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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Esmeralda</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Grand opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Louise Bertin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda,_Act_3,_Scene_2_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stage design for an opera, for a room in the tavern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_3%2C_Scene_2_set.jpg/290px-Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_3%2C_Scene_2_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_3%2C_Scene_2_set.jpg/435px-Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_3%2C_Scene_2_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_3%2C_Scene_2_set.jpg/580px-Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_3%2C_Scene_2_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5777" data-file-height="4220" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stage design by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Cambon" title="Charles-Antoine Cambon">Cambon</a> for act 3, scene 2</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">14 November 1836<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1836-11-14</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique</a>, Paris</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>La Esmeralda</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> in four acts composed by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Louise Bertin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, who had adapted it from his 1831 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></i> (<i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opera premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique</a> in Paris on 14 November 1836 with <a href="/wiki/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon" title="Cornélie Falcon">Cornélie Falcon</a> in the title role. Despite the lavish production, the premiere was a failure, and <i>La Esmeralda</i> proved to be the last opera composed by Bertin, although she lived for another 40 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg/170px-Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg/255px-Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg/340px-Louise_Bertin_by_Victor_Mottez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Louise Bertin</a>, the composer of <i>La Esmeralda</i>, in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Mottez" title="Victor Mottez">Victor Mottez</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Partially paralyzed from birth, and basically chair-bound, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Louise Bertin</a> had been somewhat of a child prodigy. She painted, wrote poetry, and when she was only 19 composed her first opera, <i>Guy Mannering</i> for which she also wrote the libretto based on <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mannering_or_The_Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Mannering or The Astrologer">Guy Mannering or The Astrologer</a></i>. Two of her later operas were produced at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_loup-garou" title="Le loup-garou">Le loup-garou</a></i> (<i>The Werewolf</i>) in 1827 and <i>Fausto</i> in 1831 (again with a libretto by Bertin, this time adapted from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg/170px-Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg/255px-Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg/340px-Victor_Hugo_by_Leon_Noel_1832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="2921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, the librettist of <i>La Esmeralda</i>, in an 1832 portrait by Alphonse-Léon Noël</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlioz_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Berlioz_young.jpg/170px-Berlioz_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Berlioz_young.jpg/255px-Berlioz_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Berlioz_young.jpg/340px-Berlioz_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, who supervised the rehearsals, in an 1832 portrait by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Signol" title="Émile Signol">Émile Signol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although many of Victor Hugo's plays and novels were later adapted as operas (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Blas" title="Ruy Blas">Ruy Blas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Angelo, Tyrant of Padua">Angelo, Tyrant of Padua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor" title="Marie Tudor">Marie Tudor</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lucr%C3%A8ce_Borgia" title="Lucrèce Borgia">Lucrèce Borgia</a></i>), <i>La Esmeralda</i> was the first and only libretto which he wrote himself in direct collaboration with the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after he completed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> in 1830, Hugo began sketching out an operatic adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibberd200937_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibberd200937-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the novel had brought him many offers from composers anxious to turn it into an opera, including <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo_1964,_II_1901_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo_1964,_II_1901-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had declined those proposals, but according to Hugo's wife, he changed his mind out of friendship for the Bertin family.<sup id="cite_ref-Halsall171_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halsall171-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1832, while Hugo was staying with the Bertins, Louise, supported by her father <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bertin" title="Louis-François Bertin">Louis-François Bertin</a>, asked him for permission to create an opera from the work. He immediately commenced work on a libretto, completing it on his return to Paris (despite the frenzy of rehearsals for his play <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_s%27amuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roi s'amuse">Le Roi s'amuse</a></i>), and sending Louise the first draft manuscript on 30 October 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo_1964,_II_1901_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo_1964,_II_1901-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of preparing the final libretto was slow, and rehearsals for the opera did not begin until over three years after Hugo wrote the first lines. Bertin's requests for lines of various lengths to fit the music partly contributed to this as well as the task of condensing a long novel into a four-hour opera. Many of the characters were eliminated including Jehan Frollo, the dissolute younger brother of the chief antagonist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Frollo" title="Claude Frollo">Claude Frollo</a>, although some aspects of his character were incorporated into Claude's. The titular character of the novel, <a href="/wiki/Quasimodo" title="Quasimodo">Quasimodo</a>, has a much reduced role in the opera, which concentrates more on the love story between <a href="/wiki/Esm%C3%A9ralda_(The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esméralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)">Esmeralda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Phoebus" title="Captain Phoebus">Phoebus</a>. At Bertin's request, the ending of the novel was also changed with Esmeralda escaping execution. In 1834, <i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i> had been placed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i>, the list of works condemned by the Catholic Church. The opera libretto was submitted to the censors in January 1836 who required the title to be changed to <i>La Esmeralda</i> and all references to Claude Frollo as a priest to be removed. (The printed libretto which was sold prior to the premiere did have the change of title but retained the use of "priest" regardless, and some of the singers at the premiere sang the original lines, claiming they had forgotten which words were censored.)<sup id="cite_ref-Halsall171_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halsall171-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No expense was spared for the production. The four principal roles were assigned to the reigning stars of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon" title="Cornélie Falcon">Cornélie Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Nourrit" title="Adolphe Nourrit">Adolphe Nourrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Levasseur" title="Nicolas Levasseur">Nicolas Levasseur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Auguste_Massol" title="Jean-Étienne-Auguste Massol">Jean-Étienne Massol</a>. The well-known interior and theatrical designers Humanité-René Philastre and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Cambon" title="Charles-Antoine Cambon">Charles-Antoine Cambon</a> designed the sets and costumes. Bertin's limited mobility made it difficult for her to participate in the rehearsals, and her father commissioned Berlioz to conduct the rehearsals and direct the singers. Berlioz found the experience dispiriting. The singers and orchestra were unenthusiastic, and showed it during the rehearsals. There were also backstage rumblings that the opera was only being produced because of the Bertin family's influence and a persistent rumor that Berlioz had written the best arias in the piece, a back-handed compliment which he firmly denied. He wrote to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, "What an inferno that whole world is, an ice-cold inferno!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2003121_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2003121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo was travelling in Brittany and absent for almost all the rehearsals. According to <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Adèle Hugo</a>, on his return he was not pleased with the set and costume designs, finding, in his opinion, "nothing rich nor picturesque." In particular, he found the use of obviously new cloth to clothe the beggars and vagabonds inappropriate and blurred the distinction between the social classes.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg/290px-Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg/435px-Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg/580px-Vue_de_la_nouvelle_salle_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra_prise_de_la_rue_de_Provence_-_NYPL_Digital_Collections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7050" data-file-height="4351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique</a> where <i>La Esmeralda</i> premiered in 1836</figcaption></figure> <p><i>La Esmeralda</i> premiered on 14 November 1836 at the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Le_Peletier" title="Salle Le Peletier">Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some disruption at the premiere, as members of the audience who disliked the Bertin family shouted out that the work had been written by Berlioz. Berlioz himself denied this accusation, and labelled Bertin a "writer and a musician of considerable distinction and one of the most intelligent women of our time". There were also accusations that it had only been performed because of her brother's connection to the administration of the Paris Opera and the family's directorship of the influential newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_d%C3%A9bats" title="Journal des débats">Journal des débats</a></i> (to which both Victor Hugo and Berlioz were contributors) led to open disdain by those who opposed the newspaper's political stance. There were hisses and groans, and after the one aria, Quasimodo's "Air des Cloches" ("Song of the Bells") in act 4, several members of the audience, including <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, shouted "It's by Berlioz!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2003122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2003122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opera was withdrawn after six performances. For the last of these, 16 December 1836, it had been shortened to three acts and was followed by the ballet <i><a href="/wiki/La_Fille_du_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="La Fille du Danube">La Fille du Danube</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Marie_Taglioni" title="Marie Taglioni">Marie Taglioni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at the final performance, that a near-riot ensued. The anti-Bertin faction began shouting "Down with Bertin!" "Down with the <i>Journal des débats</i>!" "Bring down the curtain!" They kept it up until Cornélie Falcon fled the stage and the curtain was lowered. It was not raised again until the ballet began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2003123_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2003123-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louise Bertin would never compose another opera, although she lived for another 40 years. In her memoirs, Adèle Hugo wrote of the opera's final word, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fatalit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:fatalité">"Fatalité!"</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>A first fatality was this suppression of a work the singers of which were M. Nourrit and Mademoiselle Falcon, the composer a woman of great talent, the librettist M. Victor Hugo, and the subject <i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i>. The fatality followed the actors. Mademoiselle Falcon lost her voice; M. Nourrit soon after committed suicide in Italy. A ship called <i>Esmeralda</i>, crossing from England to Ireland, was lost, vessel and cargo. The Duke of Orleans named a mare of great value Esmeralda and in a steeple-chase she ran against a horse at a gallop and got her head broken.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The full orchestral score was never published. However, the <a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autograph</a> manuscript is held in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> and a copy in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Opera Library">library of the Paris Opera</a>. Franz Liszt's version of the score reduced for piano and voice was published by Troupenas in 1837 and republished in 2009 by Lucie Gallande. The first act, revised to include the principal arias from the rest of the opera, continued to be performed sporadically between 1837 and 1839 as a <a href="/wiki/Curtain-raiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtain-raiser">curtain-raiser</a> for ballet productions, and excerpts from the work were played in a concert in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerhard2000217_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerhard2000217-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that it sank into obscurity. However, <i>La Esmeralda</i> was revived in February 2002 when it was staged to piano accompaniment (using the Bertin/Liszt score) at the Théâtre-Opéra in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> to mark the 200th anniversary of Hugo's birth. A concert performance using the full orchestral score was given on 23 July 2008 at the Opéra Berlioz in Montpellier as part of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Radio_France_et_Montpellier" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival de Radio France et Montpellier">Festival de Radio France et Montpellier</a> and later released on CD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2002_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrory2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrory2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg/200px-Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg/300px-Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg/400px-Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon_as_Esm%C3%A9ralda_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon" title="Cornélie Falcon">Cornélie Falcon</a> as Esmeralda</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Roles, voice types, premiere cast</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Premiere cast, 14 November 1836<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Habeneck" title="François Habeneck">François Habeneck</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Esmeralda, <i>a beautiful gypsy dancer</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon" title="Cornélie Falcon">Cornélie Falcon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phoebus de Chateaupers, <i>captain of the King's Archers</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Nourrit" title="Adolphe Nourrit">Adolphe Nourrit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Claude Frollo, <i>Archdeacon of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Levasseur" title="Nicolas Levasseur">Nicolas Levasseur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quasimodo, <i>the bell-ringer of Notre-Dame Cathedral</i> </td> <td>tenor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Auguste_Massol" title="Jean-Étienne-Auguste Massol">Jean-Étienne-Auguste Massol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fleur de Lys de Gondelaurier, <i>the wealthy fiancée of Phoebus</i> </td> <td>soprano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constance_Jawureck" title="Constance Jawureck">Constance Jawureck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madame Aloise de Gondelaurier, <i>her mother</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td>Augusta Mori-Gosselin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diane </td> <td>mezzo-soprano </td> <td>Mme. Lorotte </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bérangère </td> <td>mezzo-soprano </td> <td>Mme. Laurent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Le Vicomte de Gif </td> <td>tenor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Dupont" title="Alexis Dupont">Alexis Dupont</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monsieur de Chevreuse </td> <td>bass </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Pr%C3%A9v%C3%B4t" title="Ferdinand Prévôt">Ferdinand Prévôt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monsieur de Morlaix </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Jean-Jacques-Émile Serda </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clopin Trouillefou, <i>a street performer and leader of the vagabonds</i> </td> <td>tenor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Wartel" title="François Wartel">François Wartel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Le crieur public (<a href="/wiki/Town_crier" title="Town crier">town crier</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td>Hens </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>People, vagabonds, and archers</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Setting:</b> Paris, 1482<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda,_Act_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_I.jpg/290px-C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_I.jpg/435px-C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_I.jpg/580px-C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Set_design_for_Louise_Bertin%27s_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3313" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil" title="Célestin Nanteuil">Célestin Nanteuil</a>'s engraving of the act 1 set design, after <a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Cambon" title="Charles-Antoine Cambon">Cambon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>The <a href="/wiki/Cour_des_miracles" title="Cour des miracles">Cour des miracles</a> at night</i> </p><p>The beggars and thieves of Paris, led by Clopin, are celebrating carnival season with rowdy songs. Esmeralda entertains them with a gypsy dance. Frollo, the corrupt archdeacon of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a> watches the scene from his hiding place and is consumed with desire for her. Before she finishes her dance, Quasimodo, the deformed bell-ringer at the cathedral is led in to be crowned "The Fools' Pope" When Frollo angrily remonstrates with him, the crowd turns on Frollo who is rescued by Clopin. With Quasimodo's help, Frollo then attempts to kidnap Esmeralda, but she is rescued by the arrival of Phoebus and his archers. Esmeralda and Phoebus are taken with one another and as a parting gift, he gives her a scarf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: The <a href="/wiki/Place_de_Gr%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de Grève">Place de Grève</a></i> </p><p>The crowd taunts Quasimodo who has been placed in the <a href="/wiki/Stocks" title="Stocks">stocks</a> for his role in the attempted kidnap of Esmeralda. However, she takes pity on him and offers him a drink of water. </p><p><i>Scene 2: A magnificent room in the house of Fleur de Lys de Gondelaurier</i> </p><p>A reception is about to begin. Phoebus, who is engaged to Fleur de Lys, reflects on his love for Esmeralda. The guests arrive but are soon drawn to the window to watch Esmeralda who is dancing in the street below. During the course of her dance she waves the scarf which Phoebus had given her. Fleur de Lys is horrified. The scarf had been her present to Phoebus. At this sign of his infidelity, Fleur de Lys and her wealthy guests turn on Phoebus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda,_Act_III,_Scene_1_set_design_(Version_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_III%2C_Scene_1_set_design_%28Version_2%29.jpg/290px-Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_III%2C_Scene_1_set_design_%28Version_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_III%2C_Scene_1_set_design_%28Version_2%29.jpg/435px-Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_III%2C_Scene_1_set_design_%28Version_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_III%2C_Scene_1_set_design_%28Version_2%29.jpg/580px-Charles-Antoine_Cambon_-_La_Esmeralda%2C_Act_III%2C_Scene_1_set_design_%28Version_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6352" data-file-height="4344" /></a><figcaption>Cambon's design for act 3, scene 1</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Scene 1: Outside a tavern</i> </p><p>Phoebus and his men are carousing outside the tavern. He sings to them of his new love, Esmeralda, who is to meet him for a tryst at the tavern later that night. Frollo appears and attempting to prevent the tryst warns Phoebus that Esmeralda is a sorceress. </p><p>Frollo is hiding in a niche where he can spy on the lovers. In a fit of jealousy, he rushes out and attacks Phoebus with his sword badly wounding him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_4">Act 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Act 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: A prison</i> </p><p>At the behest of Frollo, Esmeralda has been imprisoned and sentenced to death for the murder of Phoebus, although unbeknownst to her he is still alive. Frollo offers to have her freed if she becomes his lover. Esmeralda angrily refuses. </p><p><i>Scene 2: A square outside Notre-Dame Cathedral</i> </p><p>As Quasimodo rings the cathedral bells, Esmeralda prepares herself for the execution. Frollo is now planning to abduct her again, this time with Clopin's help. As the crowd pours into the square to witness the execution, Quasimodo grabs Esmeralda and takes her into the cathedral where she will have sanctuary from the executioner. Attempts are made to remove her, but suddenly the wounded Phoebus arrives. His testimony exonerates her, but he dies in her arms. She throws herself on his body, vowing to follow him. Frollo cries out <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fatalit%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:fatalité">"Fatalité!"</a>, echoed by the chorus of onlookers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording">Recording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Louise Bertin: <i>La Esmeralda</i> – Maya Boog (Esmeralda), Manuel Nuñez Camelino (Phoebus), Francesco Ellero d'Artegna (Frollo), Frédéric Antoun (Quasimodo); Orchestre national de Montpellier and the Chœur de la Radio Lettone, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Foster" title="Lawrence Foster">Lawrence Foster</a> (conductor). Live recording of the performance on 23 July 2008 at the Opéra Berlioz, Montpellier. Label: Accord 4802341<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrory2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrory2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Frey, John Andrew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olFboDm4bcgC&pg=PA28"><i>A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313298967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313298967"><bdi>978-0313298967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Victor+Hugo+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0313298967&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolFboDm4bcgC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2002_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennett2002">Bennett (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibberd200937-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibberd200937_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHibberd2009">Hibberd (2009)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo_1964,_II_1901-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_1964,_II_1901_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_1964,_II_1901_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHugo1964">Hugo (1964)</a>, II, p. 1901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halsall171-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halsall171_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halsall171_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall1998">Halsall (1998)</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2003121-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2003121_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2003">Cairns (2003)</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AH_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AH_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHugo1863">Hugo (1863)</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1977" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Margaret A. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0sOyNbVH-sC&pg=PA54"><i>French Authors on Spain, 1800–1850: A Checklist</i></a>. DS Brewer. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0729300278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0729300278"><bdi>978-0729300278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Authors+on+Spain%2C+1800%E2%80%931850%3A+A+Checklist&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0729300278&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0sOyNbVH-sC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2003122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2003122_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2003">Cairns (2003)</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources have varied the order of performances, and their number, with a great deal of confusion in some contemporary accounts, repeated in later reference works. This performance history is based on the data by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis-%C3%89tienne_Nuitter" title="Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter">Charles Nuitter</a>, archivist of the Paris Opera, originally published in 1888 as the preface to <i>Edition Nationale Victor Hugo, Costumes dessinés par Louis Boulanger pour La Esmeralda</i>. The preface, which also includes the receipts for each performance, is reproduced in Appendix II of <a href="#CITEREFBennett2002">Bennett (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns2003123-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns2003123_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns2003">Cairns (2003)</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerhard2000217-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerhard2000217_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerhard2000">Gerhard (2000)</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrory2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrory2009_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrory2009_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrory2009">Crory (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The voice types for each role are from <a href="#CITEREFGerhard2000">Gerhard (2000)</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Premiere cast from <a href="#CITEREFBertinHugo1836">Bertin & Hugo (1836)</a>, p. 6; some forenames and spellings are from <a href="#CITEREFKutschRiemens2003">Kutsch & Riemens (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synopsis based on <a href="#CITEREFGerhard2000">Gerhard (2000)</a>, pp. 215–216 and <a href="#CITEREFHibberd2009">Hibberd (2009)</a>, pp. 37–39</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Bennett, Douglas M. (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donizettisociety.com/Newsletters/articlenews85.htm">"Louise-Angélique Bertin, Dilettante or Icon?"</a>. <i>Donizetti Society Newsletter</i>. No. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Donizetti+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Louise-Ang%C3%A9lique+Bertin%2C+Dilettante+or+Icon%3F&rft.issue=85&rft.date=2002-02&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donizettisociety.com%2FNewsletters%2Farticlenews85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertinHugo1836" class="citation book cs1">Bertin, Louise; Hugo, Victor (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Otc5AAAAcAAJ"><i>La Esmeralda: Opéra en quatre actes</i></a> (libretto). Maurice Schlesinger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Esmeralda%3A+Op%C3%A9ra+en+quatre+actes&rft.pub=Maurice+Schlesinger&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Bertin&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft.au=Hugo%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtc5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairns2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cairns_(writer)" title="David Cairns (writer)">Cairns, David</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwIskvIA5yQC&dq=Louise+Bertin+Esmeralda&pg=PA122"><i>Berlioz – Servitude and Greatness, 1832–1869</i></a>. Vol. 2. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24058-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24058-8"><bdi>0-520-24058-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlioz+%E2%80%93+Servitude+and+Greatness%2C+1832%E2%80%931869&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-24058-8&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwIskvIA5yQC%26dq%3DLouise%2BBertin%2BEsmeralda%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrory2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Crory, Neil (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106053743/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-211571453.html">"Review: <i>La Esmeralda</i>, Louise Bertin, Accord 4802341"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Canada" title="Opera Canada">Opera Canada</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-211571453.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+Canada&rft.atitle=Review%3A+La+Esmeralda%2C+Louise+Bertin%2C+Accord+4802341&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Crory&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-211571453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Gerhard" title="Anselm Gerhard">Gerhard, Anselm</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TynvvgmjHQC&q=Louise+Bertin"><i>The Urbanization of Opera: Music Theater in Paris in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-28858-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-28858-7"><bdi>0-226-28858-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urbanization+of+Opera%3A+Music+Theater+in+Paris+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-226-28858-7&rft.aulast=Gerhard&rft.aufirst=Anselm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TynvvgmjHQC%26q%3DLouise%2BBertin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1998" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Albert W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTyPQqvgHnUC&dq=Louise+Bertin+Esmeralda+censors&pg=PA171"><i>Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4322-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4322-4"><bdi>0-8020-4322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo+and+the+Romantic+Drama&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8020-4322-4&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Albert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTyPQqvgHnUC%26dq%3DLouise%2BBertin%2BEsmeralda%2Bcensors%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibberd2009" class="citation book cs1">Hibberd, Sarah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfI0Tg-61g4C&dq=Louise+Bertin+Esmeralda+4+acts&pg=PA37">"Monsters and the Mob: Depictions of the Grotesque on the Parisian Stage 1826–1836"</a>. In Rachael Langford (ed.). <i>Textual Intersections: Literature, History and the Arts in Nineteenth-century Europe</i>. Rodopi. pp. 20–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2731-2"><bdi>978-90-420-2731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monsters+and+the+Mob%3A+Depictions+of+the+Grotesque+on+the+Parisian+Stage+1826%E2%80%931836&rft.btitle=Textual+Intersections%3A+Literature%2C+History+and+the+Arts+in+Nineteenth-century+Europe&rft.pages=20-40&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2731-2&rft.aulast=Hibberd&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfI0Tg-61g4C%26dq%3DLouise%2BBertin%2BEsmeralda%2B4%2Bacts%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Hugo, Adèle</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SvBkAAAAMAAJ&dq=Bertin+Esmeralda&pg=PA170"><i>Victor Hugo</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edwin_Wilbour" title="Charles Edwin Wilbour">Charles Edwin Wilbour</a>. Carleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.pub=Carleton&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A8le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSvBkAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3DBertin%2BEsmeralda%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1964" class="citation book cs1">Hugo, Victor (1964). J.-J. Thierry; Josette Mélèze (eds.). <i>Théatre complet</i>. Paris: Editions Gallmard (2 vols).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9atre+complet&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Gallmard+%282+vols%29&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutschRiemens2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Josef_Kutsch" title="Karl-Josef Kutsch">Kutsch, K. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leo_Riemens" title="Leo Riemens">Riemens, Leo</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_S%C3%A4ngerlexikon" title="Großes Sängerlexikon">Großes Sängerlexikon</a></i> (in German) (4th ed.). Munich: K. G. Saur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-11598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-11598-1"><bdi>978-3-598-11598-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fes+S%C3%A4ngerlexikon&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=K.+G.+Saur&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-598-11598-1&rft.aulast=Kutsch&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rft.au=Riemens%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Bennett, Douglas M. (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donizettisociety.com/Newsletters/articlenews86.htm">"<i>La Esmeralda</i> in Besançon"</a>. <i>Donizetti Society Newsletter</i>. No. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Donizetti+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=La+Esmeralda+in+Besan%C3%A7on&rft.issue=86&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donizettisociety.com%2FNewsletters%2Farticlenews86.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALa+Esmeralda+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Berlioz, Hector (20 November 1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/revueetgazettemu18363pari#page/409/mode/1up">Review of <i>La Esméralda</i></a> (in French). <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_et_gazette_musicale_de_Paris" title="Revue et gazette musicale de Paris">Revue et gazette musicale de Paris</a></i>, vol. 3, no. 47, pp. 409–411</li> <li>Berlioz, Hector and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Newman, Ernest</a> (1932/1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlNY2QgZ3OwC&dq=Louise+Bertin+Esmeralda&pg=PA220"><i>Memoirs of Hector Berlioz: from 1803 to 1865</i></a>. Edited, annotated and English translation revised by Ernest Newman. Originally published by Alfred Knopf 1932, published in facsimile by Courier Dover Publications, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21563-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21563-6">0-486-21563-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esmeralda_(opera)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:La_Esmeralda_(opera)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:La Esmeralda (opera)">La Esmeralda (opera)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8442874v/f1">Autograph score of <i>La Esmeralda</i>: act 3</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s9.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/1/1a/IMSLP841009-PMLP952770-Bertin_-_Esmeralda.pdf">Vocal Score of La Esmeralda</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" title="Template:The Hunchback of Notre Dame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" title="Template talk:The Hunchback of Notre Dame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Hunchback of Notre Dame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame_by_Victor_Hugo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quasimodo" title="Quasimodo">Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame)" title="Esmeralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)">Esmeralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Frollo" title="Claude Frollo">Claude Frollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Frollo_(Disney_character)" title="Claude Frollo (Disney character)">Disney adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Phoebus" title="Captain Phoebus">Captain Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopin_Trouillefou" title="Clopin Trouillefou">Clopin Trouillefou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gringore" title="Pierre Gringore">Pierre Gringoire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(1905_film)" title="Esmeralda (1905 film)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1911_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1911 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darling_of_Paris" title="The Darling of Paris">The Darling of Paris</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(1922_film)" title="Esmeralda (1922 film)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1956_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1976_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1976 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1982_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1982 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1986_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1986 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_(1997_film)" title="The Hunchback (1997 film)"><i>The Hunchback</i></a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasimodo_d%27El_Paris" title="Quasimodo d'El Paris">Quasimodo d'El Paris</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_II" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame II">The Hunchback of Notre Dame II</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1966_TV_series)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966 TV series)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Adventures_of_Quasimodo" title="The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo">The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>La Esmeralda</i></a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(Battista)" title="Esmeralda (Battista)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(opera)" title="Esmeralda (opera)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_(opera)" title="Notre Dame (opera)"><i>Notre Dame</i></a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(operatic_melodrama)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (operatic melodrama)"><i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i></a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(ballet)" title="La Esmeralda (ballet)"><i>La Esmeralda</i></a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(ballet)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (ballet)"><i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i></a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)"><i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i></a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(musical)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (musical)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klokkeren_fra_Notre_Dame_(musical)" title="Klokkeren fra Notre Dame (musical)"><i>Klokkeren fra Notre Dame</i></a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(soundtrack)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soundtrack)">1996 film soundtrack</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bells_of_Notre_Dame" title="The Bells of Notre Dame">The Bells of Notre Dame</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Out_There_(Disney_song)" title="Out There (Disney song)">Out There</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Topsy_Turvy_(song)" title="Topsy Turvy (song)">Topsy Turvy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Help_the_Outcasts" title="God Help the Outcasts">God Help the Outcasts</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hellfire_(song)" title="Hellfire (song)">Hellfire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Guy_Like_You" title="A Guy Like You">A Guy Like You</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Someday_(Disney_song)" title="Someday (Disney song)">Someday</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>1998 musical <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Belle_(Patrick_Fiori,_Daniel_Lavoie_and_Garou_song)" title="Belle (Patrick Fiori, Daniel Lavoie and Garou song)">Belle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vivre_(Noa_song)" title="Vivre (Noa song)">Vivre</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>1999 musical <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Made_of_Stone_(Disney_song)" title="Made of Stone (Disney song)">Made of Stone</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunchback_(video_game)" title="Hunchback (video game)">Hunchback</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Hunchback" title="Super Hunchback">Super Hunchback</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame:_Topsy_Turvy_Games" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games">The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Animated_Storybook" title="Disney's Animated Storybook">Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_3D:_Dream_Drop_Distance" title="Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance">Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Magic_Kingdoms" title="Disney Magic Kingdoms">Disney Magic Kingdoms</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(franchise)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (franchise)">Disney franchise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victor_Hugo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victor_Hugo" title="Template:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victor_Hugo" title="Template talk:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victor_Hugo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victor_Hugo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_of_Iceland" title="Hans of Iceland">Hans of Iceland</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug-Jargal" title="Bug-Jargal">Bug-Jargal</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_a_Condemned_Man" title="The Last Day of a Condemned Man">The Last Day of a Condemned Man</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Three" title="Ninety-Three">Ninety-Three</a></i> (1874)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inez_de_Castro_(melodrama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inez de Castro (melodrama) (page does not exist)">Inez de Castro</a></i> (1820; published in 1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(play)" title="Cromwell (play)">Cromwell</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amy_Robsart_(play)" title="Amy Robsart (play)">Amy Robsart</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marion_de_Lorme_(Hugo)" title="Marion de Lorme (Hugo)">Marion de Lorme</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(play)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (play)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor" title="Marie Tudor">Marie Tudor</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Angelo, Tyrant of Padua">Angelo, Tyrant of Padua</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> La Esmeralda</a></i> (1836; libretto only)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Blas" title="Ruy Blas">Ruy Blas</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Burgraves" title="Les Burgraves">Les Burgraves</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torquemada_(play)" title="Torquemada (play)">Torquemada</a></i> (1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Claude_Gueux" title="Claude Gueux">Claude Gueux</a>" (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry<br />collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_po%C3%A9sies_diverses" class="mw-redirect" title="Odes et poésies diverses">Odes et poésies diverses</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelles_Odes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelles Odes">Nouvelles Odes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_Ballades" title="Odes et Ballades">Odes et Ballades</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Orientales" title="Les Orientales">Les Orientales</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Feuilles_d%27automne" title="Les Feuilles d'automne">Les Feuilles d'automne</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chants_du_cr%C3%A9puscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chants du crépuscule (page does not exist)">Les Chants du crépuscule</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Voix_int%C3%A9rieures" title="Les Voix intérieures">Les Voix intérieures</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Rayons_et_les_Ombres" title="Les Rayons et les Ombres">Les Rayons et les Ombres</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A2timents" title="Les Châtiments">Les Châtiments</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Contemplations" title="Les Contemplations">Les Contemplations</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (Part One 1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chansons_des_rues_et_des_bois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chansons des rues et des bois (page does not exist)">Les Chansons des rues et des bois</a></i> (1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_terrible" title="L'Année terrible">L'Année terrible</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Art_d%27%C3%AAtre_grand-p%C3%A8re" title="L'Art d'être grand-père">L'Art d'être grand-père</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (Part Two 1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pape" title="Le Pape">Le Pape</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Piti%C3%A9_supr%C3%AAme" title="La Pitié suprême">La Pitié suprême</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%82ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Âne (page does not exist)">L'Âne</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Quatre_Vents_de_l%27esprit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit (page does not exist)">Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit</a></i> (1881)</li> <li>Final part of <i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fin_de_Satan" title="La Fin de Satan">La Fin de Satan</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a></i> (1891, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toute_la_Lyre" title="Toute la Lyre">Toute la Lyre</a></i> (1888, 1893, 1897, 1935-1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Ann%C3%A9es_funestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Années funestes (page does not exist)">Les Années funestes</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derni%C3%A8re_Gerbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dernière Gerbe (page does not exist)">Dernière Gerbe</a></i> (1902, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oc%C3%A9an,_Tas_de_pierres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Océan, Tas de pierres (page does not exist)">Océan, Tas de pierres</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Verso_de_la_page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Verso de la page (page does not exist)">Le Verso de la page</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse, 1814-20</i> (<a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a>, 1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Rhin" title="Le Rhin">Le Rhin</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_le_Petit" title="Napoléon le Petit">Napoléon le Petit</a></i> (1852 pamphlet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare_(essay)" title="William Shakespeare (essay)">William Shakespeare</a></i> (1864 essay)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actes_et_Paroles" title="Actes et Paroles">Actes et Paroles</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_a_Crime" title="The History of a Crime">The History of a Crime</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religions_et_religion" title="Religions et religion">Religions et religion</a></i> (1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldine_Hugo" title="Léopoldine Hugo">Léopoldine Hugo</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hugo_(writer)" title="Charles Hugo (writer)">Charles Hugo</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo" title="François-Victor Hugo">François-Victor Hugo</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Adèle Hugo</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hugo" title="Jeanne Hugo">Jeanne Hugo</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo</a> <small>(father)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Drouet" title="Juliette Drouet">Juliette Drouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Victor-Hugo_(Paris)" title="Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)">Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Victor_Hugo" title="Bust of Victor Hugo">Bust of Victor Hugo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Soeur_de_la_reine" title="La Soeur de la reine">La Soeur de la reine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_(crater)" title="Hugo (crater)">Hugo (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3208503#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3208503#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/186183737">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7743430-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009061966">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161496344">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161496344">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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