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btn-link btn-sm btn d-lg-none position-absolute top-0 p-10 right-0" > <em class="material-icons font-26" data-icon="close"></em> </button> </div> <div class="section-content pl-10 pr-20 pl-sm-50 pr-sm-60 pl-lg-5 pr-lg-10 pt-10 pt-lg-0 bg-gray-50 clear-catfish-ad"> <div class="toc mb-20"> <div class="font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-15 mb-15 mt-20"> Table of Contents </div> <ul class="list-unstyled my-0" data-level="h1"><li data-target="#ref1"><div class="pl-25"><a class="link-gray-900 w-100" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland">Introduction</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref26278"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26278">Physical and human geography</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26279"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26279">The landscape</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26280"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26280">Site</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26281"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26281">Climate</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26282"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26282">Layout</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26283"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26283">The people</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26284"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26284">The economy</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26285"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26285">Industry</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26286"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26286">Commerce and finance</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26287"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26287">Transportation</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26288"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26288">Administration</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26289"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland#ref26289">Cultural life</a></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref26290"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History">History</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26291"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26291">Foundation and medieval growth</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26292"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26292">The 15th to 18th century</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26293"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26293">Geneva and Savoy</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26294"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26294">John Calvin</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26295"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26295">Class conflicts</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref26296"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26296">The 19th and 20th centuries</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26297"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26297">Swiss Geneva</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref26298"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/place/Geneva-Switzerland/History#ref26298">The city since 1945</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900 selected" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Geneva-Switzerland/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/Geneva-Switzerland">Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mb-10 mx-10" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Geneva-Switzerland/images-videos">Images</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/64667-050-2826C3F4/Geneva-Switzerland.jpg" data-href="/media/1/229000/54823" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/67/64667-004-A87367FD/Geneva-Switzerland.jpg" alt="Geneva, Switzerland." height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/48/100348-050-80F3A605/Cathedral-of-St-Peter-Geneva.jpg" data-href="/media/1/229000/100688" class="media-overlay-link 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<a class="link-gray-600" href="/browse/Cities-Towns">Cities & Towns</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-gray-600" href="/browse/Cities-Towns-C-G">Cities & Towns C-G</a> </span> </nav> <h1 class="mb-5">Geneva: References & Edit History</h1> <div class="border-bottom mt-20"></div> <div id="More-Articles"> <h2 class="my-20">More Articles On This Topic</h2> <div class="mb-30"> <section><h3>Assorted References</h3><ul class="list-unstyled"></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>ballads</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Swiss-literature#ref34872" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Swiss literature</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>settlement patterns</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Switzerland/Settlement-patterns#ref423982" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Switzerland: Urban settlements</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h3>history</h3><ul class="list-unstyled"></ul><section><h4>Reformation</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Reformation#ref34647" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Reformation</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Organization#ref301158" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Christianity: Organization</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism/The-Anabaptists#ref469578" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Protestantism: The role of Calvin</a></span></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Calvinism</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Calvinism#ref794941" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Calvinism: Spread of Calvinism</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h4>role of</h4><ul class="list-unstyled"></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Berthelier</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philibert-Berthelier#ref204691" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Philibert Berthelier</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Calvin</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin#ref18634" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">John Calvin: Life and works</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Roset</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Roset#ref291675" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Michel Roset</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Rousseau</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau#ref387795" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Formative years</a></span></li><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau/Years-of-seclusion-and-exile#ref387849" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Voltaire</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Voltaire/Later-travels#ref177125" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Voltaire: Later travels of Voltaire</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Alembert’s “Encyclopédie” article</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Le-Rond-dAlembert#ref170654" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jean Le Rond d’Alembert: The Encyclopédie</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>exclusion from Helvetic Republic</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Helvetic-Republic#ref71027" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Helvetic Republic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section><section><h3>physical geography</h3><ul class="list-unstyled"></ul><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><strong>Jura Mountains</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jura-Mountains#ref44079" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Jura Mountains</a></span></li></ul></li><li><strong>Lake Geneva</strong><ul class="list-unstyled"><li> <span class="index-xref">In <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Geneva-lake-Europe#ref250137" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Lake Geneva</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></section></div> </div> <div id="Additional-Reading"> <div class="border-top"><h2 class="my-20">Additional Reading</h2> </div><div class="mb-30"> <!--[PREMOD1]--><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Good introductions to Geneva are provided by the collective volume, <span class="text-smallcaps">Benjamin Laederer</span> (ed.), <em>Geneva: Crossroad of the Nations</em> (1964; originally published in French, 1963); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Paul Guichonnet</span>, <em>Histoire de Genève</em> (1974). Urban evolution is the subject of <span class="text-smallcaps">Louis Blondel</span>, <em>Le Développement urbain de Genève à travers les siècles</em> (1946); and <span class="text-smallcaps">André Corboz</span>, <em>Invention de Carouge, 1772–1792</em> (1968). The historical literature is rich, although little is available in English translation. <span class="text-smallcaps">Paul-F. Geisendorf</span>, <em>Bibliographie raisonnée de l’histoire de Genève des origines à 1798</em> (1966), is a well-researched bibliography. See also <span class="text-smallcaps">Louis Binz</span>, <em>Genève et les Suisses: du Moyen Age à la Restauration</em> (1964), a detailed survey, and <em>Brève histoire de Genève</em> (1981); <span class="text-smallcaps">René Guerdan</span>, <em>Histoire de Genève</em> (1981), especially useful for the modern period; <span class="text-smallcaps">Paul-E. Martin</span> (ed.), <em>Histoire de Genève</em>, 2 vol. (1951–56); and <span class="text-smallcaps">François Ruchon</span>, <em>Histoire politique de la République de Genève . . .</em>, 2 vol. (1953). For economic history, see <span class="text-smallcaps">Antony Babel</span>, <em>Histoire économique de Genève, des origines au début du XVI</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><em> siècle</em>, 2 vol. (1963); <span class="text-smallcaps">Jean-François Bergier</span>, <em>Genève et l’économie européenne de la Renaissance</em> (1963); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Anne Marie Piuz</span>, <em>Affaires et politique: recherches sur le commerce de Genève au XVII</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><em> siècle</em> (1964). See also <span class="text-smallcaps">Waldemar Deonna</span>, <em>Les Arts à Genève des origines à la fin du XVIII</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><em> siècle</em> (1942); and <span class="text-smallcaps">Alfred Berchtold</span>, <em>La Suisse romande au cap du XX</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><em> siècle: portrait littéraire et moral</em> (1963).</p><!--[MOD1]--><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/contributor/Paul-Guichonnet/1170">Paul Guichonnet</a></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/contributor/Maurice-Cranston/639">Maurice Cranston</a></span></div> </div> <div id="contributors" class="pt-20 mt-30 border-top"> <div id="contributors-Geneva-Switzerland"> <h2 class="mb-20">Article Contributors</h2> <h3 class="topic-contributors-subtitle h4">Primary Contributors</h3> <ul class="list-unstyled mt-10 mb-20 contributor-PRIMARY"> <li> <a href="/contributor/Maurice-Cranston/639">Maurice Cranston</a> <div class="font-serif my-10">Professor of Political Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, 1969–85. Biographer of Locke and Rousseau.</div> </li> <li> <a href="/contributor/Paul-Guichonnet/1170">Paul Guichonnet</a> <div class="font-serif my-10"></div> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> </li> </ul> <h3 class="topic-contributors-subtitle h4">Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors</h3> <ul class="list-unstyled mt-10 mb-20 contributor-NON_PRIMARY_EB"> <li> <a href="/editor/Yamini-Chauhan/7697573">Yamini Chauhan</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Shiveta-Singh/7666608">Shiveta Singh</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editor/Jeff-Wallenfeldt/6749">Jeff Wallenfeldt</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="history" class="pt-20 border-top"> <div id="history-Geneva-Switzerland"> <h2 class="mb-20">Article History</h2> <div class="mw-100 overflow-scroll"> <table class="article-history table"> <thead> <tr> <th class="topic-history-type">Type</th> <th class="topic-history-description">Description</th> <th class="topic-history-contributor">Contributor</th> <th class="topic-history-date">Date</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Invalidated site: Encyclopedia of Alabama - Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Aug 10, 2023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Encyclopedia of Alabama - Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jan 16, 2023</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Official Tourism Site of Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Oct 21, 2022</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: CRW Flags - Genève canton, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Emily-Rodriguez/9852325">Emily Rodriguez</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jan 24, 2021</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Official Site of the city of Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Aug 08, 2019</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Official Site of the city of Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jul 11, 2019</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/24/109424-006">In the History section, added a mention of the role played by Geneva in 2013 in negotiations toward the agreement on Iran's nuclear program reached by Iran, the United States, China, Russia, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom in 2015.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Jeff-Wallenfeldt/6749">Jeff Wallenfeldt</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> May 04, 2017</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/24/109424-006">Population updated, and in the Cultural life section, added a mention of prominent museums.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Jeff-Wallenfeldt/6749">Jeff Wallenfeldt</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> May 04, 2017</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Boston University - Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Yamini-Chauhan/7697573">Yamini Chauhan</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Feb 19, 2014</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Add new Web site: Lonely Planet - Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Yamini-Chauhan/7697573">Yamini Chauhan</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Feb 19, 2014</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: Official Site of the city of Geneva, Switzerland.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jun 24, 2009</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Geography - Geography of Geneva.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Shiveta-Singh/7666608">Shiveta Singh</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jul 13, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/24/109424-005">Article revised and population data updated.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Jeff-Wallenfeldt/6749">Jeff Wallenfeldt</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Feb 24, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> <span class="topic-history-diff-link link-blue" data-diff="/24/109424-005">Article revised and updated.</span></td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Jeff-Wallenfeldt/6749">Jeff Wallenfeldt</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Feb 24, 2008</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="link"></em> </td> <td> Added new Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Lausanne and Geneva.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/Gloria-Lotha/7666594">Gloria Lotha</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> May 25, 2007</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article revised.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Apr 26, 2002</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article revised.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Nov 10, 2000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="history-type"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="edit"></em> </td> <td> Article added to new online database.</td> <td class="history-contributor"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li data-type="contributor"> <a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></li> </ul> </td> <td data-type="date" class="text-nowrap"> Jul 26, 1999</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="md-topic-diff" class="d-none"> <div class="md-modal-header"> </div> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="md-topic-diff-header-container"> <div class="md-topic-diff-header"> <div class="grid"> <div class="col"> <div class="md-topic-diff-header-browse"> <span>View Changes: </span> <div title="previous change" id="md-topic-diff-previous" class="md-topic-diff-pn disabled"></div> <div title="next change" id="md-topic-diff-next" class="md-topic-diff-pn"></div> </div> </div> <div class="col justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center"> <div class="h3">Article History</div> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="md-topic-diff-header-info"> <div>Revised: <span id="md-topic-diff-date"></span></div> <div>By: <span id="md-topic-diff-contributor"></span></div> </div> <em class="md-close material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="md-topic-diff-container" class="md-overlay-container mt-50 mt-sm-0"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <footer class="md-footer footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-bck"> <DIV class="marketing-FOOTER_NEWSLETTER marketing-content" data-marketing-id="FOOTER_NEWSLETTER"><div class="md-footer-newsletter-form pt-10 mb-30 mx-15 mx-sm-120"> <div class="font-18"> <strong>History at your fingertips –</strong> Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! </div> <div class="p-30"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="form-group grid d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="col-sm-50 col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="enter-your-email">Enter your email</label> <input id="enter-your-email" type="email" name="email" class="form-control font-18 p-10" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="col-sm-auto col-100 mt-5 mt-sm-0"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-outline-white" style="width: 100%; height:100%;">Subscribe</button> </div> </div> <div class="text-white pt-30 text-opacity"> By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.<br> Click here to view our <a class="link-white text-decoration-underline" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Notice</a>. 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