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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects_of_Silesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_of_Silesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects of Silesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects_of_Silesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_vs._language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_vs._language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialect vs. language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialect_vs._language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialect vs. language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialect_vs._language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politicization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Politicization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silesian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesies" title="Silesies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Silesies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesisch_(Slawisch)" title="Schlesisch (Slawisch) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schlesisch (Slawisch)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8C%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ሳይሌሲያን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳይሌሲያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesisc_gereord" title="Silesisc gereord – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Silesisc gereord" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السيليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السيليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_sileseasc%C3%A3" title="Limba sileseascã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba sileseascã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_silesiu" title="Idioma silesiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma silesiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia-g%C3%AD" title="Silesia-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Silesia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Силез теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Силез теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Сілезскі этналект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сілезскі этналект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Сылескі этналект – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сылескі этналект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Силезийски диалект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силезийски диалект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="སེལ་འོ་སུ་འན་གྱི་སྐད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེལ་འོ་སུ་འན་གྱི་སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0leski_jezik" title="Šleski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezieg" title="Silezieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Silezieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesi%C3%A0" title="Silesià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Silesià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Силеси чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Силеси чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slez%C5%A1tina_(lechick%C3%BD_jazyk)" title="Slezština (lechický jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slezština (lechický jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fino%27_Silesio" title="Fino' Silesio – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Fino' Silesio" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileseg" title="Sileseg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sileseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesisk_(sprog)" title="Schlesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Schlesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesiagiella" title="Silesiagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Silesiagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesisch_(polnischer_Dialekt)" title="Schlesisch (polnischer Dialekt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlesisch (polnischer Dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileesia_keel" title="Sileesia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sileesia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σιλεσική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιλεσική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_silesio" title="Idioma silesio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma silesio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezia-pola_lingvo" title="Silezia-pola lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silezia-pola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_silesia" title="Lengua silesia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua silesia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesiera" title="Silesiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Silesiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesiagbe" title="Silesiagbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Silesiagbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان سیلزیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سیلزیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_bhasa" title="Silesian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Silesian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%A9sien_(langue_slave)" title="Silésien (langue slave) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Silésien (langue slave)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezysk" title="Silezysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Silezysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_slesiane" title="Lenghe slesiane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe slesiane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileeshish" title="Sileeshish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sileeshish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silez_dili" title="Silez dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Silez dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nan_Silesianach" title="Cànan Silesianach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànan Silesianach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_silesiana" title="Lingua silesiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua silesiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="실레시아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실레시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սիլեզերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիլեզերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिलेसियन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिलेसियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0le%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Šlešćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šlešćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0leski_jezik" title="Šleski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šleski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sileziana_linguo" title="Sileziana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sileziana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Silesiano" title="Pagsasao a Silesiano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Silesiano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Silesia" title="Bahasa Silesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Silesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_silesian" title="Lingua silesian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua silesian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian" title="Silesian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Silesian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Силезиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Силезиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_slesiana" title="Lingua slesiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua slesiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שלזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Silesia" title="Basa Silesia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Silesia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სილეზიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სილეზიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szl%C4%85sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Szląsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szląsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Сілез тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сілез тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisilesia" title="Kisilesia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisilesia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_silezyen" title="Lang silezyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang silezyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_s%C3%AElez%C3%AE" title="Zimanê sîlezî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê sîlezî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Силез тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Силез тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Silesiana" title="Lingua Silesiana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua Silesiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Silesica" title="Lingua Silesica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Silesica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C4%93zie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Silēziešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Silēziešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleesesch" title="Schleesesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schleesesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Sileziečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sileziečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_slesiana" title="Lengua slesiana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua slesiana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil%C3%A9ziai_nyelv" title="Sziléziai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sziléziai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шлески јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шлески јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Sile%C5%BCjana" title="Lingwa Sileżjana – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Sileżjana" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिलेसियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिलेसियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სილეზიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სილეზიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="سيليسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيليسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Silesia" title="Bahasa Silesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Silesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Силезиянь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Силезиянь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezisch_(Slavische_taal)" title="Silezisch (Slavische taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Silezisch (Slavische taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="シレジア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シレジア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleesisk_(slaawisk)" title="Sleesisk (slaawisk) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sleesisk (slaawisk)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesisk" title="Schlesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Schlesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesisk" title="Schlesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Schlesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian" title="Silesian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Silesian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silez_tili" title="Silez tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Silez tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سائیلیشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائیلیشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnolekt_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski" title="Etnolekt śląski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etnolekt śląski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_silesiana" title="Língua silesiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua silesiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silez_tili" title="Silez tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Silez tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_silezian%C4%83" title="Limba sileziană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba sileziană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_silesiana" title="Lingua silesiana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua silesiana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Силезские диалекты польского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Силезские диалекты польского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleesisk_(slawiske_Sproake)" title="Sleesisk (slawiske Sproake) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sleesisk (slawiske Sproake)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_silesiane" title="Gjuha silesiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha silesiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silesian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliez%C5%A1tina_(lechick%C3%A9_jazyky)" title="Sliezština (lechické jazyky) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sliezština (lechické jazyky)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lezij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Šlezijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šlezijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%94%EA%99%81%D1%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Силєꙁїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Силєꙁїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Al%C5%AFnsko_godka" title="Ślůnsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ślůnsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia_tongo" title="Silesia tongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Silesia tongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шлески језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шлески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleesian_kieli" title="Sleesian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sleesian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlesiska" title="Schlesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schlesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Silesyo" title="Wikang Silesyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Silesyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிலேசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலேசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Силез теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Силез теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Забони силзиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони силзиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezyaca" title="Silezyaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Silezyaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Силез кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Силез кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сілезька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сілезька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیلیزیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیلیزیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_slesiana" title="Łéngua slesiana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua slesiana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Silesia" title="Tiếng Silesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Silesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezisch" title="Silezisch – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Silezisch" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="西里西亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西里西亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="שלעזיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שלעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="西里西亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西里西亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezki" title="Silezki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Silezki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97lezu_kalba" title="Sėlezu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėlezu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the West Slavic lect. For the German dialect, see <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a>. For the ethnic group/nation, see <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Silesian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Upper Silesian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">ślōnskŏ gŏdka</i></span><br /><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">ślůnsko godka</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sla-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɕlonskɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡɔtka]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole Voivodeship</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravia–Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk_District" title="Jeseník District">Jeseník</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">457,900 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-GUS2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Silesian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulkovian_dialect" title="Sulkovian dialect">Sulkovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudnik_Silesian_dialect" title="Prudnik Silesian dialect">Prudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemodlin_dialect" title="Niemodlin dialect">Niemodlin</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="#Writing_system">Steuer's alphabet</a> and <a href="#Writing_system">ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/szl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:szl">szl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sile1253">sile1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8349">Upper Silesian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>53-AAA-cck</code>, <code>53-AAA-dam</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG/260px-Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG/390px-Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG/520px-Languages_of_CE_Europe-3.PNG 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><div class="legend">Range of Silesian on a map of <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a> (marked as <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background:#8ec700; text-align:center;"><i>G1</i></span> and <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background:#aee800; text-align:center;"><i>G2</i></span>, in southern Poland and the eastern Czech Republic).</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png/220px-Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png/330px-Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png/440px-Distribution_of_the_Silesian_language.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Distribution area of the Silesian language</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Piotr_speaking_Silesian_and_English.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Silesian speaker, recorded in Poland</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Silesian</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occasionally called <b>Upper Silesian</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a><sup id="cite_ref-NFP12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFP12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NFP22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFP22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a> group spoken by part of people in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> due to the existence of numerous <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a> speakers in the area prior to World War II and after.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mentions of Silesian as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Lect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lect">lect</a> date back to the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, and the first literature with Silesian characteristics to the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistic distinctiveness of Silesian has long been a topic of discussion among Poland's <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>, especially after all of Upper Silesia was included within the Polish borders, following World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-NFP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regard it as one of the <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">four major dialects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-NFP1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFP1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official data from the <a href="/wiki/2021_Polish_census" title="2021 Polish census">2021 Polish census</a>, about 500 thousand people consider Silesian as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GUS2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internationally, Silesian has been fully recognized as a language since 2007, when it was accorded the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> registration code <i>szl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several efforts have been made to gain recognition for Silesian as an official <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> in Poland. In April 2024, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> took a significant step by passing a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> recognizing it as such,<sup id="cite_ref-NFP_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NFP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the bill was vetoed by President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> on 29 May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silesian speakers currently live in the region of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, which is split between southwestern Poland and the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. At present Silesian is commonly spoken in the area between the historical border of Silesia on the east and a line from <a href="/wiki/Syc%C3%B3w" title="Syców">Syców</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a> on the west as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Rawicz" title="Rawicz">Rawicz</a> area. </p><p>Until 1945, Silesian was also spoken in enclaves in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, where the majority spoke <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Lower Silesian</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a>. The German-speaking population was either evacuated en masse by German forces towards the end of the war or deported by the new administration upon the Polish annexation of the Silesian <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> after its end. Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-language</a> speakers also knew German and, at least in eastern Upper Silesia, many German speakers were acquainted with Slavic Silesian. </p><p>According to the last <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 2021">official census in Poland in 2021</a>, about 460,000<sup id="cite_ref-GUS2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people declared Silesian as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a>, whereas in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 2011">country's census of 2011</a>, the figure was about 510,000.<sup id="cite_ref-GUS2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the censuses in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, nearly 900,000 people declared <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesian nationality</a>; Upper Silesia has almost five million inhabitants, with the vast majority speaking Polish in the Polish part and declaring themselves to be Poles and the vast majority speaking Czech in the Czech part and declaring themselves to be Czechs.<sup id="cite_ref-GUS2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUS2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian grammar</a></div> <p>Although the morphological differences between Silesian and Polish have been researched extensively, other grammatical differences have not been studied in depth. </p><p>A notable difference is in question-forming. In standard Polish, questions which do not contain <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative words</a> are formed either by using intonation or the interrogative particle <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">czy</i></span>. In Silesian, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed by using intonation (with a markedly different intonation pattern than in Polish) or inversion (e.g. <span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">Je to na karcie?</i></span>); there is no interrogative particle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Miodek" title="Jan Miodek">Jan Miodek</a>, standard Polish has always been used by Upper Silesians as a language of prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Silesian, Polish, Czech, and English: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Silesian<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Polish </th> <th>Czech </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">Fatrze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie,<br /> bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje.<br /> Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje,<br /> bydź wola Twoja,<br /> jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi.<br /> Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk.<br /> A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy,<br /> jako a my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm.<br /> A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy,<br /> nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo.<br /> Amyn.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie,<br /> święć się imię Twoje,<br /> przyjdź królestwo Twoje,<br /> bądź wola Twoja<br /> jako w niebie tak i na ziemi.<br /> Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj.<br /> I odpuść nam nasze winy,<br /> jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom.<br /> I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie,<br /> ale nas zbaw od złego.<br /> Amen.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích,<br /> posvěť se jméno Tvé<br /> Přijď království Tvé.<br /> Buď vůle Tvá,<br /> jako v nebi, tak i na zemi.<br /> Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes<br /> A odpusť nám naše viny,<br /> jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům<br /> a neuveď nás v pokušení,<br /> ale zbav nás od zlého.<br /> Amen.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td> <div class="poem"> <p>Our Father who art in heaven,<br /> hallowed be thy name.<br /> Thy kingdom come,<br /> thy will be done,<br /> on earth, as it is in heaven.<br /> Give us this day our <a href="/wiki/Epiousios" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiousios">daily</a> bread,<br /> and forgive us our trespasses,<br /> as we forgive those who trespass against us.<br /> And lead us not into temptation,<br /> but deliver us from evil.<br /> Amen. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects_of_Silesian">Dialects of Silesian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialects of Silesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Silesian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Silesian language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png/260px-Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png/390px-Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png/520px-Gwary_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_wg_Zar%C4%99by.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the distribution of the Silesian dialects</figcaption></figure> <p>Silesian has many dialects: </p> <ul><li>Dialects spoken in areas which are now part of Poland, former <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Silesia">Prussian Silesia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluczbork_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluczbork Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Kluczbork Silesian dialect</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opole_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opole Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Opole Silesian dialect</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemodlin_dialect" title="Niemodlin dialect">Niemodlin Silesian dialect</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudnik_Silesian_dialect" title="Prudnik Silesian dialect">Prudnik Silesian dialect</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliwice_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliwice Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Gliwice Silesian dialect</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulkovian_dialect" title="Sulkovian dialect">Sulkovian Silesian dialect</a></li> <li>Borderland Silesian-Lesser Polish dialect (6a & 6b)</li> <li>Borderland Silesian-Lach dialect (9)</li></ul></li> <li>Dialects spoken on both sides of the Czech–Polish border, former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian dialect</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jab%C5%82onk%C3%B3w_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabłonków Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Jabłonków Silesian dialect</a> (8)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_dialect_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian dialect group (page does not exist)">Lower Silesian dialect group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chwalim_dialect" title="Chwalim dialect">Chwalim dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a> spoken in areas which are now part of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, often considered linguistically apart from the ones mentioned above: <ul><li>Opava subdialect</li> <li>Ostrava subdialect</li> <li>Frenštát subdialect</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialect_vs._language">Dialect vs. language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialect vs. language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG/220px-Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG/330px-Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG/440px-Requiescat_ponaszymu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monumental_inscription" title="Monumental inscription">Grave inscription</a> at Lutheran cemetery in <a href="/wiki/St%C5%99%C3%ADte%C5%BE_(Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek_District)" title="Střítež (Frýdek-Místek District)">Střítež</a> near <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn" title="Český Těšín">Český Těšín</a>. The inscription, which says "Rest in Peace", is in the Cieszyn Silesian dialect.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg/220px-Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg/330px-Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg/440px-Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2022_Katowice_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="4624" /></a><figcaption>The Silesian language in public space: a banner at the 2022 gay pride in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>. "We want Silesia, where every boy can take a vow to his chosen one in the Silesian language."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_(Chorz%C3%B3w).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_%28Chorz%C3%B3w%29.jpg/220px-Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_%28Chorz%C3%B3w%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_%28Chorz%C3%B3w%29.jpg/330px-Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_%28Chorz%C3%B3w%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_%28Chorz%C3%B3w%29.jpg/440px-Dej_poz%C5%8Dr_na_banka_-_napis_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku_%28Chorz%C3%B3w%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7907" data-file-height="5271" /></a><figcaption>The Silesian language in public space: a warning sign "Watch for trams" on the sidewalk in <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg/220px-Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg/330px-Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg/440px-Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_2019_-_alcohol_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3278" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>Goral Silesian lect and Czech in <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a>, Poland. The text notifies readers that people under the age of 18 will not be served alcohol.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicization">Politicization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politicization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opinions are divided among <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> regarding whether Silesian is a distinct language, a dialect of Polish, or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a>, a variety of Czech. The issue can be contentious, because some Silesians consider themselves to be a distinct nationality within Poland. When Czechs, Poles, and Germans each made claims to substantial parts of Silesia as constituting an integral part of their respective <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries, the language of Slavic-speaking Silesians became politicized. </p><p>Some, like <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ndra_%C5%81ysohorsky" title="Óndra Łysohorsky">Óndra Łysohorsky</a> (a poet and author in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>), saw the <a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> as being their own distinct people, which culminated in his effort to create a <a href="/wiki/Literary_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary standard">literary standard</a> which he called the "Lachian language". Silesian inhabitants supporting the cause of each of these ethnic groups had their own robust network of supporters across Silesia's political borders which shifted over the course of the 20th century prior to the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views">Views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some linguists from Poland, such as Jolanta Tambor,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Juan Lajo,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Wicherkiewicz" title="Tomasz Wicherkiewicz">Tomasz Wicherkiewicz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> philosopher Jerzy Dadaczyński,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sociologist Elżbieta Anna Sekuła,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and sociolinguist <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support its status as a language. According to Stanisław Rospond, it is impossible to classify Silesian as a dialect of the contemporary Polish language because he considers it to be descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">Old Polish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Other Polish linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Miodek" title="Jan Miodek">Jan Miodek</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Pola%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Polański (page does not exist)">Edward Polański</a>, do not support its status as a language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jan Miodek and <a href="/wiki/Dorota_Simonides" title="Dorota Simonides">Dorota Simonides</a>, both of Silesian origin, prefer to see the preservation of the entire range of Silesian dialects rather than <a href="/wiki/Language_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Language standardization">standardization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German linguist <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Olesch" title="Reinhold Olesch">Reinhold Olesch</a> was greatly interested in the "Polish vernaculars" of Upper Silesia and other Slavic <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified it as one of the dialects of Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their respective surveys of Slavic languages, most linguists writing in English, such as Alexander M. Schenker,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert A. Rothstein,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list Silesian as a dialect of Polish, as does <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Silesian_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Silesian-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the question of whether Silesian is a separate Slavic language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Hentschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Hentschel (page does not exist)">Gerd Hentschel</a> wrote that "Silesian ... can thus ... without doubt be described as a dialect of Polish" ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Schlesische ... kann somit ... ohne Zweifel als Dialekt des Polnischen beschrieben werden</i></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Czechia, disagreement exists concerning the <a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a> which rose to prominence thanks to <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ndra_%C5%81ysohorsky" title="Óndra Łysohorsky">Óndra Łysohorsky</a> and his translator <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Osers" title="Ewald Osers">Ewald Osers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some have considered it a separate language, most now view Lach as a dialect of Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-Tschechisch_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tschechisch-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uni-klu.ac.at_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni-klu.ac.at-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osu.cz_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osu.cz-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian orthography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Oral Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Jaroszewicz_2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaroszewicz_2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Jaroszewicz_2022_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaroszewicz_2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Jaroszewicz_2022_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaroszewicz_2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">d͡ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chorz%C3%B3w,_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku,_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski,_alfabet_Steuera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chorz%C3%B3w%2C_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku%2C_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski%2C_alfabet_Steuera.jpg/220px-Chorz%C3%B3w%2C_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku%2C_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski%2C_alfabet_Steuera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chorz%C3%B3w%2C_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku%2C_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski%2C_alfabet_Steuera.jpg/330px-Chorz%C3%B3w%2C_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku%2C_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski%2C_alfabet_Steuera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Chorz%C3%B3w%2C_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku%2C_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski%2C_alfabet_Steuera.jpg/440px-Chorz%C3%B3w%2C_reklama_Canal%2B_na_przystanku%2C_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski%2C_alfabet_Steuera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for the <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+</a> TV channel at a bus stop in <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a> in the Silesian language written in the Steuer spelling. The translation is "Watch Ruch (Chorzów) matches on Canal+"</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been a number of attempts at codifying the language spoken by Slavophones in Silesia. Probably the most well-known was undertaken by Óndra Łysohorsky when codifying the <a href="/wiki/Lachian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachian dialects">Lachian dialects</a> in creating the Lachian literary language in the early 20th century. </p><p>Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek is the relatively new <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> created by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro_Loquela_Silesiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro Loquela Silesiana (page does not exist)">Pro Loquela Silesiana</a> organization to reflect the sounds of all Silesian dialects. It was approved by Silesian organizations affiliated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rada_G%C3%B3rno%C5%9Bl%C4%85ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rada Górnośląska (page does not exist)">Rada Górnośląska</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> translation is in this alphabet<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is some of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wikipedia" title="Silesian Wikipedia">Silesian Wikipedia</a>, although some of it is in Steuer's alphabet. It is used in a few books, including the Silesian <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">alphabet book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slabikorz_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slabikorz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Letters: <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">Ã</a>, <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć</a>, <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a>, <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a>, <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŏ">Ŏ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ō">Ō</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">Ô</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%95" title="Õ">Õ</a>, <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Ś</a>, <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">Ź</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BB" title="Ż">Ż</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slabikorz_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slabikorz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>One of the first <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> created specifically for Silesian was <i>Steuer's Silesian alphabet</i>, created in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> and used by <a href="/wiki/Feliks_Steuer" title="Feliks Steuer">Feliks Steuer</a> for his poems in Silesian. The alphabet consists of 30 <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Letters: <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć</a>, <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a>, <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a>, <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Ś</a>, <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ů">Ů</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">Ź</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BB" title="Ż">Ż</a></dd> <dd>Digraphs: <a href="/wiki/Au_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Au (digraph)">Au</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cz (digraph)">Cz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BA_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dź (digraph)">Dź</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BC_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dż (digraph)">Dż</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rz (digraph)">Rz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></dd></dl> <p>Based on the Steuer alphabet, in 2006 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Phonetic Alphabet (page does not exist)">Silesian Phonetic Alphabet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Al%C5%8Dnski_alfabet_f%C5%8Dnetyczny" class="extiw" title="szl:Ślōnski alfabet fōnetyczny">szl</a>]</span> was proposed: </p> <dl><dd>Letters: <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">Č</a>, <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a>, <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">Ř</a>, <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A" title="Ś">Ś</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a>, <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ů">Ů</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%B9" title="Ź">Ź</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">Ž</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Silesian's phonetic alphabet replaces the digraphs with single letters (<a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a> with <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a>, etc.) and does not include the letter <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a>, whose sound can be represented phonetically with <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>. It is therefore the alphabet that contains the fewest letters. Although it is the most phonetically logical, it did not become popular with Silesian organizations, with the argument that it contains too many <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> diacritics and hence resembles the <a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech alphabet</a>. Large parts of the Silesian Wikipedia, however, are written in Silesian's phonetic alphabet. </p><p>Sometimes other alphabets are also used, such as the "Tadzikowy muster" (for the <i>National Dictation Contest of the Silesian language</i>) or the Polish alphabet, but writing in this alphabet is problematic as it does not allow for the differentiation and representation of all Silesian sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-slabikorz_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slabikorz-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Upper_Silesia" title="Category:Upper Silesia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Upper_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Upper Silesia">Culture of Upper Silesia</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/225px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Silesia" title="History of Silesia">History of Silesia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Languages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian</a></li> <li>Silesian dialects <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bytom Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jab%C5%82onk%C3%B3w_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabłonków Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Jabłonków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namysłów Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Namysłów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemodlin_dialect" title="Niemodlin dialect">Niemodlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opole_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opole Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudnik_Silesian_dialect" title="Prudnik Silesian dialect">Prudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulkovian_dialect" title="Sulkovian dialect">Sulkovian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syc%C3%B3w_Silesian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syców Silesian dialect (page does not exist)">Syców</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Silesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Silesian">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">Bilingual communes in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_surnames&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian surnames (page does not exist)">Silesian surnames</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skarbek" title="Skarbek">Skarbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bebok">Bebok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schult%C3%BCte" title="Schultüte">Tyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polterabend" title="Polterabend">Polterabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojak_(dance)" title="Trojak (dance)">Trojak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comber_(tradition)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comber (tradition) (page does not exist)">Comber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Silesian_cuisine" title="Silesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barb%C3%B3rka" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbórka">Barbórka</a></li> <li>Saint Florian Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsz_Aut%C5%AFn%C5%AFmije" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsz Autůnůmije">Marsz Autůnůmije</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian literature (page does not exist)">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian music (page does not exist)">Silesian music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauron_Nowa_Muzyka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauron Nowa Muzyka (page does not exist)">Tauron Nowa Muzyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off_Festival" title="Off Festival">Off Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Song_and_Dance_Ensemble" title="Śląsk Song and Dance Ensemble">Śląsk Song and Dance Ensemble</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sport</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_national_football_team" title="Silesia national football team">Silesia national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruch_Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Ruch Chorzów">Ruch Chorzów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Gliwice" title="Piast Gliwice">Piast Gliwice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rnik_Zabrze" title="Górnik Zabrze">Górnik Zabrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podbeskidzie_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała">Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKS_Jastrz%C4%99bie" title="GKS Jastrzębie">GKS Jastrzębie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKS_Tychy" title="GKS Tychy">GKS Tychy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odra_Opole" title="Odra Opole">Odra Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKS_Katowice" title="GKS Katowice">GKS Katowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Śląski">Stadion Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Football_League" title="Moravian-Silesian Football League">Moravian-Silesian Football League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Flag of Upper Silesia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Upper Silesia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slezsk%C3%A1_hymna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slezská hymna (page does not exist)">Slezská hymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_pick" title="Hammer and pick">Hammer and pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familok" title="Familok">Familok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobieski_trees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobieski trees (page does not exist)">Sobieski trees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Template:Culture of Upper Silesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Template talk:Culture of Upper Silesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Upper Silesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Silesian has recently seen an increased use in culture, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wachtyrz.eu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wachtyrz.eu (page does not exist)">Wachtyrz.eu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachtyrz.eu" class="extiw" title="szl:Wachtyrz.eu">szl</a>]</span>, online news and information platform (founded in January 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>YouTube personalities such as Niklaus Pieron<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TV and radio stations (for example: TV Silesia, Sfera TV, TVP Katowice, Slonsky Radio,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio Piekary, Radio Silesia, Radio Fest);</li> <li>Music groups (for example: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Skrzek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Skrzek (page does not exist)">Jan Skrzek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Skrzek" class="extiw" title="pl:Jan Skrzek">pl</a>]</span>, Krzysztof Hanke, Hasiok, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dohtor_Mi%C3%B3d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dohtor Miód (page does not exist)">Dohtor Miód</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohtor_Mi%C3%B3d" class="extiw" title="pl:Dohtor Miód">pl</a>]</span>, FEET);</li> <li>Theatre<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for example: <i>Polterabend</i> in <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Theatre" title="Silesian Theatre">Silesian Theatre</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li>Plays<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Film (for example: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sinful_Life_of_Franciszek_Bu%C5%82a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sinful Life of Franciszek Buła (page does not exist)">The Sinful Life of Franciszek Buła</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzeszny_%C5%BCywot_Franciszka_Bu%C5%82y" class="extiw" title="pl:Grzeszny żywot Franciszka Buły">pl</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grzeszny_%C5%BCywot_Franciszka_Bu%C5%82y:The_Sinful_Life_of_Franciszek_Bu%C5%82a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grzeszny żywot Franciszka Buły:The Sinful Life of Franciszek Buła (page does not exist)">Grzeszny żywot Franciszka Buły</a>]</span></i> ("<i>Grzeszny żywot Franciszka Buły</i>")</li> <li>Books (for example, the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Bible (page does not exist)">Silesian Bible</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Bible" class="extiw" title="pl:Silesian Bible">pl</a>]</span>; poetry: "Myśli ukryte" by <a href="/wiki/Karol_Gw%C3%B3%C5%BAd%C5%BA" title="Karol Gwóźdź">Karol Gwóźdź</a>)</li> <li>Teaching aides (for example, a Silesian <a href="/wiki/Basal_reader" title="Basal reader">basal reader</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg/220px-Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg/330px-Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg/440px-Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_w_j%C4%99zyku_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skim_-_Ksi%C5%8Dn%C5%BCki_we_%C5%9Bl%C5%8Dnskij_g%C5%8Fdce_-_Books_in_Silesian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4852" data-file-height="3729" /></a><figcaption>Examples of books in Silesian, e.g. translations of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG/220px-Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG/330px-Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG/440px-Silesian_language_-_kwiaciarnia_Blumy_i_Geszynki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> (<i>Katowicy</i>): Polish <i>Kwiaciarnia</i> ("florist") and Silesian <i>Blumy i Geszynki</i> ("flowers and gifts"). The latter also exemplifies the Germanisms in Silesian (cf. German <i>Blumen und Geschenke</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, the National Publishing Company of Silesia (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Narodowa Oficyna Śląska</i></span>) commenced operations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This publisher was founded by the Alliance of the People of the Silesian Nation (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej</i></span>) and it prints books about Silesia and books in Silesian language. </p><p>In July 2007, the Slavic Silesian language was given the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code <code>szl</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIL_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIL-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 September 2007, 23 politicians of the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Polish parliament</a> made a statement about a new law to give Silesian the official status of a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first official National <a href="/wiki/Dictation_(exercise)" title="Dictation (exercise)">Dictation Contest</a> of the Silesian language (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Ogólnopolskie Dyktando Języka Śląskiego</i></span>) took place in August 2007. In dictation as many as 10 forms of writing systems and orthography have been accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 January 2008 and in June 2008, two organizations promoting Silesian language were established: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro_Loquela_Silesiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro Loquela Silesiana (page does not exist)">Pro Loquela Silesiana</a> and <span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">Tôwarzistwo Piastowaniô Ślónskij Môwy "Danga"</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 May 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wikipedia" title="Silesian Wikipedia">Silesian Wikipedia</a> was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 2008 in the edifice of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Parliament" title="Silesian Parliament">Silesian Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, a conference took place on the status of the Silesian language. This conference was a forum for politicians, linguists, representatives of interested organizations and persons who deal with the Silesian language. The conference was titled "Silesian – Still a Dialect or Already a Language?" (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język?</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Digitization_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Administration and Digitization (Poland)">Ministry of Administration and Digitization</a> registered the Silesian language in Annex 1 to the Regulation on the state register of geographical names;<sup id="cite_ref-MoAaD_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoAaD-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in a November 2013 amendment to the regulation, Silesian is not included.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 April 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> voted 236-186 with five abstentions to recognise Silesian as a regional language.<sup id="cite_ref-tvpworld_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvpworld-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bankier_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bankier-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wyborcza_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wyborcza-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 May 2024, President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> vetoed the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>On 26 June 2024, Silesian was added to the languages offered in the <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A waste container with the inscription in Silesian Czerwony Hasiok (red trash can)"><img alt="A waste container with the inscription in Silesian Czerwony Hasiok (red trash can)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/120px-Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/180px-Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/240px-Czerwony_Hasiok_-_kontener_z_napisem_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5938" data-file-height="3959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A waste container with the inscription in Silesian <i>Czerwony Hasiok</i> (red trash can)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galeria_Katowicka,_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An advertising billboard of Galeria Katowicka shopping mall that means "Black Friday. Buy something and get a bag with a graphic designed by Roobens""><img alt="An advertising billboard of Galeria Katowicka shopping mall that means "Black Friday. Buy something and get a bag with a graphic designed by Roobens"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Galeria_Katowicka%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/90px-Galeria_Katowicka%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Galeria_Katowicka%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/135px-Galeria_Katowicka%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Galeria_Katowicka%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/180px-Galeria_Katowicka%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An advertising billboard of Galeria Katowicka shopping mall that means "Black Friday. Buy something and get a bag with a graphic designed by Roobens"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A promotional poster of the ZTZ Rybnik bus company with the phrase Gryfnyj rajzy po Rybniku, which means "Have a nice trip around Rybnik""><img alt="A promotional poster of the ZTZ Rybnik bus company with the phrase Gryfnyj rajzy po Rybniku, which means "Have a nice trip around Rybnik"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg/83px-Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg/124px-Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg/165px-Gryfnyj_rajzy_po_Rybniku_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_przestrzeni_publicznej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="6798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A promotional poster of the ZTZ Rybnik bus company with the phrase <i>Gryfnyj rajzy po Rybniku,</i> which means "Have a nice trip around <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helios,_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An advertising billboard in Silesian which means "True comfort in the cinema returns to Katowice! Helios""><img alt="An advertising billboard in Silesian which means "True comfort in the cinema returns to Katowice! Helios"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helios%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/120px-Helios%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helios%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/180px-Helios%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helios%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg/240px-Helios%2C_reklama_po_%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2618" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An advertising billboard in Silesian which means <i>"True comfort in the cinema returns to <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>! Helios"</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku,_komunikacja_miejska.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Public transport bus in Rybnik with the inscription "Jeżech na sztrom" (I'm electric)"><img alt="Public transport bus in Rybnik with the inscription "Jeżech na sztrom" (I'm electric)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku%2C_komunikacja_miejska.jpg/120px-Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku%2C_komunikacja_miejska.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku%2C_komunikacja_miejska.jpg/180px-Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku%2C_komunikacja_miejska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku%2C_komunikacja_miejska.jpg/240px-Je%C5%BCech_na_sztrom_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_w_Rybniku%2C_komunikacja_miejska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4725" data-file-height="2658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Public transport bus in Rybnik with the inscription "<i>Jeżech na sztrom</i>" (I'm electric)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Leave the empty glasses here so there is no mess" as a cartoon speech of Jerzy Ziętek (former general and governor of Katowice) in Rebel Garden Café in Chorzów"><img alt=""Leave the empty glasses here so there is no mess" as a cartoon speech of Jerzy Ziętek (former general and governor of Katowice) in Rebel Garden Café in Chorzów" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg/120px-Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg/180px-Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg/240px-Rebel_Garden_Cafe_-_j%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3498" data-file-height="2262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<i>Leave the empty glasses here so there is no mess</i>" as a cartoon speech of <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Zi%C4%99tek" title="Jerzy Ziętek">Jerzy Ziętek</a> (former general and governor of Katowice) in Rebel Garden Café in <a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Silesian-language_films" title="List of Silesian-language films">List of Silesian-language films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Silesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Silesian">Texas Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a>, West Germanic language in <a href="/wiki/Wilamowice" title="Wilamowice">Wilamowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Alzenau</a>, East Central German dialect spoken in the former village of Hałcnów, which is now a district of Bielsko-Biała, Silesian Voivodeship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Weber. 1913. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft">Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung</a></i>. Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer in Berlin (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morciniec.eu/13,curricullum_vitae_de">Norbert Morciniec</a>. 1989. <i>Zum Wortgut deutscher Herkunft in den polnischen Dialekten Schlesiens</i>. Zeitschrift für Ostforschung, Bd. 83, Heft 3 (in German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Partsch" title="Joseph Partsch">Joseph Partsch</a>. 1896. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=3315&dirds=1&tab=1">Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 1., Das ganze Land</a></i> (<i>die Sprachgrenze 1790 und 1890; pp. 364–367</i>). Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. (in German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Partsch" title="Joseph Partsch">Joseph Partsch</a>. 1911. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=3316&dirds=1&tab=1">Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 2., Landschaften und Siedelungen</a></i>. Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. (in German)</li> <li>Lucyna Harc et al. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/49790/Cuius_regio_vol_1.pdf">Cuius Regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000) vol. 1., The Long Formation of the Region Silesia (c. 1000–1526)</a></i>. Wrocław: eBooki.com.pl <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-927132-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-927132-1-0">978-83-927132-1-0</a></li> <li>Lucyna Harc et al. 2014. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/73766/Cuius_regio_vol_2.pdf">Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000) vol. 2., The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526–1740)</a></i>. Wrocław: eBooki.com.pl <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-927132-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-927132-6-5">978-83-927132-6-5</a></li> <li>Lucyna Harc et al. 2014. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/64229/Cuius_regio_vol_4.pdf">Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000) vol. 4., Region Divided: Times of Nation-States (1918–1945)</a></i>. Wrocław: eBooki.com.pl <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-927132-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-927132-8-9">978-83-927132-8-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a>. 2014. <i>Ślōnsko godka / The Silesian Language</i>. Zabrze: NOS, 196 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788360540220" title="Special:BookSources/9788360540220">9788360540220</a></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella and Motoki Nomachi. 2014. The Long Shadow of Borders: The Cases of Kashubian and Silesian in Poland (pp 35–60). <i>The Eurasia Border Review</i>. Vol 5, No 2, Fall.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Review: Mark Brüggemann. 2013. Ślōnsko godka. The Silesian language<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Review: Michael Moser (<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" class="extiw" title="uk:Міхаель Мозер">uk</a>). 2013. <i>Zeitschrift für Slawistik</i> (pp 118–119). Vol 58, No 1. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.</li></ul></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2014. <i>Warszawa wie lepiej Ślązaków nie ma. O dyskryminacji i języku śląskim</i> [Warsaw Knows Better – The Silesians Don't Exist: On Discrimination and the Silesian Language]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 174 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788360540213" title="Special:BookSources/9788360540213">9788360540213</a>. <ul><li>Review: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Mose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Mose (page does not exist)">Michael Mose</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" class="extiw" title="uk:Міхаель Мозер">uk</a>]</span>. 2013. <i>Zeitschrift für Slawistik</i> (pp 118–119). Vol 58, No 1. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.</li></ul></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2013. The Silesian Language in the Early 21st Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics (pp 1–35). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Welt_der_Slaven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Welt der Slaven (page does not exist)">Die Welt der Slaven</a></i>. Vol 58, No 1.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2011. Silesian in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Language Caught in the Net of Conflicting Nationalisms, Politics, and Identities (pp 769–789). 2011. <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a></i>. No 5.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1038580">"Language: Talking or trading blows in the Upper Silesian industrial basin?"</a>. <i>Multilingua – Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 3–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmult.2011.002">10.1515/mult.2011.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3684">1613-3684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144109393">144109393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multilingua+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Cross-Cultural+and+Interlanguage+Communication&rft.atitle=Language%3A+Talking+or+trading+blows+in+the+Upper+Silesian+industrial+basin%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-24&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144109393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-3684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmult.2011.002&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1038580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Échanges de paroles ou de coups en Haute-Silésie: la langue comme 'lieu' de contacts et de luttes interculturels [Exchange of Words or Blows in Upper Silesia: Language as a "Place" of Contacts and Intercultural Struggles] (pp 133–152). <i>Cultures d'Europe centrale. No 8: Lieux communs de la multiculturalité urbaine en Europe centrale</i>, ed by Delphine Bechtel and Xavier Galmiche. Paris: CIRCE.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2007. <i>Uwag kilka o dyskryminacji Ślązaków i Niemców górnośląskich w postkomunistycznej Polsce</i> [A Few Remarks on the Discrimination of the Silesians and Upper Silesia's Germans in Postcommunist Poland]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 28 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60540-68-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60540-68-8">978-83-60540-68-8</a>.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2006. <i>Schlonzsko: Horní Slezsko, Oberschlesien, Górny Śląsk. Esej o regionie i jego mieszkańcach</i> [Schlonzsko: Upper Silesia. An Essay on the Region and Its Inhabitants] (2nd, corrected and enlarged edition). Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 148 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60540-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60540-51-0">978-83-60540-51-0</a>. <ul><li>Review: Anon. 2010. <i>The Sarmatian Review</i>. Sept. (p 1530).</li> <li>Review: Svetlana Antova. 2007. <i>Bulgarian Ethnology / Bulgarska etnologiia</i>. No 4 (pp 120–121).</li></ul></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Codzienność komunikacyjno-językowa na obszarze historycznego Górnego Śląska [The Everyday Language Use in Historical Upper Silesia] (pp 126–156). In: Robert Traba, ed. <i>Akulturacja/asymilacja na pograniczach kulturowych Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w XIX i XX wieku</i> [Acculturation/Assimilation in the Cultural Borderlands of East-Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries] (vol 1: Stereotypy i pamięć [Stereotypes and memory]). Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN and Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Czy śląszczyzna jest językiem? Spojrzenie socjolingwistyczne [Is Silesian a Language? A Sociolinguistic View] (pp 27–35). In: Andrzej Roczniok, ed. <i>Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język? / Ślōnsko godko – mundart jeszcze eli już jednak szpracha</i>. Zabrze: NOŚ.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2006. <i>Schlonzska mowa. Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm</i> (Vol II) [Silesia and Language: Language, Upper Silesia and Nationalism, a collection of articles on various social, political and historical aspects of language use in Upper Silesia]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 151 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-919589-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-919589-2-2">83-919589-2-2</a>.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2005. <i>Schlonzska mowa. Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm</i> (Vol I) [Silesia and Language: Language, Upper Silesia and Nationalism, a collection of articles on various social, political and historical aspects of language use in Upper Silesia]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 187 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-919589-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-919589-2-2">83-919589-2-2</a>. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herder-institut.de/rezensionen/2006_55_611_613.pdf">Review: Kai Struve. 2006. <i>Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung</i>. No 4. Marburg, Germany: Herder-Institut (pp 611–613).</a></li> <li>Review: Kai Struve. 2007. Recenzyjo Instituta Herdera [Herder-Institute’s Review] (pp 26–27). <i>Ślůnsko Nacyjo</i>. No 5, Jul. Zabrze: NOŚ.</li> <li>Review: <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Tomaszewski_(historian)" title="Jerzy Tomaszewski (historian)">Jerzy Tomaszewski</a>. 2007. Czy istnieje naród śląski? [Does the Silesian Nation Exist] (pp 280–283). <i>Przegląd Historyczny</i>. No 2. Warsaw: DiG and University of Warsaw.</li> <li>Review: Jerzy Tomaszewski. 2007. Czy istnieje naród śląski? [Does the Silesian Nation Exist] (pp 8–12). 2007. <i>Ślůnsko Nacyjo</i>. No 12, Dec. Zabrze: NOŚ.</li></ul></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2004. The Szlonzokian Ethnolect in the Context of German and Polish Nationalisms (pp. 19–39). <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Ethnicity_and_Nationalism" title="Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism">Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism</a></i>. No 1. London: Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2004.tb00056.x">10.1111/j.1754-9469.2004.tb00056.x</a>.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 2001. <i>Schlonzsko: Horní Slezsko, Oberschlesien, Górny Śląsk. Esej o regionie i jego mieszkańcach</i> [Schlonzsko: Upper Silesia. An Essay on the Region and Its Inhabitants]. Elbląg, Poland: Elbląska Oficyna Wydawnicza, 108 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-913452-2-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-913452-2-X">83-913452-2-X</a>. <ul><li>Review: Andreas R Hofmann. 2002. <i>Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung</i>. No 2. Marburg, Germany: Herder-Institut (p 311).</li> <li>Review: Anon. 2002. Esej o naszym regionie [An Essay on Our region] (p 4). <i>Głos Ludu. Gazeta Polaków w Republice Czeskiej</i>. No 69, 11 June. <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>, Czech Republic: Vydavatelství OLZA.</li> <li>Review: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_%C5%BBelazny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Żelazny (page does not exist)">Walter Żelazny</a> <a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_%C5%BBelazny" class="extiw" title="eo:Walter Żelazny">eo:Walter Żelazny</a>. 2003. Niech żyje śląski lud [Long Live the Silesian People] (pp 219–223). Sprawy Narodowościowe. No 22. Poznań, Poland: Zakład Badań Narodowościowych PAN.</li></ul></li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 1999. Język a Śląsk Opolski w kontekście integracji europejskiej [Language and Opole Silesia in the Context of European Integration] (pp 12–19). <i>Śląsk Opolski</i>. No 3. Opole, Poland: Instytut Śląski.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 1998. Das oberschlesische Kreol: Sprache und Nationalismus in Oberschlesien im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [The Upper Silesian Creole: Language and Nationalism in the 19th and 20th Centuries] (pp 142–161). In: Markus Krzoska und Peter Tokarski, eds. . <i>Die Geschichte Polens und Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Ausgewählte Baiträge</i>. Osnabrück, Germany: fibre.</li> <li>Tomasz Kamusella. 1998. Kreol górnośląski [The Upper Silesian Creole] (pp 73–84). <i>Kultura i Społeczeństwo</i>. No 1. Warsaw, Poland: Komitet Socjologii ISP PAN.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Roczniok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Roczniok (page does not exist)">Andrzej Roczniok</a> and Tomasz Kamusella. 2011. Sztandaryzacyjo ślōnski godki / Standaryzacja języka śląskiego [The Standardization of the Silesian Language] (pp 288–294). In: I V Abisigomian, ed. <i>Lingvokul’turnoe prostranstvo sovremennoi Evropy cherez prizmu malykh i bolshikh iazykov. K 70-letiiu professora Aleksandra Dimitrievicha Dulichenko</i> (Ser: Slavica Tartuensis, Vol 9). Tartu: Tartu University.</li> <li>Robert Semple. London 1814. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/observationsmad00sempgoog">Observations made on a tour from Hamburg through Berlin, Gorlitz, and Breslau, to Silberberg; and thence to Gottenburg</a> (pp. 122–123)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Silesian: <i lang="szl">ślůnsko godka</i> <small>(<a href="#Writing_system">Steuer's alphabet</a>)</small>, <span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">ślōnskŏ gŏdka</i></span> <small>(<a href="#Writing_system">Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek</a>)</small>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sla-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɕlonskɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡɔtka]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">slezština</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">język śląski</i>, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">śląszczyzna</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schlesisch, Schlonsakisch</i></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/szl">"Ethnologue report for language code: <code>szl</code>"</a>. <i>Ethnologue. Languages of the World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+report+for+language+code%3A+%3Ccode%3Eszl%3C%2Fcode%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fszl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GUS2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GUS2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/6494/10/1/1/wstepne_wyniki_nsp_2021_w_zakresie_struktury_narodowo-etnicznej_oraz_jezyka_kontaktow_domowych.pdf">"Wstępne wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2021 w zakresie struktury narodowo-etnicznej oraz języka kontaktów domowych"</a> [Report of results: National Census of Population and Housing, 2021.] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office (Poland)">Central Statistical Office of Poland</a></i> (in Polish). 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Statistical+Office+of+Poland&rft.atitle=Wst%C4%99pne+wyniki+Narodowego+Spisu+Powszechnego+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2021+w+zakresie+struktury+narodowo-etnicznej+oraz+j%C4%99zyka+kontakt%C3%B3w+domowych&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F6494%2F10%2F1%2F1%2Fwstepne_wyniki_nsp_2021_w_zakresie_struktury_narodowo-etnicznej_oraz_jezyka_kontaktow_domowych.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/szl">Silesian language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFP12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFP12_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtak2022" class="citation news cs1">Ptak, Alicja (28 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/12/28/supermarket-introduces-bilingual-polish-silesian-signs/">"Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs"</a>. Kraków: Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supermarket+introduces+bilingual+Polish-Silesian+signs&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft.aulast=Ptak&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2022%2F12%2F28%2Fsupermarket-introduces-bilingual-polish-silesian-signs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NFP22-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NFP22_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilles2023" class="citation news cs1">Tilles, Daniel (13 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/04/13/new-census-data-reveal-changes-in-polands-ethnic-and-linguistic-makeup/">"New census data reveal changes in Poland's ethnic and linguistic makeup"</a>. Kraków: Notes from Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+census+data+reveal+changes+in+Poland%27s+ethnic+and+linguistic+makeup&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.aulast=Tilles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2023%2F04%2F13%2Fnew-census-data-reveal-changes-in-polands-ethnic-and-linguistic-makeup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a>. 2013. The Silesian Language in the Early 21st Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics (pp 1–35). <i>Die Welt der Slaven</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.endangeredlanguages.com&rft.atitle=Endangered+Languages+Project+%E2%80%93+Upper+Silesian+%E2%80%93+%C3%94jcze+nasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F8349%2Fsamples%2F6665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Ekspertyza naukowa prof. UŚ Dr hab. Jolanty Tambor</i>" (en: "<i>Scientific expertise by Juan Lajo</i>"), 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Ekspertyza naukowa pana Juana Lajo</i>" (en: "<i>Scientific expertise by Juan Lajo</i>"), 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Ekspertyza naukowa dra Tomasza Wicherkiewicza</i>" (en: "<i>Scientific expertise by Tomasz Wicherkiewicz</i>"), 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Ekspertyza naukowa ks. dra hab. Jerzego Dadaczyńskiego</i>") (en: "<i>Scientific expertise by Jerzy Dadaczyński</i>"), 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Ekspertyza naukowa dr Elżbiety Anny Sekuły</i>" (en: "<i>Scientific expertise by Elżbieta Anna Sekuła</i>"), 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasz_Kamusella2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomasz Kamusella (2005). <i>Schlonzska mowa – Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm</i> [<i>Silesian speech – language, Upper Silesia and nationalism</i>] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-919589-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-919589-2-2"><bdi>83-919589-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schlonzska+mowa+%E2%80%93+J%C4%99zyk%2C+G%C3%B3rny+%C5%9Al%C4%85sk+i+nacjonalizm&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=83-919589-2-2&rft.au=Tomasz+Kamusella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasz_Kamusella2003" class="citation web cs1">Tomasz Kamusella (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/1351/HEC03-01.pdf?sequence=1">"The Szlonzoks and their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Szlonzokian Nationalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a> — Department of History and Civilization and <a href="/wiki/Opole_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Opole University">Opole University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Szlonzoks+and+their+Language%3A+Between+Germany%2C+Poland+and+Szlonzokian+Nationalism&rft.pub=European+University+Institute+%E2%80%94+Department+of+History+and+Civilization+and+Opole+University&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Tomasz+Kamusella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F1351%2FHEC03-01.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Polszczyzna śląska</i>" – Stanisław Rospond, <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a> 1970, p. 80–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abstract.xlibx.com/a-history/74611-8-the-silesian-language-the-early-21st-century-speech-community.php">"The Silesian Language in the Early 21st Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics Tomasz Kamusella"</a>. <i>xlibx.com</i>. 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xlibx.com&rft.atitle=The+Silesian+Language+in+the+Early+21st+Century%3A+A+Speech+Community+on+the+Rollercoaster+of+Politics+Tomasz+Kamusella&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abstract.xlibx.com%2Fa-history%2F74611-8-the-silesian-language-the-early-21st-century-speech-community.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_Eichler1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ernst Eichler (1999). <i>Neue deutsche Biographie</i> [<i>New German biography</i>] (in German). p. 519.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+deutsche+Biographie&rft.pages=519&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Ernst+Eichler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhold_Olesch1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reinhold Olesch (1987). <i>Zur schlesischen Sprachlandschaft: Ihr alter slawischer Anteil</i> [<i>On the Silesian language landscape: their old Slavic share</i>] (in German). pp. 32–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+schlesischen+Sprachlandschaft%3A+Ihr+alter+slawischer+Anteil&rft.pages=32-45&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Reinhold+Olesch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_Rostropowicz" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joanna Rostropowicz. <i>Śląski był jego językiem ojczystym: Reinhold Olesch, 1910–1990</i> [<i>Silesian was his mother tongue: Reinhold Olesch, 1910–1990</i>] (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+by%C5%82+jego+j%C4%99zykiem+ojczystym%3A+Reinhold+Olesch%2C+1910%E2%80%931990&rft.au=Joanna+Rostropowicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Kluczniok,_Tomasz_Zając2004" class="citation book cs1">Krzysztof Kluczniok, Tomasz Zając (2004). <i>Śląsk bogaty różnorodnością – kultur, narodów i wyznań. Historia lokalna na przykładzie wybranych powiatów, miast i gmin</i> [<i>Silesia, a rich diversity – of cultures, nations and religions. Local history, based on selected counties, cities and municipalities</i>]. Urząd Gm. i M. Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Dom Współpracy Pol.-Niem., Czerwionka-Leszczyny. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-920458-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-920458-5-8"><bdi>83-920458-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85sk+bogaty+r%C3%B3%C5%BCnorodno%C5%9Bci%C4%85+%E2%80%93+kultur%2C+narod%C3%B3w+i+wyzna%C5%84.+Historia+lokalna+na+przyk%C5%82adzie+wybranych+powiat%C3%B3w%2C+miast+i+gmin&rft.pub=Urz%C4%85d+Gm.+i+M.+Czerwionka-Leszczyny%2C+Dom+Wsp%C3%B3%C5%82pracy+Pol.-Niem.%2C+Czerwionka-Leszczyny&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=83-920458-5-8&rft.au=Krzysztof+Kluczniok%2C+Tomasz+Zaj%C4%85c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillinghamFolkmarFolkmar1911" class="citation book cs1">Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up"><i>Dictionary of Races or Peoples</i></a>. United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. pp. 104–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Races+or+Peoples&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Washington%2C+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dillingham&rft.aufirst=William+Paul&rft.au=Folkmar%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Folkmar%2C+Elnora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofrace00unitrich%23page%2F105%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillinghamFolkmarFolkmar1911" class="citation book cs1">Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian"><i>Dictionary of Races or Peoples</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Races+or+Peoples&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Washington%2C+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dillingham&rft.aufirst=William+Paul&rft.au=Folkmar%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Folkmar%2C+Elnora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofrace00unitrich%23page%2F128%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2FSilesian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander M. Schenker, "Proto-Slavonic", <i>The Slavonic Languages</i> (1993, Routledge), pages 60–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Rothstein, "Polish", <i>The Slavonic Languages</i> (1993, Routledge), pages 686–758.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Sussex & Paul Cubberley, <i>The Slavic Languages</i> (2006, Cambridge University Press).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Silesian-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Silesian_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/544121/Silesian">"Silesian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silesian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F544121%2FSilesian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hentschel-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Hentschel" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerd Hentschel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Schlesisch.pdf">"Schlesisch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schlesisch&rft.au=Gerd+Hentschel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwg.uni-klu.ac.at%2Feeo%2FSchlesisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Hentschel2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerd Hentschel (2001). "Das Schlesische – eine neue (oder auch nicht neue) slavische Sprache?". <i>Mitteleuropa – Osteuropa. Oldenburger Beiträge zur Kultur und Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas</i>. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-37648-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-631-37648-0"><bdi>3-631-37648-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Schlesische+%E2%80%93+eine+neue+%28oder+auch+nicht+neue%29+slavische+Sprache%3F&rft.btitle=Mitteleuropa+%E2%80%93+Osteuropa.+Oldenburger+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Kultur+und+Geschichte+Ostmitteleuropas&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-631-37648-0&rft.au=Gerd+Hentschel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerd Hentschel: Das Schlesische – eine neue (oder auch nicht neue) slavische Sprache?, Mitteleuropa – Osteuropa. Oldenburger Beiträge zur Kultur und Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas. Band 2, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-37648-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-631-37648-0">3-631-37648-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwald_Osers1949" class="citation book cs1">Ewald Osers (1949). <i>Silesian Idiom and Language</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silesian+Idiom+and+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Ewald+Osers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tschechisch-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tschechisch_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDušan_Šlosar" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dušan Šlosar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Tschechisch.pdf">"Tschechisch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tschechisch&rft.au=Du%C5%A1an+%C5%A0losar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwg.uni-klu.ac.at%2Feeo%2FTschechisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uni-klu.ac.at-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uni-klu.ac.at_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandr_Dulichenko" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dulichenko" title="Aleksandr Dulichenko">Aleksandr Dulichenko</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Maehrisch.pdf">"Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens"</a> [Encyclopedia of Languages of Eastern Europe] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Sprachen+des+europ%C3%A4ischen+Ostens&rft.au=Aleksandr+Dulichenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwg.uni-klu.ac.at%2Feeo%2FMaehrisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osu.cz-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osu.cz_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlína_Kuldanová2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pavlína Kuldanová (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902040929/https://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/igstema1.htm">"Útvary českého národního jazyka"</a> [Structures of the Czech National Language] (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/igstema1.htm">the original</a> on 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%9Atvary+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho+n%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADho+jazyka&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Pavl%C3%ADna+Kuldanov%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osu.cz%2Ffpd%2Fkcd%2Fdokumenty%2Fcestinapositi%2Figstema1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaroszewicz_2022-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaroszewicz_2022_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaroszewicz_2022_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaroszewicz_2022_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroszewicz2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Jaroszewicz, Henryk (2022). <i>Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego</i> (in Silesian). pp. 11–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zasady+pisowni+j%C4%99zyka+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego&rft.pages=11-59&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Jaroszewicz&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-l10n-szl">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Silesian Ubuntu Translation" team"</a>. Launchpad.net. 5 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Silesian+Ubuntu+Translation%22+team&rft.pub=Launchpad.net&rft.date=2009-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaunchpad.net%2F~ubuntu-l10n-szl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slabikorz-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slabikorz_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slabikorz_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slabikorz_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirosław Syniawa: Ślabikŏrz niy dlŏ bajtli. Pro Loquela Silesiana. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62349-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62349-01-2">978-83-62349-01-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wachtyrz.eu/">"Home"</a>. <i>wachtyrz.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wachtyrz.eu&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwachtyrz.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnl8wEwDayK72E4Jodun7ZQ">"Niklaus Pieron – YouTube"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Niklaus+Pieron+%E2%80%93+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fchannel%2FUCnl8wEwDayK72E4Jodun7ZQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slonskyradio.eu/">"SlonskyRadio"</a>. <i>SlonskyRadio</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SlonskyRadio&rft.atitle=SlonskyRadio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slonskyradio.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-teatr.pl/pl/artykuly/57112.html">"Po śląsku w kaplicy"</a> [Once in the chapel of Silesia] (in Polish). e-teatr.pl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Po+%C5%9Bl%C4%85sku+w+kaplicy&rft.pub=e-teatr.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-teatr.pl%2Fpl%2Fartykuly%2F57112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624085950/https://www.teatrslaski.art.pl/przedstawienia/polterabend.php">"Stanisław Mutz – Polterabend"</a> (in Polish). Silesian Theatre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teatrslaski.art.pl/przedstawienia/polterabend.php">the original</a> on 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Mutz+%E2%80%93+Polterabend&rft.pub=Silesian+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teatrslaski.art.pl%2Fprzedstawienia%2Fpolterabend.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jednoaktowka.pl/poczytaj/">Jednoaktówki po śląsku</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Silesian)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrzemysław_Jedlicki,_Mirosław_Syniawa2009" class="citation news cs1">Przemysław Jedlicki, Mirosław Syniawa (13 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bi.gazeta.pl/im/6/6274/m6274016.jpg">"Ślabikorz dlo Slůnzokůw"</a>. <i>Gazeta Wyborcza Katowice</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katowice.gazeta.pl">the original</a> on 13 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza+Katowice&rft.atitle=%C5%9Alabikorz+dlo+Sl%C5%AFnzok%C5%AFw&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.au=Przemys%C5%82aw+Jedlicki%2C+Miros%C5%82aw+Syniawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatowice.gazeta.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904145609/https://www.narodowaoficynaslaska.friko.pl/">"Narodowa Oficyna Śląska"</a> [National Publishing Company of Silesia] (in Silesian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.narodowaoficynaslaska.friko.pl/">the original</a> on 4 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narodowa+Oficyna+%C5%9Al%C4%85ska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.narodowaoficynaslaska.friko.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIL-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIL_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=szl">"ISO documentation of Silesian language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+documentation+of+Silesian+language&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3Dszl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziennik_Zachodni2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Zachodni" title="Dziennik Zachodni">Dziennik Zachodni</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/wydarzenia/865999.html">"Śląski wśród języków świata"</a> [Silesian Among the Languages of the World] (in Polish). Our News <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+j%C4%99zyk%C3%B3w+%C5%9Bwiata&rft.pub=Our+News+Katowice&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Dziennik+Zachodni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatowice.naszemiasto.pl%2Fwydarzenia%2F865999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Silesian and Polish)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyktando.org">"National Dictation contest of the Silesian language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Dictation+contest+of+the+Silesian+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dyktando.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orthography: diacritic, Czech, phonetic, Hermannowa, Polish, Polish plus, Steuer's, Tadzikowa, Wieczorkowa, multisigned.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620224607/https://www.dz.com.pl/?tekst,2484">"Śląski wśród języków świata"</a> [The Silesian language is a foreign language]. <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Zachodni" title="Dziennik Zachodni">Dziennik Zachodni</a></i> (in Polish). 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dz.com.pl/?tekst,2484">the original</a> on 20 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dziennik+Zachodni&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+j%C4%99zyk%C3%B3w+%C5%9Bwiata&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dz.com.pl%2F%3Ftekst%2C2484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technologie.gazeta.pl/technologie/1,82008,5248211,Slaska_Wikipedia_juz_dziala.html">"Śląska Wikipedia już działa"</a> [Silesian Wikipedia already operating]. <i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a>-Gospodarka</i> (in Polish). 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza-Gospodarka&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ska+Wikipedia+ju%C5%BC+dzia%C5%82a&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnologie.gazeta.pl%2Ftechnologie%2F1%2C82008%2C5248211%2CSlaska_Wikipedia_juz_dziala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikipedia_Silesian">Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Silesian. 2008. Wikimedia Meta-Wiki. 27 May.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikinews.org/wiki/Katowice:_konferencja_dotycz%C4%85ca_statusu_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiej_mowy">"Katowice: konferencja dotycząca statusu śląskiej mowy"</a> [Katowice: Conference concerning the status of the Silesian language]. <i>Polish <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></i>. 1 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Wikinews&rft.atitle=Katowice%3A+konferencja+dotycz%C4%85ca+statusu+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiej+mowy&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikinews.org%2Fwiki%2FKatowice%3A_konferencja_dotycz%25C4%2585ca_statusu_%25C5%259Bl%25C4%2585skiej_mowy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoAaD-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoAaD_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20120000309">Dz.U. 2012 nr 0 poz. 309</a> – Internet System of Legal Acts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20130001346">Dz. U. z 2013 r. poz. 1346</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tvpworld-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tvpworld_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvpworld.com/77207969/polish-parliament-recognizes-silesian-as-official-regional-language">"Polish parliament recognizes Silesian as official regional language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TVP_World" title="TVP World">TVP World</a></i>. 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVP+World&rft.atitle=Polish+parliament+recognizes+Silesian+as+official+regional+language&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvpworld.com%2F77207969%2Fpolish-parliament-recognizes-silesian-as-official-regional-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bankier-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bankier_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Jezyk-slaski-uznany-za-jezyk-regionalny-Sejm-uchwalil-ustawe-8736376.html">"Język śląski uznany za język regionalny. Sejm uchwalił ustawę"</a> [Silesian language recognized as a regional language. The Sejm passed the act.]. <i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankier.pl" class="extiw" title="pl:Bankier.pl">Bankier.pl</a></i> (in Polish). 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bankier.pl&rft.atitle=J%C4%99zyk+%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski+uznany+za+j%C4%99zyk+regionalny.+Sejm+uchwali%C5%82+ustaw%C4%99&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankier.pl%2Fwiadomosc%2FJezyk-slaski-uznany-za-jezyk-regionalny-Sejm-uchwalil-ustawe-8736376.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wyborcza-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wyborcza_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katowice.wyborcza.pl/katowice/7,35063,30922907,sejm-uznal-mowe-slaska-za-jezyk-regionalny-co-trzeba-wiedziec.html">"Sejm uznał mowę śląską za język regionalny"</a> [The Sejm recognized the Silesian language as a regional language.]. <i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a></i> (in Polish). 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft.atitle=Sejm+uzna%C5%82+mow%C4%99+%C5%9Bl%C4%85sk%C4%85+za+j%C4%99zyk+regionalny.&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatowice.wyborcza.pl%2Fkatowice%2F7%2C35063%2C30922907%2Csejm-uznal-mowe-slaska-za-jezyk-regionalny-co-trzeba-wiedziec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS2024" class="citation web cs1">S (29 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polanddaily24.com/president-duda-vetoes-bill-to-recognize-silesian-dialect-as-regional-language/politics/42199">"President Duda Vetoes Bill to Recognize Silesian Dialect as Regional Language"</a>. <i>PolandDaily24.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolandDaily24.com&rft.atitle=President+Duda+Vetoes+Bill+to+Recognize+Silesian+Dialect+as+Regional+Language&rft.date=2024-05-29&rft.au=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolanddaily24.com%2Fpresident-duda-vetoes-bill-to-recognize-silesian-dialect-as-regional-language%2Fpolitics%2F42199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilesian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/translate/answer/15139004?visit_id=638554307175779141-4093546030&p=TranslateNewLanguages2024&rd=1">What’s new in Google Translate: More than 100 new languages. 2024. Google Translate Help. 27 Jun.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.google/intl/en-in/google-translate-new-languages-2024/">110 new languages are coming to Google Translate. 2024. Google India Blopg. 27 Jun.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slazag.pl/milowy-krok-dla-promocji-jezyka-slaskiego-tlumacz-google-wlaczyl-go-do-swoich-jezykow-nie-jest-idealnie-glownie-smiesznie">Katarzyna Pachelska. 2024. Milowy krok dla promocji języka śląskiego!? Tłumacz Google włączył go do swoich języków. Nie jest idealnie, głównie - śmiesznie. <i>Slązag</i>. 28 Jun.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/eurasia_border_review/ebr_v5n2/EBR_v5n2_35.pdf">"The Long Shadow of Borders: The Cases of Kashubian and Silesian in Poland"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210191347/https://www.pol-int.org/pl/publikationen/l-nsko-godka-silesian-language">Tomasz Kamusella (2013): "Ślōnsko godka. The silesian language" - Review by Mark Brüggemann</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Silesian" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Silesian">Silesian</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silesian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Silesian language">Silesian language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Silesian_language_granted_ISO_code" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Silesian language granted ISO code"> Silesian language granted ISO code</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="szl:"> Silesian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Silesian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republikasilesia.com/jynzyk-szloonski/index.html"><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">Jynzyk S'loonski</i></span></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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of Poland">Languages of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Lemko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish manual alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">Bilingual communes in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Poland" title="Category:Languages of Poland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Template talk:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Czech Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Languages of the Czech Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Czech Republic">Minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany language">Romany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slavic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_languages" title="Template talk:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">Up to Proto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_accent" title="Proto-Slavic accent">Accent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages" title="History of the Slavic languages">Modern languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect" title="Old Novgorod dialect">Old Novgorodian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_speech" title="Simple speech">Simple speech</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages#Transitional_South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">Transitional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carantanians#Language" title="Carantanians">Alpine Slavic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Czech–Slovak languages">Czech-Slovak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Czech_language" title="Biblical Czech language">Biblical Czech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">White Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese_Slovak" title="Camaldolese Slovak">Camaldolese Slovak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>East Lechitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Polish language">Middle Polish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lechitic_dialects" title="West Lechitic dialects">West Lechitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcho-Magdeburgian_dialect" title="Marcho-Magdeburgian dialect">Marcho-Magdeburgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_dialect" title="Rani dialect">Rani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleifer_dialect" title="Schleifer dialect">Schleifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Microlanguages</a> <br />and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachian_language" title="Podlachian language">Podlachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Polesian" title="West Polesian">West Polesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects of Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><i>20th century <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Romani" title="Bohemian Romani">Bohemian Romani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut_language" title="Mednyj Aleut language">Mednyj Aleut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponaschemu" title="Ponaschemu">Ponaschemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Quelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Serbian_language" title="Romano-Serbian language">Romano-Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taimyr_Pidgin_Russian" title="Taimyr Pidgin Russian">Taimyr Pidgin Russian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Slavic" title="Army Slavic">Army Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian" title="Slavonic-Serbian">Slavonic-Serbian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">Slavic first palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_second_palatalization" title="Slavic second palatalization">Slavic second palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_liquid_metathesis_and_pleophony" title="Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony">Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic" title="Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic">Monophthongization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybo%27s_law" title="Dybo's law">Dybo's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%ADk%27s_law" title="Havlík's law">Havlík's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirt%27s_law" title="Hirt's law">Hirt's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illi%C4%8D-Svity%C4%8D%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Illič-Svityč's law">Illič-Svityč's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C5%A1i%C4%87%27s_law" title="Ivšić's law">Ivšić's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meillet%27s_law" title="Meillet's law">Meillet's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedersen%27s_law" title="Pedersen's law">Pedersen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">Ruki sound law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijk%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Wijk's law">Van Wijk's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_law" title="Winter's law">Winter's law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silesia_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silesia_topics" title="Template talk:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silesia_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Silesia" title="History of Silesia">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Offensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Offensives">Offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" title="1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite">1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen" title="Treaty of Teschen">Treaty of Teschen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Battle of Leuthen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Silesia" title="Category:History of Silesia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Silesia">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelenia Góra valley">Jelenia Góra valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Valley" title="Kłodzko Valley">Kłodzko Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesian Wilderness">Lower Silesian Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obni%C5%BCenie_Milicko-G%C5%82ogowskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie (page does not exist)">Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrava Valley">Ostrava Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin" title="Oświęcim Basin">Oświęcim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedg%C3%B3rze_Sudeckie" class="mw-redirect" title="Przedgórze Sudeckie">Przedgórze Sudeckie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Walls" title="Silesian Walls">Silesian Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Foothills" title="Silesian Foothills">Silesian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Przesieka" title="Silesian Przesieka">Silesian Przesieka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Upland" title="Silesian Upland">Silesian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Lusatian_Lowlands" title="Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands">Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Moravian_Foothills" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian-Moravian Foothills">Silesian-Moravian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%C5%82_Trzebnicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wał Trzebnicki (page does not exist)">Wał Trzebnicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra_Acclivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zielona Góra Acclivity (page does not exist)">Zielona Góra Acclivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Gocza%C5%82kowickie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Goczałkowickie">Jezioro Goczałkowickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Otmuchowskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Otmuchowskie">Jezioro Otmuchowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezioro_S%C5%82awskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezioro Sławskie (page does not exist)">Jezioro Sławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyskie_Lake" title="Nyskie Lake">Nyskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_Harta_Reservoir" title="Slezská Harta Reservoir">Slezská Harta Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Beskids" title="Moravian-Silesian Beskids">Moravian-Silesian Beskids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudetes" title="Eastern Sudetes">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sudetes" title="Central Sudetes">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sudetes" title="Western Sudetes">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divok%C3%A1_Orlice" title="Divoká Orlice">Divoká Orlice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizera_(river)" title="Jizera (river)">Jizera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Apa" title="Úpa">Úpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycz_(river)" title="Barycz (river)">Barycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3br" title="Bóbr">Bóbr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczawa" title="Kaczawa">Kaczawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odnica" title="Kłodnica">Kłodnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Kwisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liswarta" title="Liswarta">Liswarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Panew" title="Mała Panew">Mała Panew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nysa Kłodzka">Nysa Kłodzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olza_(river)" title="Olza (river)">Olza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za" title="Ślęza">Ślęza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_(Vistula)" title="Biała (Vistula)">Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynica" title="Brynica">Brynica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostynia" title="Gostynia">Gostynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemsza" title="Przemsza">Przemsza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pszczynka" title="Pszczynka">Pszczynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(river)" title="Rawa (river)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/55px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/83px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/110px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Piasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Silesia">dukes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Parliament" title="Silesian Parliament">parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Category:Politicians of the Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Treasury" title="Silesian Treasury">treasury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_country" title="State country">State country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia Province">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)">Lower Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Silesia" title="Eastern Silesia">Eastern Silesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk_District" title="Jeseník District">Jeseník District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravian–Silesian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship" title="Voivodeship">Voivodeships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">constituencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_and_Opole_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lower Silesian and Opole (European Parliament constituency)">Lower Silesian and Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Silesian (European Parliament constituency)">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/55px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/83px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/110px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="167" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socioeconomics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">Katowice urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_GZM" title="Metropolis GZM">Metropolis GZM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area" title="Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area">Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bielski_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy (page does not exist)">Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legnicko-G%C5%82ogowski_Okr%C4%99g_Miedziowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy (page does not exist)">Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_Coal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian Coal Basin (page does not exist)">Lower Silesian Coal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Coal_Basin" title="Upper Silesian Coal Basin">Upper Silesian Coal Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrava-Karvin%C3%A1_Coal_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrava-Karviná Coal Area (page does not exist)">Ostrava-Karviná</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rybnik_Coal_Area" title="Rybnik Coal Area">Rybnik Coal Areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Silesia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Familok" title="Familok">Familŏk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_regional_costume" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian regional costume">Regional costume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesian_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Silesian Museum (page does not exist)">Upper Silesian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum_(Opava)" title="Silesian Museum (Opava)">Silesian Museum (Opava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Museum">Silesian Museum (Katowice)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_cuisine" title="Silesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Black noodles">Black noodles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bryja" title="Bryja">Bryja</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panczkraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panczkraut (page does not exist)">Panczkraut <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(ciapkapusta)</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silesian_dumplings" title="Silesian dumplings">Klōzki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galert (page does not exist)">Galert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauskyjza" title="Hauskyjza">Hauskyjza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karminadle" title="Karminadle">Karminadle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%82%C5%8Fcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kołŏcz (page does not exist)">Kołŏcz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopalnioki" title="Kopalnioki">Kopalnioki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreple">Kreple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaszanka" title="Kaszanka"><i>Krupniok</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makōwki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moczka" title="Moczka">Moczka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modr%C5%8F_kapusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modrŏ kapusta (page does not exist)">Modrŏ kapusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemieniotka" title="Siemieniotka">Siymiyniotka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sza%C5%82ot" title="Szałot">Szałŏt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wodzionka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodzionka">Wodziōnka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBur" class="mw-redirect" title="Żur">Żur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia" title="Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia">Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession">Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Football Association (page does not exist)">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Football League">Moravian–Silesian Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_national_football_team" title="Silesia national football team">National football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Stadium" title="Silesian Stadium">Silesian Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lower Silesian)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia" title="Coat of arms of Silesia">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Silesia">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unofficial anthems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesien_Unvergessene_Heimat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat (page does not exist)">Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesierlied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesierlied (page does not exist)">Schlesierlied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slezsk%C3%A1_hymna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slezská hymna (page does not exist)">Slezská hymna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Silesia">Demographics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landsmannschaft_Schlesien" title="Landsmannschaft Schlesien">Landsmannschaft Schlesien</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_March" title="Autonomy March">Marsz Autōnōmije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/110px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/110px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Silesia" title="Category:Silesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&oldid=1257809451">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_language&oldid=1257809451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silesian_language" title="Category:Silesian language">Silesian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Germany" title="Category:Languages of Germany">Languages of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Poland" title="Category:Languages of Poland">Languages of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Languages of the Czech Republic">Languages of the Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lechitic_languages" title="Category:Lechitic languages">Lechitic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic_languages_written_in_Latin_script" title="Category:Slavic languages written in Latin script">Slavic languages written in Latin script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Category:Culture of Silesian Voivodeship">Culture of Silesian Voivodeship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Opole_Voivodeship" title="Category:Culture of Opole Voivodeship">Culture of Opole Voivodeship</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Silesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Silesian-language text">Articles containing Silesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Slavic_languages_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Slavic languages IPA">Pages with Slavic languages IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a 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