans-serif">μύκης</span> ‘madarch’). Yn y gorffennol, roedd mycoleg yn cael ei ystyried yn gangen o <a href="/wiki/Botaneg" title="Botaneg">fotaneg</a>, ond mae'n hysbys bellach bod ffyngau yn perthyn, yn enetig, yn nes at anifeiliaid nag at blanhigion. </p><p>Er eu bod yn doreithiog ledled y byd, mae'r rhan fwyaf o ffyngau yn anamlwg oherwydd maint eu strwythurau bychan, a'u ffordd o fyw yn y pridd neu ar bydredd marw. Mae ffyngau'n cynnwys symbionts o blanhigion, anifeiliaid, neu ffyngau eraill ac mae'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Arfilyn" title="Arfilyn">parasitiaid</a>. Gallant ddod yn amlwg wrth <a href="/wiki/Corff_hadol" title="Corff hadol">ffrwytho</a>, naill ai fel madarch neu fel mowldiau. Mae ffyngau'n chwarae rhan hanfodol yn y broses o bydru deunydd organig ac mae ganddynt rolau sylfaenol mewn cylchredeg a chyfnewid maethynnau yn yr amgylchedd. Fe'u defnyddiwyd ers amser maith fel ffynhonnell uniongyrchol o fwyd dynol, ar ffurf madarch a pherygl ; fel <a href="/wiki/Bara" title="Bara">cyfrwng lefain</a> ar gyfer bara; ac wrth <a href="/wiki/Eplesu" title="Eplesu">eplesu</a> amryw gynhyrchion bwyd, megys <a href="/wiki/Gwin" title="Gwin">gwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw">cwrw</a>, a saws soi. Ers y 1940au, mae ffyngau wedi cael eu defnyddio ar gyfer cynhyrchu <a href="/wiki/Gwrthfiotig" title="Gwrthfiotig">gwrthfiotigau</a>, ac, yn fwy diweddar, mae <a href="/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym">ensymau</a> amrywiol a gynhyrchir gan ffyngau yn cael eu defnyddio'n <a href="/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym">ddiwydiannol</a> ac mewn glanedyddion . Defnyddir ffyngau hefyd fel plaladdwyr biolegol i reoli chwyn, clefydau planhigion a phlâu pryfed. Mae llawer o rywogaethau'n cynhyrchu cyfansoddion bioactif o'r enw mycotocsinau (gwenwynau ffwng), fel alcaloidau a polycetidau, sy'n wenwynig i anifeiliaid gan gynnwys bodau dynol. Mae strwythurau ffrwytho <a href="/wiki/Madarchen" title="Madarchen">rhai rhywogaethau yn</a> cynnwys cyfansoddion seicotropig ac yn cael eu bwyta'n am hwyl neu mewn seremonïau neu ddefodau 'ysbrydol' traddodiadol. Gall ffyngau ddadelfennu deunyddiau ac adeiladau a gynhyrchwyd gan bobl, a dod yn bathogenau arwyddocaol i bobl ac anifeiliaid eraill. Gall colli cnydau oherwydd afiechydon ffwngaidd (e.e. clefyd reis) a difetha bwyd gael effaith fawr ar gadwyni a chyflenwadau bwyd dynol ac economïau lleol. </p><p>Mae teyrnas y ffwng yn cwmpasu amrywiaeth enfawr o <a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">dacsa</a> (lluosog <i>tacson</i>) gydag ecolegau amrywiol, strategaethau <a href="/wiki/Cylchred_bywyd" title="Cylchred bywyd">cylch bywyd</a> niferus a morffolegau sy'n amrywio o chytridau ungellog i <a href="/wiki/Madarchen" title="Madarchen">fadarch</a> mawr. Fodd bynnag, ychydig a wyddys am wir <a href="/wiki/Bioamrywiaeth" title="Bioamrywiaeth">fioamrywiaeth</a> Ffyngau'r Deyrnas yma,. Amcangyfrifwyd fod ynddi rhwng 2.2 miliwn a 3.8 miliwn o rywogaethau. O’r rhain, dim ond tua 148,000 sydd wedi’u disgrifio, gyda dros 8,000 o rywogaethau'n niweidiol i blanhigion ac o leiaf 300 a all fod yn wenwynig i fodau dynol.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byth ers gweithiau tacsonomaidd arloesol y <a href="/wiki/18fed_ganrif" title="18fed ganrif">18fed</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a> gan <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon" title="Christiaan Hendrik Persoon">Christiaan Hendrik Persoon</a>, ac Elias Magnus Fries, mae ffyngau wedi'u dosbarthu yn ôl eu morffoleg (e.e. nodweddion megis lliw sborau neu nodweddion microsgopig) neu <a href="/wiki/Ffisioleg" title="Ffisioleg">ffisioleg</a>. Mae datblygiadau mewn geneteg foleciwlaidd wedi agor y ffordd i ddadansoddiad DNA gael ei ymgorffori mewn tacsonomeg, sydd weithiau wedi herio'r grwpiau hanesyddol. Mae astudiaethau ffylogenetig a gyhoeddwyd yn negawd cyntaf yr <a href="/wiki/21g" class="mw-redirect" title="21g">21g</a> wedi helpu i ail-lunio'r dosbarthiad o fewn Ffyngau'r Deyrnas, sy'n cael ei rannu'n un <a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg)">isdeyrnas</a>, saith <a href="/wiki/Ffylwm" title="Ffylwm">ffylwm</a> a deg isffylwm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geirdarddiad">Geirdarddiad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Geirdarddiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geirdarddiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benthyciwyd y gair Cymraeg <i>ffwng(ws)</i> yn anuniongyrchol o'r <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a> <i>fungus</i> ‘madarchen’ a ddefnyddir yn y gweithiau <a href="/wiki/Horas" title="Horas">Horas</a> a <a href="/wiki/Plinius_yr_Hynaf" title="Plinius yr Hynaf">Plinius</a>. Mae hyn yn ei dro'n deillio o'r gair <a href="/wiki/Hen_Roeg_(iaith)" title="Hen Roeg (iaith)">Groeg</a> <i>sphongos</i> (σφόγγος) 'sbwng', sy'n cyfeirio at strwythurau macrosgopig a morffoleg madarch a llwydni;<sup id="cite_ref-Ainsworth2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainsworth2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defnyddir gwraidd y gair (<i>sphongos</i> mewn ieithoedd eraill hefyd, megis yr Almaeneg <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schwamm#German" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Schwamm">Schwamm</a></i> 'sbwng' a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schwamm#German" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Schwamm">Schimmel</a></i> 'llwydni'). </p><p>Daw'r gair <i><a href="/wiki/Mycoleg" title="Mycoleg">mycoleg</a></i> o'r Hen Roeg <span title="[[:Nodyn:ISO 639 name grc]] transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><i>mýkēs</i></span> (<span lang="grc" class="polytonic" style="font-family:'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Greek', Athena, 'EB Garamond 12', 'Foulis Greek', Cardo, 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, Garamond, 'Palatino Linotype', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', FreeSerif, FreeSans, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', Code2000, sans-serif">μύκης</span>) 'madarch' a <i>lógos</i> (<span lang="grc" class="polytonic" style="font-family:'SBL BibLit', 'SBL Greek', Athena, 'EB Garamond 12', 'Foulis Greek', Cardo, 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, Garamond, 'Palatino Linotype', 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', FreeSerif, FreeSans, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', Code2000, sans-serif">λόγος</span>) 'araith; sgwrs'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'n dynodi astudiaeth wyddonol o ffyngau. Ymddangosodd y ffurf ansoddair Lladin ar "mycoleg" (sef <i>mycologicæ</i>) mor gynnar â 1796 mewn llyfr ar y pwnc gan <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon" title="Christiaan Hendrik Persoon">Christiaan Hendrik Persoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ymddangosodd y gair yn Saesneg mor gynnar â 1824 mewn llyfr gan Robert Kaye Greville.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ym 1836 cyhoeddodd y naturiaethwr Miles Joseph Berkeley <i>The English Flora of Syr James Edward Smith, Vol. 5.</i> hefyd yn cyfeirio at mycoleg fel yr astudiaeth o ffyngau.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainsworth2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainsworth2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ymddangosodd yn y Gymraeg yn yr 20g.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gelwir grŵp o'r holl ffyngau sy'n bresennol mewn un rhanbarth penodol yn <i>fycobiota</i> (enw lluosog, nid unigol).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defnyddir y term <i>mycota</i> yn aml at y diben hwn, ond mae llawer o awduron yn ei ddefnyddio fel cyfystyr o'r term ‘ffyngau’. Mae'r gair <i>ffwng</i> wedi'i gynnig fel term llai amwys sy'n debyg i ffawna a fflora. Gofynnodd y <a href="/wiki/Undeb_Rhyngwladol_dros_Gadwraeth_Natur" title="Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur">Comisiwn Goroesi Rhywogaethau</a> (SSC) (sy'n rhan o'r <a href="/wiki/Undeb_Rhyngwladol_dros_Gadwraeth_Natur" title="Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur">Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur</a> (IUCN)) yn Awst 2021 am i'r ymadrodd <i>ffawna a fflora</i> gael ei ddisodli gan <i>ffawna, fflora a ffwng</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nodweddion">Nodweddion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Nodweddion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Nodweddion"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:HYPHAE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/220px-HYPHAE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/330px-HYPHAE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/440px-HYPHAE.png 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><b>Celloedd hyffâu ffwngaidd</b> <div class="hlist"><div><ol><li>Mur hyffol</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septwm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septwm (dim tudalen ar gael)">Septwm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mitocondrion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitocondrion">Mitocondrion</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwagolyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwagolyn (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gwagolyn</a></li><li>Grisial ergosterol</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">Ribosom</a></li><li>Cnewyllyn</li><li><a href="/wiki/Reticwlwm_endoplasmig" title="Reticwlwm endoplasmig">Reticwlwm endoplasmig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Corffyn lipid</a></li><li>Pilen blasmaidd</li><li>Spitzenkörper</li><li>Organigyn Golgi</li></ol></div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Cyn cyflwyno dulliau moleciwlaidd ar gyfer dadansoddi ffylogenetig, roedd tacsonomegwyr yn ystyried bod ffyngau yn aelodau o <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">deyrnas y planhigion</a> oherwydd tebygrwydd mewn ffordd o fyw: mae ffyngau a phlanhigion yn ansymudol yn bennaf, ac mae ganddynt debygrwydd mewn morffoleg gyffredinol a chynefin twf. Fel planhigion, mae ffyngau yn aml yn tyfu yn y pridd ac, yn achos <a href="/wiki/Madarchen" title="Madarchen">madarch</a>, yn ffurfio <a href="/wiki/Corff_hadol" title="Corff hadol">cyrff hadol</a> amlwg, sydd weithiau'n debyg i blanhigion fel <a href="/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl">mwsoglau</a>. Mae'r ffyngau bellach yn cael eu hystyried yn deyrnas ar wahân, yn wahanol i blanhigion ac anifeiliaid, ac mae'n ymddangos eu bod wedi ymwahanu oddi wrthi tua biliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl (tua dechrau'r Oes <a href="/wiki/Neoproteros%C3%B6ig" title="Neoproterosöig">Neoproterosöig</a>). Rhennir rhai nodweddion morffolegol, biocemegol a genetig ag organebau eraill, tra bod nodweddion eraill yn unigryw i'r ffyngau, gan eu gwahanu'n glir oddi wrth y teyrnasoedd eraill: </p><p>Nodweddion a rennir: </p> <ul><li>Gydag <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a> eraill: Mae celloedd ffwngaidd yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn_cell" title="Cnewyllyn cell">cnewyll</a> (lluosog y gair cnewyllyn) wedi'u amgylchynu â philenni gyda <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">chromosomau</a> sy'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> gyda rhanbarthau digodio a elwir yn intronau a rhanbarthau codio a elwir yn ecsonau. Mae gan ffyngau organynnau sytoplasmig wedi'u rhwymo â <a href="/wiki/Organyn" title="Organyn">philen</a> fel <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a>, pilenni sy'n cynnwys sterol, a <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosomau</a> o'r math 80S.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ganddynt ystod nodweddiadol o garbohydradau hydawdd a chyfansoddion storio, gan gynnwys alcoholau siwgr (e.e. <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a>), deusacaridau, (e.e. trehalose), a <a href="/wiki/Polysacarid" title="Polysacarid">polysacaridau</a> (e.e. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycogen (dim tudalen ar gael)">glycogen</a>, sydd hefyd i'w gael mewn anifeiliaid<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>Gydag anifeiliaid: Nid oes gan ffyngau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloroplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloroplast (dim tudalen ar gael)">gloroplastau</a> ac maent yn organebau heterotroffig ac felly mae angen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfansoddyn_organig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfansoddyn organig (dim tudalen ar gael)">cyfansoddion organig</a> parod arnynt fel ffynonellau egni.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gyda phlanhigion: Mae gan ffyngau gellfur<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a gwagolion (<i>vacuoles</i>). Maent yn atgenhedlu trwy ddulliau rhywiol ac anrhywiol, ac fel grwpiau o blanhigion gwaelodol (fel <a href="/wiki/Rhedynen" title="Rhedynen">rhedyn</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl">mwsoglau</a>) mae nhw'n cynhyrchu <a href="/wiki/Sb%C3%B4r" title="Sbôr">sborau</a>. Yn debyg i <a href="/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl">fwsoglau</a> ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alg%C3%A2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algâu (dim tudalen ar gael)">algâu</a>, mae gan ffyngau fel arfer niwclysau haploid.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon58_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon58-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gydag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglenoid (dim tudalen ar gael)">ewglenoidau</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>: Mae ffyngau uwch, ewglenoidau, a rhai bacteria'n cynhyrchu'r <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a> <small>L</small> -lysin mewn camau biosynthesis penodol, a elwir yn llwybr α-aminoadipat.</li> <li>Mae celloedd y rhan fwyaf o ffyngau yn tyfu fel strwythurau tiwbaidd, hirgul ac edau (ffilamentaidd) o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Hyffa" title="Hyffa">hyffa</a>, a all gynnwys sawl cnewyllyn. Mae'r blaen sy'n tyfu yn cynnwys set o fesiglau - strwythurau cellog sy'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteinau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidau</a>, a moleciwlau organig eraill - a elwir yn Spitzenkörper.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ffyngau ac oomysetau'n tyfu fel celloedd hyffol ffilamentaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn cyferbyniad, mae organebau sy'n edrych yn debyg, fel algâu gwyrdd ffilamentaidd, yn tyfu trwy gellraniad dro ar ôl tro o fewn cadwyn o gelloedd.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae yna hefyd ffyngau ungell (ee <a href="/wiki/Burum" title="Burum">burum</a>) nad ydynt yn ffurfio hyffa, ac mae gan rai ffyngau ffurfiau hyffa a burum.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yn gyffredin â rhai rhywogaethau o blanhigion ac anifeiliaid, mae mwy na 70 o rywogaethau ffwngaidd yn arddangos <a href="/wiki/Bywoleuni" title="Bywoleuni">bioymoleuedd</a>.</li></ul> <p>Nodweddion unigryw: </p> <ul><li>Mae rhai rhywogaethau'n tyfu fel burumau ungellog sy'n atgenhedlu trwy <a href="/wiki/Egin" title="Egin">egin</a> neu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymholltiad_deuaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymholltiad deuaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">ymholltiad</a>. Gall ffyngau dwyffurf newid rhwng y cyfnod burum a'r cyfnod hyffaidd mewn ymateb i amodau amgylcheddol.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mae'r cellfur ffwngaidd wedi'i wneud o gymhlyg chitin-glwcan ; tra bod glwcanau hefyd i'w cael mewn planhigion a chitin yn allsgerbwd <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropodau</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ffyngau, fodd bynnag, yw'r unig organebau sy'n cyfuno'r ddau foleciwl adeileddol hyn yn eu cellfur. Yn wahanol i blanhigion ac öomysetau, nid yw cellfuriau ffwngaidd yn cynnwys seliwlos.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A whitish fan or funnel-shaped mushroom growing at the base of a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/220px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/330px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/440px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption> <i>Omphalotus nidiformis</i>, madarchen fioymoleuol</figcaption></figure> <p>Nid oes gan y rhan fwyaf o ffyngau system effeithlon ar gyfer cludo dŵr a maetholion yn bell, fel y <a href="/wiki/Sylem" title="Sylem">sylem</a> a ffloem mewn llawer o blanhigion. Er mwyn goresgyn y cyfyngiad hwn, mae rhai ffyngau, megis <i>Armillaria</i>, yn ffurfio rhisomorffau, sy'n debyg ac yn cyflawni swyddogaethau tebyg i wreiddiau planhigion. Fel <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a>, mae gan ffyngau lwybr biosynthetig ar gyfer cynhyrchu terpenau sy'n defnyddio asid mefalonig a pyroffosffad fel blociau adeiladu cemegol. Mae gan blanhigion a rhai organebau eraill lwybr biosynthesis terpenaidd ychwanegol yn eu cloroplastau, strwythur nad oes gan ffyngau nac anifeiliaid chwaith. Mae ffyngau'n cynhyrchu sawl metabolyn eilaidd sy'n debyg neu'n union yr un fath (o ran strwythur) i'r rhai a wneir gan blanhigion.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amrywiaeth">Amrywiaeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Amrywiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Amrywiaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG/220px-Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG/330px-Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG/440px-Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Ffyngau ysgwydd ar fonyn coeden</figcaption></figure> <p>Mae gan ffyngau ddosbarthiad byd-eang, ac maent yn tyfu mewn ystod eang o gynefinoedd, gan gynnwys amgylcheddau eithafol megis anialwch neu ardaloedd â chrynodiadau halen uchel neu ymbelydredd ïoneiddio, yn ogystal ag mewn gwaddodion moroedd dwfn.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaupotic2008_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaupotic2008-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn ystod teithiau i'r gofod goroesodd rhai ymbelydreddau <a href="/wiki/Uwchfioled" title="Uwchfioled">UV</a> a chosmig dwys iawn. Mae'r rhan fwyaf yn tyfu mewn amgylcheddau daearol, er bod sawl rhywogaeth yn byw yn rhannol neu'n gyfan gwbl mewn cynefinoedd dyfrol, fel y ffyngau chytrid <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> a <i>B. salamandrivorans</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arfilyn" title="Arfilyn">parasitiaid</a> (arfilod) sydd wedi bod yn gyfrifol am ddirywiad byd-eang mewn poblogaethau o <a href="/wiki/Amffibiad" title="Amffibiad">amffibiaid</a>. Mae'r organebau hyn yn treulio rhan o'u <a href="/wiki/Cylch_bywyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylch bywyd">cylch bywyd</a> fel sŵo-sbôr symudol, gan eu galluogi i yrru eu hunain trwy ddŵr a mynd i mewn i'w gwesteiwr amffibaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_et_al._2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_et_al._2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae enghreifftiau eraill o ffyngau dyfrol yn cynnwys y rhai sy'n byw mewn ardaloedd hydrothermol o'r cefnfor.<sup id="cite_ref-Vargas-Gastélum_&_Riquelme_2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vargas-Gastélum_&_Riquelme_2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mycoleg">Mycoleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Mycoleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mycoleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Pier_Antonio_Micheli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pier_Antonio_Micheli.jpg/220px-Pier_Antonio_Micheli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pier_Antonio_Micheli.jpg/330px-Pier_Antonio_Micheli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Pier_Antonio_Micheli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption> Ym 1729, cyhoeddodd Pier Antonio Micheli ddisgrifiadau o ffyngau am y tro cyntaf.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mycoleg" title="Mycoleg">Mycoleg</a> yw'r gangen o <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">fioleg</a> sy'n ymwneud ag astudiaeth systematig o ffyngau, gan gynnwys eu priodweddau genetig a biocemegol, eu tacsonomeg, a'u defnydd i fodau dynol fel ffynhonnell o feddyginiaeth, bwyd, a sylweddau seicotropig a ddefnyddir at ddibenion crefyddol, yn ogystal â'u peryglon., megis gwenwyno neu haint. Mae cysylltiad agos rhwng maes ffytopatholeg, yr astudiaeth o glefydau planhigion, oherwydd bod llawer o bathogenau planhigion yn ffyngau.<sup id="cite_ref-Struck2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struck2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae'r defnydd o ffyngau gan bobl yn dyddio'n ôl i'r cyfnod cynhanes; roedd Ötzi'r Dyn Rhew, dyn <a href="/wiki/Oes_Newydd_y_Cerrig" title="Oes Newydd y Cerrig">Neolithig</a> 5,300 oed a ddarganfuwyd wedi rhewi yn Alpau'r Awstria, yn cario dwy rywogaeth o bolyporau (ysgwydd, cyfrwy) a allai fod wedi cael eu defnyddio fel golosged (<i><a href="/wiki/Carn_y_fedwen" title="Carn y fedwen">Fomes fomentarius</a></i>), neu at ddibenion meddygol (<i><a href="/wiki/Ysgwydd_y_fedwen" title="Ysgwydd y fedwen">Piptoporus betulinus.</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peintner1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peintner1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae pobloedd hynafol wedi defnyddio ffyngau fel ffynonellau bwyd am filoedd o flynyddoedd, wrth baratoi bara lefain a sudd wedi'i eplesu. Mae rhai o'r cofnodion ysgrifenedig hynaf yn cynnwys cyfeiriadau at ddinistrio cnydau a achoswyd yn ôl pob tebyg gan ffyngau pathogenig.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanes">Hanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae mycoleg yn <a href="/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth" title="Gwyddoniaeth">wyddoniaeth</a> gymharol newydd a ddaeth yn systematig ar ôl datblygiad y <a href="/wiki/Microsgop" title="Microsgop">microsgop</a> yn yr <a href="/wiki/17g" class="mw-redirect" title="17g">17g</a>. Er y gwelwyd sborau ffwngaidd am y tro cyntaf gan Giambattista della Porta ym 1588, ystyrir mai'r gwaith arloesol yn natblygiad mycoleg yw cyhoeddi gwaith 1729 Pier Antonio Micheli sef <i>Nova plantarum genera.</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylwodd Micheli nid yn unig ar sborau ond dangosodd hefyd y gallent, o dan yr amodau priodol, gael eu hysgogi i dyfu i'r un rhywogaeth o ffyngau y maent yn tarddu ohonynt.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gan ehangu'r defnydd o'r <a href="/wiki/Enw_deuenwol" title="Enw deuenwol">system ddeuol o enwi</a> a gyflwynwyd gan <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> yn ei <i>Species plantarum</i> yn 1753, sefydlodd yr Iseldirwr <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon" title="Christiaan Hendrik Persoon">Christiaan Hendrik Persoon</a> (1761–1836) y dosbarthiad cyntaf o fadarch gyda'r fath sgil fel ei fod yn cael ei ystyried yn sylfaenydd mycoleg fodern. </p><p>Yn ddiweddarach, ymhelaethodd Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878) ddosbarthiad y ffyngau, gan ddefnyddio lliw sborau a nodweddion microsgopig, dulliau a ddefnyddir hyd heddiw gan dacsonomegwyr. Ymhlith y cyfranwyr cynnar nodedig eraill i fycoleg yn yr <a href="/wiki/17eg_ganrif" title="17eg ganrif">17eg</a> – <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a> a dechrau’r <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a> mae Miles Joseph Berkeley, August Carl Joseph Corda, Anton de Bary, y brodyr Louis René a Charles Tulasne, Arthur HR Buller, Curtis G. Lloyd, a Pier Andrea Saccardo. Yn yr <a href="/wiki/20fed_ganrif" title="20fed ganrif">20fed</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/21g" class="mw-redirect" title="21g">21g</a>, mae datblygiadau mewn <a href="/wiki/Biocemeg" title="Biocemeg">biocemeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg">geneteg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioleg_foleciwlaidd" title="Bioleg foleciwlaidd">bioleg foleciwlaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnoleg" title="Biotechnoleg">biotechnoleg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilyniant_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilyniant DNA (dim tudalen ar gael)">dilyniannu DNA</a> a dadansoddi ffylogenetig wedi rhoi mewnwelediadau newydd i berthnasoedd ffwngaidd a <a href="/wiki/Bioamrywiaeth" title="Bioamrywiaeth">bioamrywiaeth</a>, ac wedi herio grwpiau traddodiadol sy'n seiliedig ar forffoleg mewn tacsonomeg ffwngaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morffoleg">Morffoleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Morffoleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Morffoleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adeileddau_microsgopig">Adeileddau microsgopig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Adeileddau microsgopig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Adeileddau microsgopig"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome micrograph showing Penicillium hyphae as long, transparent, tube-like structures a few micrometres across. Conidiophores branch out laterally from the hyphae, terminating in bundles of phialides on which spherical condidiophores are arranged like beads on a string. Septa are faintly visible as dark lines crossing the hyphae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg/220px-Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg/330px-Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg/440px-Penicillium_labeled_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption> Unigyn amgylcheddol o <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penicillium (dim tudalen ar gael)">Penicillium</a></i> <div class="hlist"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hyffa" title="Hyffa">hyffa</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conidioffor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conidioffor (dim tudalen ar gael)">conidioffor</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phialide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phialide (dim tudalen ar gael)">phialide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiwm" title="Conidiwm">conidia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septwm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septwm (dim tudalen ar gael)">septymau</a></li></ol></div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae'r rhan fwyaf o ffyngau'n tyfu fel <a href="/wiki/Hyffa" title="Hyffa">hyffâu</a> sy'n adeileddau edafaidd silindrig 2–10<span class="nowrap"> </span>µm mewn diamedr a hyd at sawl centimetr o hyd. Mae hyffâu yn tyfu o du blaen y tyfiant (yr apigau); mae hyffâu newydd yn cael ei ffurfio fel arfer wrth i egin newydd ddod i'r amlwg ar hyd yr hyffâu presennol trwy broses a elwir yn <i>ganghennu</i>, neu weithiau dau hyffa cyfochrog. Mae hyffâu weithiau hefyd yn asio pan fyddant yn dod i gysylltiad, proses a elwir yn ymasiad hyffol (neu anastomosis). Mae'r prosesau twf yma'n arwain at ddatblygiad myseliwm, rhwydwaith rhyng-gysylltiedig o hyffâu.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall hyffâu fod naill ai'n septol neu'n senosytig. Rhennir hyffâu septol yn adrannau wedi'u gwahanu gan groesfuriau (cellfuriau mewnol, a elwir yn septymau, sy'n cael eu ffurfio ar <a href="/wiki/Ongl_sgw%C3%A2r" title="Ongl sgwâr">ongl sgwâr</a> i'r cellfur sy'n rhoi ei siâp i'r hyffa), gyda phob adran yn cynnwys un neu fwy o gnewyll; nid yw hyffâu senosytig yn cael eu rhannu.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae gan septymau mandyllau sy'n caniatáu i cytoplasm, <a href="/wiki/Organyn" title="Organyn">organynnau</a> ac weithiau cnewyll basio trwodd; e.e. y septwm dolipore mewn ffyngau o'r ffylwm <i>Basidiomycota</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae hyffâu senosytig yn eu hanfod yn uwchgelloedd amlgnewyllol. </p><p>Mae llawer o rywogaethau wedi datblygu adeileddau hyffol arbenigol er mwyn cymeryd y maetholion o westeion byw; mae enghreifftiau'n cynnwys haustoria mewn rhywogaethau planhigion-parasitig o'r rhan fwyaf o ffyla ffwngaidd, ac arbuscules sawl ffwng <a href="/wiki/Mycorhisa" title="Mycorhisa">mycorhisol</a>, sy'n treiddio i mewn i'r celloedd lletyol i fwyta maetholion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adeileddau_macrosgopig">Adeileddau macrosgopig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Adeileddau macrosgopig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Adeileddau macrosgopig"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of large, thick-stem, light-brown gilled mushrooms growing at the base of a tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg/220px-Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg/330px-Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg/440px-Armillaria_ostoyae_MO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ffwng_melog_tywyll" title="Ffwng melog tywyll">Ffwng melog tywyll</a>, <i>Armillaria solidipes</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Gall myselia ffyngaidd ddod yn weladwy i'r llygad noeth, er enghraifft, ar wahanol arwynebau a swbstradau, megis waliau llaith a bwyd wedi'i ddifetha, lle cant eu galw'n <a href="/wiki/Llwydni" title="Llwydni"><i>llwydni</i></a>. Cyfeirir at myselia a dyfir ar gyfryngau meithrin yr agar solet mewn dysglau Petri mewn labordy fel cytrefi, fel arfer. Gall y cytrefi hyn arddangos siapiau twf a lliwiau (oherwydd sborau neu bigmentiad) y gellir eu defnyddio fel nodweddion diagnostig wrth adnabod rhywogaethau neu grwpiau.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall rhai ffwng unigol gyrraedd maint ac oedran rhyfeddol fel yn achos cytref glonaidd o <i><a href="/wiki/Ffwng_melog_tywyll" title="Ffwng melog tywyll">Armillaria solidipes</a></i>, sy'n ymestyn dros ardal o fwy na 900<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hectr" title="Hectr">ha</a> (3.5 milltir sgwâr), gydag amcangyfrif oedran o bron i 9,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>blynyddoedd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twf_a_ffisioleg">Twf a ffisioleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Twf a ffisioleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Twf a ffisioleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:DecayingPeachSmall.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Time-lapse photography sequence of a peach becoming progressively discolored and disfigured" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/DecayingPeachSmall.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Twf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold_(fungus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mold (fungus) (dim tudalen ar gael)">llwydni</a> yn gorchuddio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eirinen_wlanog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eirinen wlanog (dim tudalen ar gael)">eirinen wlanog</a> bwdr. Cymerwyd y fframiau tua 12 awr ar wahân dros gyfnod o chwe diwrnod.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mae twf ffyngau fel hyffa ar neu mewn swbstradau solet neu fel celloedd sengl mewn amgylcheddau dyfrol yn cael ei addasu ar gyfer echdynnu maetholion yn effeithlon, oherwydd bod gan y ffurfiau hyn gymarebau arwynebedd i gyfaint uchel. Mae hyffa wedi'u haddasu'n benodol ar gyfer twf ar arwynebau solet, ac i oresgyn swbstradau a meinweoedd. Mae llawer o bathogenau planhigion, gan gynnwys <i>Magnaporthe grisea</i>, yn ffurfio adeiledd o'r enw apresoriwm a ddatblygwyd i dyllu meinweoedd planhigion. Gall y pwysau sy'n cael ei wthio gan yr apresoriwm, wedi'i gyfeirio yn erbyn epidermis y planhigyn, fod yn fwy na 8 megapascal (1,200 psi) . Mae'r ffwng ffilamentaidd <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> yn defnyddio strwythur tebyg i dreiddio i wyau <a href="/wiki/Llyngyren_gron" title="Llyngyren gron">nematodau</a>. </p><p>Mae'r ffyngau yn cael eu hystyried yn draddodiadol yn heterotroffau, organebau sy'n dibynnu'n gyfan gwbl ar garbon a sefydlogir gan organebau eraill ar gyfer <a href="/wiki/Metabolaeth" title="Metabolaeth">metabolaeth</a>. Mae ffyngau wedi <a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">datblygu</a> lefel uchel o amlbwrpasedd metabolaidd sy'n caniatáu iddynt ddefnyddio ystod amrywiol o swbstradau organig ar gyfer twf, gan gynnwys cyfansoddion syml fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrad (dim tudalen ar gael)">nitrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>, asetad, neu <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Mewn rhai rhywogaethau gall y pigment melanin chwarae rhan mewn echdynnu egni o belydriad ïoneiddio, megis pelydriad gama. Mae'r math hwn o dwf "radiotropig" wedi'i ddisgrifio ar gyfer ychydig o rywogaethau yn unig, mae'r effeithiau ar gyfraddau twf yn fach, ac nid yw'r prosesau bioffisegol a biocemegol sylfaenol yn hysbys iawn. Gall y broses hon fod yn debyg i osodiad CO <sub id="mwAmQ">2</sub> trwy olau gweladwy, ond yn hytrach mae'n defnyddio ymbelydredd ïoneiddio fel ffynhonnell egni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atgynhyrchu">Atgynhyrchu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Atgynhyrchu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Atgynhyrchu"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two thickly stemmed brownish mushrooms with scales on the upper surface, growing out of a tree trunk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg/220px-Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg/330px-Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg/440px-Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyfrwy_cennog" title="Cyfrwy cennog">Cyfrwy cennog</a>, <i>Polyporus squamosus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae <a href="/wiki/Atgenhedlu" title="Atgenhedlu">atgenhedlu</a> ffwngaidd yn gymhleth, gan adlewyrchu'r gwahaniaethau mewn ffyrdd o fyw a chyfansoddiad genetig o fewn y deyrnas amrywiol hon o organebau.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amcangyfrifir bod traean o'r holl ffyngau'n atgenhedlu gan ddefnyddio mwy nag un dull o luosogi; er enghraifft, gall atgenhedlu ddigwydd mewn dau gam sydd wedi'u gwahaniaethu'n dda o fewn <a href="/wiki/Cylchred_bywyd" title="Cylchred bywyd">cylch bywyd</a> y rhywogaeth, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleomorff (dim tudalen ar gael)">teleomorff</a> (atgenhedlu rhywiol) a'r anamorff (atgenhedlu anrhywiol).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae amodau amgylcheddol yn sbarduno cyflyrau datblygiadol a bennir yn enetig sy'n arwain at greu strwythurau arbenigol ar gyfer atgenhedlu rhywiol neu anrhywiol. Mae'r adeileddau hyn yn cynorthwyo atgenhedlu trwy wasgaru sborau neu ragolygon sy'n cynnwys sborau yn effeithlon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atgenhedlu_anrhywiol">Atgenhedlu anrhywiol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Atgenhedlu anrhywiol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Atgenhedlu anrhywiol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae atgenhedlu anrhywiol yn digwydd drwy sborau llystyfol (<a href="/wiki/Conidiwm" title="Conidiwm">conidia</a>) neu drwy ymrannu myseliol. Mae'r ymrannu myseliol yn digwydd pan fydd myseliwm ffwngaidd yn gwahanu'n ddarnau, ac mae pob cydran yn tyfu'n fyseliwm ar wahân. Mae ymrannu myseliol a sborau llystyfol yn cynnal poblogaethau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clon_(geneteg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clon (geneteg) (dim tudalen ar gael)">clonol</a> sydd wedi'u haddasu i gilfach (<i>niche</i>) benodol, ac yn caniatáu gwasgaru cyflymach nag atgenhedlu rhywiol. Mae'r <i>fungi imperfecti</i> (ffyngau heb y cam perffaith, neu rywiol) neu <i>Deuteromycota</i> yn cynnwys yr holl rywogaethau sydd heb gylchred rhywiol gweladwy. Nid yw <i>Deuteromycota</i> yn gytras tacsonomig a dderbynnir ac fe'i cymerir bellach i olygu ffyngau yn unig nad oes ganddynt gam rhywiol hysbys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atgenhedlu_rhywiol">Atgenhedlu rhywiol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Atgenhedlu rhywiol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Atgenhedlu rhywiol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceir atgenhedlu rhywiol gyda <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> ym mhob ffyla ffwngaidd ac eithrio Glomeromycota (ond mae dadansoddiad genetig yn awgrymu meiosis yn Glomeromycota hefyd). Mae'n wahanol mewn sawl agwedd i atgenhedlu rhywiol mewn anifeiliaid neu blanhigion. Mae gwahaniaethau hefyd yn bodoli rhwng grwpiau ffwngaidd a gellir eu defnyddio i wahaniaethu rhwng rhywogaethau trwy wahaniaethau morffolegol mewn strwythurau rhywiol a strategaethau atgenhedlu. Gall arbrofion paru rhwng unigolion ffwngaidd nodi rhywogaethau ar sail cysyniadau rhywogaethau biolegol. Mae'r prif grwpiau ffwngaidd wedi'u hamlinellu i ddechrau ar sail morffoleg eu strwythurau rhywiol a'u sborau; er enghraifft, gellir defnyddio'r strwythurau sy'n cynnwys sborau, asci a basidia, i adnabod ascomycetes a basidiomycetes, yn y drefn honno. Mae ffyngau'n defnyddio dwy system baru: mae rhywogaethau heterothalaidd yn caniatáu paru rhwng unigolion o'r math paru arall yn unig, tra bod rhywogaethau homothalaidd yn gallu paru, ac atgenhedlu'n rhywiol, ag unrhyw unigolyn arall neu ei hun. </p><p>Mae gan y rhan fwyaf o ffyngau gam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haploid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haploid (dim tudalen ar gael)">haploid</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diploid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diploid (dim tudalen ar gael)">diploid</a> yn eu cylchoedd bywyd. Wrth atgynhyrchu ffyngau'n rhywiol, gall unigolion cydnaws gyfuno trwy asio eu hyffa i mewn i rwydwaith rhyng-gysylltiedig; mae angen y broses hon, anastomosis, ar gyfer cychwyn y cylch rhywiol. Mae llawer o ascomycetes a basidiomycetes yn mynd trwy gyfnod dicaryotig, lle nad yw'r cnewyllyn a etifeddwyd gan y ddau riant yn cyfuno yn syth ar ôl ymasiad celloedd, ond yn parhau i fod ar wahân yn y celloedd hyffol.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gwasgaru_sborau">Gwasgaru sborau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwasgaru sborau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Gwasgaru sborau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae sborau'r rhan fwyaf o ffyngau yr ymchwiliwyd iddynt yn cael eu cludo gan y gwynt.<sup id="cite_ref-botany.hawaii_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-botany.hawaii-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae rhywogaethau o'r fath yn aml yn cynhyrchu sborau sych neu hydroffobig nad ydynt yn amsugno dŵr ond sy'n cael eu gwasgaru'n hawdd gan ddiferion glaw, er enghraifft.<sup id="cite_ref-botany.hawaii_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-botany.hawaii-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn rhywogaethau eraill, mae sborau anrhywiol a rhywiol neu sborangiosborau yn aml yn cael eu gwasgaru trwy alldaflu gorfodol o'u strwythurau atgenhedlu. Mae'r alldafliad hwn yn sicrhau bod y sborau'n gadael y strwythurau atgenhedlu yn ogystal â theithio drwy'r aer dros gryn bellter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brown, cup-shaped fungus with several greyish disc-shaped structures lying within" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG/220px-Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG/330px-Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG/440px-Cyathus_stercoreus_Fruchtk%C3%B6rper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nyth_aderyn_y_dom" title="Nyth aderyn y dom">Nyth aderyn y dom</a>, <i>Cyathus stercoreus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae mecanweithiau mecanyddol a ffisiolegol arbenigol, yn ogystal â strwythurau arwyneb sborau (fel hydroffobinau), yn gwneud alldaflu sborau yn bur effeithlon. Er enghraifft, mae strwythur y celloedd sy'n cynnal sborau mewn rhai rhywogaethau ascomycet yn golygu bod y cronni sylweddau sy'n effeithio ar gyfaint celloedd a chydbwysedd hylif yn galluogi gollwng sborau i'r aer yn ffrwydrol. Mae gollyngiad grymus o sborau sengl o'r enw <i>balistosborau</i> yn golygu ffurfio diferyn bach o ddŵr (diferyn Buller), sydd wrth ddod i gysylltiad â'r sbôr yn arwain at ei ryddhau gyda chyflymiad cychwynnol o fwy na 10,000.<span class="nowrap"> </span>g; y canlyniad net yw bod y sbôr yn cael ei daflu allan 0.01–0.02<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm, pellter digonol iddo ddisgyn trwy'r tagellau neu'r mandyllau i'r awyr oddi tano.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ffyngau eraill, fel y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codau_mwg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codau mwg (dim tudalen ar gael)">codau mwg</a>, yn dibynnu ar fecanweithiau amgen i ryddhau sborau, megis grymoedd mecanyddol allanol. Cynhyrcha'r ffyngau hydnoid (ffwng dannedd) sborau ar dafluniadau crog, megis rhanau daneddog neu'n debyg i siap asgwrn cefn.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ffyngau nyth yr aderyn (Nidulariaceae) yn defnyddio grym diferion dŵr yn disgyn i ryddhau'r sborau o gyrff hadol siâp cwpan. Ceir strategaeth arall yn y cingroeniaid, grŵp o ffyngau gyda lliwiau bywiog a <a href="/wiki/Aroglau" title="Aroglau">gwynt drwg</a> sy’n denu pryfed i wasgaru eu sborau.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esblygiad">Esblygiad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Esblygiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Esblygiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mewn cyferbyniad â <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">phlanhigion</a> ac <a href="./Anifeiliaid" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="undefined" data-cx="{&quot;userAdded&quot;:true,&quot;adapted&quot;:true}">anifeiliaid</a>, prin yw'r cofnod ffosil cynnar o ffyngau. Ymhlith y ffactorau sy'n debygol o gyfrannu at hyn mae natur <a href="/wiki/Corff_hadol" title="Corff hadol">cyrff hadol</a> ffwngaidd, sef meinweoedd meddal, cigog, sy'n pydru'n hawdd a dimensiynau microsgopig y rhan fwyaf o strwythurau ffwngaidd, nad ydynt felly'n amlwg iawn. Mae'n anodd gwahaniaethu rhwng ffosiliau ffwngaidd a rhai microbau eraill, a gellir eu hadnabod yn haws pan fyddant yn debyg i ffyngau sy'n bodoli heddiw. Yn aml maent i'w gweld ar blanhigyn neu anifail ac mae'r samplau hyn fel arfer yn cael eu hastudioa'u harchwilio gyda microsgop electron.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ymchwilwyr yn astudio ffosiliau trwy hydoddi'r matrics amgylchynol ag asid ac yna defnyddio microsgop electron ysgafn neu sgan i archwilio manylion yr arwyneb.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg/220px-Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg/330px-Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg/440px-Prototaxites_milwaukeensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption> <i>Prototacsites milwaukeensis</i> (Penhallow, 1908) - ffwng <a href="/wiki/Defonaidd" title="Defonaidd">Defonaidd</a> Canol o <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae'r ffosilau cynharaf sydd â nodweddion y ffyngau'n dyddio o'r cyfnod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleoproterozoic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleoproterozoic (dim tudalen ar gael)">Paleoproterosöig</a>, tua 2,400 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl (<a href="/wiki/CP" title="CP">CP</a>); roedd gan yr organebau amlgellog hyn adeileddau ffilamentaidd a oedd yn medru anastomosis.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amcangyfrifa astudiaethau eraill (2009) fod dyfodiad organebau ffwngaidd tua 760-1060<span class="nowrap"> </span>miliwn CP ar sail cymariaethau o gyfradd esblygiad mewn grwpiau perthynol agos. Am lawer o'r Oes <a href="/wiki/Paleos%C3%B6ig" title="Paleosöig">Paleosöig</a> (542-251<span class="nowrap"> </span>miliwn CP), mae'n ymddangos bod y ffyngau yn ddyfrol ac yn cynnwys organebau tebyg i'r cytridau sy'n bodoli oherwydd bod ganddynt sborau â fflangell. Roedd yr addasiad esblygiadol o ffordd o fyw dyfrol i fywyd daearol yn golygu bod angen arallgyfeirio strategaethau ecolegol ar gyfer cael maetholion drwy <a href="/wiki/Arfilyn" title="Arfilyn">arfilod</a>, saprobiaeth, a datblygu perthnasoedd cydfuddiannol megis <a href="/wiki/Mycorhisa" title="Mycorhisa">mycorhisa</a> a chenhedlu.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae astudiaethau'n awgrymu mai saprobiaeth oedd cyflwr ecolegol hynafiadol yr Ascomycota, a bod digwyddiadau cenau (<i>lichenization events</i>) annibynnol wedi digwydd sawl gwaith. </p><p>Ychydig amser ar ôl y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permian-Digwyddiad_difodiant_Triasig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permian-Digwyddiad difodiant Triasig (dim tudalen ar gael)">digwyddiad difodiant Permaidd-Triasig</a> (251.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>miliwn CP), sef pigyn ffwngaidd (y tybiwyd yn wreiddiol ei fod yn doreth anhygoel o sborau ffwngaidd mewn gwaddodion) a ffurfiwyd, sy'n awgrymu mai ffyngau oedd y prif ffurf bywyd ar yr adeg hon, gan gynrychioli bron i 100% o'r <a href="/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil">cofnod ffosil a</a> oedd ar gael ar gyfer y cyfnod hwn. Fodd bynnag, mae'n anodd asesu cyfran gymharol y sborau ffwngaidd o'i gymharu â sborau a ffurfiwyd gan rywogaethau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alg%C3%A2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algâu (dim tudalen ar gael)">algaidd</a>, ni ymddangosodd y pigyn ledled y byd, ac mewn llawer o leoedd ni ddisgynnodd ar y ffin Permaidd-Triasig. Tipyn o ddirgelwch, felly! </p><p>Chwe deg pum miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl, yn union ar ôl y <a href="/wiki/Digwyddiad_difodiant_Cretasaidd-Paleogenaidd" title="Digwyddiad difodiant Cretasaidd-Paleogenaidd">difodiant Cretasaidd-Paleogene</a> a laddodd y rhan fwyaf o <a href="/wiki/Deinosor" title="Deinosor">ddeinosoriaid</a>, bu cynnydd dramatig yn y dystiolaeth o ffyngau; mae'n debyg bod marwolaeth y rhan fwyaf o rywogaethau planhigion ac anifeiliaid wedi arwain at ffyngau'n llewyrchu ar "domen compost enfawr" y blaned.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er eu bod yn cael eu cynnwys yn gyffredin mewn cwricwla <a href="/wiki/Botaneg" title="Botaneg">botaneg</a> a gwerslyfrau, mae ffyngau yn perthyn yn agosach i <a href="/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail">anifeiliaid</a> nag i blanhigion ac yn cael eu gosod gyda'r anifeiliaid yn y grŵp monoffyletig opisthokonts. Mae dadansoddiadau gan ddefnyddio ffylogen moleciwlaidd yn cefnogi tarddiad monoffyletig o ffyngau. Mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacsonomeg_(bioleg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacsonomeg (bioleg) (dim tudalen ar gael)">tacsonomeg</a> ffyngau yn newid o ddydd i ddydd, yn enwedig oherwydd ymchwil yn seiliedig ar gymaru <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Mae'r dadansoddiadau ffylogenetig cyfredol hyn yn aml yn gwrthdroi dosbarthiadau sy'n seiliedig ar ddulliau hŷn ac weithiau'n llai gwahaniaethol yn seiliedig ar nodweddion morffolegol a chysyniadau rhywogaethau biolegol a gafwyd o baru arbrofol. </p><p>Nid oes system unigryw, safonol a dderbynnir yn gyffredinol ar y lefelau tacsonomig uwch a cheir newid enwau yn aml ar bob lefel. Ceisia'r ymchwilwyr sefydlu ac annog y defnydd o drefn enwau unedig a mwy cyson. Hyd at newidiadau cymharol ddiweddar (2012) i’r Cod Enwebu Rhyngwladol ar gyfer algâu, ffyngau a phlanhigion, gallai fod gan rywogaethau ffwngaidd hefyd enwau gwyddonol lluosog yn dibynnu ar eu cylch bywyd a’r modd (rhywiol neu anrhywiol) o atgenhedlu. Mae gwefannau fel yr <i>Index Fungorum</i> a MycoBank yn gadwrfeydd o enwau a gydnabyddir yn swyddogol ac yn rhestru enwau cyfredol rhywogaethau ffwngaidd (gyda chroesgyfeiriadau at <a href="/wiki/Cyfystyr_(tacsonomeg)" title="Cyfystyr (tacsonomeg)">gyfystyron</a> hŷn). </p><p>Mae dosbarthiad 2007 o Ffyngau'r Deyrnas yn ganlyniad i ymdrech ymchwil gydweithredol ar raddfa fawr sy'n cynnwys dwsinau o fycolegwyr a gwyddonwyr eraill yn gweithio ar dacsonomeg ffwngaidd. Mae'n cydnabod saith <a href="/wiki/Ffylwm" title="Ffylwm">ffyla</a>, y mae dau ohonynt - yr Ascomycota a'r Basidiomycota - wedi'u cynnwys o fewn cangen sy'n cynrychioli'r <a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg)">is</a>-deyrnas Dikarya, y grŵp mwyaf cyfoethog a chyfarwydd o rywogaethau, gan gynnwys yr holl fadarch, y rhan fwyaf o lwydni sy'n byw ar fwyd pydredig, y rhan fwyaf o ffyngau pathogenig planhigion, a'r burum hynny sy'n creu cwrw, gwin, a bara. Mae'r cladogram sy'n cyd-fynd ag ef yn darlunio'r <a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">tacsa</a> ffwngaidd mawr a'u perthynas ag organebau opisthocont ac unicont, yn seiliedig ar waith Philippe Silar, "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" a Tedersoo et al. 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nid yw hyd y canghennau'n gymesur â phellteroedd <a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">esblygiadol</a>. xxx     </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecoleg">Ecoleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Ecoleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ecoleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er eu bod yn aml yn anamlwg, mae ffyngau i'w cael ym mhob amgylchedd ar <a href="/wiki/Y_Ddaear" title="Y Ddaear">y Ddaear</a> ac yn chwarae rhan bwysig iawn yn y rhan fwyaf o <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystemau</a>. Ynghyd â bacteria, ffyngau yw'r prif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadgyfansoddwyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadgyfansoddwyr (dim tudalen ar gael)">ddadelfenyddion</a> yn y rhan fwyaf o ecosystemau daearol (a rhai dyfrol), ac felly maent yn chwarae rhan hanfodol mewn cylchoedd biogeocemegol ac mewn llawer o weoedd bwyd. Fel dadelfenyddion, maent yn chwarae rhan hanfodol mewn ailgylchu maetholion, yn enwedig <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saprotroph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saprotroph (dim tudalen ar gael)">saprotroffau'r</a> a symbiontau, gan ddiraddio mater organig i foleciwlau anorganig, a all wedyn ail-ymuno â llwybrau metabolaidd anabolig mewn planhigion neu organebau eraill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Symbiosis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Symbiosis"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae gan lawer o ffyngau berthynas symbiotig bwysig ag organebau o'r mwyafrif o <a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg)">deyrnasoedd</a> onid pob ohonynt.<sup id="cite_ref-Perotto1997_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perotto1997-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall y rhyngweithiadau hyn fod yn gydymddibynnol neu'n elyniaethus o ran natur, neu nid ydynt o unrhyw fudd amlwg nac o anfantais i'r lletywr yn achos ffyngau cydfwytaol.<sup id="cite_ref-Hube2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paszkowski2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paszkowski2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gyda_phlanhigion">Gyda phlanhigion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Gyda phlanhigion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Gyda phlanhigion"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceir symbiosis <a href="/wiki/Mycorhisa" title="Mycorhisa">mycorhisol</a> rhwng <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">planhigion</a> a ffyngau, sy'n un o'r cysylltiadau planhigion-ffwng mwyaf adnabyddus ac mae'n bwysig iawn ar gyfer twf planhigion a dyfalbarhad mewn llawer o ecosystemau; mae dros 90% o'r holl rywogaethau o blanhigion yn ymwneud â pherthnasoedd mycorhisol â ffyngau ac maent yn dibynnu ar y berthynas hon i oroesi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A microscopic view of blue-stained cells, some with dark wavy lines in them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg/220px-Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg/330px-Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg/440px-Neotyphodium_coenophialum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Y ffilamentau tywyll yw <a href="/wiki/Hyffa" title="Hyffa">hyffâu</a> o'r ffwng endoffytig <i>Epichloë coenophiala</i> yn y gwagleoedd rhyng-gellol o feinwe gweiniau dail y <a href="/wiki/Peiswellt_tal" title="Peiswellt tal">peiswellt tal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae'r symbiosis mycorhisol yn hynafol, yn dyddio'n ôl i o leiaf 400 miliwn o flynyddoedd <a href="/wiki/CP" title="CP">CP</a>. Mae'n aml yn cynyddu cymeriant y planhigyn o gyfansoddion anorganig, fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrad (dim tudalen ar gael)">nitrad</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ffosffad" title="Ffosffad">ffosffad</a> o briddoedd â chrynodiadau isel o'r maetholion planhigion allweddol hyn. Gall y partneriaid ffwngaidd hefyd gyfryngu trosglwyddo carbohydradau a maetholion eraill o blanhigyn i blanhigyn.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelwir cymunedau mycorhisol o'r fath yn "rhwydweithiau mycorhisol cyffredin". <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achos arbennig o mycorhisa yw myco-heterotroffi, lle mae'r planhigyn yn parasiteiddio'r ffwng, gan gael ei holl faetholion o'i symbiont ffwngaidd. Mae rhai rhywogaethau ffwngaidd yn byw yn y meinweoedd y tu mewn i wreiddiau, coesynnau a dail, ac os felly fe'u gelwir yn endoffytau. Yn debyg i mycorhisa, gall meithrinfa endoffytig o ffyngau fod o fudd i'r ddau symbiont; er enghraifft, mae endoffytau glaswellt yn cyfrannu at eu hymwrthedd cynyddol i lysysyddion a phwysau amgylcheddol eraill ac yn derbyn bwyd a lloches rhag y planhigyn yn gyfnewid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gydag_algâu_a_syanobacteria"><span id="Gydag_alg.C3.A2u_a_syanobacteria"></span>Gydag algâu a syanobacteria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Gydag algâu a syanobacteria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Gydag algâu a syanobacteria"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A green, leaf-like structure attached to a tree, with a pattern of ridges and depression on the bottom surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg/220px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg/330px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg/440px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Llabed yr ysgyfaint (<i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i>), symbiosis o rywogaethau ffwngaidd, algaidd a syanobacterol</figcaption></figure> <p>Mae cennau yn berthynas symbiotig rhwng ffyngau ac algâu <a href="/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis">ffotosynthetig</a> neu syanobacteria. Cyfeirir at y cymar ffotosynthetig yn y berthynas mewn cenneg fel ‘ffotobiont’. Mae rhan ffwngaidd y berthynas yn cynnwys yn bennaf rywogaethau amrywiol o ascomysetau ac ychydig o fasidiomysetau. Mae cennau i'w cael ym mhob ecosystem ar bob cyfandir ac yn chwarae rhan allweddol mewn ffurfio pridd a chychwyn olyniaeth fiolegol, ac maent yn amlwg mewn rhai amgylcheddau eithafol, gan gynnwys rhanbarthau <a href="/wiki/Pegynau%27r_Ddaear" title="Pegynau'r Ddaear">pegynol</a> neu alpaidd ac anialwch lletgras.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallant dyfu ar arwynebau digroeso, gan gynnwys pridd moel, creigiau, rhisgl coed, pren, cregyn, crachod y môr a dail. Fel <a href="/wiki/Mycorhisa" title="Mycorhisa">mycorhisa</a>, mae'r ffotobiont yn darparu siwgrau a charbohydradau eraill trwy <a href="/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis">ffotosynthesis</a> i'r ffwng, tra bod y ffwng yn darparu mwynau a dŵr i'r ffotobiont. Mae swyddogaethau'r ddwy organeb symbiotig wedi'u cydblethu mor agos fel eu bod yn gweithredu bron fel un organeb; yn y rhan fwyaf o achosion mae'r organeb sy'n deillio o hyn yn wahanol iawn i'r cydrannau unigol.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae cennu yn ddull maeth cyffredin ar gyfer ffyngau; mae tua 27% o'r ffyngau hysbys—mwy na 19,400 o rywogaethau—yn mynd yn gennog. Ymhlith y nodweddion sy'n gyffredin i'r rhan fwyaf o gennau mae cael carbon organig trwy ffotosynthesis, tyfiant araf, maint bach, oes hir, strwythurau atgenhedlu llystyfiant hirhoedlog (tymhorol), maethiad mwynau a geir yn bennaf o ffynonellau yn yr awyr.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llenyddiaeth_yn_y_ffynhonnell">Llenyddiaeth yn y ffynhonnell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Golygu'r adran: Llenyddiaeth yn y ffynhonnell" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Llenyddiaeth yn y ffynhonnell"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p>  </p><div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1976" class="citation book">Ainsworth GC (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000ains_e9i2"><i>Introduction to the History of Mycology</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-11295-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-11295-6"><bdi>978-0-521-11295-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Mycology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11295-6&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=GC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000ains_e9i2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlexopoulosMimsBlackwell1996" class="citation book">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1"><i>Introductory Mycology</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-471-52229-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-471-52229-4"><bdi>978-0-471-52229-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-471-52229-4&rft.aulast=Alexopoulos&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Mims%2C+CW&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductorymyco0000alex_q5x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDeacon2005" class="citation book">Deacon J (2005). <i>Fungal Biology</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4051-3066-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4051-3066-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-3066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3066-0&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHall2003" class="citation book">Hall IR (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse"><i>Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World</i></a>. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-88192-586-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-88192-586-9"><bdi>978-0-88192-586-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+and+Poisonous+Mushrooms+of+the+World&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-586-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=IR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fediblepoisonousm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHanson2008" class="citation book">Hanson JR (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryoffungi0000hans"><i>The Chemistry of Fungi</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85404-136-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85404-136-7"><bdi>978-0-85404-136-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Fungi&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-136-7&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryoffungi0000hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJenningsLysek1996" class="citation book">Jennings DH, Lysek G (1996). <i>Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle</i>. Guildford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85996-150-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85996-150-6"><bdi>978-1-85996-150-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology%3A+Understanding+the+Fungal+Lifestyle&rft.place=Guildford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85996-150-6&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Lysek%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKirkCannonMinterStalpers2008" class="citation book">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9"><i>Dictionary of the Fungi</i></a> (arg. 10th). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8"><bdi>978-0-85199-826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-826-8&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Cannon%2C+PF&rft.au=Minter%2C+DW&rft.au=Stalpers%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaylorTaylor1993" class="citation book">Taylor EL, Taylor TN (1993). <i>The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-13-651589-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-13-651589-0"><bdi>978-0-13-651589-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+and+Evolution+of+Fossil+Plants&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-13-651589-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Taylor%2C+TN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llyfryddiaeth">Llyfryddiaeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Golygu'r adran: Llyfryddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Llyfryddiaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFClark2010" class="citation book">Clark, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germsgenescivili0000clar"><i>Germs, Genes, & Civilization : how epidemics shaped who we are today</i></a>. FT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-13-701996-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-13-701996-0"><bdi>978-0-13-701996-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/473120711">473120711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germs%2C+Genes%2C+%26+Civilization+%3A+how+epidemics+shaped+who+we+are+today&rft.pub=FT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F473120711&rft.isbn=978-0-13-701996-0&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermsgenescivili0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2007" class="citation book">Crawford, Dorothy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlycompanions0000craw"><i>Deadly Companions : how microbes shaped our history</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-956144-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-956144-5"><bdi>978-0-19-956144-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/183198723">183198723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Companions+%3A+how+microbes+shaped+our+history&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183198723&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956144-5&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlycompanions0000craw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHall2008" class="citation book">Hall, Brian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strickbergersevo0000hall"><i>Strickberger's Evolution : the integration of genes, organisms and populations</i></a>. Jones and Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7637-0066-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7637-0066-9"><bdi>978-0-7637-0066-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/85814089">85814089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strickberger%27s+Evolution+%3A+the+integration+of+genes%2C+organisms+and+populations&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85814089&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrickbergersevo0000hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKrasner2014" class="citation book">Krasner, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbialchallen0000kras_k6r2"><i>The Microbial Challenge : a public health perspective</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4496-7375-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4496-7375-8"><bdi>978-1-4496-7375-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794228026">794228026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Microbial+Challenge+%3A+a+public+health+perspective&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794228026&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-7375-8&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobialchallen0000kras_k6r2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><i>Fundamentals of Microbiology</i> (arg. 10th). Boston: Jones and Bartlett. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-284-03968-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-284-03968-9"><bdi>978-1-284-03968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Microbiology&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-284-03968-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWheelis2008" class="citation book">Wheelis, Mark (2008). <i>Principles of modern microbiology</i>. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7637-1075-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7637-1075-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-1075-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/67392796">67392796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+modern+microbiology&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67392796&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-1075-0&rft.aulast=Wheelis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y dosbarthiad a ddefnyddir yma yw'r un a gyflwynwyd yn 2007 gan Hibbett <i>et al</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Stop neglecting fungi". <i>Nature Microbiology</i> <b>2</b> (8): 17120. 25 July 2017. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28741610">28741610</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainsworth2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ainsworth2_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ainsworth2_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainsworth, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos et al., p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPersoon1796" class="citation book">Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219091343/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5680"><i>Observationes Mycologicae</i></a> (yn Lladin). Part 1. Leipzig, (Germany): Peter Philipp Wolf. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5680">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2013-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observationes+Mycologicae&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Peter+Philipp+Wolf&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Persoon&rft.aufirst=Christiaan+Hendrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2Fing%2FLibro.php%3FLibro%3D5680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreville1824" class="citation book">Greville, Robert Kaye (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433008943957;view=1up;seq=45"><i>Scottish Cryptogamie Flora: Or Coloured Figures and Descriptions of Cryptogamic Plants, Belonging Chiefly to the Order Fungi</i></a>. <b>2</b>. Edinburgh, Scotland: Maclachland and Stewart. t. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Cryptogamie+Flora%3A+Or+Coloured+Figures+and+Descriptions+of+Cryptogamic+Plants%2C+Belonging+Chiefly+to+the+Order+Fungi&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Maclachland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Greville&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433008943957%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1836" class="citation book">Smith, James Edward (1836). Hooker, William Jackson; Berkeley, Miles Joseph (gol.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293010136830;view=1up;seq=403"><i>The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith</i></a>. 5, part II: "Class XXIV. Cryptogamia". London, England: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. t. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Flora+of+Sir+James+Edward+Smith&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green+%26+Longman&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmsu.31293010136830%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?mycoleg">mycoleg</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru" title="Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></i>. Adalwyd ar 15 Awst 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211113036/http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Mycobiota">"LIAS Glossary"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Mycobiota">gwreiddiol</a> ar 11 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIAS+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglossary.lias.net%2Fwiki%2FMycobiota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111141833/https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/statement-3f.pdf">"IUCN SSC acceptance of Fauna Flora Funga"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fungal Conservation Committee, IUCN SSC. 2021. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/statement-3f.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> ar 2021-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>. <q>The IUCN Species Survival Commission calls for the due recognition of fungi as major components of biodiversity in legislation and policy. It fully endorses the Fauna Flora Funga Initiative and asks that the phrases <b>animals and plants</b> and <b>fauna and flora</b> be replaced with <b>animals, fungi, and plants</b> and <b>fauna, flora, and funga</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUCN+SSC+acceptance+of+Fauna+Flora+Funga&rft.pub=Fungal+Conservation+Committee%2C+IUCN+SSC&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fsites%2Fdev%2Ffiles%2Fstatement-3f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon58-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon58_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 685.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_18-1">18.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_18-2">18.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keller2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keller2005_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Fungal secondary metabolism - from biochemistry to genomics". <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i> <b>3</b> (12): 937–47. December 2005. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1286">10.1038/nrmicro1286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322742">16322742</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaupotic2008-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaupotic2008_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Mitochondrial mediation of environmental osmolytes discrimination during osmoadaptation in the extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii". <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i> <b>45</b> (6): 994–1007. June 2008. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.01.006">10.1016/j.fgb.2008.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343697">18343697</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_et_al._2020-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_et_al._2020_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Fisher, Matthew C.; Garner, Trenton W. J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10092667/">"Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i> <b>18</b> (6): 332–343. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-020-0335-x">10.1038/s41579-020-0335-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32099078">32099078</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10092667/">https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10092667/</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vargas-Gastélum_&_Riquelme_2020-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vargas-Gastélum_&_Riquelme_2020_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVargas-GastélumRiquelme2020" class="citation magazine">Vargas-Gastélum, Lluvia; Riquelme, Meritxell (2020). "The mycobiota of the deep sea: What omics can offer". <i>Life</i>. Cyf. 10 rhif. 11. t. 292. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife10110292">10.3390/life10110292</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7699357">7699357</a></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|pmc=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Cymorth:CS1_errors#bad_pmc" title="Cymorth:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33228036">33228036</a> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|pmid=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Cymorth:CS1_errors#bad_pmid" title="Cymorth:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=The+mycobiota+of+the+deep+sea%3A+What+omics+can+offer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=292&rft.date=2020&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7699357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33228036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife10110292&rft.aulast=Vargas-Gast%C3%A9lum&rft.aufirst=Lluvia&rft.au=Riquelme%2C+Meritxell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struck2006-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Struck2006_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to one 2001 estimate, some 10,000 fungal diseases are known. <cite id="CITEREFStruck2006" class="citation book">Struck C (2006). "Infection strategies of plant parasitic fungi". In Cooke BM, Jones DG, Kaye B (gol.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofpl0000unse"><i>The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases</i></a>. Berlin, Germany: Springer. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epidemiologyofpl0000unse/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4020-4580-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4020-4580-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-4580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Infection+strategies+of+plant+parasitic+fungi&rft.btitle=The+Epidemiology+of+Plant+Diseases&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4580-6&rft.aulast=Struck&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepidemiologyofpl0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peintner1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Peintner1998_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_1998-10_102_10/page/n2">"The Iceman's fungi"</a>. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>102</b> (10): 1153–1162. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756298006546">10.1017/S0953756298006546</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_1998-10_102_10/page/n2">https://archive.org/details/sim_fungal-biology_mycological-research_1998-10_102_10/page/n2</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainsworth, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos et al., pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainsworth, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawksworth2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth2006_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Pandora's mycological box: molecular sequences vs. morphology in understanding fungal relationships and biodiversity". <i>Revista Iberoamericana de Micología</i> <b>23</b> (3): 127–33. September 2006. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1130-1406%2806%2970031-6">10.1016/S1130-1406(06)70031-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196017">17196017</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson, pp. 127–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 48–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk <i>et al</i>., p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings and Lysek, pp. 107–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-botany.hawaii-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-botany.hawaii_37-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-botany.hawaii_37-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117180734/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect05_b.htm">"Spore Dispersal in Fungi"</a>. <i>botany.hawaii.edu</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect05_b.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 17 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2018-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=botany.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Spore+Dispersal+in+Fungi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwong%2FBOT135%2FLect05_b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228223648/https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/dispersal">"Dispersal"</a>. <i>herbarium.usu.edu</i> (yn Saesneg). Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/dispersal">gwreiddiol</a> ar 28 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2018-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=herbarium.usu.edu&rft.atitle=Dispersal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fherbarium.usu.edu%2Ffun-with-fungi%2Fdispersal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hassett, Maribeth O.; Fischer, Mark W. F.; Money, Nicholas P. (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4624964">"Mushrooms as Rainmakers: How Spores Act as Nuclei for Raindrops"</a> (yn en). <i>PLOS ONE</i> <b>10</b> (10): e0140407. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1040407H">2015PLoSO..1040407H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0140407">10.1371/journal.pone.0140407</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4624964/?tool=pmcentrez">4624964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26509436">26509436</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4624964">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4624964</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Kim, Seungho; Park, Hyunggon; Gruszewski, Hope A.; Schmale, David G.; Jung, Sunghwan (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6421443">"Vortex-induced dispersal of a plant pathogen by raindrop impact"</a> (yn en). <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>116</b> (11): 4917–4922. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..116.4917K">2019PNAS..116.4917K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1820318116">10.1073/pnas.1820318116</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6421443/?tool=pmcentrez">6421443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30804195">30804195</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6421443">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6421443</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk <i>et al</i>., p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034104/http://www.hampshirebiodiversity.org.uk/pdf/PublishedPlans/ToothFungiSAPfinal.pdf">"Stipitate hydnoid fungi, Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hampshirebiodiversity.org.uk/pdf/PublishedPlans/ToothFungiSAPfinal.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> ar 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stipitate+hydnoid+fungi%2C+Hampshire+Biodiversity+Partnership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hampshirebiodiversity.org.uk%2Fpdf%2FPublishedPlans%2FToothFungiSAPfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor and Taylor, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor and Taylor, pp. 7–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4883d4qh">"Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i> <b>1</b> (6): 0141. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-017-0141">10.1038/s41559-017-0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28812648">28812648</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4883d4qh">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4883d4qh</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Adalwyd 15 July 2019</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor and Taylor, pp. 84–94 and 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Casadevall, Arturo; Heitman, Joseph (16 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3420938">"Fungi and the Rise of Mammals"</a>. <i>PLOS Pathogens</i> <b>8</b> (8): e1002808. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002808">10.1371/journal.ppat.1002808</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420938/?tool=pmcentrez">3420938</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22916007">22916007</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3420938">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3420938</a></span>. "That ecological calamity was accompanied by massive deforestation, an event followed by a fungal bloom, as the earth became a massive compost."</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tedersoo, Leho; Sanchez-Ramırez, Santiago; Koljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Doring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin et al. (22 February 2018). 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August 2004. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2004.06.003">10.1016/j.mib.2004.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15288621">15288621</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paszkowski2006-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Paszkowski2006_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses". <i>Current Opinion in Plant Biology</i> <b>9</b> (4): 364–70. August 2006. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbi.2006.05.008">10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16713732">16713732</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Heijden, Marcel G. A. van der (2016-04-15). "Underground networking" (yn en). <i>Science</i> <b>352</b> (6283): 290–291. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...352..290H">2016Sci...352..290H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf4694">10.1126/science.aaf4694</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27081054">27081054</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYong2016" class="citation web">Yong, Ed (2016-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164827/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/04/the-wood-wide-web/478224/">"Trees Have Their Own Internet"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i> (yn Saesneg). Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/04/the-wood-wide-web/478224/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2019-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Trees+Have+Their+Own+Internet&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2016%2F04%2Fthe-wood-wide-web%2F478224%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AFfwng" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk <i>et al</i>., p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, pp. 267–276.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dolenni_allanol">Dolenni allanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Golygu'r adran: Dolenni allanol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ffwng&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Dolenni allanol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aber.ac.uk/fungi/ffyngau/index.htm">Bioleg Ffyngau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607101234/http://www.aber.ac.uk/fungi/ffyngau/index.htm">Archifwyd</a> 2009-06-07 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a> Canolfan Edward Llwyd, Prifysgol Cymru</li> <li><a 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