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</div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>植物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-植物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-演化事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>演化事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-动物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#动物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>动物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-动物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-海生动物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海生动物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>海生动物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海生动物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-陆地动物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陆地动物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>陆地动物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陆地动物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化事件_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化事件_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>演化事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化事件_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>古地理</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-古地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关古地理子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-古地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-出发点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出发点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>出发点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出发点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-气候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#气候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>气候</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-气候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關影視作品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關影視作品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關影視作品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關影視作品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">石炭纪</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。84种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon" title="Karboon – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karboon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A" title="العصر الفحمي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الفحمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADferu" title="Carboníferu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carboníferu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9F_k%C3%B6m%C3%BCr_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Daş kömür dövrü – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daş kömür dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Каменнавугальны перыяд – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каменнавугальны перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(pariuda)" title="Karbon (pariuda) – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Karbon (pariuda)" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonifer" title="Karbonifer – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbonifer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfer" title="Carbonífer – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbonífer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%8Fh-t%C3%A1ng-g%C4%AB" title="Siŏh-táng-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siŏh-táng-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonifferaidd" title="Carbonifferaidd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbonifferaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(geologi)" title="Karbon (geologi) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karbon (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λιθανθρακοφόρος περίοδος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιθανθρακοφόρος περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carboniferous" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonio" title="Karbonio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfero" title="Carbonífero – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbonífero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbonifero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1" title="کربنیفر – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربنیفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivihiilikausi" title="Kivihiilikausi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivihiilikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonif%C3%A8re" title="Carbonifère – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbonifère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon_(Geologii)" title="Karboon (Geologii) – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboon (Geologii)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Charb%C3%B3nmhar" title="An Tréimhse Charbónmhar – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Charbónmhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfero" title="Carbonífero – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbonífero" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קרבון – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="कार्बनी कल्प – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बनी कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Karbon (geološko razdoblje) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karbon (geološko razdoblje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քարածխային ժամանակաշրջան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարածխային ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(zaman)" title="Karbon (zaman) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon (zaman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolat%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Kolatímabilið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolatímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonifero" title="Carbonifero – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonifero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%80" title="石炭紀 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石炭紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="კარბონული სისტემა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარბონული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Карбон кезеңі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карбон кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%83%84%EA%B8%B0" title="석탄기 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석탄기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Таш көмүр мезгили – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таш көмүр мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferum" title="Carboniferum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carboniferum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferosa" title="Carboniferosa – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carboniferosa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboon" title="Carboon – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Carboon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonas" title="Karbonas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karbonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbons" title="Karbons – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karbons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="കാർബോണിഫെറസ് ഘട്ടം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബോണിഫെറസ് ഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(geologi)" title="Karbon (geologi) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1" title="کربونیفر – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کربونیفر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="प्राङ्गारयुग – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राङ्गारयुग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboon" title="Carboon – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carboon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbontida" title="Karbontida – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbontida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(geologi)" title="Karbon (geologi) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbon (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonif%C3%A8r" title="Carbonifèr – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbonifèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%C3%ACfer" title="Carbonìfer – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carbonìfer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کاربونیفرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربونیفرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfero" title="Carbonífero – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbonífero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonifer" title="Carbonifer – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbonifer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Каменноугольный период – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каменноугольный период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(period)" title="Karbon (period) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karbon (period)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Carboniferous" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carboniferous" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb%C3%B3n_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Karbón (geochronologická jednotka) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karbón (geochronologická jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon_(da%27da)" title="Kaarboon (da'da) – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon (da'da)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Карбон (периода) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карбон (периода)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்பனிபெரசுக் காலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பனிபெரசுக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Ангишт (давраи заминшиносӣ) – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангишт (давраи заминшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ยุคคาร์บอนิเฟอรัส – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคคาร์บอนิเฟอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonipero" title="Karbonipero – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbonipero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonifer" title="Karbonifer – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbonifer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кам'яновугільний період – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кам'яновугільний період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کاربونیفیرس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربونیفیرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshko%CA%BBmir_sistemasi" title="Toshkoʻmir sistemasi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toshkoʻmir sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Than_%C4%90%C3%A1" title="Kỷ Than Đá – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Than Đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carboniferous" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA" title="石炭纪 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石炭纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_El%C3%A9%C3%A8%C3%A9d%C3%BA" title="Ìgbà Eléèédú – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Eléèédú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chio%CC%8Dh-tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-k%C3%AD" title="Chio̍h-thoàⁿ-kí – 闽南语" 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/>358.9–298.9百万年前<br /><span style="text-align:center"><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="前寒武纪">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="古近纪">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div> </div></span></td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/240px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/360px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/480px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="521" /></a></span> <p>晚石炭世：3亿年前的地球 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">全時期平均大氣<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><br />2</span></span></a>含量</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">约32.3 Vol %<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />（为現代的162% ）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">全時期平均大氣<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:70%;text-align:left"><br />2</span></span></a>含量</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">约800 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百萬分率">ppm</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />（为前工業時期3倍）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">全時期平均地表溫度</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">约14℃<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />（高於現代0℃）</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:1m; text-align:center">海平面（高於現代）</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:1em; text-align:center">從120米降至現代水平，在末期穩定上升至80米<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="Container" class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 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style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-23em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代">古生代</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); border-width:.0em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:43.230543318649em; height:2.769456681351em; margin-left:1.1em; width:9.9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.3847283406755em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆纪</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.7019089574156em; height:40.428634361233em; margin-left:1.1em; width:1.32em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; 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border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.116005873715em; height:5.101174743025em; margin-left:3.795em; width:7.205em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.6005873715125em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9C%9F" title="谢尔普霍夫期">谢尔普霍夫期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(138,198,195); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:13.712187958884em; height:5.3038179148311em; margin-left:3.795em; width:7.205em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.7019089574156em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a 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width:0.11em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-23em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:46em; margin-left:0.99em; width:0.055em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-23em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.7019089574156em; height:40.528634361233em; margin-left:2.475em; width:0.055em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-20.264317180617em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.7019089574156em; height:40.528634361233em; margin-left:2.475em; width:0.055em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-20.264317180617em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:black; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.7019089574156em; height:40.528634361233em; margin-left:3.762em; width:0.032999999999999em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-20.264317180617em;"> </span></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.8223201174743em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-4.05em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%A9%E6%BA%83%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="石炭纪雨林崩溃事件">石炭纪雨林崩溃事件</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:9.5242290748899em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马荣溪化石群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mazon_Creek_fossil_beds"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E8%8D%A3%E6%BA%AA%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马荣溪化石群（页面不存在）">马荣溪化石群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazon_Creek_fossil_beds" class="extiw" title="en:Mazon Creek fossil beds"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mazon_Creek_fossil_beds</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:33.84140969163em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E9%BB%98%E7%A9%BA%E7%BC%BA" title="柔默空缺">柔默空缺</a>结束</span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:43.973568281938em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E9%BB%98%E7%A9%BA%E7%BC%BA" title="柔默空缺">柔默空缺</a>开始</span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:23em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; 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style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:21.5em">石炭纪时间表<br />直轴：百万年前</div></div> <p><b>石炭纪</b>（英語：<span lang="en"><b>Carboniferous</b></span>，符號<b>C</b>）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="地球历史">地球历史</a>中显生宙古生代的第五个（倒数第二个）<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6)" title="纪 (地质学)">纪</a>，也是晚古生代两个<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="地质时期">地质时期</a>中较老的一个。石炭纪上承<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆纪</a>、下启<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">二叠纪</a>，从3.58亿年前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="泥盆紀後期滅絕事件">泥盆紀後期滅絕事件</a>开始，到2.98亿年前的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E5%B4%A9%E6%BA%83%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="石炭纪雨林崩溃事件">石炭纪雨林崩溃事件</a>而结束。因为以早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="兩棲動物">兩棲動物</a>（特别是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E7%89%87%E6%A4%8E%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="离片椎类">离片椎类</a>）为代表的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="四足类">四足类</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>在這個時代开始占据<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="陆地生态系统">陆地环境</a>并成为<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%93%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="食物链">食物链</a>中上层的优势物种，所以石炭纪又被稱為「<b>兩棲時代</b>」。 </p><p>石炭纪的名字来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a><span lang="la"><i>carbō</i></span>（“<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="石炭">石炭</a>”）和<span lang="la"><i>ferō</i></span>（“持有、承载”），源于当时在全世界各地<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="煤炭森林">茂密史前森林</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%82" title="地层">地层</a>中形成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤床</a>。石炭纪是第一个不以其研究岩层的所在地命名的地质时期，由英国地质学家威廉·科尼比尔（William Daniel Conybeare，1787～1857）和威廉·菲利普斯（William Phillips，1775～1828）二人于1822年合作命名<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConybearePhillips1822[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZcMQAAAAIAAJpgPA323_p._323:_"Book_III._Medial_or_Carboniferous_Order."]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConybearePhillips1822[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZcMQAAAAIAAJpgPA323_p._323:_"Book_III._Medial_or_Carboniferous_Order."]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>石炭纪与之前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">泥盆纪</a>和之后的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">二叠纪</a>之间的边界年代主要是通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>断代获得的。对石炭纪的内部分类各个地区使用非常不同的系统，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a>一般被分为上下两个亚纪；在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>分<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="密西西比紀">密西西比纪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="賓夕法尼亞紀">宾夕法尼亚纪</a>；在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>分上、中、下三个亚纪，这些不同的系统在其使用地区和传统中却相当稳定。古生物学上的细节划分一般使用海生动物：<a href="/wiki/%E4%97%B4" title="䗴">䗴类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E8%B6%B3%E7%BA%B2" title="头足纲">头足类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%95%E8%B6%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="腕足动物门">腕足动物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A" title="珊瑚">珊瑚</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="陆地植物">陆地植物</a>也被用来对<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="晚石炭世">晚石炭世</a>作细节划分。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古生物"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9"></span>古生物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：古生物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="植物"><span id=".E6.A4.8D.E7.89.A9"></span>植物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：植物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="煤炭森林">煤炭森林</a></div> <p>石炭纪，尤其是石炭纪晚期可以被称为是<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="蕨类植物门">蕨类植物</a>的时代。蕨类植物森林的规模可以从今天<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%85%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石煤（页面不存在）">石煤</a>层的规模中看出来端倪。这些在今天成为石煤的植物当中最主要的是： </p> <center> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepidodendron.png" class="mw-file-description" title="属于石松门的鳞木属，高度达到40米，其茎的直径可达1米"><img alt="属于石松门的鳞木属，高度达到40米，其茎的直径可达1米" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lepidodendron.png/53px-Lepidodendron.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lepidodendron.png/80px-Lepidodendron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lepidodendron.png/107px-Lepidodendron.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="3255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="石松门">石松门</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%AC" title="鱗木屬">鳞木属</a>，高度达到40米，其茎的直径可达1米</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigillaria.png" class="mw-file-description" title="属于石松门的封印木属，高度达到30米"><img alt="属于石松门的封印木属，高度达到30米" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sigillaria.png/50px-Sigillaria.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sigillaria.png/75px-Sigillaria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sigillaria.png/100px-Sigillaria.png 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="4641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BE%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="石松门">石松门</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%AC" title="封印木屬">封印木属</a>，高度达到30米</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description" title="属于木贼纲的芦木也达到了20米高"><img alt="属于木贼纲的芦木也达到了20米高" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png/87px-Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png/131px-Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png/174px-Calamites_reconstrucci%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%8A%E7%B6%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="木賊綱">木贼纲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%86%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="蘆木">芦木</a>也达到了20米高</div> </li> </ul> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="演化事件"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>演化事件</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：演化事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>在石炭纪晚期出现<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物">裸子植物</a>。</li> <li>出现<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="附生植物">附生植物</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物">藤本植物</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>最早的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E8%84%82" title="树脂">树脂</a>化石纪录<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="动物"><span id=".E5.8A.A8.E7.89.A9"></span>动物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：动物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="海生动物"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E7.94.9F.E5.8A.A8.E7.89.A9"></span>海生动物</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：海生动物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>泥盆纪海中占支配作用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%BE%E7%9A%AE%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="盾皮魚綱">盾皮鱼类</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="泥盆紀後期滅絕事件">泥盆紀後期滅絕事件</a>后再也没有出现过。石炭纪海中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼">鱼类</a>主要是活动灵便的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%AA%A8%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="软骨鱼类">软骨鱼类</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E9%B3%8D%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="辐鳍鱼类">辐鳍鱼类</a>。尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%AA%A8%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="软骨鱼类">软骨鱼类</a>，占据了海中的支配地位，石炭纪的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%AA%A8%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="软骨鱼类">软骨鱼类</a>多样性远高于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代</a>时期的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%AA%A8%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="软骨鱼类">软骨鱼类</a>。 </p><p>出现了新兴的<a href="/wiki/%E4%97%B4" title="䗴">䗴类</a>，是单细胞生物，但它们可以达到10厘米大。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8A%E7%9F%B3" title="菊石">菊石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88" title="海百合">海百合</a>繁盛。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%B6%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="三叶虫">三叶虫</a>到石炭纪已经大部分绝灭，只剩下几个属种。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="陆地动物"><span id=".E9.99.86.E5.9C.B0.E5.8A.A8.E7.89.A9"></span>陆地动物</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：陆地动物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最早的无翼的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB" title="昆虫">昆虫</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中泥盆世">中泥盆世</a>就出现了，到<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="晚石炭世">晚石炭世</a>时，有翼的昆虫出现。石炭統煤系地層中發現超過500種的昆蟲。 </p><p>在陆地和淡水生活的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>主要是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%B3%8D%E9%B1%BC%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="肉鳍鱼类">肉鳍鱼类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E7%89%87%E6%A4%8E%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="离片椎类">离片椎类</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%A0%96%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="两栖动物">两栖动物</a>和非<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="羊膜动物">羊膜</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%A2%E7%B1%BB" title="爬行形类">爬行形类</a>，它们还保存着相当的水生习性。由于它们在陆地上还没有竞争对手，因此它们的种类非常多，有些一直大到6米长。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="演化事件_2"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6_2"></span>演化事件</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：演化事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>最早可以算作<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="羊膜动物">羊膜动物</a>的骨骼化石纪录（石炭纪晚期）。</li> <li>最早的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B2%E7%99%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="蟲癭">虫瘿</a>化石纪录<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>软骨鱼类的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E9%9E%98" title="卵鞘">卵鞘</a>和粪化石最早纪录<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <center> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tullimonstrum.png" class="mw-file-description" title="塔利怪物属復原圖，分类未定"><img alt="塔利怪物属復原圖，分类未定" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tullimonstrum.png/120px-Tullimonstrum.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tullimonstrum.png/180px-Tullimonstrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tullimonstrum.png/240px-Tullimonstrum.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E6%80%AA%E7%89%A9%E5%B1%AC" title="塔利怪物屬">塔利怪物属</a>復原圖，分类未定</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="镰鳍鲨属復原圖：下方（雄性）、上方（雌性）"><img alt="镰鳍鲨属復原圖：下方（雄性）、上方（雌性）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Falcatus.jpg/120px-Falcatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Falcatus.jpg/180px-Falcatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Falcatus.jpg/240px-Falcatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B0%E9%B3%8D%E9%B2%A8%E5%B1%9E" title="镰鳍鲨属">镰鳍鲨属</a>復原圖：下方（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性">雄性</a>）、上方（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7" title="雌性">雌性</a>）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allenypterus_montanus_(Restoration).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="蒙大拿異翅魚復原圖，属于腔棘鱼纲"><img alt="蒙大拿異翅魚復原圖，属于腔棘鱼纲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Allenypterus_montanus_%28Restoration%29.jpg/120px-Allenypterus_montanus_%28Restoration%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Allenypterus_montanus_%28Restoration%29.jpg/180px-Allenypterus_montanus_%28Restoration%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Allenypterus_montanus_%28Restoration%29.jpg/240px-Allenypterus_montanus_%28Restoration%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%BF%85%E9%AD%9A%E5%B1%AC" title="異翅魚屬">蒙大拿異翅魚</a>復原圖，属于<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%94%E6%A3%98%E9%AD%9A%E7%B6%B1" title="腔棘魚綱">腔棘鱼纲</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="石炭紀早期的肺蝎體長可達70厘米"><img alt="石炭紀早期的肺蝎體長可達70厘米" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png/120px-20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png/180px-20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png/240px-20210116_Pulmonoscorpius_kirktonensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">石炭紀早期的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E8%9D%8E%E5%B1%9E" title="肺蝎属">肺蝎</a>體長可達70厘米</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meganeura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="石炭紀晚期的巨脈蜻蜓翼展可達75厘米"><img alt="石炭紀晚期的巨脈蜻蜓翼展可達75厘米" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Meganeura.jpg/120px-Meganeura.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Meganeura.jpg/180px-Meganeura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Meganeura.jpg/240px-Meganeura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">石炭紀晚期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E8%84%88%E8%9C%BB%E8%9C%93" title="巨脈蜻蜓">巨脈蜻蜓</a>翼展可達75厘米</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limnoscelis21DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="石炭紀末期至二叠纪早期的湖龙属體長可達1.5米[13]，是地球上最早的陆栖大型四足食肉动物"><img alt="石炭紀末期至二叠纪早期的湖龙属體長可達1.5米[13]，是地球上最早的陆栖大型四足食肉动物" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Limnoscelis21DB.jpg/120px-Limnoscelis21DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Limnoscelis21DB.jpg/180px-Limnoscelis21DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Limnoscelis21DB.jpg/240px-Limnoscelis21DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">石炭紀末期至二叠纪早期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E9%BE%99%E5%B1%9E" title="湖龙属">湖龙属</a>體長可達1.5米<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是地球上最早的陆栖大型四足食肉动物</div> </li> </ul> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古地理"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86"></span>古地理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：古地理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/250px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/375px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg/500px-The_World_of_the_Carboniferous-Permian_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>晚石炭世时期的地球</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="出发点"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.8F.91.E7.82.B9"></span>出发点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：出发点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在泥盆纪中北美地块和北欧-俄罗斯地块结合到一起。这块大陆与后来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E7%93%A6%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="冈瓦那大陆">冈瓦那大陆</a>的其它部分（今天的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>）之间部分是由不同的地形组成的海洋。在泥盆纪晚期这些地区与北美-北欧-俄罗斯组成的大陆已开始有接触。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="发展"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>发展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>石炭纪内这个过程继续发展，到<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="早石炭世">早石炭世</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="晚石炭世">晚石炭世</a>交界的时期这个过程达到一个高潮。直到石炭纪晚期非洲西北部与北美之间的空隙才被填补。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="阿巴拉契亚山脉">阿巴拉契亚山脉</a>的造山运动完成。西伯利亚与俄罗斯也已经基本相接，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">乌拉尔山脉</a>形成，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="盤古大陸">盤古大陸</a>基本形成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="气候"><span id=".E6.B0.94.E5.80.99"></span>气候</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：气候"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="晚古生代大冰期">晚古生代大冰期</a></div> <p>石炭纪开始时<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>的南角位于地球的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="南极">南极</a>。石炭纪中<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E7%93%A6%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="冈瓦那大陆">冈瓦那大陆</a>按顺时钟方向旋转，到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">二叠纪</a>时<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a>位于南极。石炭纪开始后气温下降，在石炭纪早期就已经有冰川形成，但到石炭纪/二叠纪间期冰川发展到了高潮期。在冈瓦那大陆到处都可以找到冰川的痕迹。地质分析证明在石炭纪中气温比较温暖的时期与气温比较寒冷的时期不断交替。石炭纪晚期的大量煤的沉积可能与海面的不断上下波动有关。这个波动可能是由于冈瓦那大陆南部冰川的融化和延长而造成的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關影視作品"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E5.BD.B1.E8.A6.96.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>相關影視作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：相關影視作品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E7%8B%97%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="貓狗時空傳">貓狗時空傳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bugs（页面不存在）">Bugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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C.; Phillips, T. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.16.8470">A Carboniferous insect gall: insight into early ecologic history of the Holometabola.</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996-08-06, <b>93</b> (16): 8470–8474. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0027-8424</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.93.16.8470"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1073/pnas.93.16.8470</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&rft.atitle=A+Carboniferous+insect+gall%3A+insight+into+early+ecologic+history+of+the+Holometabola.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+T.+L.&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft.aulast=Labandeira&rft.date=1996-08-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=8470-8474&rft.volume=93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.93.16.8470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.93.16.8470&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FISCHER, J. & KOGAN, I. (2008): Elasmobranch egg capsules Palaeoxyris, Fayolia and Vetacapsula as subject of palaeontological research – an annotated bibliography. – Paläontologie, Stratigraphie, Fazies (16), Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 528: 75–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ó Gogáin, Aodhán; Falcon-Lang, Howard J.; Carpenter, David K.; Miller, Randall F.; Benton, Michael J.; Pufahl, Peir K.; Ruta, Marcello; Davies, Thomas G.; Hinds, Steven J. Johanson, Zerina , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/pala.12249">Fish and tetrapod communities across a marine to brackish salinity gradient in the Pennsylvanian (early Moscovian) Minto Formation of New Brunswick, Canada, and their palaeoecological and palaeogeographical implications</a>. Palaeontology. 2016-09, <b>59</b> (5): 689–724. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12249"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/pala.12249</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&rft.atitle=Fish+and+tetrapod+communities+across+a+marine+to+brackish+salinity+gradient+in+the+Pennsylvanian+%28early+Moscovian%29+Minto+Formation+of+New+Brunswick%2C+Canada%2C+and+their+palaeoecological+and+palaeogeographical+implications&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Thomas+G.&rft.au=Falcon-Lang%2C+Howard+J.&rft.au=Hinds%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Randall+F.&rft.au=Pufahl%2C+Peir+K.&rft.au=Ruta%2C+Marcello&rft.aufirst=Aodh%C3%A1n&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gog%C3%A1in&rft.date=2016-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.pages=689-724&rft.volume=59&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpala.12249&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newdinosaurs.com/limnoscelis/">Limnoscelis - Facts and Pictures</a>. Dinosaurs - Pictures and Facts. 2016-10-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-02-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406054257/https://www.newdinosaurs.com/limnoscelis/">存档</a>于2020-04-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA&rft.atitle=Limnoscelis+-+Facts+and+Pictures&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dinosaurs+-+Pictures+and+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newdinosaurs.com%2Flimnoscelis%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(174,2,126)"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="冥古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">冥古宙<span style="font-weight:normal;">（46亿至40亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">（未有任何年代分段被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%A4%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="國際地層委員會">國際地層委員會</a>承认）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(240,4,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="太古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">太古宙<span style="font-weight:normal;">（40亿至25亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="始太古代">始太古代（40亿至36亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古太古代">古太古代（36亿至32亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中太古代">中太古代（32亿至28亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="新太古代">新太古代（28亿至25亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(247,53,99); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="元古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">元古宙<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（25亿至5.41亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(247,67,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古元古代"><span style="color:#fff;">古元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（25亿至16亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%93%81%E7%BA%AA" title="成铁纪">成铁纪（25亿至23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E4%BE%B5%E7%BA%AA" title="层侵纪">层侵纪（23亿至20.5亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%B1%E7%BA%AA" title="造山纪">造山纪（20.5亿至18亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%BB%93%E7%BA%AA" title="固结纪">固结纪（18亿至16亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(253,180,98); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中元古代">中元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（16亿至10亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E5%B1%82%E7%BA%AA" title="盖层纪">盖层纪（16亿至14亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%B1%95%E7%BA%AA" title="延展纪">延展纪（14亿至12亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E5%B8%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="狭带纪">狭带纪（12亿至10亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(254,179,66); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="新元古代">新元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（10亿至5.41亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%B8%E7%BA%AA" title="拉伸纪">拉伸纪（10亿至7.2亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%86%B0%E7%BA%AA" title="成冰纪">成冰纪（7.2亿至6.35亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%AA" title="埃迪卡拉纪">埃迪卡拉纪（6.35亿至5.41亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(154,217,221); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E7%94%9F%E5%AE%99" title="显生宙"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">显<br />生<br />宙<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">︵<br />5.41<br />亿<br />年<br />前<br />至<br />今<br />︶</span></div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(153,192,141); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代"><span style="color:#fff;">古生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（5.41亿至2.52亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪"><span style="color:#fff;">寒武纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（5.41亿至4.85亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96" title="纽芬兰世">紐芬蘭世（5.41亿至5.21亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="寒武纪第二世">第二世（5.21亿至5.09亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E5%B2%AD%E4%B8%96" title="苗岭世">苗岭世（5.09亿至4.97亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E4%B8%96" title="芙蓉世">芙蓉世（4.97亿至4.85亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(0,146,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪"><span style="color:#fff;">奥陶纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.85亿至4.44亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">早奥陶世（4.85亿至4.70亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">中奥陶世（4.70亿至4.58亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">晚奥陶世（4.58亿至4.44亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">志留紀<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.44亿至4.19亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%97%E4%B8%96" title="兰多维列世">兰多维列世（4.44亿至4.33亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%96" title="文洛克世">文洛克世（4.33亿至4.27亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%B8%96" title="羅德洛世">羅德洛世（4.27亿至4.23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%81%93%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%96" title="普里道利世">普里道利世（4.23亿至4.19亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(203,140,55); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪"><span style="color:#fff;">泥盆纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.19亿至3.59亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">早泥盆世（4.19亿至3.93亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">中泥盆世（3.93亿至3.83亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">晚泥盆世（3.83亿至3.59亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(103,165,153); text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#fff;">石炭纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（3.59亿至2.99亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%96" title="密西西比世">密西西比世（3.59亿至3.23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%96" title="賓夕法尼亞世">賓夕法尼亞世（3.23亿至2.99亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(240,64,40); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪"><span style="color:#fff;">二叠纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.99亿至2.52亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%96" title="乌拉尔世">乌拉尔世（2.99亿至2.72亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%B4%9B%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96" title="瓜达洛普世">瓜达洛普世（2.72亿至2.6亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%96" title="乐平世">乐平世（2.6亿至2.52亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(103,197,202); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.52亿至6600万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪"><span style="color:#fff;">三叠纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.52亿至2.01亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" title="早三叠世">早三叠世（2.52亿至2.47亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" title="中三叠世">中三叠世（2.47亿至2.37亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪">晚三疊世（2.37亿至2.01亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(52,178,201); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪"><span style="color:#fff;">侏罗纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.01亿至1.45亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">早侏罗世（2.01亿至1.74亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">中侏罗世（1.74亿至1.64亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%96" title="晚侏罗世">晚侏罗世（1.64亿至1.45亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(127,198,78); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白垩纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（1.45亿至6600万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="早白垩世">早白垩世（1.45亿至1亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">晚白垩世（1亿至6600万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(242,249,29); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（6600万年前至今）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="古近纪">古近纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（6600万至2303万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世（6600万至5600万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世">始新世（5600万至3390万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="漸新世">漸新世（3390万至2303万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">新近纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2303万至258万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世">中新世（2303万至533万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上新世（533万至258万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80" title="第四紀">第四紀<span style="font-weight:normal;">（258万年前至今）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世">更新世（258万至1.17万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世（1.17万年前至今）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133738#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carbonifère"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964823x">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carbonifère"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964823x">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4126367-4">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560660405171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paleontology--Carboniferous"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097125">美国</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geology, Stratigraphic--Carboniferous"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054090">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span 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