CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Apinayé language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bd73cbd7-ff81-4f53-928e-424f988b3c85","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Apinayé_language","wgTitle":"Apinayé language","wgCurRevisionId":1230215372,"wgRevisionId":1230215372,"wgArticleId":30970163,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with plain IPA","ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue","Pages with interlinear glosses using two unnamed parameters","Jê languages","Languages of Brazil","Indigenous languages of South America (Central)","Indigenous languages of South America"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Apinayé_language","wgRelevantArticleId":30970163,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2858311","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Apinayé language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Apinayé_language rootpage-Apinayé_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Apinay%C3%A9+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Apinay%C3%A9+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Apinay%C3%A9+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Apinay%C3%A9+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentation_Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation_Projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Documentation Projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation_Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onsets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onsets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Onsets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Codas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Clitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Realis_and_Irrealis_Modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realis_and_Irrealis_Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Realis and Irrealis Modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realis_and_Irrealis_Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valency_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valency_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Valency Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valency_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periphrastic_Causative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periphrastic_Causative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Periphrastic Causative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periphrastic_Causative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphological_Causative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphological_Causative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Morphological Causative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphological_Causative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semantics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quantification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Quantification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_Clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_Clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Number Clitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_Clitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifiers_-_Noun_Phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifiers_-_Noun_Phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Quantifiers - Noun Phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantifiers_-_Noun_Phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifiers_-_Postpositional_Phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifiers_-_Postpositional_Phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Quantifiers - Postpositional Phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantifiers_-_Postpositional_Phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apinayé language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinaj%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Apinajé (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apinajé (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_jezik" title="Apinayé jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apinayé jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_apinay%C3%A9" title="Lingua apinayé – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua apinayé" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_apinay%C3%A9" title="Lenga apinayé – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga apinayé" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_apinaj%C3%A9" title="Língua apinajé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua apinajé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Апинайе (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апинайе (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9" title="Apinayé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apinayé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2858311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Apinay%C3%A9_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Apinay%C3%A9_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Apinay%C3%A9_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Apinay%C3%A9_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&oldid=1230215372" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Apinay%C3%A9_language&id=1230215372&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FApinay%25C3%25A9_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FApinay%25C3%25A9_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2858311" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Macro-Jê language spoken by indigenous people of Brazil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Apinayé</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><i>Panhĩ kapẽr</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paˈɲĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>gaˈpẽɾẽ]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,300 (2014)SIASI/SESAI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cerrado_languages" title="Cerrado languages">Cerrado</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Goyaz_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Goyaz Jê languages">Jê of Goyaz</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Northern Jê languages">Northern Jê</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Tocantins_languages" title="Trans-Tocantins languages">Trans-Tocantins</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Apinayé</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/apn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:apn">apn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/apin1244">apin1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/658">Apinayé</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Apinayé</b> or <b>Apinajé</b> (otherwise known as Afotigé, Aogé, Apinagé, Otogé, Oupinagee, Pinagé, Pinaré, Uhitische, Utinsche, and Western Timbira) is a <a href="/wiki/Northern_J%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Jê">Northern Jê</a> language (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>) spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a>, Eastern Central Brazil by some 2277 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Apinaj%C3%A9_people" title="Apinajé people">Apinajé people</a> according to the most recent census taken by SIASI/SESAI in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Povos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Povos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are thirteen villages that speak the Apinayé language. The biggest and oldest villages include São José and Mariazinha; and the smaller villages are Cocalinho, Patizal, Buriti Comprido, Palmeiras, Prata, Cocal Grande, Serrinha, Botica, Riachinho, Bonito and Brejão.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> language. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> considers Apinayé "developing," with a rating of 5 on the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be hypothesized that language transmission is high, since Apinayé was ranked as a threatened language in the past 10 years, but presently it is no longer at that level. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 20th century, there used to be three main Apinayé groups known as the Rõrkojoire, the Cocojoire, and the Krĩjobreire. Each had their own land and political division, which totaled more than half of the current territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the three distinct Apinayé groups have been living together, though São José is controlled by the Krĩjobreire, and Mariazinha has Cocojoire leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first quarter of the nineteenth century the Apinayé had a successful economic growth fueled by extensive cattle farming and the extraction of babaù palm oil which brought an increase in migration. The land rights of the Apinayé have been recognized by the federal government of Brazil in the 1988 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact">Contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apinayé indigenous population has had contacts with the Jesuits, military bands and explorers, which is similar to the experiences of other indigenous groups. Between 1633 and 1658, the Jesuits journeyed up the Tocantins River in order to “[persuade] the Indians to ‘descend’ the river to the villages of Pará”.<sup id="cite_ref-Povos_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Povos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ushered in the potential of further encounters. On one of his expeditions, Captain-General D. Luiz Mascarenhas was confronted by “war-like” people, the Apinayé, in 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another confrontation between the Portuguese settlers and the Apinayé occurred in 1774 when Antônio Luiz Tavares Lisboa and his band of explorers were traveling by way of the Tocantins River.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early contacts did not greatly disrupt the lifestyle of the Apinayé people. It was not until the 19th century that the indigenous group would suffer from colonization. This was due to the shrinking of their territory and population reduction in the face of settlement establishment by the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Matta (1982) believes that the Apinayé were saved from extinction mainly due to the fact that the area they were situated in did not have true economic value.<sup id="cite_ref-Da_Matta_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Da_Matta-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict">Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the initial colonization period, the Apinayé had been recorded as being hostile to European expeditions. This prompted the construction of the military post of Alcobaça in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-Povos_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Povos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was soon abandoned due to the successful raids of the Apinayé. This only prompted further fortifications. In 1791 “another military post was founded on the Arapary river” and the same occurred in 1797 with the construction of the post of São João das Duas Barras.<sup id="cite_ref-Povos_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Povos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of previous conflicts, the Apinayé participated in the War for Independence of 1823 after sending “250 warriors to join the troops of José Dias de Mattos”.<sup id="cite_ref-Da_Matta_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Da_Matta-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent area of conflict was during the construction of the Trans-Amazon highway in 1985, which was supposed to be built over indigenous land. With the support of Krahô, Xerente, Xavante, and Kayapó warriors, the Apinayé had their lands recognized by the Brazilian state and the route of the highway was altered to avoid passing through this indigenous territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Povos_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Povos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Schools">First Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schools existed in the area of the Apinayé as early as the early 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it is unclear if their purpose was for the indigenous group or the general settler population. The first instructional materials for the Apinayé language were organized by the missionaries of the Summer Institute for Linguistics, in this particular case, Missionary Patricia Ham.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governmental support for indigenous schools was established as part of the 1988 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current school system of the Apinayé shows that children start to learn in their native language up to the 4th grade, when Portuguese is introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools are run by the Apinayé community, with some teaching staff that comprises non-indigenous instructors and assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools further support the hypothesis that transmission rates are high; children are monolingual until they reach an age when they can start learning another language, leading to the majority of the population as being bilingual. It seems like the Apinayé language is still an important part of the culture of the group, and therefore has the ability to continue thriving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_family">Language family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a> family is the largest language family in the <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Jê">Macro-Jê</a> stock. It contains eight languages, some of which have many dialects within them. The languages of this family are concentrated mostly in “the savanna regions of Brazil from the southern parts of the states of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, many other languages in the <a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Jê">Macro-Jê</a> stock have become extinct, because their East coast location meant for the first contact with Europeans, which, as written above, was violent and detrimental to many indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A descriptive grammar of this language exists, written by researcher Christiane Cunha de Oliveira in her dissertation “The Language of the Apinajé People of Central Brazil”. Oliveira provides an extensive description and analysis of the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Apinayé. Other linguists have also contributed to the descriptive grammar of the language, including Callow's 1962 paper discussing word order; Burgess and Ham's phonological analysis including topics like consonant to vowel ratio, tone, and inventories of the different sounds of the language; and Callow's 1962 analysis of nominal categories and Ham et al.’s 1979 analysis of verbal categories.<sup id="cite_ref-WALS_Online_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WALS_Online-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedagogical grammars have been created for use in a bilingual classroom setting, with the intention of teaching both national culture and indigenous culture to young students.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_et_al._7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa_et_al.-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sousa et al.’s “Apinajé Intercultural Bilingual School: For an Education Beyond the Ethnic Frontier” discusses this process in depth, and examines the value of having an Apinayé pedagogical grammar in the classroom. There is an intrinsic link between language and culture, and learning the Apinayé language helps children build a stronger connection with both their indigenous culture and the national culture of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_et_al._7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa_et_al.-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also is perhaps part of the reason that this language currently holds the status of “developing” on the EGID scale as mentioned above, as transmission of a language to children of the culture is vital to its survival.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation_Projects">Documentation Projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Documentation Projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Acknowledgements section of “The Language of the Apinajé People of Central Brazil”, Oliveira thanks the Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) for assistance with the documentation needed for the research. Therefore, the Apinayé language has been part of a small documentation project, to provide the research necessary for this dissertation and descriptive grammar. Otherwise, documentation projects for this language are unavailable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most recent ethnographic study done on the Apinayé people is from 2017, where the education system is analyzed (Sousa et al.). The most prominent ethnography of the Apinayé language and people is Oliveira's thesis dissertation (2005). This was preceded by Da Matta's work (1982) which explores Apinayé customs and traditions. Curt Niumendajú was a German anthropologist and ethnologist who wrote The Apinayé (1939). The book is based on the social structure of the indigenous group, though it also includes minimal information regarding the linguistic formation of the Apinayé language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> inventory follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶮdʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Glide</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɨ̃</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High-mid_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High-mid vowel">High-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low-mid_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-mid vowel">Low-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Just as in <a href="/wiki/Mebengokre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebengokre language">Mebengokre</a>, there are underlying nasal vowels which surface independent of the nasal consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Onsets">Onsets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Onsets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The onset is optional in Apinayé, but when it exists it may be any consonant from the inventory. C1C2V(C)-type syllables, where C2 is a voiced [+cont] semivowel or liquid are very common. CCC onsets are always <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kvr/</span>or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋvr/</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Codas">Codas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Codas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All consonants other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔ/</span> are permitted in the coda.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible syllable types are identical to what we find in Mebengokre, except for those in which there are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>-initial complex onsets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christiane Cunha de Oliveira wrote her PhD dissertation on the language of Apinayé (2005). She covers a wide range of morphological topics, which include lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, and postpositions. In the ‘nouns’ section, Oliveira discusses compound nouns and derived nouns in the Apinayé language. Inflection occurs on verbs, in accordance with person, constituency and nonfiniteness.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postpositions inflect for person, if there is a lack of an overt dependent noun phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Apinayé, there are personal pronouns for the first, second and third persons; which generally occupy the second position in a main clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person pronoun “includes the hortative and plural inclusive distinctions”; other clitics are used to differentiate number distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pronouns occur in the realis and the irrealis modes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a> </th> <th>Realis Mode </th> <th>Irrealis Mode </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">1st person (inclusive)</a> </th> <td><i>pa</i> </td> <td><i>paj</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">2nd person</a> </th> <td><i>ka</i> </td> <td><i>kaj</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">3rd person</a> </th> <td><i>əm/ø</i> </td> <td><i>ja</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Hortative</a> </th> <td><i>pu</i> </td> <td><i>puj</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Based on the information available, it can be postulated that these are both subject and object pronominal forms. In pragmatically unmarked use, the pronoun works within a clitic sequence, where the mood marker is in the first position and potentially a tense/aspect clitic that is stressed in the group.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phonological words are part of these sequences of clitics. In this instance, the pronouns do not carry stress; voice alteration is based on plosives occurring in the pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mɛ]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pĩ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cut</p></div><p style="display: none;">Na [pa mɛ] ra pĩ kə</p><p style="display: none;">RLS 1 PL ASP tree cut</p><p style="clear: left;">"We (exclusive) have already torn down the trees." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku-ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-eat</p></div><p style="display: none;">Na pa ra ku-ku</p><p style="display: none;">RLS 1.INCL ASP 3-eat</p><p style="clear: left;">"We (inclusive) have already eaten." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In pragmatically marked use, a token of the pronoun precedes the sequence clause initially.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, when the pronoun is stressed, the plosives are voiceless.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This applies only to the realis form of pronouns: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔt</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zɛkabeti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">N</abbr>.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INSTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">grɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dance</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rač</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="quantifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">QTF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kumrɛč</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intensifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INTS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Pa kɔt paj Zɛkabeti ɔ grɛ rač kumrɛč</p><p style="display: none;">1 IRLS 1.IRLS N. INSTR dance QTF INTS</p><p style="clear: left;">"It’s me that I want to dance all night with Zé Cabere." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ic-kĩ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-merry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="factive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FCT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Pa na pa ic-kĩ nẽ</p><p style="display: none;">1 RLS 1 1-merry FCT</p><p style="clear: left;">"It’s me that I am really happy!" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clitics">Clitics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Clitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Realis_and_Irrealis_Modes">Realis and Irrealis Modes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Realis and Irrealis Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous grammatical categories are expressed by positional, phrasal and word clitics. Clitics are used to distinguish between realis and irrealis mood in the language. The marker <i>na</i> is used to denote realis clauses; whereas irrealis clauses are indicated by the marker <i>kɔt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realis domain includes present, past, and habitual postpositions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irrealis domain represents future, hypothetical, counterfactual, and conditional postpositions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples follow below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><b>Realis:</b></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ic-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="detrimentive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku-bə</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr>-grab</p></div><p style="display: none;">Na ic-pe ku-bə</p><p style="display: none;">RLS 1-DTR 3.ACC-grab</p><p style="clear: left;">"He took it from me." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><b>Irrealis:</b></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kɔt</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mũj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM.DST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="associative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASSC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">grɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dance</p></div><p style="display: none;">Kɔt paj mũj mẽ wa grɛ</p><p style="display: none;">IRLS 1.IRLS <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM.DST</abbr> ASSC DU dance</p><p style="clear: left;">"I will dance with that one. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> ‘Me plus that one, the both of us will dance [together]’)" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reduplication is a process that occurs in Apinayé. In terms of verbs, it is generally used to describe concepts, such as colours, onomatopoeic sounds; iterative, repetitive, or progressive events; and events that depict fragmentation (like ‘shatter’).<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples are listed below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko.kot</p></div><p style="display: none;">ko.kot</p><p style="clear: left;">"rest"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pɛ.pɛk</p></div><p style="display: none;">pɛ.pɛk</p><p style="clear: left;">"drip repeatedly on the same spot"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tə̃.tə̃k</p></div><p style="display: none;">tə̃.tə̃k</p><p style="clear: left;">"hurt; ache"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro.rok</p></div><p style="display: none;">ro.rok</p><p style="clear: left;">"erode; collapse"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rə.rər</p></div><p style="display: none;">rə.rər</p><p style="clear: left;">"yellow"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pre.prek</p></div><p style="display: none;">pre.prek</p><p style="clear: left;">"be fast, rush"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This strategy reproduces the first foot right-to-left of the original stem.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of closed syllables lose their coda under these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However that is not always the case. Reduplication does not only occur in verb stems, but also noun stems in some cases; though this occurs when reduplicated verbs convert into nouns, or they are compounds that include reduplicated verbal stems.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valency_Change">Valency Change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Valency Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the syntactic processes of Apinayé are the valency changing operations of causativization. There are two ways of expressing causativization: periphrastic construction and morphological construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Periphrastic_Causative">Periphrastic Causative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Periphrastic Causative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The function of periphrastic construction is encoding indirect causation; the construction <i>ɔ anẽ</i> denotes the clause, while the result is in another clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the clause which encodes the result functions as a different-subject clause in relation to the clause that expresses causation.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ic-t-ɔ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational prefix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr>-do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>anẽ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">thus</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rɔp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kura</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hit</p></div><p style="display: none;">na ka ri <b>ic-t-ɔ</b> <b>anẽ</b> pa rɔp kura</p><p style="display: none;">RLS 2 DEM 1-RP-do thus 1 dog hit</p><p style="clear: left;">"You caused me to hit the dog. (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> “You did me thus, I hit the dog”) [i.e. I was going to hit you with a stick, you stood behind the dog and I hit the dog instead of hitting you]" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This example shows that the two clauses share an argument; “the object of <i>ɔ anẽ</i> ‘do thus’ is coreferential with the causee”, shown by the independent pronoun at the beginning of the result clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The example below will illustrate an alternative situation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rɔp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ic-t-ɔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational prefix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr>-do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">anẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">thus</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nẽ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="factive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FCT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amɲĩ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RFLX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="detrimentive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i-ɲ-õ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessor" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PSSR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gwra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buriti</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kago</p><p style="margin: 0px;">juice</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kapi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">spill</p></div><p style="display: none;">na rɔp ri ic-t-ɔ anẽ <b>nẽ</b> pa amɲĩ pe i-ɲ-õ gwra kago kapi</p><p style="display: none;">RLS dog DEM 1-RP-do thus FCT 1 RFLX DTR 1-PSSR buriti juice spill</p><p style="clear: left;">"The dog caused me to spill my juice. (i.e. it ran across my way, I tripped on it, and dropped the bowl with the juice)" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The particle <i>nẽ</i> occurs between the two clauses. The introduction of the conjunction postulates that “the clauses expressing cause and result are not as formally bound to each other” as in the previous example.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both clauses are under the scope of the modality marker, therefore it is a confirmation that they constitute a single sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, this example differs with the previous ones due to causation; while the causers are animate beings for both examples, the second case shows that the causer is unaware of its actions, whereas the previous example has intentional causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third syntactic pattern is the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i-j-apen</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational prefix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr>-work</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ja</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DET</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ic-t-ɔ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational prefix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr>-do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>anẽ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">thus</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ic-kengʌ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-tired</p></div><p style="display: none;">i-j-apen ja na ri <b>ic-t-ɔ</b> <b>anẽ</b> na pa ra ic-kengʌ</p><p style="display: none;">1-RP-work DET RLS DEM 1-RP-do thus RLS 1 ASP 1-tired</p><p style="clear: left;">"My work is already making me tired." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005263_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005263-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The inclusion of the modality marker <i>na</i> in the second clause “suggests that cause and result are expressed by two independent sentences”.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the consultant of Oliveira noted that such constructions are odd, possibly because the higher agent is an event rather than a participant, and are only found in elicitation situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morphological_Causative">Morphological Causative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Morphological Causative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morphological causative is distinguished by the marker <i>ɔ</i>, which is preposed to the lexical verb of a clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marker is not a prefix to the verb, and may be labeled as a compound, since no other elements can exist between the two morphemes.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causativization applies only to monovalent verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kawə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">côfo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>dɘt</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">full</p></div><p style="display: none;">na kawə <b>dɘt</b></p><p style="display: none;">RLS côfo full</p><p style="clear: left;">"The basket is full." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kawə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">côfo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ɔ=dɘt</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>=full</p></div><p style="display: none;">na ka kawə <b>ɔ=dɘt</b></p><p style="display: none;">RLS 2 côfo CAUS=full</p><p style="clear: left;">"You filled the basket." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The morphological causative focuses on the effect of the cause in the causal chain. Here, the causee “is affected by the agent/causer; thus, the causee is expressed simply as the patient argument of the verb derived with the causative morpheme <i>ɔ</i>”.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, “the lexical verb shares an argument with <i>ɔ</i> and that the latter has a very generic meaning makes it easier for <i>ɔ</i> to become reinterpreted as belonging to a distinct category − a derivational morpheme, in the case at hand − than for the lexical verb to be reinterpreted as a manner adverb”.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of the new function for <i>ɔ</i> as a morphological causative is “effected by the generalization in the usage of the construction”.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The examples below, in which inanimate participants occupy the position of the higher agent, illustrate this: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ASP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-ɲ-õkwɨ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-home</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="detrimentive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>čet</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">burn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNCL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">na ra a-ɲ-õkwɨ a-pe <b>čet</b> pa</p><p style="display: none;">RLS ASP 2-home 2-DTR burn CNCL</p><p style="clear: left;">"Your house burned down on you (i.e. to your detriment)." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kupĩp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kagrɔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hot</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i-n-ikrɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-shoulder</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ɔ=čet</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>=burn</p></div><p style="display: none;">na kupĩp kagrɔ i-n-ikrɛ <b>ɔ=čet</b></p><p style="display: none;">RLS mat hot 1-shoulder CAUS=burn</p><p style="clear: left;">"The hot mat burned my shoulder." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantification">Quantification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Quantification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_Clitics">Number Clitics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Number Clitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Apinayé number distinguishes between singular, dual, and plural categories for nouns and verbs. These are expressed by positional clitics: <i>wa</i> (dual) and <i>mɛ</i> (plural) which occur before nouns and verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number clitics occur after the usage of person pronouns: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-krĩ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-sit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[pu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="hortative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HORT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mɛ]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">krĩ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Mɛ a-krĩ [pu mɛ] pa krĩ</p><p style="display: none;">PL 2-sit.PL HORT PL 1.INCL sit.PL</p><p style="clear: left;">"Have a seat, you all, let’s have a seat and gather." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The plural clitic mɛ can be a noun modifier, the dual clitic <i>wa</i> is not: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mɛ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jaja</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RDPL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">mɛ di jaja</p><p style="display: none;">PL woman DEF.ART.RDPL</p><p style="clear: left;">"the women" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The plural and dual markers can also be used in compounding. An example is when they “combine with the indefinite article <i>õ</i> to form the indefinite pronouns <i>mɛʔõ</i> ‘someone’ and <i>waʔõ</i> ‘someone’”.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantifiers_-_Noun_Phrases">Quantifiers - Noun Phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Quantifiers - Noun Phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Apinayé, the quantifiers <i>wa</i> ‘dual’ and <i>me</i> ‘plural’ are positional clitics as well, and have the same distribution when it comes to person prefixes, as with full nouns; the clitics occur before: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[wa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iɲ]-mə̃</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">[wa iɲ]-mə̃</p><p style="display: none;">DU 1-DAT</p><p style="clear: left;">"for us (DU.EXCL)" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[me</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø]-karõ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-spirit</p></div><p style="display: none;">[me Ø]-karõ</p><p style="display: none;">PL 3-spirit</p><p style="clear: left;">"the (deceased people’s) spirits" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[me</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a]-p-ubu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational prefix" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RP</abbr>-see</p></div><p style="display: none;">[me a]-p-ubu</p><p style="display: none;">PL 2-RP-see</p><p style="clear: left;">"...see you all" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>With free pronouns, the clitics occur after: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔt</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[kaj</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="irrealis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IRLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kɔt [kaj wa]</p><p style="display: none;">IRLS 2.IRLS DU</p><p style="clear: left;">"the both of you will…" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[pa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">na [pa me]</p><p style="display: none;">RLS 1 PL</p><p style="clear: left;">"we all…" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantifiers_-_Postpositional_Phrases">Quantifiers - Postpositional Phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Quantifiers - Postpositional Phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plural and dual clitics may co-occur with a postposition that is inflected for person. The quantifier clitic is modifying the person prefix attached to the postposition, and occurs in front of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it comes to the third person, the majority of postpositions take a zero prefix, though there are some irregular forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such examples follow below: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ø-kot</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-after</p></div><p style="display: none;">me Ø-kot</p><p style="display: none;">PL 3-after</p><p style="clear: left;">"after them" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kəm</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">me kəm</p><p style="display: none;">PL 3.DAT</p><p style="clear: left;">"for them" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="detrimentive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DTR</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">wa a-pe</p><p style="display: none;">DU 2-DTR</p><p style="clear: left;">"from both of you (i.e. to your detriment)" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Povos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Povos_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Povos_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Povos_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Povos_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Povos_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Elisa_Ladeira_and_Gilberto_Azanha" class="citation web cs1">Maria Elisa Ladeira and Gilberto Azanha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/apinaye">"History"</a>. <i>Povos Indígenas No Brasil</i>. Instituto Socioambiental.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Povos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+No+Brasil&rft.atitle=History&rft.au=Maria+Elisa+Ladeira+and+Gilberto+Azanha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.socioambiental.org%2Fen%2Fpovo%2Fapinaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveira-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese:oliveira-2005/oliveira_2005.pdf"><i>The language of the Apinajé people of Central Brazil</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). University of Oregon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+language+of+the+Apinaj%C3%A9+people+of+Central+Brazil&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Oregon&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cunha+de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetnolinguistica.wdfiles.com%2Flocal--files%2Ftese%3Aoliveira-2005%2Foliveira_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2017" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com">"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition"</a>. SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Twentieth+edition&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Da_Matta-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Da_Matta_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Da_Matta_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Matta1982" class="citation book cs1">Da Matta, Roberto (1982). <i>A Divided World: Apinayé social structure</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Divided+World%3A+Apinay%C3%A9+social+structure&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Da+Matta&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Moore, Denny (2005). "Brazil: language situation". <i>Encyclopedia of languages and linguistics 2</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brazil%3A+language+situation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+languages+and+linguistics+2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Denny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WALS_Online-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WALS_Online_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryerHaspelmath" class="citation web cs1">Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230854/http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_api">"Language Apinayé"</a>. <i>WALS Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_api">the original</a> on 2015-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WALS+Online&rft.atitle=Language+Apinay%C3%A9&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_api&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sousa_et_al.-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa_et_al._7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa_et_al._7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagalhães_de_SousaAlves_de_AlmeidaMendonça_LyraGuimarães_Sousa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Magalhães de Sousa, Rosineide; Alves de Almeida, Severina; Mendonça Lyra, Jairo Roberto; Guimarães Sousa, Jane; Dos Santos, Elizeu José (2017). "Apinajé Intercultural Bilingual School: For an Education Beyond the Ethnic Frontier".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apinaj%C3%A9+Intercultural+Bilingual+School%3A+For+an+Education+Beyond+the+Ethnic+Frontier&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Magalh%C3%A3es+de+Sousa&rft.aufirst=Rosineide&rft.au=Alves+de+Almeida%2C+Severina&rft.au=Mendon%C3%A7a+Lyra%2C+Jairo+Roberto&rft.au=Guimar%C3%A3es+Sousa%2C+Jane&rft.au=Dos+Santos%2C+Elizeu+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessHam1968" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, Eunice; Ham, Patricia (1968). "Multilevel conditioning of phoneme variants in Apinayé". <i>Linguistics</i>. <b>6</b> (41). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fling.1968.6.41.5">10.1515/ling.1968.6.41.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143937140">143937140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=Multilevel+conditioning+of+phoneme+variants+in+Apinay%C3%A9&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=41&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling.1968.6.41.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143937140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Eunice&rft.au=Ham%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005160_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005170_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005262_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005263-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005263_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005265_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005267_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005173_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005205_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunha_de_Oliveira2005216_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005">Cunha de Oliveira 2005</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>ASSC: associative CNCL: conclusive DTR: detrimentive FCT: factive INSTR: instrumental INTS: intensifier IRLS: irrealis N.: proper noun PSSR: possessor QTF: quantifier RCPR: reciprocal RDPL: reduplication RFLX: reflexive RLS: realis RP: relational prefix </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230854/http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_api">WALS page for Apinayé</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevStarkChang2012" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/Apinaye.html">"Phonological inventory of Apinayé"</a>. <i>The South American Phonological Inventory Database</i> (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonological+inventory+of+Apinay%C3%A9&rft.btitle=The+South+American+Phonological+Inventory+Database&rft.place=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California&rft.edition=version+1.1.3&rft.pub=Survey+of+California+and+Other+Indian+Languages+Digital+Resource&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stark%2C+Tammy&rft.au=Chang%2C+Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~saphon%2Fen%2Finv%2FApinaye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApinay%C3%A9+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorada_language" title="Atorada language">Atorada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniwa_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baniwa language (disambiguation)">Baniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barawana_language" title="Barawana language">Barawana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baré language">Baré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawen%C3%AA-Naw%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enawenê-Nawê language">Enawenê-Nawê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawayana_language" title="Mawayana language">Mapidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehinaku_language" title="Mehinaku language">Mehinaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palik%C3%BAr_language" title="Palikúr language">Palikúr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresi_language" title="Paresi language">Paresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariana_language" title="Tariana language">Tariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%AAna_language" title="Terêna language">Terêna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapishana_language" title="Wapishana language">Wapishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warekena_language" title="Warekena language">Warekena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waur%C3%A1_language" title="Waurá language">Waurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deni_language" title="Deni language">Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad%C3%AD_language" title="Madí language">Jamamadí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulina_language" title="Kulina language">Kulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paumar%C3%AD_language" title="Paumarí language">Paumarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuruah%C3%A1_language" title="Zuruahá language">Zuruahá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amonap_language" title="Amonap language">Amonap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala%C3%AD_language" title="Apalaí language">Apalaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakairi_language" title="Bakairi language">Bakairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hixkaryana_language" title="Hixkaryana language">Hixkaryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeng_language" title="Ikpeng language">Ikpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Pará Arára language">Pará Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salum%C3%A1_language" title="Salumá language">Salumá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%27kuana_language" title="Ye'kuana language">Ye'kuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panoan_languages" title="Panoan languages">Panoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amawaka_language" title="Amawaka language">Amawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinawa_language" title="Kashinawa language">Kashinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipibo_language" title="Shipibo language">Shipibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Akwẽ-Xerénte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language" title="Arikapú language">Arikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo_language" title="Bororo language">Bororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeoromitx%C3%AD_language" title="Djeoromitxí language">Djeoromitxí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%A9s%C3%AAdj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kĩsêdjê language">Kĩsêdjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_language" title="Krenak language">Krenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng_language" title="Xokleng language">Laklãnõ (Xokléng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Maxakalí language">Maxakalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayap%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayapó language">Mẽbêngôkre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language" title="Panará language">Panará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayuna_language" title="Tapayuna language">Tapayúna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbira_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbira languages">Timbira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2w_language" title="Dâw language">Dâw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hup_language" title="Hup language">Hup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nad%C3%ABb_language" title="Nadëb language">Nadëb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Win_language" title="Oro Win language">Oro Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari%CA%BC_language" title="Wariʼ language">Wariʼ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tukanoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukanoan languages">Tukanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubeo_language" title="Cubeo language">Cubeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucano_language" title="Tucano language">Tukano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuca_language" title="Tuyuca language">Tuyuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanano_language" title="Wanano language">Wanano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamaind%C3%AA_language" title="Mamaindê language">Mamaindê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban%C3%AA_language" title="Sabanê language">Sabanê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiw%C3%A9u_language" title="Kadiwéu language">Kadiwéu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanamar%C3%AD_language" title="Kanamarí language">Kanamarí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katawixi_language" title="Katawixi language">Katawixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninam_language" title="Ninam language">Ninam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna_language" title="Ticuna language">Ticuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xukuru_language" title="Xukuru language">Xukuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interlanguages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Lanc-Patuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Paulista" title="Italo-Paulista">Macarrônico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Portunhol fronteiriço</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Macro-Jê_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Template:Macro-Jê languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Template talk:Macro-Jê languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macro-Jê languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Macro-Jê_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cerrado" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerrado_languages" title="Cerrado languages">Cerrado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goyaz_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Goyaz Jê languages">Goyaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Panará</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kayap%C3%B3_language" title="Southern Kayapó language">Southern Kayapó</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar%C3%A1_language" title="Panará language">Panará</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Northern Jê languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apinajé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayapo_language" title="Kayapo language">Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Kayapó, Xikrín)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suya language">Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapayuna_language" title="Tapayuna language">Tapayuna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timbira" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timbira_language" title="Timbira language">Timbira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Canela language">Canela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krah%C3%B4_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Krahô language">Krahô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykobj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pykobjê language">Pykobjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%A9kat%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Krĩkatí language">Krĩkatí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkatêjê language">Parkatêjê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BB%B3ikat%C3%AAj%C3%AA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kỳikatêjê language">Kỳikatêjê</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kr%E1%BA%BDje_language" title="Krẽje language">Krẽjê</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Central Jê languages">Central (Akuwẽ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acro%C3%A1_language" title="Acroá language">Acroá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1_language" title="Xakriabá language">Xakriabá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavánte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xer%C3%A9nte_language" title="Xerénte language">Akwẽ-Xerénte (Xerénte)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jê_of_Paraná" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Paraná Jê languages">Jê of Paraná</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingain_language" title="Ingain language">Ingain</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_J%C3%AA_languages" title="Southern Jê languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaingang_language" title="Kaingang language">Kaingáng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xokleng_language" title="Xokleng language">Laklãnõ (Xokléng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Francisco_languages" title="Trans–São Francisco languages">Trans–São Francisco</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenák</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guer%C3%A9n_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerén language">Guerén</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_language" title="Krenak language">Krenak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakreh%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakrehé language">Nakrehé</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalían</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malal%C3%AD_language" title="Malalí language">Malalí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Maxakalí language">Maxakalí</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Maxakal%C3%AD_language" title="Ritual Maxakalí language">Ritual Maxakalí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patax%C3%B3_language" title="Pataxó language">Pataxó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makon%C3%AD_language" title="Makoní language">Makoní</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapox%C3%B3_language" title="Kapoxó language">Kapoxó</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_language" title="Kamakã language">Kamakã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotox%C3%B3_language" title="Kotoxó language">Kotoxó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masakar%C3%A1_language" title="Masakará language">Masakará</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%A9n_language" title="Menién language">Menién</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mato Grosso</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbáktsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jabutian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabutian languages">Jabutian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikap%C3%BA_language" title="Arikapú language">Arikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djeoromitxi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djeoromitxi language">Djeoromitxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Borôro</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Umotina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umotina language">Umutína</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororo_language" title="Bororo language">Boróro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bororo_of_Caba%C3%A7al" title="Bororo of Cabaçal">Bororo of Cabaçal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otuke_language" title="Otuke language">Otuke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgotoqui_language" title="Gorgotoqui language">Gorgotoqui</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirí</a></i> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzubuku%C3%A1_language" title="Dzubukuá language">Dzubukuá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamur%C3%BA_language" title="Kamurú language">Kamurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kipe%C3%A1_language" title="Kipeá language">Kipeá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabuj%C3%A1_language" title="Sabujá language">Sabujá</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a></i> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corop%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Coropó language">Coropó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puri_language" title="Puri language">Puri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010000038">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979293v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979293v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007574743805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apinayé_language&oldid=1230215372">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apinayé_language&oldid=1230215372</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:J%C3%AA_languages" title="Category:Jê languages">Jê languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Brazil" title="Category:Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_South_America_(Central)" title="Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)">Indigenous languages of South America (Central)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Category:Indigenous languages of South America">Indigenous languages of South America</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_interlinear_glosses_using_two_unnamed_parameters" title="Category:Pages with interlinear glosses using two unnamed parameters">Pages with interlinear glosses using two unnamed parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 June 2024, at 12:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apinay%C3%A9_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-fx8jv","wgBackendResponseTime":1067,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.791","walltime":"0.911","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12447,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237692,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7139,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":81578,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 757.188 1 -total"," 37.11% 280.991 29 Template:Interlinear"," 16.28% 123.278 11 Template:Navbox"," 15.67% 118.642 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 15.43% 116.834 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.33% 93.396 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.85% 74.610 3 Template:Cite_web"," 9.46% 71.642 1 Template:Languages_of_Brazil"," 8.74% 66.201 23 Template:Sfn"," 7.36% 55.713 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.464","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19668909,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBurgessHam1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunha_de_Oliveira2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDa_Matta1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDryerHaspelmath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagalhães_de_SousaAlves_de_AlmeidaMendonça_LyraGuimarães_Sousa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Elisa_Ladeira_and_Gilberto_Azanha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Apinaye Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Gcl\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 23,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 11,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlinear\"] = 29,\n [\"Languages of Brazil\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Macro-Jê languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SAPhon\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-fx8jv","timestamp":"20241127123406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Apinay\u00e9 language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apinay%C3%A9_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2858311","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2858311","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-02-22T13:54:33Z","dateModified":"2024-06-21T12:07:41Z","headline":"Indigenous language of Brazil"}</script> </body> </html>