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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Black July</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Black_July-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Black July subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Black_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saturday,_23_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturday,_23_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Saturday, 23 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturday,_23_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunday,_24_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunday,_24_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sunday, 24 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunday,_24_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monday,_25_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monday,_25_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Monday, 25 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monday,_25_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuesday,_26_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuesday,_26_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tuesday, 26 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuesday,_26_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wednesday,_27_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wednesday,_27_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Wednesday, 27 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wednesday,_27_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thursday,_28_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thursday,_28_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Thursday, 28 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thursday,_28_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friday,_29_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friday,_29_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Friday, 29 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friday,_29_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturday,_30_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturday,_30_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Saturday, 30 July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturday,_30_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government's_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government's_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government's response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government's_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyewitness_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyewitness_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eyewitness accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyewitness_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualty_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualty_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Casualty estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualty_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecutions_and_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecutions_and_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prosecutions and compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecutions_and_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genocide Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Remembrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Juli" title="Schwarzer Juli – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Juli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juillet_noir" title="Juillet noir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juillet noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ब्लैक जुलाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्लैक जुलाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ജൂലൈ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ജൂലൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Black July" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julho_Negro" title="Julho Negro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julho Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Чёрный июль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрный июль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු ජූලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු ජූලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July – Simple English" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Black_July&direction=prev&oldid=1259313603" title="Black July">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_July&diff=cur&oldid=1259313603" title="Black July">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_July&direction=next&oldid=1259313603" title="Black July">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_July&diff=next&oldid=1259313603" title="Black July">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1983 anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Black July</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">riots in Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Tamil genocide</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_July_-_from_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Black_July_-_from_Commons.jpg/220px-Black_July_-_from_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Black_July_-_from_Commons.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="382" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Tamil youth stripped naked before being killed by Sinhalese rioters near Borella bus stand.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSriLanka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/LocationSriLanka.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Sri Lanka</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983-07-24</span>)</span> – 30 July 1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1983-07-30</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>+6)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data">Axes, guns, explosives, knives, sticks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">5,638 killed and 466 disappeared (acc. to TCHR) <sup id="cite_ref-tchr.net_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchr.net-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">2,015 and 670 raped (acc. to TCHR) <sup id="cite_ref-tchr.net_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchr.net-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">Tamil civilians</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Sinhalese mobs, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">UNP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of participants</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Thousands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Anti-Tamil racism, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Buddhist_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Buddhist nationalism">Sinhala nationalism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Anti-Tamil pogroms<br />in Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Gal_Oya_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Gal Oya riots">Gal Oya (1956)</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958 pogrom</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977 pogrom</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981 pogrom</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black July (1983)</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Tamil_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Tamil_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Tamil_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Tamil riots in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black July</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">கறுப்பு யூலை</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tamil-language romanization"><i lang="ta-Latn">Kaṟuppu Yūlai</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">කළු ජූලිය</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">Kalu Juliya</i></span>) was an anti-<a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> during July 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pogrom was premeditated,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was finally triggered by a <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo_ambush" title="Four Four Bravo ambush">deadly ambush</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lankan Army</a> patrol by the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) on 23 July 1983, which killed 13 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although initially orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mathew" title="Cyril Mathew">members</a> of the ruling <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">UNP</a>, the pogrom soon escalated into mass violence with significant public participation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 24 July 1983, anti-Tamil rioting started in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and then spread to other parts of the country. Over seven days, mainly <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> mobs attacked, burned, looted, and killed Tamil civilians. The looting, arson and killings later spread to include all <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a>, with the Indian High Commission being attacked and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Overseas_Bank" title="Indian Overseas Bank">Indian Overseas Bank</a> being completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-anita_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anita-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the death toll range between 400 and 3,000,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC230703_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC230703-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 150,000 people became homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspinallJeffreyRegan2013104_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspinallJeffreyRegan2013104-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC230708_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC230708-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tamil Centre for Human Rights (TCHR), the total number of Tamils killed in the Black July program was 5,638.<sup id="cite_ref-tchr.net_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchr.net-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 18,000 homes and 5,000 shops were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-PACT_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic cost of the riots was estimated to be $300 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspinallJeffreyRegan2013104_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspinallJeffreyRegan2013104-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was organised to destroy the economic base of the Tamils, with every Tamil owned shop and establishment being plundered and set alight.<sup id="cite_ref-anita_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anita-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NGO <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a> described the violence of the pogrom as having "amounted to acts of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>" in a report published in December 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The program spurred thousands of Tamil youth to spontaneously join militant groups, which prior to the program with had only 20-30 members.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC230703_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC230703-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chitra_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black July is generally seen as the start of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> between the Tamil militants and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">government of Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC230708_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC230708-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> fled to other countries in the ensuing years, with July becoming a period of remembrance for the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">diaspora</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_July_'83_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_July_'83-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date no one has been held accountable for any of the crimes committed during the pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> <p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British colonial rule</a>, Sri Lankan Tamils from the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna peninsula">Jaffna peninsula</a> benefited greatly from educational facilities established by <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American missionaries</a>. As a result, the colonial administration recruited many English-speaking Tamils to the civil service and other professions on a merit basis.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamils came to be overrepresented in the clerical services, professions and universities. After independence, Sinhalese leaders promoted Sinhalese nationalism to appeal to the majority voters and directed hostility against the Tamil minority who were seen as privileged despite the majority of them being no better off.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, the Official Language Act, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>, was introduced which made <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> the only official language of Sri Lanka with no parity for <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. The policy turned out to be "severely discriminatory" and placed the Tamil-speaking population at a "serious disadvantage".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests against the Sinhala-only policy by Tamils and by the nation's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_leftist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka leftist parties">leftist parties</a> were met with mob violence that eventually escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_riots_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan riots of 1958">riots of 1958</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1960s, protests, and state repression in response, created further animosity. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">policy of standardization</a>, which restricted Tamils' entry into universities, strained the already tenuous political relationship between the elites of the Tamil and Sinhalese communities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quota affecting political representation became another cause for contention between Sinhalese and Tamil people. There was also a series of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_riots_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan riots of 1977">anti-Tamil pogroms in 1977</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a>'s (UNP) coming to power, which further increased hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, Tamil militant groups began taking form with notable incidents such as the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duraiappah" title="Alfred Duraiappah">Alfred Duraiappah</a>, the Mayor of Jaffna, in 1975 and the <a href="/wiki/Murunkan_massacre" title="Murunkan massacre">killing of Inspector Bastianpillai and his police team</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayaka_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayaka-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the renowned <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Jaffna Public Library was burnt down</a> by a violent Sinhalese mob.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1983, there had been similar incidents of low-level violence between the government and the mushrooming Tamil militant groups. There were many murders, disappearances, and cases of torture attributed to the Sri Lankan security forces, and several killings of policemen by Tamil militant groups.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayaka_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayaka-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1983_anti-Tamil_pogrom_in_Trincomalee" title="1983 anti-Tamil pogrom in Trincomalee">1983 anti-Tamil pogrom in Trincomalee</a></div> <p>Organised violence by <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> mobs and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">security forces</a> commenced against <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> between June and July 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 27 Tamils (including women and children)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were killed in the ensuing violence, with hundreds of Tamil homes and properties being destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hara_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hara-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murray_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TT883_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT883-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 17th July 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Dawasa" title="Dawasa">Dawasa</a> newspaper released a front-page headline stating in <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: "To counter Northern Terrorism, there is going to emerge another Terrorism". It specifically stated that after 22nd and 23rd July "a very strong course of action" would be taken to eliminate terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_July">Black July</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturday,_23_July"><span id="Saturday.2C_23_July"></span>Saturday, 23 July</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Four Bravo">Four Four Bravo</a></div> <p>On 23 July 1983 at around 11:30 pm, the rebel group LTTE ambushed the <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Four Bravo">Four Four Bravo</a> military patrol in <a href="/wiki/Thirunelveli_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirunelveli (Sri Lanka)">Thirunelveli</a>, near Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200463–64_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200463–64-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A roadside bomb was detonated beneath a jeep that was leading the convoy, injuring at least two soldiers on board. Soldiers travelling in the truck behind the jeep then dismounted to help their fellow soldiers. Subsequently, they were ambushed by a group of LTTE fighters who fired at them with <a href="/wiki/Automatic_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic weapon">automatic weapons</a> and hurled <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a>. In the ensuing clash, one officer and twelve soldiers were killed, with two more fatally wounded, for a total of fifteen dead. A number of the rebels were also killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Col. <a href="/wiki/Kittu_(Tamil_militant)" title="Kittu (Tamil militant)">Kittu</a>, a regional commander of the LTTE, would later admit to planning and carrying out the ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attack has been described as retaliation for the killing of one of the LTTE's founding members, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucas_Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lucas Anthony">Charles Anthony</a>, by Sri Lankan Army<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the alleged abduction and rape of three Tamil schoolgirls in Jaffna by the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around midnight, following the news of the attack, the Army began to move all their Tamil officers from <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panagoda" title="Panagoda">Panagoda</a> to a camp in <a href="/wiki/Ampara_District" title="Ampara District">Ampara</a>, in an isolated area not affected by the subsequent riots.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunday,_24_July"><span id="Sunday.2C_24_July"></span>Sunday, 24 July</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirunelveli_massacre" title="Thirunelveli massacre">Thirunelveli massacre</a></div> <p>In response to the ambush, truckloads of Sri Lankan soldiers left the Palaly camp at 4:30 AM, smashing all the shops on the way to <a href="/wiki/Thirunelveli,_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirunelveli, Sri Lanka">Thirunelveli</a>. Over 60 Tamil civilians in <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> were <a href="/wiki/Thirunelveli_massacre" title="Thirunelveli massacre">subsequently massacred</a> by the rampaging army in revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the prior killing of soldiers was reported instantly in the local Sri Lankan media, this subsequent massacre of civilians was not reported and remained unknown to the Sinhalese public.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army—including its <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Tissa Weeratunga</a>—decided that the soldiers' funerals should not be held in <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> because of the high likelihood of disturbances at multiple locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was made to hold the funerals, with full military honours, at <a href="/wiki/Kanatte_Cemetery" title="Kanatte Cemetery">Kanatte Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>'s main burial ground, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a>, fearing violence, was against holding the funeral in Colombo, but was overruled by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president, the prime minister, and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">cabinet</a> were to attend the funeral, which was to take place at 5 pm on 24 July. This arrangement went against the standard procedure of handing over fallen soldiers to their families for burial in their home villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preparations were made for the funeral, including putting the riot squad at the police station in nearby <a href="/wiki/Borella" title="Borella">Borella</a> on standby; but by 5 pm the bodies hadn't arrived in Colombo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soldiers' families wanted the bodies handed over to them and to be buried according to tradition. Due to procedural issues, the bodies were still at Palali Army Camp near Jaffna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies were eventually moved from <a href="/wiki/Palali_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palali Airport">Palali Air Force Base</a> shortly after 6 pm. Whilst this was occurring, tensions were growing at Colombo General Cemetery because of the delay. A large crowd, including around 3,000 people from the Wanathamulla <a href="/wiki/List_of_slums_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of slums in Sri Lanka">slum</a>, started gathering at the cemetery, angered by news of the ambush, which was magnified by wild rumour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Avro" title="Avro">Avro</a> plane carrying the bodies arrived at <a href="/wiki/Ratmalana_Airport" title="Ratmalana Airport">Ratmalana Airport</a> at 7:20 pm, by which time the crowd at the cemetery had swollen to more than 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crowd wanted the bodies to be handed over to the families rather than to be buried at the cemetery. Violence broke out between the crowd and police, and the riot squad was summoned. The riot squad then fired <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> at the crowd and <a href="/wiki/Baton_charge" title="Baton charge">baton-charged</a> them before handing control of the situation over to the army. The president then decided to cancel the military funeral and hand the bodies over to the families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicles carrying the bodies had been driven away from Ratmalana at 8:30 pm and the drivers were heading to the cemetery. Due to the situation, the bodies were then diverted to army headquarters, so that they could be handed over to the families. The crowd at the cemetery was informed of the president's decision at around 10 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crowd left the cemetery in a restive mood. </p><p>A section of the crowd marched up D. S. Senanayake Mawatha to <a href="/wiki/Borella" title="Borella">Borella</a>, where they destroyed Tamil-owned Nagalingam Stores.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob—which by that time numbered around 10,000—attacked, looted, and set fire to any building near Borella Junction that had a Tamil connection, including Borella Flats and the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Union_Cricket_and_Athletic_Club" title="Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club">Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil shops and houses were also burned with their furniture and goods destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police fired tear gas at the crowd; but after exhausting all of their stock, they were then forced to fire their rifles into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crowd then dispersed in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Dematagoda" title="Dematagoda">Dematagoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maradana" title="Maradana">Maradana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narahenpita" title="Narahenpita">Narahenpita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandpass" title="Grandpass">Grandpass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thimbirigasyaya_Divisional_Secretariat" title="Thimbirigasyaya Divisional Secretariat">Thimbirigasyaya</a>, where they attacked and looted Tamil properties and set them alight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of criminal gangs came to join the ensuing chaos. Students from Buddhist schools also followed the first rioters, which included some Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just hours after the news of the ambush reached <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, small gangs were on the streets with typewritten lists of the names and addresses of Tamil owned properties, suggesting prior planning and organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-phila_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phila-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monday,_25_July"><span id="Monday.2C_25_July"></span>Monday, 25 July</h3></div> <p>President Jayewardene convened the country's Security Council at the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_Colombo" title="President's House, Colombo">President's House</a>, at 9:30 a.m. on 25 July. A hundred yards away, the Bristol building, and the Tamil-owned Ambal Cafe, was ablaze.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also close by, on York Street, the Tamil-owned clothier Sarathas was ablaze as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon all the Tamil-owned shops on Baillie Street opposite the President's House were on fire. Every Tamil-owned business in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_(Colombo)" title="Fort (Colombo)">Fort</a> area was on fire by the time the Security Council meeting finished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President ordered a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> in Colombo from 6 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TT260783_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT260783-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob moved on to Olcott Mawatha, where they set fire to the Tamil-owned Ananda Bhawan food store, Rajeswari Stores, and the Ajantha Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The President's ministers were seen that morning in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> directing their thugs to attack Tamils and their properties.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mathew" title="Cyril Mathew">Cyril Mathew</a> was seen in <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo Fort">Colombo Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">R. Premadasa</a>’s trusted henchmen, mainly pavement hawkers, in <a href="/wiki/Pettah,_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pettah, Colombo">Pettah</a>, Colombo Mayor’s thugs and municipal labourers and Transport minister <a href="/wiki/M._H._Mohamed" title="M. H. Mohamed">M. H. Mohamed</a>’s men in <a href="/wiki/Borella" title="Borella">Borella</a>, District Minister <a href="/wiki/Weerasinghe_Mallimarachchi" title="Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi">Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi</a>’s thugs in Colombo north and Deputy Minister <a href="/wiki/Anura_Bastian" title="Anura Bastian">Anura Bastian</a>’s thugs in Colombo South.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In downtown Colombo, a Tamil shop was firebombed by a Sinhalese mob. A tiny old woman running with the mob shouted: </p> <blockquote><p>"The Sinhalese blood is boiling...The Tamils have brought this on themselves. They have killed our soldiers. They have shot our policemen. They have murdered our leaders. So today, in the name of King <a href="/wiki/Dutugamunu" title="Dutugamunu">Dutugamunu</a>, it is our turn."<sup id="cite_ref-phila_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phila-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 10 am, the rioting had spread to the slums of Canal Bank, Grandpass, Hattewatte, <a href="/wiki/Kirilapone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirilapone">Kirilapone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotahena" title="Kotahena">Kotahena</a>, Maradana, <a href="/wiki/Modara" title="Modara">Modara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutwal">Mutwal</a>, Narahenpita, <a href="/wiki/Slave_Island" title="Slave Island">Slave Island</a>, and Wanathamulla. Mobs armed with crowbars and kitchen knives roamed the streets, attacking and killing Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wellawatte" title="Wellawatte">Wellawatte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dehiwala" title="Dehiwala">Dehiwala</a>, which contained the largest number of Tamils in Colombo, were the next target of the mob. Homes and shops were attacked, looted, and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil shops on Main Street and Bo Tree Junction were also attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469–70_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469–70-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riots then spread to the middle-class residential areas of Anderson Flats, Elvitigala Flats, Torrington Flats, and Thimbirigasyaya. Tamil targets in the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_Gardens" title="Cinnamon Gardens">Cinnamon Gardens</a> were also attacked, as were those in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Kadawatha" title="Kadawatha">Kadawatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelaniya" title="Kelaniya">Kelaniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nugegoda" title="Nugegoda">Nugegoda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ratmalana" title="Ratmalana">Ratmalana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/India_House_(Colombo)" class="mw-redirect" title="India House (Colombo)">residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commissioner</a> was also attacked and ransacked.<sup id="cite_ref-TT260783_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT260783-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members were brutally attacked with iron rods and chased and kicked by a gang of 25 armed Sinhala youths.<sup id="cite_ref-anita_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anita-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By lunchtime, virtually the entire city was on fire. The curfew was advanced to 4:00 pm and then to 2:00 pm, and it was extended to include <a href="/wiki/Gampaha_District" title="Gampaha District">Gampaha District</a>, due to the violence spreading as far as <a href="/wiki/Negombo" title="Negombo">Negombo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kalutara" title="Kalutara">Kalutara</a>, the TKVS Stores were set on fire. The owner jumped out of an upstairs window, but the mob threw him back into the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curfew was then extended to <a href="/wiki/Kalutara_District" title="Kalutara District">Kalutara District</a>. </p><p>The police being unable, or unwilling, to enforce the curfew,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the army was called in to assist the police. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel,_Mount_Lavinia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel%2C_Mount_Lavinia.jpg/220px-Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel%2C_Mount_Lavinia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel%2C_Mount_Lavinia.jpg/330px-Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel%2C_Mount_Lavinia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel%2C_Mount_Lavinia.jpg/440px-Tilly%27s_Beach_Hotel%2C_Mount_Lavinia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tilly's Beach Hotel in Mount Lavinia, destroyed by rioters in Black July (picture from 2020)</figcaption></figure> <p>The rioters used voter registration lists to target Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possession of electoral lists by the mobs, which enabled them to identify Tamil homes and property, implied prior organization and cooperation by elements of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As President Jayewardene would later admit in a statement, "a pattern of organization and planning has been noticed in the rioting and looting that took place."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eighty-one out of the 92 Tamil-owned flats at Soysa Flats were attacked, looted, and set on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob attacked the industrial area of Ratmalana, which contained a number of Tamil-owned factories. Jetro Garments and Tata Garments on Galle Road were completely gutted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factories attacked included Ponds, S-Lon, Reeves Garments, Hydo Garments, Hyluck Garments, AGM Garments, Manhattan Garments, Ploy Peck, Berec, and Mascons Asbestos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian-owned factories such as Kundanmals, Oxford, and Bakson Garments were <em>not</em> attacked, giving credence to the suggestion that the mob was deliberately going after Sri Lankan Tamil targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen factories were destroyed in Ratmalana. Capital Maharaja, a Tamil-owned company, is one of Sri Lanka's largest conglomerates. Six of their factories in Ratmalana and their headquarters in Bankshall Street were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob ended the day by setting fire to Tilly's Beach Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lavinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lavinia">Mount Lavinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hotel is a burnt-out hulk to this day (image at right). </p><p>One of the most notorious incidents of the rioting took place at the <a href="/wiki/Welikada_Prison" title="Welikada Prison">Welikada Prison</a> on 25 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TH280783_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty three Tamil prisoners, most of them detained under the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)">Prevention of Terrorism Act</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Welikada_prison_massacre" title="Welikada prison massacre">killed</a> by Sinhalese prisoners using knives and clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivors claimed that prison officers allowed their keys to fall into the hands of Sinhalese prisoners; but at the subsequent inquest, prison officers claimed that the keys had been stolen from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> however, reported that the Sinhala prisoners were assisted by prison authorities in killing the Tamil inmates, with reports of cell doors being left open on purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superintendent in charge of the prison, Alexis Leo de Silva, later testified that the "army aided and abetted" the murders. He witnessed them cheering and saying "Jayawewa" (victory) whilst the incident was occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a number of Tamils fled the city, many Sinhalese and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Muslims</a> saved the lives and properties of Tamils despite the activities of the gangs. Many Tamils were sheltered in government buildings, temples as well as Sinhalese and Muslim houses in the following days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Western Province, Sri Lanka">Western Province</a>, there was violence in <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kegalle" title="Kegalle">Kegalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya" title="Vavuniya">Vavuniya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuesday,_26_July"><span id="Tuesday.2C_26_July"></span>Tuesday, 26 July</h3></div> <p>The mob attacks continued in Wellawatte and Dehiwala on 26 July. There were 53 houses on Ratnakara Road. The 24 Tamil owned/occupied houses were burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three houses had Sinhalese owners but were rented by Tamils. The mob removed the property from these three houses out to the road and burnt it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three houses were not burnt down, neither were the 26 Sinhalese owned/occupied houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many parts of the city, the Army merely looked on as property was destroyed and people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The violence spread to the country's second largest city, <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, on 26 July.<sup id="cite_ref-TH280783_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2:45 pm Delta Pharmacy on Peradeniya Road was on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards, a Tamil-owned shop near the Laksala building was set on fire; and the violence spread to Castle Street and Colombo Street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police managed to get control of the situation, but an hour later a mob armed with petrol cans and <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> started attacking Tamil shops on Castle, Colombo, King's, and Trincomalee streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mob then moved on to nearby <a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A curfew was imposed in <a href="/wiki/Kandy_District" title="Kandy District">Kandy District</a> on the evening of 26 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Trincomalee, false rumours started spreading that the LTTE had captured Jaffna, that the Karainagar Naval Base had been destroyed, and that the Naga Vihare had been desecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474–75_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474–75-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 130 sailors based at <a href="/wiki/SLN_Dockyard" title="SLN Dockyard">Trincomalee Naval Base</a> went on a rampage, attacking Central Road, Dockyard Road, Main Street, and North Coast Road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sailors started 170 fires and damaged 175 properties before returning to their base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sivan Hindu temple on Thirugnasambandan Road also was attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One person was killed and several injured in the rampage.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The curfew was extended nationwide on 26 July as a precautionary measure. There were more outbreaks of violence and looting against Tamils in areas where various ethnic groups had coexisted.<sup id="cite_ref-TH280783_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the evening of 26 July, the mob violence began to slacken as police and army units patrolled the streets in large numbers and began to take action against the rioters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soldiers killed in the Thirunelveli ambush were quietly buried during the night curfew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wednesday,_27_July"><span id="Wednesday.2C_27_July"></span>Wednesday, 27 July</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central Province</a>, the violence spread to <a href="/wiki/Nawalapitiya" title="Nawalapitiya">Nawalapitiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatton,_Sri_Lanka" title="Hatton, Sri Lanka">Hatton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a>, the largest city in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva Province</a>, had so far been peaceful; but around 10:30 a.m. on 27 July, a Tamil-owned motorcycle was set on fire in front of the clock tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around midday an organised mob went through the city's bazaar area, setting shops on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rioting then spread to residential areas, and the homes of many Tamils were burnt down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The home of one Mr Ramanathan, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamil</a> camphor dealer in <a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a> was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lanka Army</a> with the support of <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">UNP</a> MP Vincent Dias' three brothers and a Sinhalese mob.<sup id="cite_ref-Badulla_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badulla-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Badulla2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badulla2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shot and hacked to death Mr Ramanathan, his brother, his four sons (aged from 15-22), his crippled father, and brother-in-law. Mr Ramanathan was himself disembowelled and his head was staved in. Other Tamils killed included a tenant and the tenant's three-year-old daughter and brother-in-law. The army then caused the house and surrounding vehicles to be burnt down, throwing the 15 dead bodies into the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-Badulla2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badulla2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Tamil shops and three Tamil schools were destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Badulla" title="Badulla">Badulla</a>, and four Hindu temples were also looted and burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-Badulla_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badulla-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mob then left the city in vans and buses that they had stolen and headed for <a href="/wiki/Bandarawela" title="Bandarawela">Bandarawela</a>, Hali-Ela, and <a href="/wiki/Welimada" title="Welimada">Welimada</a>, where they continued to set properties on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riot had spread to <a href="/wiki/Lunugala" title="Lunugala">Lunugala</a> by nightfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The daytime curfew in Colombo was lifted on 27 July, and the day began in relative calm. But then at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Railway Station">Fort Railway Station</a>, a train heading for Jaffna was stopped as it was pulling out of Platform One after cartridges were found on the track. Sinhalese passengers on the train started attacking Tamil passengers, killing twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Tamils were burnt alive on the railway tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the riot at Welikada prison on 25 July, Tamil prisoners had been moved from the Chapel Ward to the Youth Offenders Building. On the evening of 27 July, Sinhalese prisoners overpowered the guards, armed themselves with axes and firewood, and attacked those Tamil prisoners. Fifteen Tamil prisoners were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TH280783_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Tamil prisoners and a third prisoner were killed during a riot at Jaffna prison on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-TH280783_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TT290783_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT290783-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thursday,_28_July"><span id="Thursday.2C_28_July"></span>Thursday, 28 July</h3></div> <p>Badulla was still on fire on 28 July, and the rioting spread from Lunugala to Passara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also rioting in <a href="/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya" title="Nuwara Eliya">Nuwara Eliya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilaw" title="Chilaw">Chilaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the violence had subsided in Colombo, Kandy, and Trincomalee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Jayewardene and his cabinet met in an emergency session on 28 July. Jayewardene then made a primetime televised address in which he appealed for an end to the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-TH280783_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2001113–114_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2001113–114-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayewardene blamed the violence on "the deep ill feeling and suspicion that has grown between the Sinhalese and the Tamil people" caused by the calls for an <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">independent Tamil state</a> that began in 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a>, the largest political party representing the Tamils, had passed the <a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a>. He blamed the violence committed by the Tamil militants for the way "the Sinhalese people themselves have reacted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayewardene vowed that the "Sinhalese people will never agree to the division of a country which has been a united nation for 2,500 years [sic]" and announced that the government would "accede to the clamour...of the Sinhalese people" and ban any party which sought to divide the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478–79_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478–79-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TT290783_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT290783-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> called Jayewardene on 28 July and informed him of the impact the riots had had in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She requested that Jayewardene receive <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Minister of External Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> as her <a href="/wiki/Special_envoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Special envoy">special envoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayewardene accepted, and a few hours later Rao arrived in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friday,_29_July"><span id="Friday.2C_29_July"></span>Friday, 29 July</h3></div> <p>Colombo was still calm on 29 July. Tamil residents visited friends and relatives who had taken refuge in the many refugee camps in the city. Around 10:30 a.m. two Sinhalese youths were shot on Gas Works Street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large crowd gathered at the scene, and soon rumours started circling that the youths had been shot by Tamil Tigers from the Adam Ali building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was surrounded by the army, navy, and police who proceeded to fire at the building using <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A helicopter also fired at the building with a machine gun. The security forces stormed the building but found no Tamil Tigers, weapons, or ammunition inside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480–81_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480–81-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rumours began to spread around Colombo that the army was engaged in a battle with the Tamil Tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panicking workers began to flee in any mode of transport they could find. Mobs started gathering in the streets—armed with axes, bricks, crowbars, iron rods, kitchen knives, and stones—ready to fight the Tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tigers never came, so the mobs turned their attention to the fleeing workers. Vehicles were stopped and searched for Tamils. Any Tamil they found was attacked and set on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Tamil was burnt alive on Kirula Road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven Tamils were burnt alive on Attidiya Road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police found an abandoned van, on the same road, that contained the butchered bodies of two Tamils and three Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police shot dead 15 rioters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An elderly <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Plantation Tamil</a> man who worked for a Sinhalese family as a gardener was chased by his employer with a kitchen knife.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2 pm on 29 July, a curfew came into force which lasted until 5 am on Monday 1 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badulla, Kandy, and Trincomalee were calm on 29 July; but there was violence in Nuwara Eliya, beginning around midday. The Tamil-owned Ganesan and Sivalingam stores were attacked and set on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence then spread to Bazaar Street and Lawson Road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence was also reported in <a href="/wiki/Kegalle_District" title="Kegalle District">Kegalle District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matara_District" title="Matara District">Matara District</a>. In Kegalle District the violence spread from Dehiowita to <a href="/wiki/Deraniyagala" title="Deraniyagala">Deraniyagala</a> to <a href="/wiki/Avissawella" title="Avissawella">Avissawella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Matara District the worst affected areas were Deniyaya and Morawake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was violence in Chilaw as well. </p><p>Indian External Affairs Minister Rao held discussions with President Jayewardene and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/A._C._S._Hameed" class="mw-redirect" title="A. C. S. Hameed">A. C. S. Hameed</a> before visiting Kandy by helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturday,_30_July"><span id="Saturday.2C_30_July"></span>Saturday, 30 July</h3></div> <p>Violence was reported in Nuwara Eliya, <a href="/wiki/Kandapola" title="Kandapola">Kandapola</a>, Hawa Eliya, and <a href="/wiki/Matale" title="Matale">Matale</a> on 30 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the country was quiet. That night the government banned three left-wing political parties—the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Communist Party of Sri Lanka">Communist Party of Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nava_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Nava Sama Samaja Party">Nava Sama Samaja Party</a>—blaming them for inciting the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few leaders of other groups were arrested, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government's_response"><span id="Government.27s_response"></span>Government's response</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights in Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="State terrorism in Sri Lanka">State terrorism in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/J.R._Jayewardene" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R. Jayewardene">president</a> and top ranking members of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> publicly justified the pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailymirror_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailymirror-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the violence was first started by Sinhalese mobs who had gathered at the Colombo cemetery where the bodies of the soldiers were to be buried, they were later joined by elements associated with Sinhalese political activists involved in the organisation of the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early stages of the riots, it is alleged that the local police and military stood by and did nothing, or even assisted the mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous eyewitness accounts suggest that "in many places police and even military personnel joined the rioters".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sri Lankan government was accused from various corners of being complicit during the pogrom and of supporting and encouraging the Sinhalese mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-bbccom_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbccom-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USTPAC_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USTPAC-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Jayewardene has been accused of failing to condemn the violence or to express sympathy to the survivors, blaming Tamils for bringing it upon themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> failing to take any meaningful measures to punish the perpetrators of the violence, and praising the mobs as heroes of the Sinhalese people.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> on 11 July 1983, about two weeks prior to the riots, Jayewardene admitted to a reporter: </p> <blockquote><p>I am not worried about the opinion of the Jaffna (Tamil) people now. Now we cannot think of them. Not about their lives or of their opinion about us. The more you put pressure in the north, the happier the Sinhala people will be here... really, if I starve the Tamils, Sinhala people will be happy....<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The finance minister <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_de_Mel" title="Ronnie de Mel">Ronnie de Mel</a> in an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> on 20 August tried to justify the pogrom by claiming that "the Tamils have dominated the commanding heights of everything good in Sri Lanka", and that the "only solution" was to "restore the rights of the Sinhalese majority".<sup id="cite_ref-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was despite his own <a href="/wiki/Karava" title="Karava">Karava</a> community being far overrepresented in leading positions in the economy, society, politics and the church.<sup id="cite_ref-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mathew" title="Cyril Mathew">Cyril Mathew</a> stated in parliament that the pogroms targeting the Tamils were "long overdue and only a spark was needed to make it happen and that the spark fell on 24th July".<sup id="cite_ref-short_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 4th, he further defended the violence in parliament by stating that the Sinhala people had been "frustrated for years" and had been "discriminated", and that "if the Sinhala is the majority race, why can't they be the majority?"<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is widely regarded as one of the key ministers responsible for instigating the pogrom, and was seen leading mobs to burn Tamil businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Friday 29th July, the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a> in a nationwide broadcast blamed the Tamils for the week long mayhem that occurred during the pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another minister <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremasinghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranil Wickremasinghe">Ranil Wickremasinghe</a> stated that the burning of factories and other premises belonging to Tamils during the pogrom was "nothing compared to the tragedy imposed on the Sinhala entrepreneur by the <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_family" title="Bandaranaike family">Bandaranaikes</a> since 1956." He claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">SLFP</a> had favoured the Tamils through their <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> policies to the detriment of Sinhalese entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-hoole11_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoole11-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government denied any involvement of its members and blamed the opposition for the riots and banned the Communist Party, the Nava Sama Samaja Party and the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP). The claims were disputed by the opposition and were not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JVP which had entered democratic politics after first failed insurrection was forced to go underground resurfacing to launch its second insurrection in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 4th, <a href="/wiki/Sarath_Muttetuwegama" title="Sarath Muttetuwegama">Sarath Muttetuwegama</a> questioned the government in parliament on why it did not announce an immediate curfew on the morning of 25th July, when violence had begun the previous evening. He further stated: </p> <blockquote><p>"Everybody knows Sir, the houses and the areas that were attacked, that State <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Transport_Board" title="Sri Lanka Transport Board">CTB</a> buses came with thugs. If you go and ask your friends in those areas you will know. Electricity board vehicles brought thugs to Agalawatte. The state apparatus was used..."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Following the riots, Prime Minister Premadasa formed a committee to organise shelter for, and feeding of, an estimated 20,000 homeless Tamils in Colombo. These temporary shelters were situated at five school buildings and an aircraft hangar. After the number of refugees increased to around 50,000, the government, with help from India, took measures to transport Tamils north on ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few weeks after the pogrom, in September 1983, <a href="/wiki/Gamini_Dissanayake" title="Gamini Dissanayake">Gamini Dissanayake</a>, a cabinet minister, gave this message to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Tamil estate workers</a> in reference to the violence: </p> <blockquote><p>Who attacked you? Sinhalese. Who protected you? Sinhalese. It is we who can attack and protect you. They are bringing an army from India. It will take 14 hours to come from India. In 14 minutes, the blood of every Tamil in this country can be sacrificed by us. It is not written on anyone's forehead he is an Indian or Jaffna Tamil, a Batticaloa Tamil or Upcountry Tamil. Hindu Tamil or Christian Tamil. All are Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-short_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eyewitness_accounts">Eyewitness accounts</h2></div> <p>Mobs armed with petrol were seen stopping passing motorists at critical street junctions. After ascertaining the ethnic identity of the driver and passengers, they set alight the vehicles, with the drivers and passengers trapped inside. Mobs were also seen stopping buses to identify Tamil passengers, who were subsequently knifed, clubbed to death, or burned alive. One Norwegian tourist saw a mob set fire to a minibus with 20 people inside, killing them all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to eyewitness testimony of a victim who survived the riots, Buddhist monks were among the rioters.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Guardian" title="Tamil Guardian">Tamil Guardian</a></i> lists more eyewitness testimonies from various sources:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>London's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> (26 July) wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Motorists were dragged from their cars to be stoned and beaten with sticks. Others were cut down with knives and axes. Mobs of Sinhala youth rampaged through the streets, ransacking homes, shops and offices, looting them and setting them ablaze, as they sought out members of the Tamil ethnic minority. A mob attacked a Tamil cyclist riding near Colombo's eye hospital. The cyclist was hauled from his bike, drenched with petrol and set alight. As he ran screaming down the street, the mob set on him again and hacked him down with jungle knives.</p></blockquote> <p>In his book, <i>The Tragedy of Sri Lanka</i>, William McGowan wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While travelling on a bus when a mob laid siege to it, passengers watched as a small boy was hacked 'to limb-less death'. The bus driver was ordered to give up a Tamil. He pointed out a woman who was desperately trying to erase the mark on her forehead—called a kumkum—as the thugs bore down on her. The woman's belly was ripped open with a broken bottle and she was immolated as people clapped and danced. In another incident, two sisters, one eighteen and one eleven, were decapitated and raped, the latter 'until there was nothing left to violate and no volunteers could come forward', after which she was burned. While all this was going on, a line of Buddhist monks appeared, arms flailing, their voices raised in a delirium of exhortation, summoning the Sinhalese to put all Tamils to death.</p></blockquote> <p>The London <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> (29 July) wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mrs Eli Skarstein, back home in Stavanger, Norway, told how she and her 15 year old daughter, Kristen witnessed one massacre. 'A mini bus full of Tamils were forced to stop in front of us in Colombo', she said. A Sinhalese mob poured petrol over the bus and set it on fire. They blocked the car door and prevented the Tamils from leaving the vehicle. 'Hundreds of spectators watched as about 20 Tamils were burnt to death.' Mrs. Skarstein added: 'We can't believe the official casualty figures. Hundreds, maybe thousands, must have been killed already. The police force (which was 95% Sinhalese) did nothing to stop the mobs. There was no mercy. Women, children and old people were slaughtered. Police did nothing to stop the genocide.'</p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London reported on 5 August that "...Army personnel actively encouraged arson and the looting of Tamil business establishments and homes in Colombo", and that "absolutely no action was taken to apprehend or prevent the criminal elements involved in these activities. In many instances, army personnel participated in the looting of shops." </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> of 6 August wrote: "...But for days the soldiers and policemen were not overwhelmed; they were unengaged or, in some cases, apparently abetting the attackers. Numerous eyewitnesses attest that soldiers and policemen stood by while Colombo burned." </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i> reported that German holiday makers from Düsseldorf witnessed "hundreds of Tamils being murdered" and stated that their hotel waiter proudly told them "we have killed several of them."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francis Wheelan of the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> referring to the aftermath of the violence stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A few minutes after arriving in Sri Lanka last month, I was sitting on the pavement outside Katunayake airport, watching the birds and the dragonflies. A Sinhalese youth sat down beside me, apparently keen to talk about the recent violence against the country's Tamils. "Tamils all gone from Colombo now", he said, with a broad grin, "Tamil shops all burned. Perhaps all Tamil people will go to India now". His tone was gleefully triumphant. "Sri Lanka is for Sinhalese people", he concluded.'<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Paul Sieghart of the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a></i> stated in <i>Sri Lanka: A Mounting Tragedy of Errors</i>, two months after the riots, that: </p> <blockquote><p>"Clearly this (July 1983 attack) was no spontaneous upsurge of communal hatred among the Sinhala people – nor was it as has been suggested in some quarters, a popular response to the killing of 13 soldiers in an ambush the previous day by Tamil Tigers, which was not even reported in the newspapers until the riots began. It was a series of deliberate acts, executed in accordance with a concerted plan, conceived and organized well in advance".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An eyewitness interviewed by <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a> recalled how the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lanka Army</a> destroyed and ransacked a huge block of shops next to the police HQ: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The shops in this block had heavy grill doors, so an army truck was used as a <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering ram</a> to break through them, and then the soldiers sprang in with Sinhala battle cries to claim the lion's share of the loot."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One Indian tourist Dharmalingam of <a href="/wiki/Thuraiyur" title="Thuraiyur">Thuraiyur</a> witnessed a Sinhalese mob in <a href="/wiki/Kotahena" title="Kotahena">Kotahena</a> entering a number of houses and butchering the Tamil occupants. He witnessed a one-year-old child being thrown about by the Sinhalese like a ball, before one of them squeezed its neck. The child was then trampled on. The parents of the child were also butchered.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other witnesses described injured Tamils being asked to leave the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo General Hospital">Colombo General Hospital</a> despite being too unwell for discharge, while no Sinhalese patient was asked to leave. The wounded patients were brought to a refugee camp, where one patient, Manian, had festering leg wounds and had a bottle of pus extracted from his head injury alone.<sup id="cite_ref-anita_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anita-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nagalingam_Shanmugathasan" title="Nagalingam Shanmugathasan">N. Shanmugathasan</a>, the general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Communist_Party_(Maoist)" title="Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)">Ceylon Communist Party</a> stated that Tamil patients in hospitals were also attacked and killed, with some having their throats slit whilst lying in bed.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One Tamil former naval officer whose house was destroyed in the riots stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It was very well organized. Where the Tamil owned the house, they burned the house. Where the Tamil rented, they burned only the belongings. By the time they said that looters would be shot, everything was looted."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualty_estimates">Casualty estimates</h2></div> <p>The estimates of casualties vary. According to the Tamil Centre for Human Rights (TCHR), 5,638 Tamils were massacred, 2,015 were injured, 466 were missing, 670 were raped, and 250,000 were internally displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-tchr.net_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tchr.net-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the government initially stated just 300 Tamils were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_2008_132_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant_2008_132-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> and international agencies estimate that between 400 and 3,000 people, believed to be <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Hill Country Tamils</a>, were killed in the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC230703_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC230703-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC230708_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC230708-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty-three political prisoners were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Welikada_prison_massacre" title="Welikada prison massacre">Welikade prison massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DN260704_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN260704-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grant_2008_132_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant_2008_132-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 18,000 houses and numerous commercial establishments were destroyed, and hundreds of thousands of Tamils fled the country to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DN260704_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN260704-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Tamil youths also joined the various Tamil groups, including the LTTE.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitra_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosecutions_and_compensation">Prosecutions and compensation</h2></div> <p>A presidential commission appointed during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Sri_Lanka)" title="People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)">People's Alliance</a> government estimated that nearly 300 people were killed and 18,000 establishments, including houses, were destroyed. The commission recommended that restitution be paid. Thus far no restitution has been paid nor have any criminal proceedings begun against anyone involved.<sup id="cite_ref-DN260704_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN260704-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_Recognition">Genocide Recognition</h2></div> <p>On 14 August 1983 late Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> recognised the Black July pogrom as a genocide on Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she was not prepared to intervene or exert pressure on Sri Lanka. </p><p>In December 1983, The Review, a publication of the International Commission of Jurists said:<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The evidence points clearly to the conclusion that the violence of the Sinhala rioters on the Tamils amounted to acts of genocide.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remembrance">Remembrance</h2></div> <p>July has become a time of mourning and remembrance amongst the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a> around the world, which comes together to commemorate the loss of Tamils.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_July_'83_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_July_'83-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has happened in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the Black July's 26th anniversary remembrance day observed at Trafalgar Square in London in 2009"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg/1400px-Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg" decoding="async" width="1400" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg/2100px-Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg/2800px-Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9576" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_july_2009_panaroma.jpg" title="File:Black july 2009 panaroma.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the Black July's 26th anniversary remembrance day observed at <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 2009</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka#1983_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka#1983 anti-Tamil pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Tamil genocide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Immerwahr, a United Nations civil servant and U.S. citizen, recounted the following regarding the riots: “the most shattering report came from a [Sinhalese] friend who was a civil servant; he told me that he had himself helped plan the riots at the orders of his superiors. When I heard him say this, I was so shocked I told him I simply couldn't believe him, but he insisted he was telling the truth, and in fact he justified the government's decision to stage the riots. When I heard this, I telephoned an official in our own State Department, and while he declined to discuss the matter, I got the impression that he already knew from our Embassy in Colombo what I was telling him.” <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thuppahis.com/2011/10/29/visual-evidence-i-vitality-value-and-pitfall-borella-junction-2425-july-1983/">"Visual Evidence I: Vitality, Value and Pitfall – Borella Junction, 24/25 July 1983"</a>. 29 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visual+Evidence+I%3A+Vitality%2C+Value+and+Pitfall+%E2%80%93+Borella+Junction%2C+24%2F25+July+1983&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthuppahis.com%2F2011%2F10%2F29%2Fvisual-evidence-i-vitality-value-and-pitfall-borella-junction-2425-july-1983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=11617">"Black July 1983 remembered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Guardian" title="Tamil Guardian">Tamil Guardian</a></i>. 23 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tamil+Guardian&rft.atitle=Black+July+1983+remembered&rft.date=2014-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilguardian.com%2Farticle.asp%3Farticleid%3D11617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeyaraj2010" class="citation web cs1">Jeyaraj, D. 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University of California Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24516-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24516-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24516-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemy+Lines%3A+Warfare%2C+Childhood%2C+and+Play+in+Batticaloa&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24516-7&rft.aulast=Trawick&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRacwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeegalle2006" class="citation book cs1">Deegalle, Mahinda (27 September 2006). 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Da Silva, The impact of Nationalism on Education: The school Take-over 1961 and the University Admissions Crisis 1970-1975, Collective Identities, Nationalism, and Protests in Modern Sri Lanka, pp.486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajasingham-Senanayake2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rajasingham-Senanayake, Darini (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/api052.pdf">"Dysfunctional Democracy and the Dirty War in Sri Lanka"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>AsiaPacific Issues</i> (52). <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center" title="East–West Center">East–West Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Or+Peace+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashana&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788179911990&rft.aulast=Dissanayaka&rft.aufirst=T.D.S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfkLyH95m9MC%26dq%3DInspector%2BBastiampillai%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Murray (1984), Sri Lanka: Racism and the Authoritarian State, Issue no. 1, Race & Class, vol. 26 (Summer 1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International, Sri Lanka, File on Torture, No. 10, October 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamil Times, May 1983 - YOUTH WITH 35 INJURIES DIES IN ARMY CUSTODY, p14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, N. (1984). The state against the Tamils. Race & Class, 26(1), 97-109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/030639688402600107">https://doi.org/10.1177/030639688402600107</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Times" title="Tamil Times">Tamil Times</a> vol 2, No.9, July 1983, Anti Tamil Pogrom 1983, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 4 July 1983, Frances Ashborn - Killings, arson and looting in Trinco, p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hara-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hara_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka, An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations, 1994, Publisher: M.D. Publications , p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT883-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT883_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Times" title="Tamil Times">Tamil Times</a>, August 1983, Amithalingam, Last letter to president as leader of the opposition, pp.3-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharvanandaSasita_SahabanduMohamed_Zuhair2002" class="citation book cs1">Sharvananda, Suppiah; Sasita Sahabandu, Sathyaloka; Mohamed Zuhair, Mohamed (September 2002). <i>Report of the Presidential Truth Commission on ethnic violence (1981-1984)</i>. Colombo: Department of Government Printing. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Presidential+Truth+Commission+on+ethnic+violence+%281981-1984%29&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Department+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Sharvananda&rft.aufirst=Suppiah&rft.au=Sasita+Sahabandu%2C+Sathyaloka&rft.au=Mohamed+Zuhair%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200463–64-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200463–64_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198921_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1989">O'Ballance 1989</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (7 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3267"><i>Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135193959" title="Special:BookSources/9781135193959"><bdi>9781135193959</bdi></a>. <q>Tensions reached a breaking point on July 23, 1983 when the LTTE ambushed and killed 13 Sinhalese soldiers in retaliation for the murder of Charles Antony, the LTTE's second-in-command.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.isbn=9781135193959&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSUKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavey2008" class="citation web cs1">Pavey, Eleanor (13 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/The-Black-July-riots-1983">"The massacres in Sri Lanka during the Black July riots of 1983"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>Even though the origins of the 1983 riots were widely attributed to the killing of 13 Sinhalese soldiers by Tamil rebels, many Tamils point out that it was the abduction and rape—by government forces—of three Tamil schoolgirls that led Tamil rebels to attack government forces. This incident took place in Jaffna during the week of July 18, 1983, following which one of the victims committed suicide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.atitle=The+massacres+in+Sri+Lanka+during+the+Black+July+riots+of+1983&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft.aulast=Pavey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FThe-Black-July-riots-1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearlaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/No-Trials-Only-Tribulations-for-Tamil-Victims-of-Sri-Lankas-CRSV-August-2022.pdf">"No Trials, Only Tribulations for Tamil Victims of Sri Lanka's Conflict-related Sexual Violence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>People for Equality and Relief in Lanka</i>. August 2022. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>according to The Times (UK), the LTTE's ambush just before Black July was in retaliation for the SLA abducting three Tamil girls in Jaffna, taking them to their camp, and raping them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People+for+Equality+and+Relief+in+Lanka&rft.atitle=No+Trials%2C+Only+Tribulations+for+Tamil+Victims+of+Sri+Lanka%27s+Conflict-related+Sexual+Violence&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpearlaction.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F08%2FNo-Trials-Only-Tribulations-for-Tamil-Victims-of-Sri-Lankas-CRSV-August-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambiah1986" class="citation book cs1">Tambiah, Stanley (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTjbyc-A-SoC&pg=PA16"><i>Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy</i></a>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226789521" title="Special:BookSources/9780226789521"><bdi>9780226789521</bdi></a>. <q>An explosive and as yet unproven allegation was the rape in mid-July of Tamil female students, two of whom subsequently committed suicide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Ethnic+Fratricide+and+the+Dismantling+of+Democracy&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780226789521&rft.aulast=Tambiah&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTjbyc-A-SoC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2015" class="citation book cs1">Subramanian, Samanth (2015). <i>This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan civil war</i>. London: Atlantic books. p. 71-74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250069740" title="Special:BookSources/9781250069740"><bdi>9781250069740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Divided+Island%3A+Stories+from+the+Sri+Lankan+civil+war&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71-74&rft.pub=Atlantic+books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781250069740&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Samanth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_pp.8-10_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Hyndman, Sri Lanka - Serendipity under Siege, Law Asia Human Rights Committee, Spokesman Books; First Edition (1 Mar. 1988) pp.8-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200466_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooray2002" class="citation book cs1">Cooray, B. Sirisena (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nYhJAAACAAJ"><i>President Premadasa and I: Our Story</i></a>. Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-551-280-9" title="Special:BookSources/955-551-280-9"><bdi>955-551-280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Premadasa+and+I%3A+Our+Story&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Dayawansa+Jayakody+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=955-551-280-9&rft.aulast=Cooray&rft.aufirst=B.+Sirisena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nYhJAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200467_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200468_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.12_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Hyndman, Sri Lanka - Serendipity under Siege, Law Asia Human Rights Committee, Spokesman Books; First Edition (1 Mar. 1988) p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469_59-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phila-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phila_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phila_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineman1983" class="citation news cs1">Fineman, Mark (1 August 1983). "IN SRI LANKA, THE BITTERNESS GOES A LONG WAY BACK". Philadelphia Inquirer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IN+SRI+LANKA%2C+THE+BITTERNESS+GOES+A+LONG+WAY+BACK&rft.date=1983-08-01&rft.aulast=Fineman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=9fRKRCJz75UC&dat=19830726&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Travellers warned on Sri Lankan strife"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Lance%E2%80%93Star" title="The Free Lance–Star">The Free Lance–Star</a>/<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. 26 July 1983. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Lance%E2%80%93Star%2FAssociated+Press&rft.atitle=Travellers+warned+on+Sri+Lankan+strife&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1983-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D9fRKRCJz75UC%26dat%3D19830726%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT260783-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT260783_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT260783_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS17403130&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"Mobs burn shops in Sri Lanka"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 26 July 1983. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times%2FReuters&rft.atitle=Mobs+burn+shops+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1983-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fttda%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DTTDA%26userGroupName%3Dkccl%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26docId%3DCS17403130%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469–70-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200469–70_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200470_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200471_65-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198923_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1989">O'Ballance 1989</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavey2008" class="citation web cs1">Pavey, Eleanor (13 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/The-Black-July-riots-1983">"The massacres in Sri Lanka during the Black July riots of 1983"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>The systematic and well-planned nature of the attacks against the Tamils – to which the government itself later alluded – ruled out the spontaneous outburst of anti-Tamil hatred within the Sinhalese masses. Moreover, the possession of electoral lists by the mobs – which enabled them to identify Tamil homes and property – not only implied prior organization, for such electoral lists, could not have been obtained overnight, but it also pointed to the cooperation of at least some elements of the government, who had been willing to provide the mobs with such information.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.atitle=The+massacres+in+Sri+Lanka+during+the+Black+July+riots+of+1983&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft.aulast=Pavey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FThe-Black-July-riots-1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavey2008" class="citation web cs1">Pavey, Eleanor (13 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/The-Black-July-riots-1983">"The massacres in Sri Lanka during the Black July riots of 1983"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.atitle=The+massacres+in+Sri+Lanka+during+the+Black+July+riots+of+1983&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft.aulast=Pavey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FThe-Black-July-riots-1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200472_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731233857/http://www.capitalmaharaja.lk/index.php/the-group.html">"The Group"</a>. Capital Maharaja. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalmaharaja.lk/index.php/the-group.html">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Group&rft.pub=Capital+Maharaja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalmaharaja.lk%2Findex.php%2Fthe-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TH280783-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TH280783_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TH280783_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TH280783_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TH280783_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TH280783_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TH280783_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19830728&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Sri Lanka ethnic riots kill at least 88 people"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Herald" title="Telegraph Herald">Telegraph Herald</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i>. 28 July 1983. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+Herald%2FUnited+Press+International&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+ethnic+riots+kill+at+least+88+people&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1983-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DaEyKTaVlRPYC%26dat%3D19830728%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/welikada-massacre/">Welikada Massacre</a> Colombo Telegraph – 9 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International, Rapport annuel pour l'annee civile 1983, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharvanandaSasita_SahabanduMohamed_Zuhair2002" class="citation book cs1">Sharvananda, Suppiah; Sasita Sahabandu, Sathyaloka; Mohamed Zuhair, Mohamed (September 2002). <i>Report of the Presidential Truth Commission on ethnic violence (1981-1984)</i>. Colombo: Department of Government Printing. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Presidential+Truth+Commission+on+ethnic+violence+%281981-1984%29&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Department+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Sharvananda&rft.aufirst=Suppiah&rft.au=Sasita+Sahabandu%2C+Sathyaloka&rft.au=Mohamed+Zuhair%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiyadasa1986" class="citation book cs1">Piyadasa, L. (1986). <i>Sri Lanka: The Holocaust and After</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906334-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-906334-03-9"><bdi>0-906334-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+The+Holocaust+and+After&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-906334-03-9&rft.aulast=Piyadasa&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811043739/http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v16n01.pdf">"Anti-Tamil Riots and the Political Crisis in Sri Lanka"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 27–29. January–March 1984. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672715.1984.10409780">10.1080/14672715.1984.10409780</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v16n01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Concerned+Asian+Scholars&rft.atitle=Anti-Tamil+Riots+and+the+Political+Crisis+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-29&rft.date=1984-01%2F1984-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14672715.1984.10409780&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticalasianstudies.org%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fbcas%2Fv16n01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474_77-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474–75-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200474–75_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200475_79-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Hyndman_1988_p.13_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Hyndman, Sri Lanka - Serendipity under Siege, Law Asia Human Rights Committee, Spokesman Books; First Edition (1 Mar. 1988) p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198924_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1989">O'Ballance 1989</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badulla-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badulla_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badulla_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampanthan2009" class="citation book cs1">Sampanthan, I.T. (2009). <i>Black July'83 : Indictment</i>. London: Chuderoil Publication society. p. 230-244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555359-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555359-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9555359-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+July%2783+%3A+Indictment&rft.place=London&rft.pages=230-244&rft.pub=Chuderoil+Publication+society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9555359-2-5&rft.aulast=Sampanthan&rft.aufirst=I.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badulla2-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badulla2_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badulla2_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresford1983" class="citation news cs1">Beresford, David (13 August 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/259546763/">"Survivor describes Sri Lanka massacre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Survivor+describes+Sri+Lanka+massacre&rft.date=1983-08-13&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F259546763%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200476_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance198925_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Ballance1989">O'Ballance 1989</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT290783-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT290783_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT290783_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlyn1983" class="citation news cs1">Hamlyn, Michael (29 July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS18582781&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"Colombo acts to appease mobs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Colombo+acts+to+appease+mobs&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1983-07-29&rft.aulast=Hamlyn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fttda%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DTTDA%26userGroupName%3Dkccl%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26docId%3DCS18582781%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200477_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2001113–114-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2001113–114_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2001">Wilson 2001</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478–79-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200478–79_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200479_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480–81-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200480–81_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200481_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1983" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Mary Anne (9 August 1983). "Sri Lanka's Tamils find makeshift camps a refuge from violence". The Christian Science Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka%27s+Tamils+find+makeshift+camps+a+refuge+from+violence&rft.date=1983-08-09&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Mary+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDissanayake200482_96-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDissanayake2004">Dissanayake 2004</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327225538/http://archives.dailymirror.lk/2006/12/16/opinion/1.asp">"Ramifications of banning political parties and organisations"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiyadasa1986" class="citation book cs1">Piyadasa, L. (1986). <i>Sri Lanka: The Holocaust and After</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906334-03-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-906334-03-9"><bdi>0-906334-03-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+The+Holocaust+and+After&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-906334-03-9&rft.aulast=Piyadasa&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span> pp.1-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailymirror-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dailymirror_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymirror.lk/dbs-jeyaraj-column/JR-Jayewardene-and-the-July-1983-Anti-Tamil-Violence/192-216779">"JR Jayewardene and the July 1983 Anti-Tamil Violence"</a>. <i>Daily Mirror</i>. 24 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=JR+Jayewardene+and+the+July+1983+Anti-Tamil+Violence&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Fdbs-jeyaraj-column%2FJR-Jayewardene-and-the-July-1983-Anti-Tamil-Violence%2F192-216779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990">Hoole et al. 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwamy2003" class="citation book cs1">Swamy, M. R. Narayan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y39aPgAACAAJ"><i>Inside an Elusive Mind: Prabhakaran</i></a>. Literate World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59121-003-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59121-003-8"><bdi>1-59121-003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+an+Elusive+Mind%3A+Prabhakaran&rft.pub=Literate+World&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59121-003-8&rft.aulast=Swamy&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy39aPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2007" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sumantra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA28"><i>Contested lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02447-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02447-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+lands%3A+Israel-Palestine%2C+Kashmir%2C+Bosnia%2C+Cyprus%2C+and+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02447-2&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKZcgOJPjVkC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbccom-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbccom_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23402727">"Remembering Sri Lanka's Black July"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Remembering+Sri+Lanka%27s+Black+July&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-23402727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USTPAC-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USTPAC_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ustpac-remembers-30th-anniversary-of-black-july--a-state-abetted-pogrom-against-tamils-in-sri-lanka-216909361.html">"USTPAC Remembers 30th Anniversary of "Black July"- A State-abetted Pogrom Against Tamils in Sri Lanka"</a> (Press release). PR Newswire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USTPAC+Remembers+30th+Anniversary+of+%22Black+July%22-+A+State-abetted+Pogrom+Against+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=PR+Newswire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fustpac-remembers-30th-anniversary-of-black-july--a-state-abetted-pogrom-against-tamils-in-sri-lanka-216909361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavey2008" class="citation web cs1">Pavey, Eleanor (13 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/The-Black-July-riots-1983">"The massacres in Sri Lanka during the Black July riots of 1983"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>Government involvement in this mass uprising was highly suspected. Certain elements of the government in power were suspected of issuing copies of voters' lists to the mobs. In some instances, it is believed that the mobs were dropped off at particular points in vehicles owned by government establishments such as the State Timber Cooperation, the Cooperative Wholesale Establishment, the Ceylon Electricity Board and the Sri Lanka Transport Board (Senaratne 1997:45). In other instances, there were unconfirmed reports that buckets petrol was kept ready in white cans for the mobs at the Ceylon petroleum cooperation. Also, many reports indicate that certain members of the armed forces stood by and watched while much of the looting and arson were taking place (Meyer 2001:121-2). In some instances, security forces even took part in the riots. President Jayawardene himself would later admit that "[…] there was a big anti-Tamil feeling among the forces, and they felt that shooting the Sinhalese who were rioting would have been anti-Sinhalese; and actually, in some cases, we saw them [the forces] encouraging them [the rioters]" (Tambiah 1986:25).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.atitle=The+massacres+in+Sri+Lanka+during+the+Black+July+riots+of+1983&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft.aulast=Pavey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2FThe-Black-July-riots-1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazakImtiyaz2010" class="citation report cs1">Razak, Abdul; Imtiyaz, Mohamed (9 March 2010). Politicization of Buddhism and Electoral Politics in Sri Lanka. <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a></i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1567618">1567618</a>. <q>The government neither condemned the violence that killed approximately two thousand Tamils, nor took any meaningful measures to punish the perpetrators of the violence. Instead, J.R. Jayewardene, then President of Sri Lanka, praised the mobs as heroes of the Sinhalese people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Politicization+of+Buddhism+and+Electoral+Politics+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1567618%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Razak&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft.au=Imtiyaz%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImtiyaz2008" class="citation book cs1">Imtiyaz, A. R. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTXexKylNqAC&pg=PA136">"ETHNIC CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA: THE DILEMMA OF BUILDING A UNITARY STATE"</a>. In Chatterji, Manas; Jain, B.M. (eds.). <i>Conflict and Peace in South Asia</i>. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444531766" title="Special:BookSources/9780444531766"><bdi>9780444531766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ETHNIC+CONFLICT+IN+SRI+LANKA%3A+THE+DILEMMA+OF+BUILDING+A+UNITARY+STATE&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Peace+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780444531766&rft.aulast=Imtiyaz&rft.aufirst=A.+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTXexKylNqAC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L.Piyadasa_1984,_p.118_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L.Piyadasa, 1984, Sri Lanka: The Holocaust and After, London:Marram books, p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-short-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-short_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-short_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2016" class="citation book cs1">Short, Damien, ed. (2016). <i>Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide</i>. London, UK: Zed Books. pp. 93–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-930-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-930-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-930-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redefining+Genocide%3A+Settler+Colonialism%2C+Social+Death+and+Ecocide&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=93-126&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-930-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalbag1983" class="citation news cs1">Kalbag, Chaltanya (31 August 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830831-enmity-between-sri-lankas-sinhalese-and-tamils-explodes-into-an-orgy-of-bloodletting-770981-2013-07-20">"Enmity between Sri Lanka's Sinhalese and Tamils explodes into an orgy of bloodletting"</a>. <i>India Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938579-43-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938579-43-4"><bdi>978-0-938579-43-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cycles+of+Violence%3A+Human+Rights+in+Sri+Lanka+Since+the+Indo-Sri+Lanka+Agreement&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-938579-43-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barnett+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7F-dUh5_j8C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. 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The Boston Globe. 31 July 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+plans+bans+on+Tamil+party&rft.date=1983-07-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoole11-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoole11_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoole2001" class="citation news cs1">Hoole, Rajan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uthr.org/Book/CHA11.htm9">"July 1983: Planned by the State or Spontaneous Mob Action?"</a>. <i>UTHR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UTHR&rft.atitle=July+1983%3A+Planned+by+the+State+or+Spontaneous+Mob+Action%3F&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hoole&rft.aufirst=Rajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futhr.org%2FBook%2FCHA11.htm9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeerasooriya2023" class="citation news cs1">Weerasooriya, Sahan (26 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://island.lk/july-1983-tamils-do-not-blame-sinhalese-people/">"JULY 1983: TAMILS DO NOT BLAME SINHALESE PEOPLE"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=JULY+1983%3A+TAMILS+DO+NOT+BLAME+SINHALESE+PEOPLE&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft.aulast=Weerasooriya&rft.aufirst=Sahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisland.lk%2Fjuly-1983-tamils-do-not-blame-sinhalese-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives1.dailynews.lk/2021/04/08/features/246151/jvp-insurrection-democracy">"The JVP from insurrection to democracy"</a>. <i>Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2009). <i>Black July '83: Indictment</i>. London: Chuderoil Publication Society. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555359-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555359-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9555359-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+July+%2783%3A+Indictment&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Chuderoil+Publication+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9555359-2-5&rft.aulast=Sampanthan&rft.aufirst=I.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1983" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Abel (8 November 1983). "Tamil's Tale: 'They started clubbing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tamil%27s+Tale%3A+%27They+started+clubbing%27&rft.date=1983-11-08&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Abel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span> p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant_2008_132-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_2008_132_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant_2008_132_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2008" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2008). <i>Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9353-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9353-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-9353-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9353-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DN260704-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DN260704_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DN260704_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DN260704_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220012054/http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/07/26/fea01.html">"We must search for unity in diversity – President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Daily News (Sri Lanka)">Daily News (Sri Lanka)</a></i>. 26 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/07/26/fea01.html">the original</a> on 20 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+%28Sri+Lanka%29&rft.atitle=We+must+search+for+unity+in+diversity+%E2%80%93+President&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.lk%2F2004%2F07%2F26%2Ffea01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadesan2015" class="citation news cs1">Nadesan, Kumaran (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2015/07/23/riots-helped-to-define-canadas-tamil-community.html">"Riots helped to define Canada's Tamil community"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Riots+helped+to+define+Canada%27s+Tamil+community&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.aulast=Nadesan&rft.aufirst=Kumaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2F2015%2F07%2F23%2Friots-helped-to-define-canadas-tamil-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=39138&catid=79">"TamilNet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TamilNet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fart.html%3Fartid%3D39138%26catid%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sangam.org/2010/07/Black_July_Revisited.php">"Black July of 1983 Revisited"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+July+of+1983+Revisited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sangam.org%2F2010%2F07%2FBlack_July_Revisited.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sangam.org/2010/07/Black_July_Revisited.php">"Black July of 1983 Revisited"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+July+of+1983+Revisited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sangam.org%2F2010%2F07%2FBlack_July_Revisited.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinallJeffreyRegan2013" class="citation book cs1">Aspinall, Edward; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Jeffrey" title="Robin Jeffrey">Jeffrey, Robin</a>; Regan, Anthony, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOFjCb7sJugC"><i>Diminishing Conflict in Asia and the Pacific</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136251139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136251139"><bdi>978-1136251139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diminishing+Conflict+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136251139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOFjCb7sJugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDissanayake2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._D._S._A._Dissanayake" title="T. D. S. A. Dissanayake">Dissanayake, T. D. S. A.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfkLyH95m9MC"><i>War or Peace in Sri Lanka</i></a>. Popular Prakshan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-199-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7991-199-3"><bdi>81-7991-199-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+or+Peace+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Popular+Prakshan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-7991-199-3&rft.aulast=Dissanayake&rft.aufirst=T.+D.+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfkLyH95m9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooleSomasundaramSritharanThiranagama1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajan_Hoole" title="Rajan Hoole">Hoole, Rajan</a>; Somasundaram, Daya; <a href="/wiki/Kopalasingham_Sritharan" title="Kopalasingham Sritharan">Sritharan, Kopalasingham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rajini_Thiranagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajini Thiranagama">Thiranagama, Rajini</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uthr.org/BP/Content.htm"><i>Broken Palmyra</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Teachers_for_Human_Rights" title="University Teachers for Human Rights">University Teachers for Human Rights</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broken+Palmyra&rft.pub=University+Teachers+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Hoole&rft.aufirst=Rajan&rft.au=Somasundaram%2C+Daya&rft.au=Sritharan%2C+Kopalasingham&rft.au=Thiranagama%2C+Rajini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uthr.org%2FBP%2FContent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Ballance1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_O%27Ballance" title="Edgar O'Ballance">O'Ballance, Edgar</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H15uAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka, 1973–88</i></a>. London: Brassey's (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-036695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-036695-1"><bdi>978-0-08-036695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyanide+War%3A+Tamil+Insurrection+in+Sri+Lanka%2C+1973%E2%80%9388&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+%28UK%29&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-08-036695-1&rft.aulast=O%27Ballance&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH15uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Jeyaratnam_Wilson" title="A. Jeyaratnam Wilson">Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam</a> (1989). <i>The Break up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1211-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1211-5"><bdi>0-8248-1211-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Break+up+of+Sri+Lanka%3A+The+Sinhalese-Tamil+Conflict&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8248-1211-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+Jeyaratnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Jeyaratnam_Wilson" title="A. Jeyaratnam Wilson">Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-SJkPwAACAAJ"><i>Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-302789-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-302789-1"><bdi>0-14-302789-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Tamil+Nationalism%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+in+the+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-302789-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+Jeyaratnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-SJkPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+July" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_July" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black July">Black July</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pearlaction.org/rememberingblackjuly/">Black July: Uncover the truth (1983 anti-Tamil pogrom)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackjuly83.com">Black July '83 – Extensive survivor stories and documented history about Black July</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groundviews.org/remember">Remember, Groundviews</a> Articles from Government Ministers and civil society on the 25th commemoration of Black July and the 50th commemoration of the anti-Tamil riots of 1958</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040703175814/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca200307/20030723july_83.htm">July still black after twenty years, The official website of the Sri Lankan government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1545">Horror of a pogrom: Remembering "Black July" 1983 by D. B. S. Jeyaraj</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027085627/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1545">Archived</a> 27 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna Library">Burning of Jaffna Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black July</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span data-sort-value="Sri Lanka"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)">LRRP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)">Special Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Civil_Security_Force" title="Sri Lanka Civil Security Force">Home Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">Attacks on civilians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people assassinated by Sri Lankan government forces">Assassinations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tigers" title="Air Tigers">Air Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tigers" title="Black Tigers">Black Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">Attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1970s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1970s">in the 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1980s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1990s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_2000s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="List of people assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombings_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka">Suicide bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Other militants</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">list</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paramilitary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Eelam People's Democratic Party">EPDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal" title="Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal">TMVP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">IV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Eastern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Northern theatres</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of military operations of the Sri Lankan civil war">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokkilai_offensive" title="Kokkilai offensive">Kokkilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamarachchi_Operation" title="Vadamarachchi Operation">Vadamarachchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">Poomalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pawan" title="Operation Pawan">Pawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balavegaya" title="Operation Balavegaya">Balavegaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="First Battle of Elephant Pass">1st Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pooneryn" title="Battle of Pooneryn">Pooneryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Riviresa" title="Operation Riviresa">Riviresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(1996)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)">1st Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weli_Oya_(1995)" title="Battle of Weli Oya (1995)">Weli Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sath_Jaya" title="Operation Sath Jaya">Sath Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Vavunathivu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Vavunathivu Offensive">Vavunathivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jayasikurui" title="Operation Jayasikurui">Jayasikurui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandikulam%E2%80%93Omanthai_offensive" title="Thandikulam–Omanthai offensive">Thandikulam–Omanthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Battle of Kilinochchi">1st Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddusuddan_offensive_(1999)" title="Oddusuddan offensive (1999)">Oddusuddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_A-9_highway" title="Battle for the A-9 highway">A-9 highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="Second Battle of Elephant Pass">2nd Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pedro_(2006)" title="Battle of Point Pedro (2006)">Point Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(2006)" title="Battle of Jaffna (2006)">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoppigala" title="Battle of Thoppigala">Thoppigala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vidattaltivu" title="Battle of Vidattaltivu">Vidattaltivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Battle of Kilinochchi">2nd Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (2009)">2nd Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puthukkudiyirippu" title="Battle of Puthukkudiyirippu">Puthukkudiyirippu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Expulsions from Northern province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lalith_Athulathmudali" title="Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali">Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa">Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Temple_of_the_Tooth_attack" title="1998 Temple of the Tooth attack">Temple of the Tooth attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_non-resident_Tamils_from_Colombo" title="Expulsion of non-resident Tamils from Colombo">Expulsions from Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">2009 suicide air raid on Colombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Tissa Weeratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Seneviratne" title="Nalin Seneviratne">Nalin Seneviratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wanasinghe" title="Hamilton Wanasinghe">Hamilton Wanasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Waidyaratne" title="Cecil Waidyaratne">Cecil Waidyaratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._De_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. De Silva">G. H. De Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Daluwatte" title="Rohan Daluwatte">Rohan Daluwatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Srilal Weerasooriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Balagalle" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Balagalle">L. P. Balagalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda" title="Shantha Kottegoda">Shantha Kottegoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Navy_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_de_Silva_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka de Silva (Admiral)">Asoka de Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Silva" title="H. A. Silva">H. A. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clancy_Fernando" title="Clancy Fernando">Clancy Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._M._R._Samarasekara" title="D. A. M. R. Samarasekara">D. A. M. R. Samarasekara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._A._C._Thisera" title="H. C. A. C. Thisera">H. C. A. C. Thisera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Sandagiri" title="Daya Sandagiri">Daya Sandagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasantha_Karannagoda" title="Wasantha Karannagoda">Wasantha Karannagoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Air_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Perera" title="Dick Perera">Dick Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andibuduge_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Andibuduge Fernando">Andibuduge Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalandage_Gunawardena" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalandage Gunawardena">Makalandage Gunawardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ranasinghe" title="Oliver Ranasinghe">Oliver Ranasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayalath_Weerakkody" title="Jayalath Weerakkody">Jayalath Weerakkody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Perera" title="Donald Perera">Donald Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Goonetileke" title="Roshan Goonetileke">Roshan Goonetileke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Dingiri Banda Wijetunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LTTE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_LTTE" title="List of commanders of the LTTE">Militant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottu_Amman_(Tamil_militant)" title="Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)">Pottu Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thillaiyampalam_Sivanesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan">Soosai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagamoorthy_Muralitharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan">Karuna Amman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Balasingham" title="Anton Balasingham">Anton Balasingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Thamilselvan" title="S. P. Thamilselvan">S. P. Thamilselvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harkirat_Singh_(general)" title="Harkirat Singh (general)">Harkirat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K._Mehta" title="Ashok K. Mehta">Ashok K. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulwant_Singh_(general)" title="Kulwant Singh (general)">Kulwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depinder_Singh" title="Depinder Singh">Depinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvir_Singh" title="Dalvir Singh">Dalvir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiko" title="Vaiko">Vaiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Tamil_genocide" title="List of films about the Tamil genocide">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">LLRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_end_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan civil war">Reactions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Protests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Remembrance Day (Sri Lanka)">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN Panel on Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_chemical_weapons_use_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of chemical weapons use in the Sri Lankan civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan civil war">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_use_of_children_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant use of children in Sri Lanka">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">Disappearances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_on_Missing_Persons" title="Office on Missing Persons">Office on Missing Persons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Sri Lankan civil war in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_(non-state)_terrorist_incidents_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of (non-state) terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka">Non-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)">PTA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sixth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Thirteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_attempt" title="1988 Maldives coup attempt">1988 Maldives coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:-4.5em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block; width:5em; line-height:1em !important;white-space:normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Four Bravo">Four Four Bravo</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:2.6119402985076%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:-2.5em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black July</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:13.059701492537%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2.5em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:17.537313432836%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:17.537313432836%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:-6em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1987–89 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:19.067164179104%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-1em; top:-3em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Maldives coup d'état attempt</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:28.358208955224%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:-5em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/1990_massacre_of_Sri_Lankan_Police_officers" title="1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers">Police massacre</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:26.492537313433%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:-3em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Expulsion of Muslims</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:31.716417910448%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2.5em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi Assassination</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:39.179104477612%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2.5em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa Assassination</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:49.253731343284%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-5em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Central_Bank_bombing" title="Colombo Central Bank bombing">Central Bank bombing</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:51.119402985075%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-3em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/1996_Dehiwala_train_bombing" title="1996 Dehiwala train bombing">Dehiwala train bombing</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:52.611940298507%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2em; top:-5em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/1997_Colombo_World_Trade_Centre_bombing" title="1997 Colombo World Trade Centre bombing">WTC bombing</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:56.343283582089%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2.5em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/1998_Temple_of_the_Tooth_attack" title="1998 Temple of the Tooth attack">Temple of the Tooth attack</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:59.328358208956%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-1em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:63.432835820896%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-1em; top:-5em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Attempted assassination of Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga assassination attempt</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:69.776119402985%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-1.5em; top:-4em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:97.761194029851%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-5em; top:-3em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">Colombo Suicide air raid</a></span></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:98.880597014926%; margin-top:0; position:relative"><span style="position:relative; top:0.25em; left:-1.5px">↓</span><span style="font-size:90% ;position:relative; line-height:3px; overflow:visible;left:-2.5em; top:-5em; z-index:999"><span style="display:block;line-height:1em; width:5em;">Death of Prabhakaran</span></span></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#FFF28E"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.910447761194%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:11.940298507463%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.910447761194%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.1194029850753%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Cease Fire</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:21.343283582089%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:21.194029850747%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Cease Fire</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8.2089552238808%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#9FCCFC"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:22.76119402985%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> President: <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:16.417910447762%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Premadasa</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:2.2761194029847%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Wijetunga</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:41.044776119403%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Kumaratunga</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.5%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Rajapaksa</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#A3E3ED"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8.2089552238808%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Army</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Weeratunga</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:13.432835820895%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Seneviratne" title="Nalin Seneviratne">Seneviratne</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8.6194029850744%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wanasinghe" title="Hamilton Wanasinghe">Wanasinghe</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:7.5%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Waidyaratne" title="Cecil Waidyaratne">Waidyaratne</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:12.23880597015%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/G._H._De_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. De Silva">De Silva</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:6.4179104477605%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Daluwatte" title="Rohan Daluwatte">Daluwatte</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:10%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Weerasooriya</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:14.179104477612%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Balagalle" title="Lionel Balagalle">Balagalle</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.9402985074626%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda" title="Shantha Kottegoda">Kottegoda</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.462686567164%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Fonseka</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#ED8B8B"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:98.880597014926%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a> leader: <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Prabhakaran</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.1194029850745%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Pathmanathan</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%;max-width:100%;border-top:0.1em solid black;height:1em;"></div><div id="Scale" style="clear:both;position:relative;top:-1.4em;left:-0.2em;width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em"><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1983</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1984</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1985</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1986</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1987</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1988</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1989</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1990</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1991</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1992</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1993</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1994</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1995</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1996</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1997</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1998</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1999</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2000</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2001</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2002</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2003</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2004</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2005</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2006</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2007</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2008</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:0%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2009</div></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:left;"></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Sri_Lanka_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Template:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Sri_Lanka_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Sri Lanka <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attempted<br />coups and<br />rebellions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchical<br />Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velakkara_revolt" title="Velakkara revolt">Velakkara revolt</a> (1084)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Polonnaruwa_War_of_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Polonnaruwa War of Succession (page does not exist)">First Polonnaruwa War of Succession</a> (1110-1153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sugala_rebellion" title="Queen Sugala rebellion">Queen Sugala rebellion</a> (1157–1158)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruhuna_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruhuna Rebellion (page does not exist)">Ruhuna Rebellion</a> (1160)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajarata_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajarata Rebellion (page does not exist)">Rajarata Rebellion</a> (1168)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Polonnaruwa_War_of_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession (page does not exist)">Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession</a> (1186–1187)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandyan_independence_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandyan independence movement (page does not exist)">Kandyan independence movement</a> (1470s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangara_arachchi_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangara arachchi Revolt (page does not exist)">Kangara arachchi Revolt</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Kuruvita_rala_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Kuruvita rala Revolt">1st Kuruvita rala Revolt</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Kuruvita_rala_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt">2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt</a> (1616–1619)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikapitiye_Bandara_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt (page does not exist)">Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt</a> (1616–1617)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Great Rebellion of 1817–1818</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Temperance movement in Sri Lanka">Temperance movement</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriya-Mal_Movement" title="Suriya-Mal Movement">Suriya-Mal Movement</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a> (1942)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka<br />(1948–present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Ceylonese_coup_attempt" title="1962 Ceylonese coup attempt">1962 Ceylonese coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_alleged_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt">1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_alleged_Sri_Lankan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt">2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis" title="2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis">2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis</a></li> <li>Aragalaya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of riots in Sri Lanka">Riots and<br />civil disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Ceylonese_Hartal" title="1953 Ceylonese Hartal">1953 Ceylonese Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Ceylonese riots">1956 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Ceylonese riots">1958 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylonese_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War">Protests against the Vietnam War in Ceylon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Sri Lankan riots">1977 Sri Lankan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Burning of Jaffna Public Library</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black July</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welikada_prison_massacre" title="Welikada prison massacre">Welikada prison massacre</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Eastern_Province_massacres#Trincomalee_riots" title="1987 Eastern Province massacres">1987 Trincomalee riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalutara_prison_riots" title="Kalutara prison riots">Kalutara prison riots</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindunuwewa_massacre" title="Bindunuwewa massacre">Bindunuwewa massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawanella_riots" title="Mawanella riots">Mawanella riots</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beruwala_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beruwala riots (page does not exist)">Beruwala riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Inuvil_shooting_and_protests" title="2005 Inuvil shooting and protests">2005 Inuvil shooting and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Welikada_prison_riot" title="2012 Welikada prison riot">2012 Welikada prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahara_prison_riot" title="Mahara prison riot">Mahara prison riot</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamils">List of Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription">Tissamaharama inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaicoddai_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annaicoddai seal">Annaicoddai seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Ketheeswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Tenavaram temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Palace_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Palace ruins">Jaffna Palace ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotagama_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotagama inscriptions">Kotagama inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demala_Hatpattu" title="Demala Hatpattu">Demala Hatpattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">Standardisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC Resolution on Genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Provincial_Council" title="Northern Provincial Council">Northern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northern Province">Government of the Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Northern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Northern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Provincial_Council" title="Eastern Provincial Council">Eastern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Eastern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Eastern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Democratic Tamil National Alliance">Democratic Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_People%27s_Front" title="Tamil National People's Front">Tamil National People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_People%27s_National_Alliance" title="Tamil People's National Alliance">Tamil People's National Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militant groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamils_Forum" title="British Tamils Forum">British Tamils Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tamil_Congress" title="Canadian Tamil Congress">Canadian Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Tamil_Sangams_of_North_America" title="Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America">Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Tamil_Forum" title="Global Tamil Forum">Global Tamil Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_Against_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils Against Genocide">Tamils Against Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Youth_Organisation" title="Tamil Youth Organisation">Tamil Youth Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Genetic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koviar" class="mw-redirect" title="Koviar">Koviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalavar" title="Nalavar">Nalavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalar_(Sri_Lankan_Tamil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellalar (Sri Lankan Tamil)">Vellalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Vedar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_cinema" title="Sri Lankan Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema">Representations in Indian cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li>News <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(Sri_Lankan_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (Sri Lankan newspaper)">Saturday Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudar_Oli" title="Sudar Oli">Sudar Oli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Guardian" title="Tamil Guardian">Tamil Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Times" title="Tamil Times">Tamil Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thinakaran" title="Thinakaran">Thinakaran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thinakkural" title="Thinakkural">Thinakkural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uthayan" title="Uthayan">Uthayan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virakesari" title="Virakesari">Virakesari</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Languages and dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanwords_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" title="Loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loanwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Sri Lanka">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Madhu" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu">Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka">Village deities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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