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It was originally bred in the Red Star (Krasnaya Zvezda) [[Kennel]] during the late 1940s and the early 1950s for use as a military/[[working dog]]. The Black Russian Terrier is a breed recognized by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale|FCI]] (September 1983), [[American Kennel Club|AKC]] (July 2004), CKC, KC, ANKC, NZKC and other [[Cynology|cynological]] organizations. The contemporary Black Russian Terrier is a working dog, guarding dog, sporting and companion dog. Despite its name, the Black Russian Terrier is not a true [[terrier]]: it is believed{{By whom|date=July 2024}} that about seventeen breeds were used in its development, including the [[Airedale Terrier]], the [[Giant Schnauzer]], the [[Rottweiler]], the [[Newfoundland dog|Newfoundland]], the [[Caucasian Shepherd Dog]], the [[South Russian Shepherd Dog]] and other breeds. ==History== [[Image:Black Russian Terrier carting.jpg|thumb|Black Russian Terriers have traditionally been used for a wide variety of tasks, such as [[carting]]]] The Black Russian Terrier was developed in the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] in Red Star (Krasnaya Zvezda) Kennel by the state for use as a military/working dogs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breed Standards : Black Russian Terrier {{!}} United Kennel Club (UKC) |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/black-russian-terrier |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.ukcdogs.com}}</ref> The breeding stock was largely imported from countries where the Red Army was active during the [[Second World War]], especially [[East Germany]]. Breeds used in the development include the [[Giant Schnauzer]], [[Airedale Terrier]], [[Rottweiler]], [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]], [[Caucasian Shepherd Dog]] and other breeds. The Black Russian Terrier was bred for working ability, rather than appearance, and early examples only resembled today's Black Russian Terrier in their build and coat type. They were bred solely by the state owned [[Red Star Kennel]] in Moscow until 1957, when some puppies were sold to civilian breeders. These breeders began to breed for looks (as the original was rather plain) while retaining working ability. In time, the breed spread to the other parts of [[Soviet Union|USSR]] like [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Siberia]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]] and later to the first European country [[Finland]] and next to the other European countries: [[Hungary]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Poland]], [[Germany]] and finally to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and others.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} In 1955 the first working examples of the breed were put on show at an exhibition in Moscow and the first Breed Standard was published in 1958,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedogscene.co.uk/dog-breeds/russian-black-terrier/|title=The Dog Scene: Russian Black Terrier|website=www.thedogscene.co.uk|access-date=2016-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216160339/http://www.thedogscene.co.uk/dog-breeds/russian-black-terrier/|archive-date=2010-02-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was then adopted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=5181|title=The Kennel Club|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> In 1996 The Russian Federation Working Dog-breeders & Russian Kynological Federation (RKF) adopted a second Standard for the breed more in line to the modern day Russian Black Terrier. And it was also in 1996 that the breed was first introduced into the UK. In 1998 [[The Kennel Club]] added the Russian Black Terrier to the Import Register. == Description == ===Coat=== The coat is a double coat with a coarse outer guard hair over a softer undercoat. The coat is hard and dense, never soft, woolly, silky or frizzy. It should be trimmed to between {{convert|5|and|15|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="FCI">{{cite web|title=FCI-Standard N° 327 |url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/327g02-en.pdf| date=10 January 2011 |website=Fédération Cynologique Internationale| access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> in length. It should form a beard and eyebrows on the face, and a slight mane around the withers and neck that is more pronounced in males. The coat is low-shedding and the colour is black or black with some scattered gray hairs. ===Size=== [[File:Malahovkaja Serenada.jpg|thumb|Black Russian Terrier with a docked tail]] According to the FCI standard<ref name="FCI"/> the male stands 72 to 76&nbsp;cm and not more than 78&nbsp;cm at the withers compared to the female's 68–72&nbsp;cm and not more than 74&nbsp;cm. The male weighs between {{convert|50|and|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and the females weigh between {{convert|45|and|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Nowadays, even larger individuals are tolerated if the dog is well proportioned and retains correct movements. Dogs exhibited by the kennel club are slightly taller by about half an inch.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/breeds-a-to-z/breeds/working/russian-black-terrier/ | title=Russian Black Terrier &#124; Breeds a to Z &#124; the Kennel Club }}</ref> At maturity (over 18 months of age), the AKC standard<ref name="AKC">{{cite web|title=Black Russian Terrier standard|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/black_russian_terrier/|publisher=AKC|access-date=2005-01-31|archive-date=2009-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901040924/http://www.akc.org/breeds/black_russian_terrier/|url-status=dead}}</ref> recommends 27-30&nbsp;inches for males with the desired height between 27 and 29&nbsp;inches and 26 and 29&nbsp;inches for females with the desired height between 26 and 28&nbsp;inches. A mature male less than 27&nbsp;inches or more than 30&nbsp;inches at the withers is considered a serious fault. A mature female less than 26&nbsp;inches or more than 29&nbsp;inches at the withers is considered a serious fault. Although the standard also states "Height consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement and other functional attributes." In proportions, a Black Russian Terrier should be slightly longer than tall, a ratio of 9 ½ to 10 being ideal.<ref name="AKC"/> ==Care== {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}} The Black Russian Terrier, because of its breeding as a working dog, has a very strong "work ethic", and needs a job to do in order to be happy. Early training is a must and they are very responsive to firm, consistent training, excelling at [[Obedience trial|obedience]] competitions. They also perform well in other dog sports, such as [[Dog agility|agility]], and [[Schutzhund]] training. They have a low-shedding coat, and need grooming several times a week. Dogs who compete in conformation need to be groomed a minimum of every three weeks to keep the coat in show condition. This breed forms a strong bond with a single person and will not thrive if sent to boarding facilities. The young Black Russian Terrier should not be forced to exercise as a pup and tend to sleep the majority of the day because they grow so quickly [around 1&nbsp;kg per week], they may become [[hyperactive]] and destructive when older if not provided an outlet for its energy. Once the dog has reached maturity their energy level decreases dramatically and they are most content laying near their owner. ==Health== A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 10.9 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 }}</ref> The Black Russian Terrier is prone to certain [[Genetic disorder|hereditary diseases]]: Major concerns:<ref name=CHIC>{{cite web |title=Black Russian Terrier |url=http://www.caninehealthinfo.org/brdreqs.html?breed=BRU |publisher=Canine Health Information Centre |access-date=19 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034711/http://www.caninehealthinfo.org/brdreqs.html?breed=BRU |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|Hip dysplasia]] * [[Elbow dysplasia]] * [[Hyperuricosuria]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Canine Hyperuricurosia|url=http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/Hyperuricosuria.php|publisher=Veterinary Genetics Laboratory}}</ref> * Juvenile [[laryngeal paralysis]] and [[Polyneuropathy in dogs and cats|polyneuropathy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Juvenile Laryngeal Paralysis & Polyneuropathy (JLPP) in Black Russian Terriers|url=http://www.caninegeneticdiseases.net/JLPP/|website=Canine Genetic Diseases Network |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> Minor concerns{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} * [[Hypertrophic osteodystrophy|Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)]]: a nutritionally based developmental disease especially in young, heavy, fast-growing puppies * [[Panosteitis|Panosteitis (pano or wandering lameness)]]: a nutritionally based developmental disease especially in young, heavy, fast-growing puppies * Heart disease: the most common heart problems are aortic stenosis, mitral valve dysplasia, cardiomyopathy * Eyes disease: the most common eyes problems are [[ectropion]], [[entropion]], [[conjunctivitis]] * Allergies are a common ailment in dogs, and the Black Russian Terrier is no exception. There are three main types of allergies: food allergies, contact allergies and inhalant allergies Other problems{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} * Hot spot * Fungal infection—especially in ears and beard area ==See also== * [[Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal]] * [[List of dog breeds]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Black Russian Terrier.ogg|date=2010-04-26}} {{Commons category|Tchiorny Terrier}}   * [http://www.brtinfo.ru/index.php?userif=2 Black Russian Terrier Breed Database] {{Russian dogs}} {{Pinschers and Schnauzers}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:FCI breeds]] [[Category:Terriers]] [[Category:Dog breeds originating in Russia]] [[Category:Dog breeds originating in the Soviet Union]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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