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style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Louis le Grange</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Cabinet Minister of South Africa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1978–1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of South Africa">House of Assembly of South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1987–1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F.W._de_Klerk" class="mw-redirect" title="F.W. de Klerk">F.W. de Klerk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Greeff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Greeff (page does not exist)">Johan Greeff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Louw" title="Gene Louw">Gene Louw</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-08-16</span>)</span>16 August 1928<br /><a href="/wiki/Ladybrand" title="Ladybrand">Ladybrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State_(province)" title="Orange Free State (province)">Orange Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-10-25)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State_(province)" title="Orange Free State (province)">Orange Free State (province)</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="South African citizenship">South African citizenship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jessie Ortlepp-Marais</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom_University_for_Christian_Higher_Education" title="Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education">Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis le Grange</b> (16 August 1928 – 25 October 1991) was a lawyer, a <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> politician and a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Grange was born to Elizabeth Raats and Johannes Jacobus Le Grange in <a href="/wiki/Ladybrand" title="Ladybrand">Ladybrand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State_(province)" title="Orange Free State (province)">Orange Free State</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> He attended primary school in Fochville and Potchefstroom and matriculated Potchefstroom Hoer Volkskool in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> After matriculating, he joined the Department of Interior and Justice in 1947 as clerk while studying for a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a>, obtaining it in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> He left to become an attorney in partnership, obtaining his Attorneys' Admission Diploma in 1955 and an <a href="/wiki/LL.B." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.B.">LL.B.</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> He received a BA Honours in Political Science in 1964 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Potchefstroom" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Potchefstroom">University of Potchefstroom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He came from a politically active family, his mother a secretary of the National Party's Kimberley branch in 1915, while his father had stood as an independent in Losberg in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>, Member of Parliament for the constituency of Potchefstroom (1966-1991), Deputy Minister of Information (1975-1978), Interior (1975-1978), Immigration (1978), and Public Works (1978), in governments of <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup> </p><p>He then served as Minister of Tourism and Public Works (1978-1979), Prisons (1979-1980), Police (1979-1982) and Law and Order (1982-1986) in the cabinets of <a href="/wiki/P.W._Botha" class="mw-redirect" title="P.W. Botha">P.W. Botha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup> before he became the 13th Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of South Africa">House of Assembly of South Africa</a> (1987-1991). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He married Jessie Ortlepp-Marais in May 1952, and had two sons and two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a>, aged 63. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220448/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1991/10/28/1/11.html">"Louis le Grange het gesterf soos hy geleef het tussen vriende"</a> [Louis le Grange died the way he lived – among friends]. <i>Beeld</i> (in Afrikaans). 28 October 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1991/10/28/1/11.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beeld&rft.atitle=Louis+le+Grange+het+gesterf+soos+hy+geleef+het+tussen+vriende&rft.date=1991-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F1991%2F10%2F28%2F1%2F11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+le+Grange" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Who-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGastrow1985" class="citation book cs1">Gastrow, Shelagh (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/whoswhoinsouthaf0000gast"><i>Who's who in South African politics</i></a>. Internet Archive. Johannesburg : Ravan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-280-7"><bdi>978-0-86975-280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+South+African+politics&rft.pub=Johannesburg+%3A+Ravan+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86975-280-7&rft.aulast=Gastrow&rft.aufirst=Shelagh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoinsouthaf0000gast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+le+Grange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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P. du Toit (page does not exist)">Du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Greeff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Greeff (page does not exist)">Greeff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Le Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Louw" title="Gene Louw">Louw</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/90px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/135px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/180px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Assembly (1994–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frene_Ginwala" title="Frene Ginwala">Ginwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baleka_Mbete" title="Baleka Mbete">Mbete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Mahlangu-Nkabinde" title="Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde">Mahlangu-Nkabinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sisulu" title="Max Sisulu">Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baleka_Mbete" title="Baleka Mbete">Mbete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Mapisa-Nqakula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&oldid=1251365178">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_le_Grange&oldid=1251365178</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1928_births" title="Category:1928 births">1928 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afrikaner_people" title="Category:Afrikaner people">Afrikaner people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Party_(South_Africa)_politicians" title="Category:National Party (South Africa) politicians">National Party (South Africa) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_House_of_Assembly_(South_Africa)" title="Category:Speakers of the House of Assembly (South Africa)">Speakers of the House of Assembly (South Africa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Potchefstroom" title="Category:People from Potchefstroom">People from Potchefstroom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_African_lawyers" title="Category:South African lawyers">South African lawyers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2014">Use dmy dates from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_South_African_English_from_June_2014" title="Category:Use South African English from June 2014">Use South African English from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_South_African_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in South African English">All Wikipedia articles written in South African English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Afrikaans-language_sources_(af)" title="Category:CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af)">CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 19:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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