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id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lusophone_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lusophone_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Lusophone countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lusophone_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_as_a_foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_as_a_foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Portuguese as a foreign language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_as_a_foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_and_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_and_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Current status and importance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status_and_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects,_accents_and_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects,_accents_and_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dialects, accents and varieties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects,_accents_and_varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects, accents and varieties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects,_accents_and_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries_and_dependencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries_and_dependencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other countries and dependencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries_and_dependencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characterization_and_peculiarities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characterization_and_peculiarities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Characterization and peculiarities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characterization_and_peculiarities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_related_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classification and related languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification and related languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galician-Portuguese_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galician-Portuguese_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Galician-Portuguese in Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galician-Portuguese_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Influence on other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Derived languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sample text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Portuguese language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Portug%C3%A9h" title="Bahsa Portugéh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Portugéh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Португалыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Португалыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portugees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesische_Sprache" title="Portugiesische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portugiesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B1%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%9B" title="ፖርቱጊዝኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖርቱጊዝኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalkiel%C3%A2" title="Portugalkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Portugalkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुर्तगाली भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पुर्तगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuglisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Portuglisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Portuglisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Апортугал бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Апортугал бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma portugués – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma portugués" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Português – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Português" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma portugués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma portugués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुर्तगाली भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पुर्तगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poytuga%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Poytugañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Poytugañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuqal_dili" title="Portuqal dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portuqal dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پورتوقال دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتوقال دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Portugis" title="Basa Portugis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Portugis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পর্তুগিজ ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগিজ ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Purtugis" title="Basa Purtugis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Purtugis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BB-t%C3%B4-g%C3%A2-g%C3%AD" title="Phû-tô-gâ-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phû-tô-gâ-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Португал теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Португал теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Партугальская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партугальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Партугальская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Партугальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुर्तगाली भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पुर्तगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuges" title="Portuges – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Portuges" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Португалски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Португалски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesische_Sproch" title="Portugiesische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Portugiesische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="པོ་ཅུ་གྷལ་གྱི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པོ་ཅུ་གྷལ་གྱི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalski_jezik" title="Portugalski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portugalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaleg" title="Portugaleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Portugaleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Португал хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Португал хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A8s" title="Portuguès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portuguès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Португал чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Португал чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Portuges" title="Pinulongang Portuges – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Portuges" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C5%A1tina" title="Portugalština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portugalština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottug%C3%A9s" title="Pottugés – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pottugés" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma portugués – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Idioma portugués" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiputukezi" title="Chiputukezi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiputukezi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portughese" title="Lingua portughese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua portughese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portiwgaleg" title="Portiwgaleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Portiwgaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk_(sprog)" title="Portugisisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portugisisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لبرتغالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبرتغالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1lagiella" title="Portugálagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Portugálagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesische_Sprache" title="Portugiesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portugiesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AF%DE%97%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%AA" title="ޕޯޗުގީޒު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޯޗުގީޒު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Portugišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Portugišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_keel" title="Portugali keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugali keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Πορτογαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πορτογαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtughe%E1%B9%A1" title="Purtugheṡ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Purtugheṡ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Португалонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Португалонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma portugués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma portugués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugala_lingvo" title="Portugala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_portuguesa" title="Lengua portuguesa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuges" title="Portuges – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portuges" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94tugisgbe" title="Pɔtugisgbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔtugisgbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان پرتغالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پرتغالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_bhasa" title="Portuguese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Portuguese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Portugisiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Portugisiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugais" title="Portugais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portugais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portegeesk" title="Portegeesk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Portegeesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_portughese" title="Lenghe portughese – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe portughese" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phortaing%C3%A9ilis" title="An Phortaingéilis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phortaingéilis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portiugish" title="Portiugish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Portiugish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugez_dili" title="Portugez dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Portugez dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portagailis" title="Portagailis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Portagailis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portuguesa" title="Lingua portuguesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ФордгӀалой мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ФордгӀалой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="葡萄牙語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtugez_bhas" title="Purtugez bhas – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Purtugez bhas" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9-th%C3%B2-ng%C3%A0-ng%C3%AE" title="Phù-thò-ngà-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phù-thò-ngà-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EC%96%B4" title="포르투갈어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Portuguese" title="Harshen Portuguese – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Portuguese" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Pukik%C4%AB" title="ʻŌlelo Pukikī – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pukikī" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պորտուգալերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुर्तगाली भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुर्तगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Portugalšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Portugalšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalski_jezik" title="Portugalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portugalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalana_linguo" title="Portugalana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Portugalana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Portuges" title="Pagsasao a Portuges – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Portuges" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portugese" title="Lingua portugese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua portugese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalesi" title="Portugalesi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Portugalesi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausigalatun_uqautchiq" title="Pausigalatun uqautchiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pausigalatun uqautchiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Португайлаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Португайлаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi_Portuguese" title="Ulwimi Portuguese – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi Portuguese" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiPutukezi" title="IsiPutukezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiPutukezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%BAgalska" title="Portúgalska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portúgalska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portoghese" title="Lingua portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פורטוגזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטוגזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Portugis" title="Basa Portugis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Portugis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94r%C9%A9t%C9%A9g%C9%9B%C9%9B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಪೋರ್ಚುಗೀಯ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋರ್ಚುಗೀಯ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Portuges" title="Amanung Portuges – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Portuges" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Португал тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Португал тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პორტუგალიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტუგალიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8E%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B2_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پُرتَگیٖز زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پُرتَگیٖز زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Португал тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Португал тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portyngalek" title="Portyngalek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Portyngalek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiporutigali" title="Igiporutigali – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igiporutigali" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kireno" title="Kireno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kireno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Португал кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Португал кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimputulukesi" title="Kimputulukesi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kimputulukesi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_p%C3%B2tig%C3%A8" title="Lang pòtigè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang pòtigè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potidj%C3%A9" title="Potidjé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Potidjé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_port%C3%BBgal%C3%AE" title="Zimanê portûgalî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê portûgalî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Португал тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Португал тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_portughesc" title="Lingaz portughesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz portughesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portugeza" title="Lingua portugeza – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua portugeza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາປອກຕຸຍການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາປອກຕຸຍການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Portugalīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Portugalīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Lusitana" title="Lingua Lusitana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Lusitana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Portugāļu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisesch" title="Portugisesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portugisesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Португал чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Португал чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Portugalų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoa_portogheize" title="Lengoa portogheize – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoa portogheize" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Portugees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipulutug%C9%9B%CC%81si" title="Lipulutugɛ́si – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lipulutugɛ́si" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuges_(lingua)" title="Portuges (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Portuges (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_portoghesa" title="Lengua portoghesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua portoghesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1l_nyelv" title="Portugál nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugál nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Португалски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Португалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_p%C3%B4rtogey" title="Fiteny pôrtogey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny pôrtogey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പോർച്ചുഗീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോർച്ചുഗീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_P%C5%8Dtik%C4%AB" title="Reo Pōtikī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Pōtikī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोर्तुगीज भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्तुगीज भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პორტუგალიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პორტუგალიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="لغه بورتوجالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه بورتوجالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پرتغالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرتغالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯨꯒꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯔꯇꯨꯒꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Portugih" title="Bahaso Portugih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Portugih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B2-d%C3%B2%CC%A4-ng%C3%A0-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Buò-dò̤-ngà-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buò-dò̤-ngà-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_pertuesa" title="Lhéngua pertuesa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua pertuesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Португал хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Португал хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပေါ်တူဂီဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါ်တူဂီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Portugees" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोर्तगाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोर्तगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="पोर्चुगिज भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोर्चुगिज भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ポルトガル語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_purtuese" title="Lengua purtuese – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua purtuese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Португалихойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Португалихойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiisk_spriak" title="Portugiisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Portugiisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porchuguees" title="Porchuguees – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Porchuguees" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk" title="Portugisisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk" title="Portugisisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Portugisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%BBndgais" title="Portûndgais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Portûndgais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalum" title="Portugalum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Portugalum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Portugués – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portugués" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Португал йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Португал йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_tili" title="Portugal tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portugal tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Salitan Português – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Português" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پرتگالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرتگالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugues" title="Portugues – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Portugues" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پرتګالي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرتګالي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puotigiis" title="Puotigiis – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puotigiis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាព័រទុយហ្គាល់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាព័រទុយហ្គាល់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9" title="Portugué – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Portugué" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_portugh%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga portughèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga portughèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugeesche_Spraak" title="Portugeesche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Portugeesche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_portugalski" title="Język portugalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język portugalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" title="Língua portuguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_tili" title="Portugal tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Portugal tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_tili" title="Portugal tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Portugal tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_P%C5%8Dt%C4%ABt%C4%AB" title="Reo Pōtītī – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Pōtītī" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_portughez%C4%83" title="Limba portugheză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba portugheză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portugaisa" title="Lingua portugaisa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua portugaisa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtuyis_simi" title="Purtuyis simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purtuyis simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Портуґальскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Портуґальскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Португальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Португаал тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Португаал тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Potukale" title="Faʻa Potukale – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Potukale" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुर्तगालीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पुर्तगालीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱩᱜᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_portughesa" title="Limba portughesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba portughesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_leid" title="Portuguese leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portuguese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Putawya" title="Kari Putawya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Putawya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepotokisi" title="Sepotokisi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sepotokisi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_portugeze" title="Gjuha portugeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha portugeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_portughisa" title="Lingua portughisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua portughisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portuguese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="پورچوگيزي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پورچوگيزي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C4%8Dina" title="Portugalčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portugalčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Portugalščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portugalščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_godka" title="Portugalsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Portugalsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی پورتوگالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی پورتوگالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Португалски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Португалски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalski_jezik" title="Portugalski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portugalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Portugis" title="Basa Portugis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Portugis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_kieli" title="Portugalin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiska" title="Portugisiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugisiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Portuges" title="Wikang Portuges – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Portuges" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="போர்த்துக்கேய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துக்கேய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tab%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%ADqqizt" title="Tutlayt Tabṛṭqqizt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tabṛṭqqizt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tapu%E1%B9%9Btugit" title="Tutlayt tapuṛtugit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tapuṛtugit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Португал теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Португал теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%82%89%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇပေႃးတူႉၵၢဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇပေႃးတူႉၵၢဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="పోర్చుగీసు భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోర్చుగీసు భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-portug%C3%A9s" title="Lia-portugés – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-portugés" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="ภาษาโปรตุเกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโปรตุเกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони португалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони португалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_faka-Potukali" title="Lea faka-Potukali – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lea faka-Potukali" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%89%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಪೋರ್ಚುಗೀಸ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪೋರ್ಚುಗೀಸ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekizce" title="Portekizce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekizce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_dili" title="Portugal dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Portugal dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Португальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Португальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرتگیزی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرتگیزی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="پورتۇگال تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پورتۇگال تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_portogheze" title="Łéngua portogheze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua portogheze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijan_kel%27" title="Portugalijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Portugalijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Portugänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Portugänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_kiil" title="Portugali kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Portugali kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Portuguès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Portuguès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Portugees" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinortuges" title="Pinortuges – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinortuges" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="葡萄牙语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄牙语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiputukezi" title="Xiputukezi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xiputukezi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="פארטוגעזיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארטוגעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_P%E1%BB%8Dtog%C3%AD" title="Èdè Pọtogí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Pọtogí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87" title="葡萄牙文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葡萄牙文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekizki" title="Portekizki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Portekizki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puortogalu_kalba" title="Puortogalu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puortogalu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄牙語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Portugis" title="Saro Portugis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Portugis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Portugis" title="Boros Portugis – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Portugis" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Portugis" title="Jaku Portugis – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku 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Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romance language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Português" redirects here. For the cigarette brand, see <a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_(cigarette)" title="Português (cigarette)">Português (cigarette)</a>. For the gold coin, see <a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_(coin)" title="Português (coin)">Português (coin)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Portuguese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">português</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[puɾtuˈɣeʃ]</a> / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[poʁtuˈɡe(j)s]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Lusophone Africa</a>, and other locations in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_world" title="Portuguese-speaking world">Portuguese-speaking world</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 236 million (2012–2022)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 27 million (2022)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> Total: 264 million<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Portuguese</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Manually coded Portuguese</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">Ten countries (Nine sovereign states)</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">One dependency</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">Cultural language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_organisations_which_have_Portuguese_as_an_official_language" title="List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language">Numerous international organizations</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lisbon Academy of Sciences">Lisbon Academy of Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Academy_of_Sciences,_Class_of_Letters" title="Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Class of Letters">Lisbon Academy Class of Letters</a>)</li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Academia Brasileira de Letras</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/wiki/Escola_Portuguesa_de_Mo%C3%A7ambique" title="Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique">Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique</a> (future)</li></ul> </div>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=pt">pt</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=363">por</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/por" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:por">por</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/port1283">port1283</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-a">51-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/320px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/480px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/640px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Countries or regions where Portuguese is the native language of the majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official or administrative language but not a majority native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries and territories where Portuguese is a cultural or secondary language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Portuguese (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: português or língua portuguesa) is a <a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Romance language">Western Romance language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a> originating from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CPLP-6">[6]</a> and has co-official language status in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> (lusófono). As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-Romance group</a> that evolved from several dialects of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a>, and has kept some <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Celtic</a> phonology.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> With approximately 236 million native speakers and 27 million <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> speakers, Portuguese has approximately 263.8 million total speakers.<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> It is usually listed as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">fifth-most spoken native language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and the second-most spoken <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> in the world, surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. Being the most widely spoken language in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and the most-spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> it is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, one of the 10 most spoken languages in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and an official language of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States#Official_languages" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, an international organization made up of all of the world's officially <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> nations. In 1997, a comprehensive academic study ranked Portuguese as one of the 10 most influential languages in the world.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Portuguese language">History of the Portuguese language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Will_of_Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Will of Afonso II of Portugal">Will of Afonso II of Portugal</a></div> When the <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Romans</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 216 BC, they brought with them the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>, from which all Romance languages are descended. The language was spread by Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. For that reason, the language has kept a relevant substratum of much older, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic European</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic Culture">Megalithic Culture</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gramatica_2007-21">[21]</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic group</a> of ancient languages.<a href="#cite_note-Colera_2007_p.750_quote-22">[22]</a> In Latin, the Portuguese language is known as lusitana or (latina) lusitanica, after the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>, a pre-Celtic tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Portugal and Spain that adopted the Latin language as Roman settlers moved in. This is also the origin of the luso- prefix, seen in terms like "<a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a>". Between AD 409 and AD 711, as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> collapsed in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. The occupiers, mainly <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> who originally spoke <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, quickly adopted late Roman culture and the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> dialects of the peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated into the local populations. Some Germanic words from that period are part of the Portuguese lexicon, together with place names, surnames, and first names. With the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest</a> beginning in 711, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">remaining Christian population</a> continued to speak a form of <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance">Romance</a> called <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a> which introduced a few hundred words from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Berber.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Like other Neo-Latin and European languages, Portuguese has adopted a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> mainly in technical and scientific terminology. These borrowings occurred via Latin, and later during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Portuguese evolved from the medieval language spoken in the northwestern medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> once formed part of. This variety has been retrospectively named <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, Old Portuguese, or Old Galician by linguists.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png/220px-Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png/330px-Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png/440px-Idioma_galaicoportugu%C3%A9s.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Spoken area of <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> (also known as Old Portuguese or Medieval Galician) in the kingdoms of Galicia and León around the 10th century, before the separation of <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and Portuguese</figcaption></figure>It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>, which had by then assumed reign over <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. In the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a> in Christian <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, much as <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> was the language of the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_literature#Poetry_of_the_troubadours" title="Occitan literature">poetry of the troubadours</a> in France. The Occitan digraphs lh and nh, used in its classical orthography, were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet#Basic_digraphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">orthography of Portuguese</a>, presumably by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Braga" title="Gerald of Braga">Gerald of Braga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> a monk from <a href="/wiki/Moissac" title="Moissac">Moissac</a>, who became bishop of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written Portuguese using classical Occitan norms.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I of Portugal</a>. In 1290, King <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis of Portugal</a> created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais, which later moved to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">Coimbra</a>) and decreed for Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", to be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Portuguese discoveries</a>, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. By the mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. The Portuguese expanded across South America, across Africa to the Pacific Ocean, taking their language with them. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people and by its association with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> efforts, which led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a> such as that called <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a> in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão, "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a>, in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical Greek</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> (learned words borrowed from Latin also came from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a>, the form of Latin during that time), which greatly enriched the lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing, and eventually speech, in Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Spanish author <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language", while the Brazilian poet <a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a> described it as a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela ("the last flower of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, naïve and beautiful").<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Portuguese is also termed "the language of Camões", after <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Cam%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Vaz de Camões">Luís Vaz de Camões</a>, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Lusiads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lusiads">The Lusiads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In March 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Portuguese_Language" title="Museum of the Portuguese Language">Museum of the Portuguese Language</a>, an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in the world.<a href="#cite_note-NOVA-40">[40]</a> The museum is the first of its kind in the world.<a href="#cite_note-NOVA-40">[40]</a> In 2015 the museum was partially destroyed in a fire,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> but restored and reopened in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG/220px-Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG/330px-Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG/440px-Multilingual_Emergency_Assembly_Area_Sign_in_Oizumi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sign in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in <a href="/wiki/Oizumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oizumi">Oizumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, which has a large <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">lusophone</a> community due to the return immigration of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Japanese Brazilians</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> Portuguese is spoken by approximately 200 million people in South America, 30 million in Africa, 15 million in Europe, 5 million in North America and 0.33 million in Asia and Oceania. It is the native language of the vast majority of the people in Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-Special_Eurobarometer_243-44">[44]</a> Brazil<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and São Tomé and Príncipe (95%).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Around 75% of the population of urban Angola speaks Portuguese natively,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> with approximately 85% fluent; these rates are lower in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Just over 50% (and rapidly increasing) of the population of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> are native speakers of Portuguese, and 70% are fluent, according to the 2007 census.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Almost 50% of the East Timorese are fluent in Portuguese. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks the Portuguese-based <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a>. Portuguese is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a> as one of the languages spoken by communities within the country for which the <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a> was charged with promoting and ensuring respect.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> There are also significant Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in many territories including <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (17.1%),<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (400,275 people in the 2006 census),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (1,625,000 people),<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (400,000 people),<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (about 25% of the population as of 2021), <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (about 4–5% of the population, mainly refugees from Angola in the north of the country),<a href="#cite_note-www.namibian.com.na-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (10.7% or 636,000 people),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (550,000 in 2019, learning + mother tongue),<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (554,000),<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the United States (0.35% of the population or 1,228,126 speakers according to the 2007 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In some parts of former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> the language is still spoken by about 10,000 people. In 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Approximately 2% of the people of Macau, China are fluent speakers of Portuguese. Additionally, the language is being very actively studied in the Chinese school system right up to the doctorate level. The <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a>, a Portuguese-Malay creole; however, the Portuguese language itself is not widely spoken in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/440px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/660px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/880px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">Countries and regions where Portuguese has official status</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a><a href="#cite_note-CPLP-6">[6]</a> (in Portuguese Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, with the Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the nine independent countries that have Portuguese as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>: <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CPLP-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> made a formal application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010, a status given only to states with Portuguese as an official language.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Portuguese became its third official language (besides <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> in 2011, and in July 2014, the country was accepted as a member of the CPLP.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Portuguese is also one of the official languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>) and of several international organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-africa-union.org-73">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-africa-union.org-73">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a><a href="#cite_note-africa-union.org-73">[73]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lusophone_countries">Lusophone countries</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>'s country population estimates for 2018, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Population of country<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-77">[77]</a> </th> <th>More information </th> <th>Native language of the majority </th> <th>Spoken by </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">203,062,512</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese in Brazil</a></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td>95% as a native language<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.ST-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,981,281</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Portuguese in Angola</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>40% as a native language, 60% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.AO-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,513,805</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Portuguese in Mozambique</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>17% as a native language, 44% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.ST-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,467,366</td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">Portuguese in Portugal</a></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td>95% as a native language<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.PT-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,078,820</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese" title="Guinean Portuguese">Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>0.3% as a native language, 20% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.TL-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>2</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,679,172</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,340,513</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">Portuguese in East Timor</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>0.1% as a native language; 50% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.TL-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">682,300</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese in Macau</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>0.5% as a native language, 3% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.MO-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">561,901</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese" title="Cape Verdean Portuguese">Portuguese in Cape Verde</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>2% as a native language, 48% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.CV-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">220,372</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tomean_Portuguese" title="São Tomean Portuguese">Portuguese in São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td>65% as a native language, 99% total<a href="#cite_note-Ethn.ST-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td style="text-align:left;">Total</td> <td style="text-align:right;">288,588,042</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="font-size:85%;">Notes: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> is one of the two autonomous <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China</a> (the other being <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Anglophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, a former British colony).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> adopted Portuguese as one of its official languages in 2007, being admitted to CPLP in 2014. The use of the Portuguese language in this country is limited.</li></ol></div> The combined population of the entire <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> area was estimated at 300 million in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> This number does not include the Lusophone <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, estimated at 10 million people (including 4.5 million Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, although it is hard to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens born outside of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. Additionally, a large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the high number of Brazilian and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">PALOP</a> emigrant citizens in Portugal or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil. The Portuguese language therefore serves more than 250 million people daily, who have direct or indirect legal, juridical and social contact with it, varying from the only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_as_a_foreign_language">Portuguese as a foreign language</h3></div> Portuguese is a mandatory subject in the school curriculum in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Other countries where Portuguese is commonly taught in schools or where it has been introduced as an option include <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-estadao-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-estadao-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-www.namibian.com.na-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-estadao-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-estadao-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2017, a project was launched to introduce Portuguese as a school subject in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Also, according to Portugal's Minister of Foreign Affairs, the language will be part of the school curriculum of a total of 32 countries by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In such countries, Portuguese is spoken either as a native language by vast majorities due to their Portuguese colonial past or as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in bordering and multilingual regions, such as on the Brazilian borders of Uruguay and Paraguay and in regions of Angola and Namibia. In many other countries, Portuguese is spoken by majorities as a second language. There remain communities of thousands of Portuguese (or <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>) first language speakers in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>, and other areas due to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonization</a>. In East Timor, the number of Portuguese speakers is quickly increasing as Portuguese and Brazilian teachers are making great strides in teaching Portuguese in the schools all over the island.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Additionally, there are many large Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities all over the world. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> (July 2017 est.) </th> <th>More information </th> <th>Mandatory taught </th> <th>Spoken by </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">3,444,006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Portuguese in Uruguay</a></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td>Significant minority as a native language; significant minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">43,847,430</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese in Argentina (page does not exist)">Portuguese in Argentina</a></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td>Minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">7,052,984</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Portuguese in Paraguay</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Significant minority as a native language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">31,568,179</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese in Venezuela (page does not exist)">Portuguese in Venezuela</a></td> <td data-sort-value="Yes" style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes2"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/13px-Check-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/20px-Check-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Check-green.svg/26px-Check-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td>Minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">57,725,600</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese in South Africa</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a native language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">2,606,971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese in Namibia</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a native language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">5,125,821</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese in Congo</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">16,591,390</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese in Zambia</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">15,411,614</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese in Senegal</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a second language </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></td> <td style="text-align: right">1,343,098</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Portuguese in Eswatini</a></td> <td data-sort-value="No" style="background: #FFE3E3; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/13px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/20px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dark_Red_x.svg/26px-Dark_Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td>Small minority as a second language </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg/220px-MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg/330px-MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg/440px-MC_%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80_Macau_%E6%B8%AF%E7%8F%A0%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B_HK-Zhu-Macau_Bridge_port_building_Jan_2019_IX2_63.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Multilingual signage in Chinese, Portuguese and English at the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</a> port building in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Portuguese is a co-official language in Macau.</figcaption></figure> According to estimates by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Portuguese is the fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="European language">European language</a> after <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and the language has, according to the newspaper The Portugal News publishing data given from UNESCO, the highest potential for growth as an international language in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Portugal_News-96">[96]</a> Portuguese is a globalized language spoken officially on five continents, and as a second language by millions worldwide. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic community of <a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a> with other South American nations, namely <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, Portuguese is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools of those South American countries. Although early in the 21st century, after <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> was returned to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and immigration of Brazilians of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese descent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with economically powerful Portuguese-speaking countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status_and_importance">Current status and importance</h3></div> Portuguese, being a language spread on all continents, has official status in several international organizations. It is one of twenty official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, an official language of NATO, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (alongside Spanish, French and English), and one of eighteen official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>. Portuguese is a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> (alongside English, German, Spanish, French, Arabic and Russian), <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, French, German, and Italian), and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Médecins sans Frontières">Médecins sans Frontières</a> (used alongside English, Spanish, French and Arabic), in addition to being the official legal language in the <a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>, also in <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, an international organization formed essentially by <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">lusophone countries</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects,_accents_and_varieties">Dialects, accents and varieties</h2></div> Modern Standard <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a> (português padrão<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> or português continental) is based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including and surrounding the cities of <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, in central Portugal. Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. The same occur with the Santomean, Mozambican, Bissau-Guinean, Angolan and Cape Verdean dialects, being exclusive to Africa. See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Africa">Portuguese in Africa</a>. Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png/220px-Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png/330px-Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png/440px-Portugal_portuguese_dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Portugal's Portuguese dialects</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg/220px-Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg/330px-Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg/440px-Falantes_PT_no_mundo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of worldwide Portuguese speakers per country</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som69.html">Micaelense (Açores)</a> (São Miguel) – <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som40.html">Alentejano</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan Portuguese</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a> subdialect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som44.html">Algarvio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> (there is a particular dialect in a small part of western Algarve).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som1.html">Minhoto</a> – Districts of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> and Viana do Castelo (hinterland).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som49.html">Beirão; Alto-Alentejano</a> – Central Portugal (hinterland).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som9.html">Beirão</a> – Central Portugal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som22.html">Estremenho</a> – Regions of <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (this is a disputed denomination, as Coimbra and is not part of "Estremadura", and the Lisbon dialect has some peculiar features that are not only not shared with that of Coimbra, but also significantly distinct and recognizable to most native speakers from elsewhere in Portugal).</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngolaLanguageMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AngolaLanguageMap.png/220px-AngolaLanguageMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AngolaLanguageMap.png/330px-AngolaLanguageMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AngolaLanguageMap.png/440px-AngolaLanguageMap.png 2x" data-file-width="5837" data-file-height="6023" /></a><figcaption>Map of Angola 2024 - native majority Portuguese speakers</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos,_Macao,_2013-08-08,_DD_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_03.jpg/220px-Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_03.jpg/330px-Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_03.jpg/440px-Edificio_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos%2C_Macao%2C_2013-08-08%2C_DD_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4088" data-file-height="3187" /></a><figcaption>The main <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> building of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som60.html">Madeirense</a> (Madeiran) – <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som14.html">Portuense</a> – Regions of the district of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal" title="Aveiro, Portugal">Aveiro</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som6.html">Transmontano</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_e_Alto_Douro" class="mw-redirect" title="Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro">Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro</a>.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg/220px-Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg/330px-Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg/440px-Uso_dos_pronomes_de_segunda_pessoa_no_Brasil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>The status of second person pronouns in Brazil: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <div class="legend">  Near exclusive use of você (greater than 96%)</div><div class="legend">  Decidedly predominant use of tu (greater than 80%), but with near exclusive third person (você-like) verbal conjugation.</div><div class="legend">  50-50 você/tu variation, with tu being nearly always accompanied by third person (você-like) verbal conjugation.</div><div class="legend">  Decidedly predominant to near exclusive use of tu (76% to 95%) with reasonable frequency of second person (tu-like) verbal conjugation.</div><div class="legend">  Balanced você/tu distribution, being tu exclusively accompanied by third person (você-like) verbal conjugation.</div><div class="legend">  Balanced você/tu distribution, tu being predominantly accompanied by third person (você-like) verbal conjugation.</div><div class="legend">  No data</div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg/220px-2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg/330px-2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg/440px-2018_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_Fachada_do_Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_-_Luis_de_Cam%C3%B5es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a> of the Portuguese Poet <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a> at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Portuguese_Cabinet_of_Reading" title="Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading">Real Gabinete Português de Leitura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg/220px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg/330px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg/440px-Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_luz-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Portuguese_Language" title="Museum of the Portuguese Language">Museum of the Portuguese Language</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></figcaption></figure> Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">Caipira</a> – Spoken in the states of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> (most markedly on the countryside and rural areas); southern <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>. Depending on the vision of what constitutes caipira, <a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%A2ngulo_Mineiro" title="Triângulo Mineiro">Triângulo Mineiro</a>, border areas of <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a> and the remaining parts of Mato Grosso do Sul are included, and the frontier of caipira in Minas Gerais is expanded further northerly, though not reaching metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>. It is often said that caipira appeared by <a href="/wiki/Decreolization" title="Decreolization">decreolization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi">língua brasílica</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_geral_paulista" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua geral paulista">língua geral paulista</a>, then spoken in almost all of what is now São Paulo, a former <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in most of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Centro-Sul" title="Centro-Sul">Centro-Sul</a> of Brazil before the 18th century, brought by the <a href="/wiki/Bandeirante" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandeirante">bandeirantes</a>, interior pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a>, closely related to its northern counterpart <a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a>, and that is why the dialect shows many general differences from other variants of the language.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> It has striking remarkable differences in comparison to other Brazilian dialects in phonology, prosody and grammar, often <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatized</a> as being strongly associated with a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">substandard variant</a>, now mostly rural.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_coast_Portuguese" title="North coast Portuguese">Cearense or Costa norte</a> – is a dialect spoken more sharply in the states of Ceará and Piauí. The variant of Ceará includes fairly distinctive traits it shares with the one spoken in Piauí, though, such as distinctive regional phonology and vocabulary (for example, a debuccalization process stronger than that of Portuguese, a different system of the vowel harmony that spans Brazil from fluminense and mineiro to amazofonia but is especially prevalent in nordestino, a very coherent coda sibilant palatalization as those of Portugal and Rio de Janeiro but allowed in fewer environments than in other accents of nordestino, a greater presence of dental stop palatalization to palato-alveolar in comparison to other accents of nordestino, among others, as well as a great number of archaic Portuguese words).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Baiano – Found in <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> and border regions with <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a>. Similar to nordestino, it has a very characteristic <a href="/wiki/Stress_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress timing">syllable-timed rhythm</a> and the greatest tendency to pronounce unstressed vowels as open-mid [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>].<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Br.pt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Br.pt.png/220px-Br.pt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Br.pt.png/330px-Br.pt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Br.pt.png/440px-Br.pt.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a> of Brazilian Portuguese</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som90.html">Fluminense</a> – A broad dialect with many variants spoken in the states of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a> and neighboring eastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. Fluminense formed in these previously caipira-speaking areas due to the gradual influence of European migrants, causing many people to distance their speech from their original dialect and incorporate new terms.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Fluminense is sometimes referred to as carioca, however carioca is a more specific term referring to the accent of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Greater Rio de Janeiro</a> area by speakers with a fluminense dialect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%BAcho_dialect" title="Gaúcho dialect">Gaúcho</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, similar to sulista. There are many distinct accents in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the heavy influx of European immigrants of diverse origins who have settled in colonies throughout the state, and to the proximity to <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Spanish-speaking nations</a>. The word gaúcho itself is a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> into Portuguese, of obscure <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous Amerindian</a> origins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> (but not prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%A2ngulo_Mineiro" title="Triângulo Mineiro">Triângulo Mineiro</a>). As with the fluminense area, its associated region was formerly a sparsely populated land where caipira was spoken, but <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais#History" title="Minas Gerais">the discovery of gold and gems made it the most prosperous Brazilian region</a>, attracting Portuguese colonists, commoners from other parts of Brazil, and their African slaves. The south-southwestern, <a href="/wiki/Zona_da_Mata_(Minas_Gerais)" title="Zona da Mata (Minas Gerais)">southeastern</a>, and northern areas of the state each have fairly distinctive speech, actually approximating to caipira, fluminense (popularly and often pejoratively called carioca do brejo, "marsh carioca"), and baiano respectively. <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a> and the area surrounding it have a distinctive accent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som91.html">Nordestino</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-114">[114]</a> – more marked in the <a href="/wiki/Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">Sertão</a> (7), where, in the 19th and 20th centuries and especially in the area including and surrounding the sertão (the dry land after <a href="/wiki/Agreste" title="Agreste">Agreste</a>) of Pernambuco and southern Ceará, it could sound less comprehensible to speakers of other Portuguese dialects than Galician or <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a>, and nowadays less distinctive from other variants in the metropolitan cities <a href="/wiki/Zona_da_Mata" title="Zona da Mata">along the coasts</a>. It can be divided in two regional variants, one that includes the northern <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a> and southern of <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, and other that goes from <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>.</li> <li>Nortista or <a href="/wiki/Amazofonia" title="Amazofonia">amazofonia</a> – Most of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> states, i.e. <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">Northern Brazil</a>. Before the 20th century, most people from the nordestino area fleeing the droughts and their associated poverty settled here, so it has some similarities with the Portuguese dialect there spoken. The speech in and around the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a> has a more European flavor in phonology, prosody and grammar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulistano_dialect" title="Paulistano dialect">Paulistano</a> – Variants spoken around <a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">Greater São Paulo</a> in its maximum definition and more easterly areas of São Paulo state, as well as perhaps "educated speech" from anywhere in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">the state of São Paulo</a> (where it coexists with caipira). Caipira is the hinterland sociolect of much of the <a href="/wiki/Centro-Sul" title="Centro-Sul">Central-Southern half</a> of Brazil, nowadays conservative only in the rural areas and associated with them, that has a historically <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">low prestige</a> in cities as Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, and until some years ago, in São Paulo itself. <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a>, or what by times is described as "<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">linguistic prejudice</a>", often correlated with <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">classism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> is a polemic topic in the entirety of the country since the times of <a href="/wiki/Adoniran_Barbosa#Musical_production" title="Adoniran Barbosa">Adoniran Barbosa</a>. Also, the "Paulistano" accent was heavily influenced by the presence of immigrants in the city of São Paulo, especially the Italians.</li> <li>Sertanejo – <a href="/wiki/Center-West_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-West Region, Brazil">Center-Western states</a>, and also much of <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. It is closer to mineiro, caipira, nordestino or nortista depending on the location.</li> <li>Sulista – The variants spoken in the areas between the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> and southern regions of São Paulo state, encompassing most of <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">southern Brazil</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a> does have a fairly distinct accent as well, and a relative majority of speakers around and in <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> also speak this variant (many speak florianopolitano or manezinho da ilha instead, related to the European Portuguese dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>). Speech of northern Paraná is closer to that of inland São Paulo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianopolitan_dialect" title="Florianopolitan dialect">Florianopolitano</a> – Variants heavily influenced by European Portuguese spoken in <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> city (due to a heavy immigration movement from Portugal, mainly its <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">insular regions</a>) and much of its metropolitan area, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Florian%C3%B3polis" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Florianópolis">Grande Florianópolis</a>, said to be a continuum between those whose speech most resemble sulista dialects and those whose speech most resemble fluminense and European ones, called manezinho da ilha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carioca" title="Carioca">Carioca</a> – Not a dialect, but <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a> of the fluminense variant spoken in an area roughly corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Greater Rio de Janeiro</a>. It appeared after locals came in contact with the Portuguese aristocracy amidst the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Portuguese royal family fled</a> in the early 19th century. There is actually a continuum between Vernacular countryside accents and the carioca sociolect, and the educated speech (in Portuguese norma culta, which most closely resembles other Brazilian Portuguese standards but with marked recent Portuguese influences, the nearest ones among the country's dialects along florianopolitano), so that not all people native to the state of Rio de Janeiro speak the said sociolect, but most carioca speakers will use the standard variant not influenced by it that is rather uniform around Brazil depending on context (emphasis or formality, for example).</li> <li>Brasiliense – used in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> and its metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> It is not considered a dialect, but more of a regional variant – often deemed to be closer to fluminense than the dialect commonly spoken in most of Goiás, sertanejo.</li> <li>Arco do desflorestamento or <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_da_serra_amaz%C3%B4nica" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto da serra amazônica">serra amazônica</a> – Known in its region as the "accent of the migrants", it has similarities with caipira, sertanejo and often sulista that make it differing from amazofonia (in the opposite group of Brazilian dialects, in which it is placed along nordestino, baiano, mineiro and fluminense). It is the most recent dialect, which appeared by the settlement of families from various other Brazilian regions attracted by the cheap land offer in recently <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforested</a> areas.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Recifense – used in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and its metropolitan area.</li> <li>Amazônico Ocidental — used in the extreme <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Western Amazon</a> region, namely: Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, including the region of <a href="/wiki/Boca_do_Acre" title="Boca do Acre">Boca do Acre</a> and throughout the State of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, which share important historical-cultural aspects, such as, once belonging to <a href="/wiki/Peru-Bolivian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru-Bolivian Confederation">Peru-Bolivian Confederation</a>, the First <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_cycle" title="Amazon rubber cycle">Amazon rubber cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Acre Time Zone</a>, sociologically, is considered a homogenous region. Differing from the traditional Northern dialect, in which the phonetic realization of the "s" always has the sound of ch, in the Brazilian Western Amazon region, there will only be the sound of ch whose words the "s" are in the middle of the word, as examples; costa, festa or destino, as well as the one observed in <a href="/wiki/North_coast_Portuguese" title="North coast Portuguese">dialect of the north coast</a>. Within the <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_do_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Interior do Brasil">Brazilian countryside</a>, it is one of the few areas where the phonetic realization of "r" resembles those observed in the Carioca dialect (open), other examples where this phenomenon is observed: Brasília dialect and <a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Belo Horizonte dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_(EALMG),_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_(MG),_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_%28EALMG%29%2C_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_%28MG%29%2C_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp/220px-Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_%28EALMG%29%2C_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_%28MG%29%2C_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_%28EALMG%29%2C_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_%28MG%29%2C_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp/330px-Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_%28EALMG%29%2C_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_%28MG%29%2C_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_%28EALMG%29%2C_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_%28MG%29%2C_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp/440px-Mapa_produzido_com_base_no_Esbo%C3%A7o_de_um_Atlas_Lingu%C3%ADstico_de_Minas_Gerais_%28EALMG%29%2C_Universidade_Federal_de_Juiz_de_Fora_%28MG%29%2C_1977._Com_legenda-2.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of the state of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, according to the scientific study Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Juiz_de_Fora" title="Federal University of Juiz de Fora">Federal University of Juiz de Fora</a>, 1977. The blue zone speaks <a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">mineiro</a>, the green zone <a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">caipira</a>, the yellow zone <a href="/wiki/Geraizeiro" title="Geraizeiro">geraizeiro</a>.</figcaption></figure> Você, a pronoun meaning "you", is used for educated, formal, and colloquial respectful speech in most Portuguese-speaking regions. In a few Brazilian states such as <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Pará, among others, você is virtually absent from the spoken language. Riograndense and European Portuguese normally distinguishes formal from informal speech by verbal conjugation. Informal speech employs tu followed by second person verbs, formal language retains the formal você, followed by the third person conjugation. Conjugation of verbs in tu has three different forms in Brazil (verb "to see": tu viste?, in the traditional second person, tu viu?, in the third person, and tu visse?, in the innovative second person), the conjugation used in the Brazilian states of Pará, Santa Catarina and Maranhão being generally traditional second person, the kind that is used in other Portuguese-speaking countries and learned in Brazilian schools. The predominance of Southeastern-based media products has established você as the pronoun of choice for the second person singular in both writing and multimedia communications. However, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the country's main cultural center, the usage of tu has been expanding ever since the end of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> being most frequent among youngsters, and a number of studies have also shown an increase in its use in a number of other Brazilian dialects.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries_and_dependencies">Other countries and dependencies</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som85.html">Angolano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806102044/http://www.cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som85.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Angolan Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som87.html">Cabo-verdiano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese" title="Cape Verdean Portuguese">Cape Verdean Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som84.html">Timorense</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">East Timorese Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> – Damaense (Damanese Portuguese) and Goês (<a href="/wiki/Goan_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Portuguese">Goan Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som88.html">Guineense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese" title="Guinean Portuguese">Guinean Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som92.html">Macaense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Macanese Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som89.html">Moçambicano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Mozambican Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> – <a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/som83.html">Santomense</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tomean_Portuguese" title="São Tomean Portuguese">São Tomean Portuguese</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> – <a href="/wiki/Riverense_Portu%C3%B1ol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverense Portuñol language">Dialetos Portugueses do Uruguai (DPU)</a></li></ul> Differences between dialects are mostly of <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese creole">Portuguese-based creoles</a> spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characterization_and_peculiarities">Characterization and peculiarities</h3></div> Portuguese, like <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, preserves the stressed vowels of <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pedra" class="extiw" title="wikt:pedra">pedra</a>; Fr. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pierre#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pierre">pierre</a>, Sp. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piedra#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:piedra">piedra</a>, It. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pietra#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:pietra">pietra</a>, Ro. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piatr%C4%83#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:piatră">piatră</a>, from Lat. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petra#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:petra">petra</a> ("stone"); or Port. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fogo#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:fogo">fogo</a>, Cat. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foc#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:foc">foc</a>, Sard. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fogu#Sardinian" class="extiw" title="wikt:fogu">fogu</a>; Sp. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fuego#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:fuego">fuego</a>, It. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fuoco#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:fuoco">fuoco</a>, Fr. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feu#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:feu">feu</a>, Ro. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foc#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:foc">foc</a>, from Lat. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/focus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:focus">focus</a> ("fire"). Another characteristic of early Portuguese was the loss of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intervocalic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:intervocalic">intervocalic</a> l and n, sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic vowel</a> between them: cf. Lat. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salire#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:salire">salire</a> ("to exit"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:tenere">tenere</a> ("to have"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catena#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:catena">catena</a> ("jail"), Port. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sair#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:sair">sair</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ter#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ter">ter</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cadeia#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:cadeia">cadeia</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> consonant was n, it often <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a> the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:manum">manum</a> ("hand"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ranam#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ranam">ranam</a> ("frog"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:bonum">bonum</a> ("good"), Old Portuguese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:mão">mão</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A3a#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:rãa">rãa</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%B5o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:bõo">bõo</a> (Portuguese: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/m%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:mão">mão</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%A3#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:rã">rã</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bom#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:bom">bom</a>). This process was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the Latin endings -anem, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-anum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:-anum">-anum</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-onem#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:-onem">-onem</a> became <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ão">-ão</a> in most cases, cf. Lat. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:canis">canis</a> ("dog"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/germanus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:germanus">germanus</a> ("brother"), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ratio#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ratio">ratio</a> ("reason") with Modern Port. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:cão">cão</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/irm%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:irmão">irmão</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raz%C3%A3o#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:razão">razão</a>, and their plurals -anes, -anos, -ones normally became -ães, -ãos, -ões, cf. cães, irmãos, razões. This also occurs in the minority Swiss <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> language in many equivalent words such as maun ("hand"), bun ("good"), or chaun ("dog").<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The Portuguese language is the only <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> that preserves the clitic case <a href="/wiki/Mesoclisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoclisis">mesoclisis</a>: cf. dar-te-ei (I'll give thee), amar-te-ei (I'll love you), contactá-los-ei (I'll contact them). Like <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, it also retains the Latin synthetic <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> tense: eu estivera (I had been), eu vivera (I had lived), vós vivêreis (you had lived).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> also has this tense, but uses the -s- form. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_vocabulary" title="Portuguese vocabulary">Portuguese vocabulary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif/220px-Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif/330px-Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif/440px-Languages_of_pre-Roman_Iberia.gif 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Pre-Roman Iberia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_%281%29.jpg/220px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_%281%29.jpg/330px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_%281%29.jpg/440px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Bissau" title="Presidential Palace, Bissau">Bissau-Guinean Presidential Palace</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a>, is a building that has a library, a small theater and was formerly the palace of the colonial governor of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese-Guinea</a>, seen from the PAIGC-building (formerly the seat of the local commercial association Associação Comercial, Industrial e Agrícola de Bissau), located at the Praça dos Heróis Nacionais square (formerly Praça do Império square), in downtown <a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevertheless, because of its original <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> and Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaecian</a> heritage, and the later participation of Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, it has a relevant number of words from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic group</a><a href="#cite_note-Colera_2007_p.750_quote-22">[22]</a> and adopted <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages around the world. A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a>. Most of these words derived from the Hispano-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian language</a> of northwestern Iberia, and are very often shared with <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> since both languages have the same origin in the medieval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> sources, often <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>. Altogether these are over 3,000 words, verbs, toponymic names of towns, rivers, surnames, tools, lexicon linked to rural life and natural world.<a href="#cite_note-Filppula-Klemola-126">[126]</a> In the 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>) was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>. As they adopted the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> civilization and language, however, these people contributed with some 500 <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> words to the lexicon. Many of these words are related to: <ul><li>warfare, such as espora 'spur', estaca ('stake'), and guerra ('war'), from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> *spaúra, *stakka, and *wirro respectively;</li> <li>natural world, such as suino ('swine') from *sweina, gavião ('hawk') from *gabilans, vaga ('wave') from *vigan;</li> <li>human emotions, such as orgulho or orgulhoso ('pride', 'proud') from Old Germanic *urguol, and</li> <li>verbs like gravar ('to craft, record, graft') from *graba or esmagar ('to squeeze, quash, grind') from Suebian *magōn or esfarrapar ('to shred') from *harpō.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> influence also exists in <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surnames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">patronymic surnames</a> borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such as <a href="/wiki/Ermesinde" title="Ermesinde">Ermesinde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esposende" title="Esposende">Esposende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resende,_Portugal" title="Resende, Portugal">Resende</a> where sinde and sende are derived from the Germanic sinths ('military expedition') and in the case of Resende, the prefix re comes from Germanic reths ('council'). Other examples of Portuguese names, surnames and town names of Germanic <a href="/wiki/Toponymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponymic">toponymic</a> origin include Henrique, <a href="/wiki/Henriques_(surname)" title="Henriques (surname)">Henriques</a>, Vermoim, Mandim, Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and many more, are quite common mainly in the old <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Visigothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic">Visigothic</a> dominated regions, covering today's Northern half of Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. Between the 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired some 400 to 600 words from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> by influence of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish Iberia</a>. They are often recognizable by the initial <a href="/wiki/Definite_article_in_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article in Arabic">Arabic article a(l)-</a>, and include common words such as aldeia ('village') from الضيعة aḍ-ḍayʿa, alface ('lettuce') from الخسة al-khassa, armazém ('warehouse') from المخزن al-makhzan, and azeite ('olive oil') from الزيت az-zayt. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Central_Library,_Goa_Dec_27,_2012_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/State_Central_Library%2C_Goa_Dec_27%2C_2012_14.JPG/220px-State_Central_Library%2C_Goa_Dec_27%2C_2012_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/State_Central_Library%2C_Goa_Dec_27%2C_2012_14.JPG/330px-State_Central_Library%2C_Goa_Dec_27%2C_2012_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/State_Central_Library%2C_Goa_Dec_27%2C_2012_14.JPG/440px-State_Central_Library%2C_Goa_Dec_27%2C_2012_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>A sign at <a href="/wiki/Goa_State_Central_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa State Central Library">Goa Central Library</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a>, India, listing three Portuguese-language newspapers</figcaption></figure> Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana ('<a href="/wiki/Cutlass" title="Cutlass">cutlass</a>') from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a>, chá ('tea') from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tea#Etymology" title="Tea">chá</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canja_de_galinha" title="Canja de galinha">canja</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> ('chicken-soup, piece of cake') from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, and the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several words of African and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Brazil">Amerind</a> origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From <a href="/wiki/Kimbundu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbundu language">Kimbundu</a>, for example, came kifumate > cafuné ('head caress') (Brazil), kusula > caçula ('youngest child') (Brazil), marimbondo ('tropical wasp') (Brazil), and kubungula > bungular ('to dance like a wizard') (Angola). From South America came batata ('<a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>'), from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taino</a>; ananás and abacaxi, from <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a> naná and <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> ibá cati, respectively (two species of <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>), and pipoca ('<a href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">popcorn</a>') from Tupi and tucano ('<a href="/wiki/Toucan" title="Toucan">toucan</a>') from <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> tucan. Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. These are by far the most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: colchete/crochê ('bracket'/'crochet'), paletó ('jacket'), batom ('lipstick'), and filé/filete ('steak'/'slice'), rua ('street'), respectively, from French crochet, paletot, bâton, filet, rue; and bife ('steak'), futebol, revólver, stock/estoque, folclore, from English "beef", "football", "revolver", "stock", "folklore." Examples from other European languages: macarrão ('pasta'), piloto ('pilot'), carroça ('carriage'), and barraca ('barrack'), from Italian maccherone, pilota, carrozza, and baracca; melena ('hair lock'), fiambre ('wet-cured ham') (in Portugal, in contrast with presunto 'dry-cured ham' from Latin prae-exsuctus 'dehydrated') or ('canned ham') (in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured (presunto cozido) and dry-cured (presunto cru)), or castelhano ('Castilian'), from Spanish melena ('mane'), fiambre and castellano. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_related_languages">Classification and related languages</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/360px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="360" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/540px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/720px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Portuguese (<a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>) within the context of its linguistic neighbors between the year 1000 and 2000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG/320px-Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG/480px-Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG/640px-Lenguas_y_dialectos_iberorromances.PNG 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Map showing mostly contemporary <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a> languages, as well many of their mainland European dialects (areas colored green, <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">gold</a> or pink/purple represent languages deemed <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, so this may be outdated in less than a few decades). It shows European Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Asturian" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Asturian">Eonavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a> as not only closely related but as <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>, though it excludes dialects spoken in insular Portugal (Azores and Madeira–<a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canaries</a> is not shown either).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">image reference needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Spanish_and_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Spanish and Portuguese">Comparison of Spanish and Portuguese</a></div> Portuguese belongs to the <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>, and it has special ties with the following members of this group: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverense_Portu%C3%B1ol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverense Portuñol language">portunhol do pampa</a> (the way riverense and its sibling dialects are referred to in Portuguese), its closest relatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese languages">Astur-Leonese languages</a>). Mirandese is the only recognised regional language spoken in Portugal (beside Portuguese, the only official language in Portugal).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">calão</a> (the way caló, language of the Iberian <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, is referred to in Portuguese).</li></ul> Portuguese and other Romance languages (namely <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study before attaining strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, Portuguese and Galician are fully mutually intelligible, and Spanish is considerably intelligible for lusophones, owing to their genealogical proximity and shared genealogical history as <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance languages</a>), historical contact between speakers and mutual influence, shared <a href="/wiki/Areal_features" class="mw-redirect" title="Areal features">areal features</a> as well as modern lexical, structural, and grammatical similarity (89%) between them.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a>/Portunhol, a form of <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>, has a more lively use and is more readily mentioned in popular culture in South America. Said code-switching is not to be confused with the Portuñol spoken on the borders of Brazil with Uruguay (dialeto do pampa) and Paraguay (dialeto dos <a href="/wiki/Brasiguayos" title="Brasiguayos">brasiguaios</a>), and of Portugal with Spain (<a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">barranquenho</a>), that are Portuguese dialects spoken natively by thousands of people, which have been heavily influenced by Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-Lipski-133">[133]</a> Portuguese and Spanish are the only Ibero-Romance languages, and perhaps the only Romance languages with such thriving inter-language forms, in which visible and lively bilingual contact dialects and code-switching have formed, in which functional bilingual communication is achieved through attempting an approximation to the target foreign language (known as 'Portuñol') without a learned acquisition process, but nevertheless facilitates communication. There is an emerging literature focused on such phenomena (including informal attempts of standardization of the linguistic continua and their usage).<a href="#cite_note-Lipski-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galician-Portuguese_in_Spain">Galician-Portuguese in Spain</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></div> The closest relative of Portuguese is Galician, which is spoken in the autonomous community and historical nationality of Galicia (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). The two were part of a common dialect continuum during the Middle Ages, known today as <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a>, but they have diverged especially in pronunciation and vocabulary due to the political separation of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">Portugal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a>. There is, however, still a linguistic continuity consisting of the variant of Galician referred to as galego-português baixo-limiao, which is spoken in several Galician and Portuguese villages within the transboundary biosphere reserve of <a href="/wiki/Peneda-Ger%C3%AAs_National_Park" title="Peneda-Gerês National Park">Gerês</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baixa_Limia_%E2%80%93_Serra_do_Xur%C3%A9s" title="Baixa Limia – Serra do Xurés">Xurés</a>. It is "considered a rarity, a living vestige of the medieval language that ranged from <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mondego_River" title="Mondego River">Mondego</a> [...]".<a href="#cite_note-agal-gz.or-134">[134]</a> As reported by UNESCO, due to the pressure of Spanish on the standard official version of Galician and centuries-old Hispanization, the Galician language was on the verge of disappearing.<a href="#cite_note-agal-gz.or-134">[134]</a> According to the UNESCO philologist Tapani Salminen, the proximity to Portuguese protects Galician.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The core vocabulary and grammar of Galician are noticeably closer to Portuguese than to those of Spanish. Within the EU, Galician, while not being a <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> official language, can be used and is in fact used by some European Parliament constituents due to its similarity with Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-moniz1-137">[137]</a> Galician like Portuguese, uses the future subjunctive, the personal infinitive, and the synthetic pluperfect. Mutual intelligibility estimated at 85% is excellent between Galicians and Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Despite political efforts in Spain to define them as separate languages, many linguists consider <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and Portuguese to be co-dialects of the same language with regional variations.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-moniz1-137">[137]</a> Another member of the Galician-Portuguese group, most commonly thought of as a Galician dialect, is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Galician-Asturian" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Asturian">Eonavian</a> region in a western strip in <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and the westernmost parts of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Zamora" title="Province of Zamora">Zamora</a>, along the frontier with Galicia, between the <a href="/wiki/Eo_(river)" title="Eo (river)">Eo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navia_(river)" title="Navia (river)">Navia</a> rivers (or more exactly Eo and Frexulfe rivers). It is called eonaviego or gallego-asturiano by its speakers. The Fala language, known by its speakers as xalimés, mañegu, a fala de Xálima and chapurráu and in Portuguese as a fala de Xálima, a fala da Estremadura, o galego da Estremadura, valego or galaico-estremenho, is another descendant of Galician-Portuguese, spoken by a small number of people in the Spanish towns of <a href="/wiki/Valverde_del_Fresno" title="Valverde del Fresno">Valverde del Fresno</a> (Valverdi du Fresnu), <a href="/wiki/Eljas" title="Eljas">Eljas</a> (As Ellas) and <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Trevejo" title="San Martín de Trevejo">San Martín de Trevejo</a> (Sa Martín de Trevellu) in the autonomous community of <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, near the border with Portugal. There are a number of other places in Spain in which the native language of the common people is a descendant of the Galician-Portuguese group, such as <a href="/wiki/La_Alamedilla" title="La Alamedilla">La Alamedilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedillo" title="Cedillo">Cedillo</a> (Cedilho), <a href="/wiki/Herrera_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Herrera de Alcántara">Herrera de Alcántara</a> (Ferreira d'Alcântara) and <a href="/wiki/Olivenza" title="Olivenza">Olivenza</a> (Olivença), but in these municipalities, what is spoken is actually Portuguese, not disputed as such in the mainstream. The diversity of dialects of the Portuguese language is known since the time of medieval Portuguese-Galician language when it coexisted with the Lusitanian-Mozarabic dialect, spoken in the south of Portugal. The dialectal diversity becomes more evident in the work of <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Oliveira" title="Fernão de Oliveira">Fernão d'Oliveira</a>, in the Grammatica da Lingoagem Portuguesa, (1536), where he remarks that the people of Portuguese regions of Beira, Alentejo, Estremadura, and Entre Douro e Minho, all speak differently from each other. Also Contador d'Argote (1725) distinguishes three main varieties of dialects: the local dialects, the dialects of time, and of profession (work jargon). Of local dialects he highlights five main dialects: the dialect of Estremadura, of Entre-Douro e Minho, of Beira, of Algarve and of Trás-os-Montes. He also makes reference to the overseas dialects, the rustic dialects, the poetic dialect and that of prose.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the kingdom of Portugal, Ladinho (or Lingoagem Ladinha) was the name given to the pure Portuguese romance language, without any mixture of Aravia or Gerigonça Judenga.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> While the term língua vulgar was used to name the language before D. Dinis decided to call it "Portuguese language",<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> the erudite version used and known as Galician-Portuguese (the language of the Portuguese court) and all other Portuguese dialects were spoken at the same time. In a historical perspective the Portuguese language was never just one dialect. Just like today there is a standard Portuguese (actually two) among the several dialects of Portuguese, in the past there was Galician-Portuguese as the "standard", coexisting with other dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_languages">Influence on other languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg/220px-St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg/330px-St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg/440px-St_Peter_Church_Melaka_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An Old Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a> memorial sign in <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca City</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="List of English words of Portuguese origin">List of English words of Portuguese origin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loan_words_in_Malayalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loan words in Malayalam (page does not exist)">Loan words in Malayalam § Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan_words_in_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words in Indonesian">Loan words in Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese words of Portuguese origin">Japanese words of Portuguese origin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malay loanwords">List of Malay loanwords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_loanwords_in_Sinhala" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala">Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loan_words_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil#Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil § Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Indo-Portuguese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese language">Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology#Loanwords_from_Portuguese" title="Hindustani etymology">Hindustani etymology § Loanwords from Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language#Portuguese" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati language § Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary#Portuguese_(পর্তুগিজ_Pôrtugij)" title="Bengali vocabulary">Bengali vocabulary § Portuguese (পর্তুগিজ Pôrtugij)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Portuguese-origin" title="Thai language">Thai language § Portuguese-origin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></div> Portuguese has provided <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> to many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Tamils_(native)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Tamils (native)">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Xitsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanc-Patu%C3%A1_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanc-Patuá creole">Lanc-Patuá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esan_people#Language" title="Esan people">Esan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandari</a> (spoken in Iran) and <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a> (spoken in Suriname). It left a strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi">língua brasílica</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi–Guarani language">Tupi–Guarani language</a>, which was the most widely spoken in Brazil until the 18th century, and on the language spoken around <a href="/wiki/Sikka_Regency" title="Sikka Regency">Sikka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> Island, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In nearby <a href="/wiki/Larantuka" title="Larantuka">Larantuka</a>, Portuguese is used for prayers in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> rituals. The Japanese–Portuguese dictionary <a href="/wiki/Nippo_Jisho" title="Nippo Jisho">Nippo Jisho</a> (1603) was the first dictionary of Japanese in a European language, a product of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary activity in Japan. Building on the work of earlier Portuguese missionaries, the <a href="/wiki/Dictionarium_Anamiticum,_Lusitanum_et_Latinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionarium Anamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum">Dictionarium Anamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum</a> (Annamite–Portuguese–Latin dictionary) of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a> (1651) introduced the modern <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">orthography of Vietnamese</a>, which is based on the orthography of 17th-century Portuguese. The <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> was also influenced by the Portuguese language (among others), particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_Chinese_surnames" title="List of common Chinese surnames">Chinese surnames</a>; one example is Mei. During 1583–88 Italian Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Michele Ruggieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> created a Portuguese–Chinese dictionary – the first ever European–Chinese dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-camus-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-ricciDict-143">[143]</a> For instance, as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese merchants</a> were presumably the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet orange">sweet orange</a> in Europe, in several modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portokall#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:portokall">portokall</a>, Bosnian (archaic) portokal, prtokal, Bulgarian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB#Bulgarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:портокал">портокал</a> (portokal), Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πορτοκάλι">πορτοκάλι</a> (portokáli), <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> portokal, Persian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:پرتقال">پرتقال</a> (porteghal), and Romanian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portocal%C4%83#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:portocală">portocală</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plantname-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-OstergrenBosse2011-145">[145]</a> Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:البرتقال">البرتقال</a> (burtuqāl), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ფორთოხალი">ფორთოხალი</a> (p'ort'oxali), Turkish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portakal#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:portakal">portakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> birtukan.<a href="#cite_note-plantname-144">[144]</a> Also, in southern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian dialects</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>), an orange is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portogallo" class="extiw" title="wikt:portogallo">portogallo</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/it:purtuallo" class="extiw" title="wikt:it:purtuallo">purtuallo</a>, literally "(the) Portuguese (one)", in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">standard Italian</a> arancia. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg/220px-2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg/330px-2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg/440px-2014_Lusophony_Games_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Participating countries of the <a href="/wiki/Lusophony_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophony Games">Lusophony Games</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_languages">Derived languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a></div> Beginning in the 16th century, the extensive contacts between Portuguese travelers and settlers, African and Asian slaves, and local populations led to the appearance of many <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a> with varying amounts of Portuguese influence. As each of these pidgins became the mother tongue of succeeding generations, they evolved into fully fledged <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a>, which remained in use in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America until the 18th century. Some Portuguese-based or Portuguese-influenced creoles are still spoken today, namely <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a>. Portuguese-based creoles are spoken by over three million people worldwide, especially people of partial <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> ancestry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Sara_speaking_Portuguese.webm&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Sara, a native speaker of <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="209" data-mwtitle="2JOB_Brasilândia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:2JOB_Brasil%C3%A2ndia.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/2JOB_Brasil%C3%A2ndia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/2JOB_Brasil%C3%A2ndia.ogg/2JOB_Brasil%C3%A2ndia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Spoken <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>.</figcaption></figure> Portuguese phonology is similar to those of languages such as <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">that of Spanish</a> is similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Southern Italian dialects</a>. Some would describe the phonology of Portuguese as a blend of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">languages of northern Italy</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a>).<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gramatica_2007-21">[21]</a> Portuguese can have as many as 9 oral vowels, as many as 2 semivowels, and as many as 21 consonants; some varieties of the language have fewer <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. There are also five <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>, which some linguists regard as <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of oral vowels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Galician-Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> (common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, after a period of bilingualism, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin completely extinguished the native languages, and a variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features evolved.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a> influences were absorbed into the local dialect of Vulgar Latin; this can be detected in some Galician-Portuguese words, as well as in placenames of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> An early form of Galician-Portuguese was already spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a>, and by the year 800 Galician-Portuguese had already become the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of northwestern Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-lus-151">[151]</a> The first known <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician-Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> (411–585) and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> (585–711).<a href="#cite_note-lus-151">[151]</a> The Galician-Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive")<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a> may have evolved under the influence of local <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Roman <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/250px-European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/375px-European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg/500px-European_Portuguese_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Chart of monophthongs of the Portuguese of Lisbon, with its /ɐ, ɐ̃/ in central <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> position</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Museu_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural History</a> Museum of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg/220px-FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg/330px-FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg/440px-FUDACAO_ORIENTE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Oriente" class="extiw" title="pt:Fundação Oriente">Fundação Oriente</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fontainhas_(quarter)" title="Fontainhas (quarter)">Fontainhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Oriente" class="extiw" title="pt:Fundação Oriente">Fundação Oriente</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Instituto Camões">Instituto Camões</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_Menezes_Braganza" title="Institute Menezes Braganza">Instituto Menezes Bragança</a> among others, are institutions dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_%282%29.jpg/220px-Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_%282%29.jpg/330px-Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_%282%29.jpg/440px-Praia-Instituto_Internacional_de_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Portuguese_Language_Institute" title="International Portuguese Language Institute">International Portuguese Language Institute</a> headquarters, in <a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes of Portuguese (Portugal)<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-mateus11-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpahrC-160">[160]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>oral </th> <th>nasal </th> <th>oral </th> <th>nasal </th> <th>oral </th> <th>nasal </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɐ̃</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Like <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, Portuguese uses vowel quality to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables. Unstressed isolated vowels tend to be <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">raised</a> and sometimes centralized. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Portuguese (Portugal)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Carvalho-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Bisol-164">[164]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Phonetic notes <ul><li>Semivowels contrast with unstressed high vowels in verbal conjugation, as in (eu) rio /ˈʁi.u/ and (ele) riu /ˈʁiw/.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Phonologists discuss whether their nature is vowel or consonant.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>In most of Brazil and Angola, the consonant hereafter denoted as /ɲ/ is realized as a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">nasal palatal approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>], which <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalizes</a> the vowel that precedes it: [ˈnĩj̃u].<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:122) proposes that Portuguese possesses labio-velar stops /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ as additional phonemes rather than sequences of a velar stop and /w/.<a href="#cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Bisol-164">[164]</a></li> <li>The consonant hereafter denoted as /ʁ/ has a variety of realizations depending on dialect. In Europe, it is typically a <a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">uvular trill</a> [ʀ]; however, a pronunciation as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> [ʁ] may be becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> [χ], and the original pronunciation as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> [r] also remains very common in various dialects.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> A common realization of the word-initial /r/ in the Lisbon accent is a voiced uvular fricative trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular fricative trill">ʀ̝</a>].<a href="#cite_note-gr157-170">[170]</a> In Brazil, /ʁ/ can be <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> and may be voiceless unless between voiced sounds.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> It is usually pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> [x], a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> [h] or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> [χ]. See also <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R#Portuguese" title="Guttural R">Guttural R § Portuguese</a>.</li> <li>/s/ and /z/ are normally <a href="/wiki/Lamino-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamino-alveolar consonant">lamino-alveolar</a>, as in English. However, a number of dialects in northern Portugal pronounce /s/ and /z/ as <a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a> sibilants (sounding somewhat like a soft [ʃ] or [ʒ]), as in the Romance languages of northern Iberia. Some very few northeastern Portugal dialects still maintain the medieval distinction between apical and laminal <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> (written s/ss and c/ç/z, respectively).</li> <li>As a phoneme, /tʃ/ occurs only in loanwords, names, and interjections, with a dialectal tendency for speakers to substitute in /ʃ/ in most dialects outside of Brazil (as well as some conservative Brazilian dialects, to a variable extent.) However, [tʃ] is an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /t/ before /i/ in a majority of Brazilian dialects. Similarly, [dʒ] is an allophone of /d/ in the same contexts.</li> <li>In northern and central Portugal, the voiced stops (/b/, /d/, and /ɡ/) are usually lenited to <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> [β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively, except at the beginning of words or after nasal vowels.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-Ferreira92-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-mateus11-159">[159]</a> At the end of a phrase, due to <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a>, they may even be devoiced to [ɸ], [θ], and [x] (for example, verde at the end of a sentence may be pronounced [veɹθ]).</li> <li>In Brazil, many speakers further shift [ɫ] to [w] in closed syllables, especially outside the southern region.</li> <li>Phonetically, Portuguese (and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) are quite different from the other major Romance languages. It has been suggested that this stems from the ancient link to Celtic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> with which it also shares a substantial number of cognates: there are 37 sounds in Portuguese, including vowels, consonants and diphthongs, most of which exist in today's Celtic languages.<a href="#cite_note-Filppula-Klemola-126">[126]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_orthography&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> and makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> to denote stress, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">vowel height</a>, nasalization, and other sound changes. The <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> was abolished by the last <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Orthography Agreement</a>. Accented letters and digraphs are not counted as separate characters for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> purposes. The spelling of Portuguese is largely <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a>, but some <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> can be spelled in more than one way. In ambiguous cases, the correct spelling is determined through a combination of <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> with <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and tradition; so there is not a perfect one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters or digraphs. Knowing the main <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> paradigms of Portuguese and being acquainted with the orthography of other Western European languages can be helpful.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990">Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This table is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990#Changes" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 § Changes</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Written varieties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Area </th> <th colspan="2">Before 1990 </th> <th rowspan="2">Agreement </th> <th rowspan="2">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Euro-African </th> <th>Brazilian </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Different pronunciation </th> <td>anónimo </td> <td>anônimo </td> <td>Both forms remain </td> <td>anonymous </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vénus </td> <td>Vênus </td> <td>Both forms remain </td> <td>Venus </td></tr> <tr> <td>facto </td> <td>fato </td> <td>Both forms remain </td> <td>fact </td></tr> <tr> <td>ideia </td> <td>idéia </td> <td>ideia </td> <td>idea </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Silent consonants </th> <td>acção </td> <td>ação </td> <td>ação </td> <td>action </td></tr> <tr> <td>direcção </td> <td>direção </td> <td>direção </td> <td>direction </td></tr> <tr> <td>eléctrico </td> <td>elétrico </td> <td>elétrico </td> <td>electric </td></tr> <tr> <td>óptimo </td> <td>ótimo </td> <td>ótimo </td> <td>optimal </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Diacritics </th> <td>pinguim </td> <td>pingüim </td> <td>pinguim </td> <td>penguin </td></tr> <tr> <td>voo </td> <td>vôo </td> <td>voo </td> <td>flight </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-personal and non-geographical names </th> <td>Janeiro </td> <td>janeiro </td> <td>janeiro </td> <td>January </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese grammar</a></div> A notable aspect of the grammar of Portuguese is the verb. Morphologically, more verbal inflections from classical Latin have been preserved by Portuguese than by any other major <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>. Portuguese and Spanish share very similar grammar, vocabulary and sentence structure. Portuguese also has some grammatical innovations not found in other Romance languages (except Galician and Fala): <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> has an iterative sense unique to the Galician-Portuguese language group. It denotes an action or a series of actions that began in the past but expected to occur again in the future. For instance, the sentence Tenho tentado falar contigo would be translated to "I have been trying to talk to you", not "I have tried to talk to you." On the other hand, the correct translation of "Have you heard the latest news?" is not *Tens ouvido as últimas? but Ouviste as últimas? since no repetition is implied.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>Portuguese makes use of the future <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>, which developed from medieval <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian Romance</a>. In modern Spanish and Galician, it has almost entirely fallen into disuse. The future subjunctive appears in dependent clauses that denote a condition that must be fulfilled in the future so that the independent clause will occur. English normally employs the present tense under the same circumstances:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Se eu for eleito presidente, mudarei a lei.</dd> <dd>If I am elected president, I will change the law.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Quando fores mais velho, vais entender.</dd> <dd>When you grow older, you will understand.</dd></dl> <ul><li>The personal <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> can <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflect</a> according to its subject in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. It often shows who is expected to perform a certain action. É melhor voltares "It is better [for you] to go back", É melhor voltarmos "It is better [for us] to go back." Perhaps for that reason, infinitive clauses replace subjunctive clauses more often in Portuguese than in other Romance languages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2></div> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Portuguese:<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <dl><dd>Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.</dd></dl> Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africans" title="Portuguese Africans">Portuguese Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_literature" title="Angolan literature">Angolan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Portuguese">Indo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Galician Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Portuguese_Language_Institute" title="International Portuguese Language Institute">International Portuguese Language Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_organizations_which_have_Portuguese_as_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of international organizations which have Portuguese as an official language">List of international organizations which have Portuguese as an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese-language_poets" title="List of Portuguese-language poets">List of Portuguese-language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Mozambican Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Portuguese language in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_poetry" title="Portuguese poetry">Portuguese poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/por">Portuguese</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=2012+World+Population+Data+Sheet+Interactive+Map+-+Population+Reference+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Frev_t%3D20230622000824%26url%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FPublications%2FDatasheets%2F2012%2Fworld-population-data-sheet%2Fworld-map.aspx%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/Langues/2vital_inter_espagnol.htm">"La langue espagnole (présentation)"</a>. www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&rft.atitle=La+langue+espagnole+%28pr%C3%A9sentation%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca%2FLangues%2F2vital_inter_espagnol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uc.pt/international-applicants/oportunidades/linguas/economic_potential_portuguese.pdf">"Potencial Económico da Língua Portuguesa"</a> (PDF). University of Coimbra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024163947/https://www.uc.pt/international-applicants/oportunidades/linguas/economic_potential_portuguese.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Coimbra&rft.atitle=Potencial+Econ%C3%B3mico+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc.pt%2Finternational-applicants%2Foportunidades%2Flinguas%2Feconomic_potential_portuguese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/days/portuguese-language">"World Portuguese Language Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117112028/https://www.unesco.org/en/days/portuguese-language">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=World+Portuguese+Language+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdays%2Fportuguese-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlitz.com/blog/most-spoken-languages-world">"20 Most Spoken Languages in the World in 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berlitz_Corporation" title="Berlitz Corporation">Berlitz Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121060019/https://www.berlitz.com/blog/most-spoken-languages-world">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berlitz+Corporation&rft.atitle=20+Most+Spoken+Languages+in+the+World+in+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlitz.com%2Fblog%2Fmost-spoken-languages-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africa-facts.org/top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa/">"Top 11 Most Spoken Languages in Africa"</a>. Africa Facts. 18 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918174122/https://africa-facts.org/top-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+Facts&rft.atitle=Top+11+Most+Spoken+Languages+in+Africa&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrica-facts.org%2Ftop-10-most-spoken-languages-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507110651/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm">"The World's 10 most influential languages"</a>, George Weber, 1997, Language Today, "...includes besides many other languages, Bengali, English, French, German, Hindi/Urdu, Italian, Marathi, Panjabi, Persian, Brazilian (Portuguese), Russian, the Scandinavian languages, and Spanish." "Portuguese today means above all Brazilian." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bernard Comrie, Encarta Encyclopedia (1998); George Weber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm">"Top Languages: The World's 10 Most Influential Languages"</a>, Language Today (Vol. 2, December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Benozzo, F. (2018): "Uma paisagem atlântica pré-histórica. Etnogénese e etno-filologia paleo-mesolítica das tradições galega e portuguesa", in proceedings of Jornadas das Letras Galego-Portugesas 2015–2017. Università de Bologna, DTS and Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa. pp. 159–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gramatica_2007-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gramatica_2007_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gramatica_2007_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagno2007" class="citation web cs1">Bagno, Marcos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29728732">"Gramática Histórica do latim ao português brasileiro"</a> [Historical Grammar from Latin to Brazilian Portuguese]. University of Brasília. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711195113/https://www.academia.edu/29728732">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2020 – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A1tica+Hist%C3%B3rica+do+latim+ao+portugu%C3%AAs+brasileiro&rft.pub=University+of+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bagno&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29728732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colera_2007_p.750_quote-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colera_2007_p.750_quote_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colera_2007_p.750_quote_22-1">b</a> "In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family." Jordán Colera 2007: p.750 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041334/http://ling.cornell.edu/people/Weiss/CGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf">"Comparative Grammar of Latin 34"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ling.cornell.edu/people/Weiss/CGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Grammar+of+Latin+34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fling.cornell.edu%2Fpeople%2FWeiss%2FCGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Ethnologic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (c. 200 BC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405013713/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Archived</a> 5 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Arkeotavira.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Domingos Maria da Silva, Os Búrios, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in Portuguese) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorriente2008" class="citation book cs1">Corriente, F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234431540">Dictionary of Arabic and allied loanwords : Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and kindred dialects</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16858-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16858-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16858-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234431540">234431540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Arabic+and+allied+loanwords+%3A+Spanish%2C+Portuguese%2C+Catalan%2C+Galician+and+kindred+dialects&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F234431540&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16858-9&rft.aulast=Corriente&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F234431540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoutantos" class="citation web cs1">Koutantos, Dimitrios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eduportal.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/www.eduportal.gr_media_files_lexeis_2.pdf">"Palavras que cheiram mar 2: Etimologia de mais de 1000 Palavras Gregas Usadas em Português (Λέξεις που μυρίζουν θάλασσα)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002940/https://www.eduportal.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/www.eduportal.gr_media_files_lexeis_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palavras+que+cheiram+mar+2%3A+Etimologia+de+mais+de+1000+Palavras+Gregas+Usadas+em+Portugu%C3%AAs+%28%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD+%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%29&rft.aulast=Koutantos&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eduportal.gr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F02%2Fwww.eduportal.gr_media_files_lexeis_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30975383">"Vocabulário Ortográfico da Galiza elaborado pela Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa (AGLP)"</a> (in Portuguese). Santiago de Compostela, Portugal: Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa (AGLP). 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105203427/https://www.academia.edu/30975383">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocabul%C3%A1rio+Ortogr%C3%A1fico+da+Galiza+elaborado+pela+Academia+Galega+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+%28AGLP%29&rft.place=Santiago+de+Compostela%2C+Portugal&rft.pub=Academia+Galega+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+%28AGLP%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30975383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLay2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lay, Stephen (2015). "Sanctity and Social Alienation in Twelfth-Century Braga as Portrayed in the Vita Sancti Geraldi". Portuguese Studies. 31 (2): 153–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fportstudies.31.2.0153">10.5699/portstudies.31.2.0153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-5315">0267-5315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164609309">164609309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portuguese+Studies&rft.atitle=Sanctity+and+Social+Alienation+in+Twelfth-Century+Braga+as+Portrayed+in+the+Vita+Sancti+Geraldi&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-168&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164609309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0267-5315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fportstudies.31.2.0153&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Jean-Pierre Juge (2001) Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Assis" class="citation web cs1">de Assis, Maria Cristina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308025308/http://biblioteca.virtual.ufpb.br/files/histaria_da_langua_portuguesa_1360184313.pdf">"História da língua portuguesa"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.virtual.ufpb.br/files/histaria_da_langua_portuguesa_1360184313.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft.aulast=de+Assis&rft.aufirst=Maria+Cristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.virtual.ufpb.br%2Ffiles%2Fhistaria_da_langua_portuguesa_1360184313.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunari2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paulo_Funari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Paulo Funari (page does not exist)">Funari, Pedro Paulo Abreu</a> (2002). Grécia e Roma (in Portuguese) (2.ª ed.). São Paulo: Contexto. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788572441605" title="Special:BookSources/9788572441605"><bdi>9788572441605</bdi></a>. <q>Dos romanos herdamos, também, nossa própria língua, pois o português nada mais é do que um latim modificado. A maioria das palavras do português deriva do latim, sendo, em alguns casos, exatamente as mesmas. Vamos a um exemplo, como é o caso de família, "família". Noutros casos, são palavras quase iguais, como filius, "filho" ou adolescentes, "adolescentes". O português deriva do latim, porque os romanos dominaram a Península Ibérica e, por muitos séculos, o latim foi ali falado. Por isso, o português é conhecido como "a última flor do Lácio", ou seja, a última língua derivada do latim, a língua do Lácio, região onde estava Roma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gr%C3%A9cia+e+Roma&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=80&rft.edition=2.%C2%AA&rft.pub=Contexto&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788572441605&rft.aulast=Funari&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Paulo+Abreu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiskier2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Niskier, Arnaldo (16 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz1608200410.htm">"Identidade cultural: língua e soberania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a> (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409183949/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz1608200410.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022. <q>Por que gastar o seu latim nestes tempos descartáveis que vivemos? Uma resposta óbvia — pelo menos para aqueles que lidam diretamente com a língua portuguesa e lutam pela sua preservação — é que ela é conhecida como "a última flor do Lácio", ou seja, foi a última ramificação do latim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft.atitle=Identidade+cultural%3A+l%C3%ADngua+e+soberania&rft.date=2004-08-16&rft.aulast=Niskier&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2Fopiniao%2Ffz1608200410.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmeidaOliveira2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Almeida, Haline Janaína Franco; Oliveira, Luiz Roberto Peel Furtado de (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistaphilologus.org.br/index.php/rph/article/view/327">"Cartografando os neologismos na quarentena: ampliando o vocabulário da língua portuguesa"</a>. Revista Philologus (in Portuguese). 26 (78). Círculo Fluminense de Estudos Filológicos e Linguísticos: 1132–1142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013232237/https://www.revistaphilologus.org.br/index.php/rph/article/view/327">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022. <q>Conhecida como "A última flor do Lácio", a língua portuguesa vem sofrendo transformações no decorrer dos séculos, a partir do latim vulgar, sendo caracterizada como dinâmica e heterogênea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Philologus&rft.atitle=Cartografando+os+neologismos+na+quarentena%3A+ampliando+o+vocabul%C3%A1rio+da+l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=1132-1142&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=Haline+Jana%C3%ADna+Franco&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+Luiz+Roberto+Peel+Furtado+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistaphilologus.org.br%2Findex.php%2Frph%2Farticle%2Fview%2F327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetanews.com/comentando-sobre-origens-e-descendencias/index.html">"Comentando sobre origens e descendências"</a>. Gazeta Brazilian News (in Portuguese). 17 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013234012/https://www.gazetanews.com/comentando-sobre-origens-e-descendencias/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022. <q>Com a Língua Portuguesa não foi diferente. Você sabia que o português é conhecido como a última flor do Lácio?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Brazilian+News&rft.atitle=Comentando+sobre+origens+e+descend%C3%AAncias&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetanews.com%2Fcomentando-sobre-origens-e-descendencias%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007095253/http://www.ruadapoesia.com/content/view/125/47/">"Língua Portuguesa"</a>. Rua da Poesia (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruadapoesia.com/content/view/125/47/">the original</a> on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2006. <q>Última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela,/ És, a um tempo, esplendor e sepultura:/ Ouro nativo, que na ganga impura/ A bruta mina entre os cascalhos vela…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rua+da+Poesia&rft.atitle=L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruadapoesia.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F125%2F47%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Watts" title="Henry Edward Watts">Watts, Henry Edward</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofmigueldece00watt">Miguel de Cervantes: His Life & Works</a>. London: Walter Scott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miguel+de+Cervantes%3A+His+Life+%26+Works&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Walter+Scott&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Henry+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofmigueldece00watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipley1946" class="citation book cs1">Shipley, Joseph T. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofli01ship">Encyclopedia of Literature</a>. Philosophical Library. p. 1188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.pages=1188&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Shipley&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofli01ship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoddarPatkeJensen2008" class="citation book cs1">Poddar, Prem; Patke, Rajeev S.; Jensen, Lars (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ghah5S3usnsC&q=%22language+of+Cam%C3%B5es%22&pg=PA431">"Introduction: The Myths and Realities of Portuguese (Post) Colonial Society"</a>. A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: continental Europe and its empires. Edinburgh University Press. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2394-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-2394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Myths+and+Realities+of+Portuguese+%28Post%29+Colonial+Society&rft.btitle=A+historical+companion+to+postcolonial+literatures%3A+continental+Europe+and+its+empires&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2394-5&rft.aulast=Poddar&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft.au=Patke%2C+Rajeev+S.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGhah5S3usnsC%26q%3D%2522language%2Bof%2BCam%25C3%25B5es%2522%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOVA-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOVA_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOVA_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?load=arcview&article=13562&catogory=CPLP">"Museu da Língua Portuguesa aberto ao público no dia 20"</a> [Portuguese Language Museum open to the public on 20]. Noticiaslusofonas.com (in Portuguese). 8 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501003337/http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?load=arcview&article=13562&catogory=CPLP">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticiaslusofonas.com&rft.atitle=Museu+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+aberto+ao+p%C3%BAblico+no+dia+20&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticiaslusofonas.com%2Fview.php%3Fload%3Darcview%26article%3D13562%26catogory%3DCPLP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/brazil-fire-engulfs-portuguese-language-museum-sao-paulo-one-killed-1534447">"Brazil: Fire engulfs Portuguese language museum in Sao Paulo, one killed"</a>. International Business Times. 22 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316103036/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/brazil-fire-engulfs-portuguese-language-museum-sao-paulo-one-killed-1534447">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Brazil%3A+Fire+engulfs+Portuguese+language+museum+in+Sao+Paulo%2C+one+killed&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fbrazil-fire-engulfs-portuguese-language-museum-sao-paulo-one-killed-1534447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-07/museu-da-lingua-portuguesa-sera-reaberto-ao-publico-no-domingo">"Museu da Língua Portuguesa será reaberto ao público no domingo"</a>. Agência Brasil. 29 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410191140/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-07/museu-da-lingua-portuguesa-sera-reaberto-ao-publico-no-domingo">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Brasil&rft.atitle=Museu+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+ser%C3%A1+reaberto+ao+p%C3%BAblico+no+domingo&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenciabrasil.ebc.com.br%2Fgeral%2Fnoticia%2F2021-07%2Fmuseu-da-lingua-portuguesa-sera-reaberto-ao-publico-no-domingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2013" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, Daniela de (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nlxybOVae8C&q=oizumi+brazilians&pg=PT150">Migrants and Identity in Japan and Brazil: The Nikkeijin</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78765-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78765-3"><bdi>978-1-135-78765-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants+and+Identity+in+Japan+and+Brazil%3A+The+Nikkeijin&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78765-3&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Daniela+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nlxybOVae8C%26q%3Doizumi%2Bbrazilians%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Special_Eurobarometer_243-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Special_Eurobarometer_243_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 243 "Europeans and their Languages""</a> (PDF). 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a>, 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethn.PT-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethn.PT_80-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/por">Portuguese language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (26th ed., 2023) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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Retrieved 27 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sibila+-+Revista+de+Poesia+e+Cr%C3%ADtica+Liter%C3%A1ria&rft.atitle=Learn+about+Portuguese+language&rft.date=2009-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsibila.com.br%2Fenglish%2Flearn-about-portuguese-language-2%2F2721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-114"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_114-0">^</a> Note: the speaker of this sound file is from Rio de Janeiro, and he is talking about his experience with nordestino and nortista accents. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090139/http://www.imprenca.com/2011/05/mec-portugues-errado-e-linguistica.html">"O MEC, o "português errado" e a linguistica..."</a> [MEC, "wrong Portuguese" and linguistics…]. Imprenca.com (in Portuguese). 17 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imprenca.com/2011/05/mec-portugues-errado-e-linguistica.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imprenca.com&rft.atitle=O+MEC%2C+o+%22portugu%C3%AAs+errado%22+e+a+linguistica...&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imprenca.com%2F2011%2F05%2Fmec-portugues-errado-e-linguistica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saindodamatrix.com.br/archives/2011/05/cartilha_do_mec.html">"Cartilha do MEC ensina erro de Português"</a> [MEC primer teaches Portuguese error]. Saindo da Matrix (in Portuguese). 18 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612030228/http://www.saindodamatrix.com.br/archives/2011/05/cartilha_do_mec.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saindo+da+Matrix&rft.atitle=Cartilha+do+MEC+ensina+erro+de+Portugu%C3%AAs&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saindodamatrix.com.br%2Farchives%2F2011%2F05%2Fcartilha_do_mec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111080402/http://www.jornaldebeltrao.com.br/noticia/63414/livro-do-mec-ensina-o-portugues-errado-ou-apenas-valoriza-as-formas-linguisticas">"Livro do MEC ensina o português errado ou apenas valoriza as formas linguísticas?"</a>. Jornal de Beltrão (in Portuguese). 26 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornaldebeltrao.com.br/noticia/63414/livro-do-mec-ensina-o-portugues-errado-ou-apenas-valoriza-as-formas-linguisticas">the original</a> on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jornal+de+Beltr%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Livro+do+MEC+ensina+o+portugu%C3%AAs+errado+ou+apenas+valoriza+as+formas+lingu%C3%ADsticas%3F&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornaldebeltrao.com.br%2Fnoticia%2F63414%2Flivro-do-mec-ensina-o-portugues-errado-ou-apenas-valoriza-as-formas-linguisticas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517200320/http://www.meiamaratonadebrasilia.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=71">"Sotaque branco"</a> [White accent] (in Portuguese). Meia Maratona Internacional CAIXA de Brasília. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meiamaratonadebrasilia.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=71">the original</a> on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sotaque+branco&rft.pub=Meia+Maratona+Internacional+CAIXA+de+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meiamaratonadebrasilia.com.br%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D73%26Itemid%3D71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222084453/https://amarnatureza.org.br/site/amazonia-2%2C9399/">"O Que É? Amazônia"</a> [What is? Amazon]. Amarnatureza.org.br (in Portuguese). Associação de Defesa do Meio Ambiente Araucária (AMAR). 1 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amarnatureza.org.br/site/amazonia-2,9399/">the original</a> on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amarnatureza.org.br&rft.atitle=O+Que+%C3%89%3F+Amaz%C3%B4nia&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famarnatureza.org.br%2Fsite%2Famazonia-2%2C9399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-07052002-130429/publico/tese04b.">pdf</a> - Seringueiros da Amazônia, University of São Paulo (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences, Department of Geography </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViviane_Maia_dos_Santos" class="citation web cs1">Viviane Maia dos Santos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034721/http://www.celsul.org.br/Encontros/09/artigos/Viviane%20dos%20Santos.pdf">"A Constituição de Corpora Orais Para a Análise das Formas de Tratamento"</a> (PDF). Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, out. 2010 Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celsul.org.br/Encontros/09/artigos/Viviane%20dos%20Santos.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Corpora+Orais+Para+a+An%C3%A1lise+das+Formas+de+Tratamento&rft.pub=Anais+do+IX+Encontro+do+CELSUL+Palho%C3%A7a%2C+SC%2C+out.+2010+Universidade+do+Sul+de+Santa+Catarina&rft.au=Viviane+Maia+dos+Santos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celsul.org.br%2FEncontros%2F09%2Fartigos%2FViviane%2520dos%2520Santos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéliche_Alves2012" class="citation journal cs1">Béliche Alves, Cibelle Corrêa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/signum/article/view/11776/11181">"'Por onde tá "o tu"?' no português falado no Maranhão"</a>. Signum: Estudos da Linguagem. 15 (1): 13–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5433%2F2237-4876.2012v15n1p13">10.5433/2237-4876.2012v15n1p13</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630172240/http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/signum/article/view/11776/11181">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signum%3A+Estudos+da+Linguagem&rft.atitle=%27Por+onde+t%C3%A1+%22o+tu%22%3F%27+no+portugu%C3%AAs+falado+no+Maranh%C3%A3o&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-31&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5433%2F2237-4876.2012v15n1p13&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9liche+Alves&rft.aufirst=Cibelle+Corr%C3%AAa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uel.br%2Frevistas%2Fuel%2Findex.php%2Fsignum%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11776%2F11181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoregian-Penkal2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loregian-Penkal, Loremi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gel.org.br/estudoslinguisticos/edicoesanteriores/4publica-estudos-2005/4publica-estudos-2005-pdfs/alternancia-tu-voce-411.pdf">"Alternância tu/você em Santa Catarina: uma abordagem variacionista"</a> (PDF). Estudos Lingüísticos (in Portuguese). XXXIV: 362–367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052320/http://www.gel.org.br/estudoslinguisticos/edicoesanteriores/4publica-estudos-2005/4publica-estudos-2005-pdfs/alternancia-tu-voce-411.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017 – via Tu/você alternation in Santa Catarina: a variationist approach.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudos+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos&rft.atitle=Altern%C3%A2ncia+tu%2Fvoc%C3%AA+em+Santa+Catarina%3A+uma+abordagem+variacionista&rft.volume=XXXIV&rft.pages=362-367&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Loregian-Penkal&rft.aufirst=Loremi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gel.org.br%2Festudoslinguisticos%2Fedicoesanteriores%2F4publica-estudos-2005%2F4publica-estudos-2005-pdfs%2Falternancia-tu-voce-411.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romansh.romanche.free.fr/">"Apprendre la langue romanche et le vocabulaire, dictionnaire Rumantsch"</a>. romansh.romanche.free.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510203459/http://romansh.romanche.free.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=romansh.romanche.free.fr&rft.atitle=Apprendre+la+langue+romanche+et+le+vocabulaire%2C+dictionnaire+Rumantsch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromansh.romanche.free.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgiPianesi1997" class="citation book cs1">Giorgi, Alessandra; Pianesi, Fabio (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GILmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">"On the Italian, Latin, and Portuguese Temporal Systems"</a>. Tense and Aspect: From Semantics to Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509193-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509193-9"><bdi>978-0-19-509193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Italian%2C+Latin%2C+and+Portuguese+Temporal+Systems&rft.btitle=Tense+and+Aspect%3A+From+Semantics+to+Morphosyntax&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509193-9&rft.aulast=Giorgi&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft.au=Pianesi%2C+Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGILmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filppula-Klemola-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filppula-Klemola_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filppula-Klemola_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilppulaKlemola2014" class="citation journal cs1">Filppula, Markku; Klemola, Juhani (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757">"Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation"</a>. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 115 (1): 33–53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757">43344757</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002914/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuphilologische+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=Celtic+Influences+in+English%3A+A+Re-Evaluation&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-53&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43344757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Filppula&rft.aufirst=Markku&rft.au=Klemola%2C+Juhani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43344757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dicionario.priberam.org/Canja">"Canja"</a>. 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Hispania. 72 (4): 848–852. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F343562">10.2307/343562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/343562">343562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=On+the+Mutual+Intelligibility+of+Spanish+and+Portuguese&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=848-852&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F343562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F343562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2000" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVNGMlx7cOYC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese&pg=PA14">Variation and Change in Spanish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78045-2"><bdi>978-0-521-78045-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427105110/https://books.google.com/books?id=rVNGMlx7cOYC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese&pg=PA14#v=snippet&q=how%20well%20do%20spanish%20speakers%20understand%20portuguese&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. 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Published 2001, Biblioteca Nacional. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-565-298-3" title="Special:BookSources/972-565-298-3">972-565-298-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7h5YbM5M60C">Partial preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215183226/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7h5YbM5M60C">Archived</a> 15 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> available on <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-plantname-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plantname_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plantname_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html">"Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Citrus Names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515001035/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16">"The language(s) of the Callaeci"</a>. E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6: 715–748. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-4889">1540-4889</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227103240/https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/16/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. 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"Origens e estruturação histórica do léxico português" [Origins and historical structure of the Portuguese lexicon]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235128/https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/origens_lex_port.pdf">Estudos de Linguística Histórica Galego-Portuguesa</a> [Studies in Galician-Portuguese Historical Linguistics] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Lisboa: IN-CM. pp. 9–16. 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Revista de Guimarães, Volume Especial, I, Guimarães, 1999, pp. 265–275</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206114400/http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RGVE1999_015.pdf">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved 14 November 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabeza_Quiles2014" class="citation book cs1">Cabeza Quiles, Fernando (2014). A toponimia celta de Galicia. Noia: Toxosoutos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-942224-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-942224-4-3"><bdi>978-84-942224-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+toponimia+celta+de+Galicia&rft.place=Noia&rft.pub=Toxosoutos&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-84-942224-4-3&rft.aulast=Cabeza+Quiles&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lus-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lus_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lus_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/brevesum/porque.html#Origens">"As origens do romance galego-português"</a> [The origins of the Galician-Portuguese romance language]. História da Língua Portuguesa em linha (in Portuguese). Instituto Camões. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331050922/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/brevesum/porque.html#Origens">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa+em+linha&rft.atitle=As+origens+do+romance+galego-portugu%C3%AAs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.instituto-camoes.pt%2Fhlp%2Fbrevesum%2Fporque.html%23Origens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlineiBenozzo2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alinei, Mario; Benozzo, Francesco (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_benozzo_alguns-aspectos.pdf">Alguns aspectos da Teoria da Continuidade Paleolítica aplicada à região galega</a> [Some aspects of the Paleolithic Continuity Theory applied to the Galician region] (PDF) (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-618-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-618-200-7"><bdi>978-989-618-200-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317000200/http://www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_benozzo_alguns-aspectos.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2012. 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Vol. 15. pp. 277–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-2540-3_10">10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-087-6"><bdi>978-1-55608-087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prepositional+Infinitival+Constructions+in+European+Portuguese&rft.btitle=The+Null+Subject+Parameter&rft.series=Studies+in+Natural+Language+and+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pages=277-305&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-2540-3_10&rft.isbn=978-1-55608-087-6&rft.aulast=Raposo&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041334/http://ling.cornell.edu/people/Weiss/CGL_34_Language_Contact_5.pdf">"Comparative Grammar of Latin 34: Language Contact"</a> (PDF). 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UToronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121041405/http://individual.utoronto.ca/spahr/spahr_crc_2013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UToronto&rft.atitle=Confronting+the+European+Portuguese+low+vowel+distinction&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Spahr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findividual.utoronto.ca%2Fspahr%2Fspahr_crc_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-161"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995</a>:91) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano (2004</a>:228–229) </li> <li id="cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Carvalho-163"><a href="#cite_ref-labialized_velar_-_Carvalho_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carvalho, Joana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151129081825/http://cl.up.pt/elingup/vol4n1/article/article_2.pdf">"Sobre os Ditongos do Português Europeu"</a> (PDF). ELingUp (in Portuguese). 4 (1): 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cl.up.pt/elingup/vol4n1/article/article_2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2015. <q>A conclusão será que nos encontramos em presença de dois segmentos fonológicos /kʷ/ e /ɡʷ/, respetivamente, com uma articulação vocálica. Bisol (2005:122), tal como Freitas (1997), afirma que não estamos em presença de um ataque ramificado. Neste caso, a glide, juntamente com a vogal que a sucede, forma um ditongo no nível pós-lexical. Esta conclusão implica um aumento do número de segmentos no inventário segmental fonológico do português.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELingUp&rft.atitle=Sobre+os+Ditongos+do+Portugu%C3%AAs+Europeu&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Joana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcl.up.pt%2Felingup%2Fvol4n1%2Farticle%2Farticle_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-labialized_velar_-_Bisol-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-labialized_velar_-_Bisol_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-labialized_velar_-_Bisol_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:122): "A proposta é que a sequencia consoante velar + glide posterior seja indicada no léxico como uma unidade monofonemática /kʷ/ e /ɡʷ/. O glide que, nete caso, situa-se no ataque não-ramificado, forma com a vogal seguinte um ditongo crescente em nível pós lexical. Ditongos crescentes somente se formam neste nível. Em resumo, a consoante velar e o glide posterior, quando seguidos de a/o, formam uma só unidade fonológica, ou seja, um segmento consonantal com articulação secundária vocálica, em outros termos, um segmento complexo." </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodrigues2012">Rodrigues (2012</a>:39–40) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBisol2005">Bisol (2005</a>:123) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1974">Thomas (1974</a>:8) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerini2002" class="citation book cs1">Perini, Mário Alberto (2002). Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar). New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09155-7"><bdi>978-0-300-09155-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Portuguese+%28A+Reference+Grammar%29&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09155-7&rft.aulast=Perini&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000">Mateus & d'Andrade (2000</a>:5–6, 11) </li> <li id="cite_note-gr157-170"><a href="#cite_ref-gr157_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005</a>:157) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004">Barbosa & Albano (2004</a>:228) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Francis Millet (20 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44938469//">"Insular Portuguese Pronunciation:Alleged Breton Influence"</a>. Romance Philology. 2 (4): 305–314. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44938469">44938469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romance+Philology&rft.atitle=Insular+Portuguese+Pronunciation%3AAlleged+Breton+Influence&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-314&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44938469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Francis+Millet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44938469%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquartini1998" class="citation book cs1">Squartini, Mario (1998). Verbal Periphrases in Romance: Aspect, Actionality, and Grammaticalization. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016160-1"><bdi>978-3-11-016160-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39007172">39007172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verbal+Periphrases+in+Romance%3A+Aspect%2C+Actionality%2C+and+Grammaticalization&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39007172&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016160-1&rft.aulast=Squartini&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_por_PT.html">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Portuguese (Portugal)"</a>. Unicode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109134209/https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_por_PT.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+-+Portuguese+%28Portugal%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fd%2Fudhr_por_PT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>História da Lingua Portuguesa – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/conhecer/bases-tematicas/historia-da-lingua-portuguesa.html/">Instituto Camões website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206190639/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/conhecer/bases-tematicas/historia-da-lingua-portuguesa.html">Archived</a> 6 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>A Língua Portuguesa in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020526102021/http://linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil</a></li> <li>Carta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa, a.D. 882 (o mais antigo documento latino-português original conhecido) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fcsh.unl.pt/philologia/CARTA882.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910141848/http://www.fcsh.unl.pt/philologia/CARTA882.html">Archived</a> 10 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Literature</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Poesia e Prosa Medievais, by Maria Ema Tarracha Ferreira, Ulisseia 1998, 3rd ed., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-568-124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-568-124-4">978-972-568-124-4</a>.</li> <li>Bases Temáticas – Língua, Literatura e Cultura Portuguesa in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/area-conhecer-bases-tematicas">Instituto Camões</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605122734/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/area-conhecer-bases-tematicas">Archived</a> 5 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12307a.htm">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426015652/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12307a.htm">Archived</a> 26 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Phonology, orthography and grammar</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004" class="citation journal cs1">Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756">"Brazilian Portuguese"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 227–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001756">10.1017/S0025100304001756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001756&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Pl%C3%ADnio+A.&rft.au=Albano%2C+Eleonora+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100304001756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bergström, Magnus & Reis, Neves Prontuário Ortográfico Editorial Notícias, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisol2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bisol, Leda (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFzWAq-S7I0C&pg=PA215">Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro</a> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul: EDIPUCRS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-529-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-529-5"><bdi>978-85-7430-529-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427105113/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFzWAq-S7I0C&pg=PA215#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+a+estudos+de+fonologia+do+portugu%C3%AAs+brasileiro&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+%E2%80%93+Rio+Grande+do+Sul&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-529-5&rft.aulast=Bisol&rft.aufirst=Leda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFzWAq-S7I0C%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995). "European Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 25 (2): 90–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223">10.1017/S0025100300005223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414876">249414876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=European+Portuguese&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249414876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cruz-Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Madalena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrønnum2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Gr%C3%B8nnum" title="Nina Grønnum">Grønnum, Nina</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</a> (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-500-3865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-500-3865-8"><bdi>978-87-500-3865-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112193003/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonetik+og+fonologi%2C+Almen+og+Dansk&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Akademisk+Forlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-87-500-3865-8&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B8nnum&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RtCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusd'Andrade2000" class="citation book cs1">Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC&pg=PP1">The Phonology of Portuguese</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823581-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823581-1"><bdi>978-0-19-823581-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427105242/https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Portuguese&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823581-1&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=Maria+Helena&rft.au=d%27Andrade%2C+Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOnr9OFylajYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Rodrigues, Marisandra Costa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052326/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/doutorado/GomesMCR.pdf">Encontros Vocálicos Finais em Português: Descrição e Análise Otimalista</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/doutorado/GomesMCR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Encontros+Voc%C3%A1licos+Finais+em+Portugu%C3%AAs%3A+Descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+An%C3%A1lise+Otimalista&rft.inst=Universidade+Federal+do+Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Marisandra+Costa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letras.ufrj.br%2Fposverna%2Fdoutorado%2FGomesMCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1974" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Earl W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm8yS1ZKJ5gC">A Grammar of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese</a>. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1197-3"><bdi>978-0-8265-1197-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427105116/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Gm8yS1ZKJ5gC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Spoken+Brazilian+Portuguese&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1197-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Earl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGm8yS1ZKJ5gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/cpp2/index.html">A pronúncia do português europeu – European Portuguese Pronunciation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710051842/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/cpp2/index.html">Archived</a> 10 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Instituto Camões website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa02.html">Dialects of Portuguese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204211046/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa02.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Instituto Camões website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html">Audio samples of the dialects of Portugal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418071536/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Instituto Camões website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa07.html">Audio samples of the dialects from outside Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427031743/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa07.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Instituto Camões website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn101.org/portuguese.php">Portuguese Grammar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321030809/http://www.learn101.org/portuguese.php">Archived</a> 21 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Learn101.org</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Reference dictionaries</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Houaiss" title="Antônio Houaiss">Antônio Houaiss</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Dicion%C3%A1rio_Houaiss_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa">Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa</a> (228,500 entries).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_Buarque_de_Holanda_Ferreira" title="Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira">Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novo_Dicion%C3%A1rio_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa">Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa</a> (1809 pp.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707050228/http://www.italian.org.cn/web/epcd/">English–Portuguese–Chinese Dictionary (Freeware for Windows/Linux/Mac)</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Linguistic studies</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Cook, Manuela. Portuguese Pronouns and Other Forms of Address, from the Past into the Future – Structural, Semantic and Pragmatic Reflections, Ellipsis, vol. 11, APSA, www.portuguese-apsa.com/ellipsis, 2013</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Manuela (1997). "Uma Teoria de Interpretação das Formas de Tratamento na Língua Portuguesa". Hispania. 80 (3): 451–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F345821">10.2307/345821</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/345821">345821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=Uma+Teoria+de+Interpreta%C3%A7%C3%A3o+das+Formas+de+Tratamento+na+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-464&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F345821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F345821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cook, Manuela. On the Portuguese Forms of Address: From Vossa Mercê to Você, Portuguese Studies Review 3.2, Durham: University of New Hampshire, 1995</li> <li>Lindley Cintra, Luís F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf">Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego- Portugueses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109125936/http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf">Archived</a> 9 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos, 1971.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crandall.altervista.org/p/phonetic-portuguese-portugues-fonetico.html">Automatic Transcription of Phonemic and Phonetic Portuguese</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Portuguese language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Portuguese language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Portuguese language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" class="extiw" title="q:Portuguese language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Portuguese" class="extiw" title="b:Portuguese">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese" class="extiw" title="v:Category:Portuguese">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portuguese_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Portuguese phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pt:">Portuguese edition</a> of Wikipedia</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5146" class="extiw" title="d:Q5146">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Portugal" title="Template:Languages of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Languages of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorada_language" title="Atorada language">Atorada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baniwa language (disambiguation)">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barawana_language" title="Barawana language">Barawana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baré language">Baré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawen%C3%AA-Naw%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enawenê-Nawê language">Enawenê-Nawê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawayana_language" title="Mawayana language">Mapidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehinaku_language" title="Mehinaku language">Mehinaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palik%C3%BAr_language" title="Palikúr language">Palikúr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresi_language" title="Paresi language">Paresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariana_language" title="Tariana language">Tariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language" title="Terêna language">Terêna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapishana_language" title="Wapishana language">Wapishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language" title="Waurá language">Waurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deni_language" title="Deni language">Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad%C3%AD_language" title="Madí language">Jamamadí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paumar%C3%AD_language" title="Paumarí language">Paumarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuruah%C3%A1_language" title="Zuruahá language">Zuruahá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amonap_language" title="Amonap language">Amonap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala%C3%AD_language" title="Apalaí language">Apalaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakairi_language" title="Bakairi language">Bakairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hixkaryana_language" title="Hixkaryana language">Hixkaryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeng_language" title="Ikpeng language">Ikpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Pará Arára language">Pará Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salum%C3%A1_language" title="Salumá language">Salumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoan_languages" title="Panoan languages">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Akwẽ-Xerénte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language" title="Apinayé language">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language" title="Arikapú language">Arikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo_language" title="Bororo language">Bororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeoromitx%C3%AD_language" title="Djeoromitxí language">Djeoromitxí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%A9s%C3%AAdj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kĩsêdjê language">Kĩsêdjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_language" title="Krenak language">Krenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng_language" title="Xokleng language">Laklãnõ (Xokléng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Maxakalí language">Maxakalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayap%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayapó language">Mẽbêngôkre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language" title="Panará language">Panará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayuna_language" title="Tapayuna language">Tapayúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbira_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbira languages">Timbira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2w_language" title="Dâw language">Dâw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hup_language" title="Hup language">Hup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nad%C3%ABb_language" title="Nadëb language">Nadëb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wariʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tukanoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukanoan languages">Tukanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucano_language" title="Tucano language">Tukano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuca_language" title="Tuyuca language">Tuyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamaind%C3%AA_language" title="Mamaindê language">Mamaindê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban%C3%AA_language" title="Sabanê language">Sabanê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiw%C3%A9u_language" title="Kadiwéu language">Kadiwéu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanamar%C3%AD_language" title="Kanamarí language">Kanamarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katawixi_language" title="Katawixi language">Katawixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuru_language" title="Xukuru language">Xukuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interlanguages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Lanc-Patuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Paulista" title="Italo-Paulista">Macarrônico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Portunhol fronteiriço</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Africa" title="Template:Languages of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Languages of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Languages of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Comoros" title="Languages of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eswatini" title="Languages of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gabon" title="Languages of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Gambia" title="Languages of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea" title="Languages of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Languages of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Languages of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lesotho" title="Languages of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liberia" title="Languages of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Libya" title="Languages of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritania" title="Languages of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Seychelles" title="Languages of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" title="Languages of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Melilla">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Madeira">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Macau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Macau" title="Template:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Macau" title="Template talk:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Macau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Macau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Macau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Languages of Macau</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_East_Timor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Template:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Template talk:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_East_Timor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">Languages of East Timor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atauran_language" title="Atauran language">Atauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Baikeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habun_language" title="Habun language">Habun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idalaka_language" title="Idalaka language">Idalaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaimina_languages" title="Kawaimina languages">Kawaimina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalero_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalero dialect">Makalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuva_language" title="Makuva language">Makuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)" title="Mambai language (Timor)">Mambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokodede_language" title="Tokodede language">Tokodede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Chinese language">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_%C3%85land" title="Languages of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Languages of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Languages of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jersey" title="Languages of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_dialects" title="Template:Portuguese dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_dialects" title="Template talk:Portuguese dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese" title="Angolan Portuguese">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese" title="Cape Verdean Portuguese">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese" title="Guinean Portuguese">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tomean_Portuguese" title="São Tomean Portuguese">São Tomean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_the_Americas" title="Portuguese language in the Americas">Pan-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amazofonia" title="Amazofonia">Amazofonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipira_dialect" title="Caipira dialect">Caipira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_northeastern_Portuguese" title="Central northeastern Portuguese">Central Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianopolitan_dialect" title="Florianopolitan dialect">Florianopolitan/Manês</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%BAcho_dialect" title="Gaúcho dialect">Gaúcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_coast_Portuguese" title="North coast Portuguese">North Coast/Cearense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulistano_dialect" title="Paulistano dialect">Paulistano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sertanejo_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sertanejo dialect (page does not exist)">Sertanejo</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_sertanejo" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto sertanejo">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulista_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulista dialect (page does not exist)">Curitibano/Sulista</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_sulista" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto sulista">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carioca_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carioca dialect (page does not exist)">Carioca</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_carioca" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto carioca">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serra_amaz%C3%B4nica_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serra amazônica dialect (page does not exist)">Serra amazônica</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_da_serra_amaz%C3%B4nica" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto da serra amazônica">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brasiliense_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brasiliense dialect (page does not exist)">Brasiliense</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_brasiliense" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto brasiliense">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recifense_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recifense dialect (page does not exist)">Recifense</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_recifense" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto recifense">pt</a>]</li></ul> <ul><li>Outside Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Goa" title="Portuguese language in Goa">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7oriano_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Açoriano dialect (page does not exist)">Açoriano</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_a%C3%A7oriano" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto açoriano">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algarvio_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algarvio dialect (page does not exist)">Algarvio</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_algarvio" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto algarvio">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Nortenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmontano_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmontano dialect (page does not exist)">Transmontano</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto_transmontano" class="extiw" title="pt:Dialeto transmontano">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">Geographic distribution of Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_diaspora" title="Brazilian diaspora">Brazilian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese diaspora">Portuguese diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_vocabulary" title="Portuguese 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