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id="toc-The_premises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_premises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The premises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_premises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_birth_of_the_Italian_national_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_birth_of_the_Italian_national_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The birth of the Italian national colours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_birth_of_the_Italian_national_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_leaves_used_as_the_first_cockades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_leaves_used_as_the_first_cockades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 The leaves used as the first cockades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_leaves_used_as_the_first_cockades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_Italian_tricolour_cockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_Italian_tricolour_cockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 The first Italian tricolour cockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_Italian_tricolour_cockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_tricolour_cockade_becomes_one_of_the_national_symbols_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_tricolour_cockade_becomes_one_of_the_national_symbols_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The tricolour cockade becomes one of the national symbols of Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_tricolour_cockade_becomes_one_of_the_national_symbols_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cockade_of_the_Bologna_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cockade_of_the_Bologna_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The cockade of the Bologna revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cockade_of_the_Bologna_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_use_during_the_Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_use_during_the_Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Free use during the Napoleonic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_use_during_the_Napoleonic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Its_use_during_the_Italian_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Its_use_during_the_Italian_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Its use during the Italian unification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Its_use_during_the_Italian_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 The first riots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_revolutions_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_revolutions_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 The revolutions of 1848 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_revolutions_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_unification_of_Italian_peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_unification_of_Italian_peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 The unification of Italian peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_unification_of_Italian_peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Subsequent uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aeronautical_and_military_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeronautical_and_military_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Aeronautical and military field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeronautical_and_military_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Institutional context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cockade_of_Italy_in_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cockade_of_Italy_in_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The cockade of Italy in music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cockade_of_Italy_in_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_azure_cockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_azure_cockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Italian azure cockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_azure_cockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_evolution_of_the_cockade_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_evolution_of_the_cockade_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Historical evolution of the cockade of Italy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_evolution_of_the_cockade_of_Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical evolution of the cockade of Italy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_evolution_of_the_cockade_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_institutional_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_institutional_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In the institutional context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_institutional_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_military_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_military_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In the military field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_military_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_aeronautical_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_aeronautical_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 In the aeronautical field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_aeronautical_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_sports_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_sports_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 In the sports field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_sports_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National ornament</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_cockade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Italy_cockade.svg/220px-Italy_cockade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Italy_cockade.svg/330px-Italy_cockade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Italy_cockade.svg/440px-Italy_cockade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Cockade of Italy</figcaption></figure> The cockade of Italy (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Coccarda italiana tricolore) is the national <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">ornament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, obtained by folding a green, white and red ribbon into a plissé using the technique called plissage (pleating). It is one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">national symbols of Italy</a> and is composed of the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">three colours</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian flag">Italian flag</a> with the green in the centre, the white immediately outside and the red on the edge.<a href="#cite_note-castellalfero-1">[1]</a> The cockade, a revolutionary symbol, was the protagonist of the uprisings that characterized the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, being pinned on the jacket or on the hats in its tricolour form by many of the patriots of this period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italian history</a>. During which, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> achieved its own national unity, culminating on 17 March 1861 with the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2015chapt._XVIII-2">[2]</a> On 14 June 1848, it replaced the azure cockade on the uniforms of some departments of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a> (becoming the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> in 1861), while on 1 January 1948, with the <a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth of the Italian Republic">birth of the Italian Republic</a>, it took its place as a national ornament.<a href="#cite_note-coccarda_azzurra-3">[3]</a> The Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> on 21 August 1789,<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> and with it the colours of the three Italian national colours.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> Seven years later, the first tricolour military banner was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Legion" title="Lombard Legion">Lombard Legion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 11 October 1796,<a href="#cite_note-difesa-5">[5]</a> and eight years later, the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a> had its origins on 7 January 1797, when it became for the first time a national flag of an Italian sovereign State, the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quirinale-pdf-6">[6]</a> The Italian tricolour cockade is one of the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a>, and is widely used on all Italian state <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, not only military.<a href="#cite_note-vigili-fuoco-7">[7]</a> The cockade is the basis of the parade <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a>, cavalry regiments, <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gdf-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-fregio-9">[9]</a> and a reproduction of it in fabric is sewn on the shirts of the sports teams holding the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia" title="Coppa Italia">Coppa Italia</a> (English: Italy Cup) that are organized in various <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">national team sports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sport-10">[10]</a> It is tradition, for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_order_of_precedence" title="Italian order of precedence">most important offices of the State</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a>, to have a tricolour cockade pinned to their jacket during the <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a>, which is celebrated every 2 June.<a href="#cite_note-festa-repubblica-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colour_position">Colour position</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Colour position">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:522px;max-width:522px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_cockade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iran_cockade.svg/170px-Iran_cockade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iran_cockade.svg/255px-Iran_cockade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iran_cockade.svg/340px-Iran_cockade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_cockade2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bulgaria_cockade2.svg/170px-Bulgaria_cockade2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bulgaria_cockade2.svg/255px-Bulgaria_cockade2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bulgaria_cockade2.svg/340px-Bulgaria_cockade2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Messico_cockade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Messico_cockade.svg/170px-Messico_cockade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Messico_cockade.svg/255px-Messico_cockade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Messico_cockade.svg/340px-Messico_cockade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right, the national cockades of Iran, Bulgaria and Mexico, all green, white and red tricolours</div></div></div></div> The Italian tricolour cockade, by convention, has the green in the centre, the white in an intermediate position and red in the periphery. This custom derives from one of the conceptual characteristics of the cockades, which can be imagined as flags rolled around the flagpole seen from above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivista_aeronautica1990115-12">[12]</a> In the case of the Italian tricolour cockade, the green is located in the centre because in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a> this colour is the one closest to the flagpole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivista_aeronautica1990115-12">[12]</a> The tricolour cockades with red and green in the opposite position are those of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-iran-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roundel-14">[14]</a> Conversely, the national ornament of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, starting from the centre, are arranged white, green and red, while that of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, starting from the centre, is arranged white, red and green.<a href="#cite_note-roundel-14">[14]</a> The Hungarian cockade has the same arrangement of colours as the Italian tricolour cockade, having the colour position reversed like the Iranian cockade and the Surinamese one is an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scopribudapest-15">[15]</a> Other cockades identical to the Italian one, even in the arrangement of the colours, are the national ornaments of <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roundel-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_premises">The premises</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The premises">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg/220px-Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg/330px-Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg/440px-Coccarda_FRANCIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">cockade of France</a>, which originated and spread among the revolts of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> The first cockades were introduced in Europe in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdye1802271-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroiani199899-17">[17]</a> The armies of the European states used them to signal the nationality of their soldiers to discern allies from enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdye1802271-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroiani199899-17">[17]</a> These first cockades were inspired by the distinctive coloured bands and ribbons that were used in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">knights</a>, both in war and in <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a>, which had the same purpose, namely to distinguish the opponent from the fellow soldier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucchetti2014Chapt._22-18">[18]</a> The Italian tricolour cockade, which later became a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> symbol par excellence during the insurrectional uprisings of the 18th and 19th centuries, was often worn by the patriots who participated in the uprisings that marked the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> that was characterized by those social ferments that led to the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">political and administrative unity of the Italian peninsula</a> in the 19th century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2015chapt._XVIII-2">[2]</a> for this reason it is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">national symbols of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The Italian tricolour cockade, as well as all similar ornaments made in the same period in other countries, main characteristic was that of being able to be clearly visible, thus giving way to unequivocally identify the political ideas of the person who wore it.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouillard_-_Camille_Desmoulins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rouillard_-_Camille_Desmoulins.jpg/220px-Rouillard_-_Camille_Desmoulins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rouillard_-_Camille_Desmoulins.jpg/330px-Rouillard_-_Camille_Desmoulins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Rouillard_-_Camille_Desmoulins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a>, who invented the cockade of France, which in turn inspired the birth of the Italian one</figcaption></figure> The Italian tricolour cockade was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">French tricolour cockade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-valori-21">[21]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a> is inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">French one</a>, introduced by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in the autumn of 1790 on <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> warships.<a href="#cite_note-quirinale-pdf-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-elysee-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cherasco-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002156-24">[24]</a> Other national tricolour European flags were also inspired by the French flag because they were also linked to the ideals of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-valori-21">[21]</a> The French tricolour cockade originated during the Revolution and over time became one of the symbols of change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2015chapt._XVIII-2">[2]</a> Later, the meaning of change assigned to the French tricolour cockade crossed the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and arrived in Italy together with the use of the cockade and all the values of the French Revolution, which were perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a> of the origins, including the ideals of social renewal the basis of the advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> of 1789. Subsequently also political, with the first patriotic ferments directed at national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> which subsequently led, on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002156-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897239-267_and_676-710-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The French tricolour cockade was born on 12 July 1789, two days before the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a>, when the revolutionary journalist <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a>, while hailing the Parisian crowd to revolt, asked the protesters what colour to adopt as a symbol of the French Revolution, proposing the green <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolution</a>, symbol of <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. The protesters replied "The green! The green! We want green cockades!"<a href="#cite_note-Bolzano-27">[27]</a> Desmoulins then seized a green leaf from the ground and pointed it to the hat as a distinctive sign of the revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Bolzano-27">[27]</a> The green, in the primitive <a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">French cockade</a>, was immediately abandoned in favor of blue and red, or the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Paris" title="Coat of arms of Paris">ancient colours of Paris</a>, because it was also the colour of the king's brother, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a>, who became monarch after the <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">First Restoration</a> with the name of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-italia-oggi-28">[28]</a> The French tricolour cockade was then completed on 17 July 1789 with the addition of white, the colour of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, in deference to King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a>, who was still ruling despite the violent revolts that raged in the country: the French monarchy was in fact <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolished later</a>, on 10 August 1792. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_birth_of_the_Italian_national_colours">The birth of the Italian national colours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The birth of the Italian national colours">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">National colours of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_leaves_used_as_the_first_cockades">The leaves used as the first cockades</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The leaves used as the first cockades">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlloroFogliePart010010001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AlloroFogliePart010010001.png/220px-AlloroFogliePart010010001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AlloroFogliePart010010001.png/330px-AlloroFogliePart010010001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AlloroFogliePart010010001.png/440px-AlloroFogliePart010010001.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>A few <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a> leaves. Many of them were used as a cockade during the Rome uprisings of 1789.</figcaption></figure> The first sporadic demonstrations in favor of the ideals of the French Revolution by the Italian population took place in August 1789 with the organization of protests in various places on the Italian peninsula, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The rioters, in these early uprisings, had makeshift cockades made of green leaves pinned on their clothes in imitation of the similar protests that took place in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> at the dawn of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The use of cockades during the protests that took place in Italy was not an isolated case.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660-29">[29]</a> It is documented that on 12 November 1789 the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian government</a> forbade the <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalian</a> population to use cockades because they were viewed with suspicion given their meaning closely linked to the protest movements that were flaring up in France, and their use therefore went beyond the French borders and spread gradually across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660-29">[29]</a> This also happened due to gazettes, printed in various European countries, that gave ample prominence to the fact that the cockade had become, in France, one of the most important symbols of the insurrectional uprisings and of the people's struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist regime</a> that ruled at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660-661-30">[30]</a> As for the Italian uprisings, noteworthy were the revolts that took place in <a href="/wiki/Fano" title="Fano">Fano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a> just before 16 August, in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> between 16 and 28 August, and in <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a> just before 30 August, all of which took place in the Papal States.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661-31">[31]</a> In Rome, in particular, cockades, which were formed from <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a> leaves, were pinned on the hats.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661-31">[31]</a> The rioters demanded the lowering of the price of basic necessities with the threat of unleashing riots comparable to the violent Parisian protests in case of refusal of the authorities to satisfy these requests.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/330px-Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/440px-Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8332" data-file-height="6571" /></a><figcaption>The people of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> attack the fortress of the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789, decreeing the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Initially the Italian rioters mistakenly believed that the flag waved between the Parisian barricades was green, white and red.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette">gazette</a> Staffetta di Sciaffusa defined the protests in the Papal States as "[a] dance of green cockades" in an article published on 16 August 1789.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661-31">[31]</a> From September 1789 there was no more news, in the Italian riots, of the cockade formed with the leaves which was replaced by cockades of green fabric.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._667-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_Italian_tricolour_cockade">The first Italian tricolour cockade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The first Italian tricolour cockade">edit</a>]</div> During the first weeks of the revolutionary season, it remained a common belief in Italy that the green, white and red flag was the flag waved by the French rioters. The Italian insurgents therefore used these colours as a simple imitation of the protests that were taking place in France and that were aimed at – in both nations – to the same objectives, namely to achieve better <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">living conditions</a> and to obtain <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, which have always been denied by absolutist regimes.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The Italian gazettes of the time had in fact created confusion on the events of the French riots, in particular by omitting the replacement of green with blue and red and thus reporting the erroneous news that the French tricolour was green, white and red.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666-33">[33]</a> The error about the colours of the French cockade took root among the demonstrators because the newspapers did not correct the error immediately although at the time, in Italy, about 80 newspapers were printed, five of which in Milan alone.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665-34">[34]</a> The news published were, at the beginning, also contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665-34">[34]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette">gazette</a> La Staffetta di Sciaffusa reported the news that the green French cockade made up of leaves had been replaced, the next day, by a red and white cockade (instead of blue and red).<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg/220px-Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg/330px-Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg/440px-Ripa_Maris_di_Genova_tra_il_1828_e_il_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> in the early 19th century. Here, the Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time, and with it the <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national colours">Italian national colours</a>.</figcaption></figure> Even on the subsequent and definitive French blue, white and red cockade, which was made on July 17, the newspapers made confusion reporting, as in the case of Il Corriere di Gabinetto, that it was only red and blue or, according to other newspapers, such as La Gazzetta Enciclopedica di Milano, which was white and pink.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666-33">[33]</a> More precise information, subsequently reported by all the Italian newspapers, correctly informed that there are three colours of the French cockade, however their shades erroneously cited as green, white and red cockades.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._667-32">[32]</a> The first documented trace of the use of the green, white and red cockade, which however does not specify the arrangement of the colours on the ornament, is dated 21 August 1789.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> In the historical archives of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> it is reported that eyewitnesses had seen some demonstrators wandering around the city with "the new French white, red and green cockade introduced recently in Paris".<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> The use of the term "new cockade" is indicative of the French makeshift cockades made of leaves to those in two and subsequently three colours, despite ignoring the real chromatic composition.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._664-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/220px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/330px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/440px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>The Italian tricolour cockade represented as a roundel</figcaption></figure> The use of the cockade was viewed with suspicion and aversion by the Genoese state authorities, since it recalled those social impulses that were beginning to spread in Europe; the popular ferments had in fact frequently rebellious and destabilizing connotations.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> The Italian flag was therefore born as a form of popular protest against the absolutist regimes that ruled the peninsula at the time and not as a patriotic manifestation of Italianness, given that it was still far from the birth of that national awareness that then led to the unification of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> It is also not excluded that the green, white and red cockade, with the erroneous belief in the use of green instead of blue, an inaccuracy perhaps caused by the previous use of green leaves, was born before 21 August, and in a different city than Genoa.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._663-37">[37]</a> The revolutionary ferments of the French events probably arrived in Italy before that date, it being understood that we do not yet have documented traces of this possible first realization of the tricolour cockade.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> It is proven by written evidence that the first revolutionary uprisings, in Italy, took place in August in the Papal State, but the sources relating to these events do not mention tricolour cockades, but only ornaments composed with leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._662-4">[4]</a> Finally, when the correct information on the chromatic composition of the French cockade arrived in Italy, the Italian Jacobins decided to keep green instead of blue, because it represented nature, and therefore metaphorically also <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural rights</a>, that is <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> and freedom, both principles dear to them.<a href="#cite_note-valori-21">[21]</a> Although the green, white and red tricolour, when introduced, simply had an imitative value, it was taken as a symbol of the Italian homeland during the popular uprisings of the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_tricolour_cockade_becomes_one_of_the_national_symbols_of_Italy">The tricolour cockade becomes one of the national symbols of Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The tricolour cockade becomes one of the national symbols of Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_delle_poste_(Firenze),_loggiato_esterno,_pavimento,_bandiera_italiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Palazzo_delle_poste_%28Firenze%29%2C_loggiato_esterno%2C_pavimento%2C_bandiera_italiana.JPG/220px-Palazzo_delle_poste_%28Firenze%29%2C_loggiato_esterno%2C_pavimento%2C_bandiera_italiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Palazzo_delle_poste_%28Firenze%29%2C_loggiato_esterno%2C_pavimento%2C_bandiera_italiana.JPG/330px-Palazzo_delle_poste_%28Firenze%29%2C_loggiato_esterno%2C_pavimento%2C_bandiera_italiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Palazzo_delle_poste_%28Firenze%29%2C_loggiato_esterno%2C_pavimento%2C_bandiera_italiana.JPG/440px-Palazzo_delle_poste_%28Firenze%29%2C_loggiato_esterno%2C_pavimento%2C_bandiera_italiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The three <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national colours">Italian national colours</a> carved into the floor of the Post Office Building in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. After their appearance in Genoa on 21 August 1789, red, white and green gradually became part of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)" title="Imaginary (sociology)">collective imaginary</a> until they were represented in the most varied areas.</figcaption></figure> The adoption in Italy of the green, white and red cockade was not immediate and univocal by the Italian patriots. Other appearances, still sporadic, of alternative cockades to the Genoese one after that of 1789 took place the following year, when they appeared in the red and white <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, and in 1792 in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Maurizio" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Maurizio">Porto Maurizio</a>, in the Republic of Genoa, red and white again.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._669-38">[38]</a> The first appearance of the Italian tricolour cockade abroad took place in 1791 in <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, France, brought by some Genoese sailors.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._669-38">[38]</a> Later the green, white and red cockade always spread to a greater extent, gradually becoming the only ornament used in Italy by the rioters.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The patriots began to call it "Italian cockade" making it become one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">symbols of the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> In fact, the error of gazette headlines on the colours of the French tricolour cockade was clarified, and consequently the connotations of uniqueness were assumed, green, white and red adopted by the Italian patriots as one of the most important symbols of the insurrectional and political struggle, aimed at completing the national unit taking the name of "Italian tricolour".<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The green, white and red tricolour thus acquired a strong patriotic value, becoming one of the symbols of national awareness, a change that gradually led it to enter the <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)" title="Imaginary (sociology)">collective imaginary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">[19]</a> The use of the Italian tricolour was not limited to the presence of green, white and red in a cockade, the latter, having been born on 21 August 1789, heralded by seven years the first tricolour <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a>, which was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Legion" title="Lombard Legion">Lombard Legion</a> on 11 October 1796,<a href="#cite_note-difesa-5">[5]</a> which is associated with the first official approval of the Italian national colours by the authorities. In this case Napoleon, and eight years later with the adoption of the flag of Italy, which was born on 7 January 1797, when it first assumed the role of the national flag of a sovereign Italian state, the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quirinale-pdf-6">[6]</a> The subsequent adoption by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriots</a> of the green, white and red tricolour was immediate, unambiguous and devoid of political contrasts. In France the opposite happened since the French tricolour was taken as a symbol first by the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicans</a>, then by the <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartists</a> that were in antagonism with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, who had the royal white flag with the <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> of France as their reference flag.<a href="#cite_note-valori-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cockade_of_the_Bologna_revolt">The cockade of the Bologna revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The cockade of the Bologna revolt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg/220px-Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg/330px-Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg/440px-Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></figcaption></figure> From a historical perspective, given the judicial process and the clamor that followed, were the tricolour cockades made in 1794 by two students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, Luigi Zamboni from Bologna and Giovanni Battista De Rolandis from <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a>, who placed themselves at the head of an insurrectional attempt to free Bologna from papal rule. In addition to the two students, there were also two medical doctors, Antonio Succi and Angelo Sassoli, who then betrayed the patriots by referring everything to the papal police, and four other people (Giuseppe Rizzoli, known as Dozza, Camillo Tomesani, Antonio Forni Mago Sabino and Camillo Galli).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897249-39">[39]</a> Luigi Zamboni had previously expressed the desire to create a tricolour flag that would become the flag of a united Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">[40]</a> During this revolt attempt, which took place between 13 and 14 November 1794 (or, according to other sources, 13 December 1794),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">[40]</a> the demonstrators led by De Rolandis and Zamboni flaunted a red and white cockade (which are also the colours of the municipal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bologna" title="Coat of arms of Bologna">coat of arms of Bologna</a>) having a green <a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">lining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">[40]</a> These cockades were made by Zamboni's parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">[40]</a> These cockades had green in the centre, white immediately outside and red on the edge.<a href="#cite_note-castellalfero-1">[1]</a> During the recruitment work, De Rolandis and Zamboni managed to convince 30 people to participate in their attempt at insurrection. The two, to carry out the attempted revolt, purchased some firearms which later proved to be of poor quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">[40]</a> The goal was to spread a leaflet intended to give rise to Bologna and <a href="/wiki/Castel_Bolognese" title="Castel Bolognese">Castel Bolognese</a>, proclaiming that there was no effect whatsoever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberelli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alberelli.JPG/220px-Alberelli.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alberelli.JPG/330px-Alberelli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alberelli.JPG/440px-Alberelli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>View of the Giardino della Montagnola in Bologna, where Zamboni and De Rolandis were buried. Their bodies were later dispersed.</figcaption></figure> After failing to raise the city, the revolutionaries tried to take refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, but the local police first captured them in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Covigliaio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covigliaio (page does not exist)">Covigliaio</a> and then handed them over to the papal authorities. After the capture of the fugitives, the latter launched an action "Super complocta et seditiosa compositione destributa per civitatem in conventicula armata" (a prosecution for fomenting armed treasonous conspiracy throughout the state) at the Tribunale del Torrone (the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> of Bologna). The trial involved all the participants in the insurrectional attempt, the family of Zamboni and the Succi brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897253-41">[41]</a> Zamboni was found dead in a cell nicknamed "Inferno" ("Hell"), which he shared with two common criminals, probably killed by them on the orders of the police or perhaps suicide after an unsuccessful escape attempt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512-42">[42]</a> on 18 August 1795.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoli2000423-43">[43]</a> De Rolandis was publicly executed, after being subjected to interrogation preceded and followed by ferocious torture,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> on 26 April 1796.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512-42">[42]</a> Zamboni's father died almost 80 years after suffering terrible torture, while his mother was first whipped through the streets of Bologna and then sentenced to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512-42">[42]</a> The other defendants, where they had minor penalties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897253-41">[41]</a> were freed shortly thereafter by the French, who in the meantime had invaded <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region)" title="Emilia (region)">Emilia</a> driving out the pontiffs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512-42">[42]</a> The bodies of De Rolandis and Zamboni were then solemnly buried in Bologna in the Giardino della Montagnola on the direct order of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> before being dispersed in 1799 with the arrival of the Austrians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512-42">[42]</a> The historic cockade, which is owned by the De Rolandis family, has been exhibited for some time in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">National Museum of the Italian Risorgimento</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-castellalfero-1">[1]</a> In 2006, during some renovations, it was transferred to the European Student Museum of the University of Bologna, where it is still preserved.<a href="#cite_note-castellalfero-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_use_during_the_Napoleonic_era">Free use during the Napoleonic era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Free use during the Napoleonic era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">Flags of Napoleonic Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Compagnoni" title="Giuseppe Compagnoni">Giuseppe Compagnoni</a>, known as the "father of the Italian flag". Compagnoni was the first to propose the adoption of a tricolour flag for a sovereign Italian state, the Cispadane Republic.</figcaption></figure> The tricolour cockade appeared, after the events of Bologna, during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s entry into <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on 15 May 1796.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201010-46">[46]</a> These cockades, having the typical circular shape, possessed red on the outside, green on an intermediate position and white in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196513-47">[47]</a> These ornaments were worn by the rioters even during the religious ceremonies officiated inside the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> as thanks for the arrival of Napoleon, who was seen, at least initially, as a liberator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201010-46">[46]</a> The tricolour cockades then became one of the official symbols of the Milanese National Guard, which was founded on 20 November 1796, and then spread elsewhere along the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-valori-21">[21]</a> The tricolour cockade was particularly linked to the Jacobin movement, which made it one of its most important symbols.<a href="#cite_note-valori-21">[21]</a> Precisely on the occasion of the first adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">green, white and red flag</a> by a sovereign Italian state, the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, which is dated 7 January 1797 and which was decreed by an assembly held in a <a href="/wiki/Sala_del_Tricolore" title="Sala del Tricolore">hall of the town hall of Reggio Emilia</a>, it was decided that the tricolour cockade, also considered one of the official symbols of the newborn Napoleonic state,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897706-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201046-49">[49]</a> should have been worn by all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla20101-50">[50]</a> On that occasion, Giuseppe Compagnoni, who is celebrated as the "father of the Italian flag",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVecchio200342-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002157-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi19999-53">[53]</a> proposed the adoption of the Italian flag and cockade. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] From the minutes of the XIV Session of the Cispadan Congress: Reggio Emilia, 7 January 1797, 11 am. <a href="/wiki/Sala_del_Tricolore_(Reggio_Emilia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala del Tricolore (Reggio Emilia)">Patriotic Hall</a>. The participants are 100, deputies of the populations of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia. Giuseppe Compagnoni also motioned that the standard or Cispadan Flag of three colours, Green, White and Red, should be rendered Universal and that these three colours should also be used in the Cispadan Cockade, which should be worn by everyone. It is decreed. [...]<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Decree of adoption of the tricolour flag by the Cispadane Republic</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg/220px-Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg/330px-Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg/440px-Sala_tricolore_reggio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The 18th century <a href="/wiki/Sala_del_Tricolore" title="Sala del Tricolore">Sala del Tricolore</a>, which later became the council chamber of the town hall of Reggio Emilia, where the tricolour flag was officially adopted by the Cispadane Republic</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, civilians were obliged to wear a tricolour cockade pinned to their clothes, a coercion that was sanctioned, on 13 May 1797, also in Modena and Reggio Emilia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201011–12-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002159–160-56">[56]</a> Even without the need for obligations on the part of the authorities, the cockade spread more and more among the population, who wore it with pride, laying the foundations, together with other factors, for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002160-57">[57]</a> By decree of 18 May 1797, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Municipality_of_Venice" title="Provisional Municipality of Venice">Provisional Municipality of Venice</a> noted that "the nation had adopted...the tricolour cockade green, white, and red" and adopted it for its own use as well.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On 29 June 1797, with the merger of the Cispadane Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadane Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> was born, a pro-French state body that extended over <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, on part of <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region)" title="Emilia (region)">Emilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a> and which had Milan as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002162-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201013–14-60">[60]</a> The event, which took place at the <a href="/wiki/Lazaretto" title="Lazaretto">lazaretto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, was characterized by a riot of flags and tricolour cockades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002163-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Its_use_during_the_Italian_unification">Its use during the Italian unification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Its use during the Italian unification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_riots">The first riots</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The first riots">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg/220px-Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg/330px-Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg/440px-Mansi_-_ritratto_di_Carlo_Alberto_di_Savoia_-_litografia_-_ca._1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia">Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia</a></figcaption></figure> With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist monarchical regimes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">national colours of Italy</a>, and with it the tricolour cockade, went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201010-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002169-62">[62]</a> and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The social ferments that led to the birth of Italian patriotism originated in the Napoleonic era, during which the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> spread, including the concept of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986129-64">[64]</a> Although the pre-Napoleonic regimes had been restored, liberal ideas often resulted in the will of the people to free themselves from foreign domination by constituting a unitary and independent state body. As in the Italian case, while the demand for greater <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> on the part of the population did not stop with the reconstitution of the absolutist states, the uprisings that would have characterized the 19th century resurfaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201018-65">[65]</a> The use of the tricolour cockade was forbidden by the Austrians in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> together with the use of the green, white and red flag under <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986119-66">[66]</a> The purpose of this provision, quoting the textual words of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>, was to "make people forget that they are Italian".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986137-67">[67]</a> The tricolour cockade appeared, for the first time after the Napoleonic era, during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">uprisings of 1820–21</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> pinned on the hats or clothes of Italian patriots; its reappearance was therefore still sporadic and limited to a specific territory.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The tricolour cockade appeared again during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">revolts of 1830–31</a>, pinned on the clothing of Italian patriots, which took place mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a>, in which there was a profusion of handkerchiefs and of tricolour cockades. Also in this case, its appearance was limited to some states of the Italian peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavelliSangiorgiTarozzi199643-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg/220px-Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg/330px-Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg/440px-Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">National Museum of the Italian Risorgimento in Turin</a> which is the oldest and most important museum dedicated to the Italian unification due to the richness and representativeness of its collections<a href="#cite_note-visitatorino-70">[70]</a> and the only one that officially has the title of "national"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusico2005215-71">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> In this context, in 1820, on the occasion of the solemn celebrations linked to the granting of the constitution by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a>, the members of the royal family wore tricolour cockades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppi184329-72">[72]</a> The uprisings of 1820–21 had in fact the greatest consequences in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, where the uprisings were led for a short period by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia">Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertoldi200063-65_and_p._76.-73">[73]</a> who had not yet become king, and in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The latter, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Parliament" title="Sicilian Parliament">Sicilian Parliament</a>, was also reopened and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neapolitan_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neapolitan Parliament (page does not exist)">Neapolitan Parliament</a> was convened for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicceri2004114-74">[74]</a> If the riots of the 14th and 15th centuries were driven by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a>, with all the effects of chance, including the link with <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a>, the patriotic revolts of the 19th century, with their ideas of independence and freedom, and iconic symbols, among which there were the cockades, were instead inspired by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986131-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_revolutions_of_1848">The revolutions of 1848</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The revolutions of 1848">edit</a>]</div> Tricolour cockades continued to be the protagonists, pinned on the chest or on the hats of patriots, in the popular uprisings that followed such as the case of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a> (18–22 March 1848), during which they had a wide diffusion among the insurgents, many of whom were religious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECattaneo2011Chapt._XI-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201020-77">[77]</a> The Milanese clergy actively supported the patriotic demands of their faithful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201021-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fre_ftr_ber_sto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Fre_ftr_ber_sto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="111" /></a><figcaption>The parade <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a>, which is based on a tricolour cockade</figcaption></figure> In this context, on 23 March 1848, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">king of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia issued a proclamation with decisive political connotations with which the Sardinian sovereign assured the provisional government of Milan formed following the five days that his troops, ready to come to his aid, would have used the Italian tricolour as a <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViola1905II-79">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"In order to show more clearly with exterior signs the commitment to Italian unification, We want that Our troops ... have the Savoy shield placed on the Italian tricolour flag.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2june2006_363.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2june2006_363.jpg/220px-2june2006_363.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2june2006_363.jpg/330px-2june2006_363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2june2006_363.jpg/440px-2june2006_363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regiment_%22Lancieri_di_Montebello%22_(8th)" title="Regiment "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th)">Cavalry regiment "Lancieri di Montebello"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a> on 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the Italian tricolour cockade.</figcaption></figure> The Milanese then welcomed Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia and his troops with a profusion of flags and tricolour cockades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201022-81">[81]</a> On 14 June 1848, a <a href="/wiki/Circulaire" title="Circulaire">circulaire</a> from the Ministry of War of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, decreed the replacement of the Savoy blue cockade, in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">all military areas in which it was used</a>, with the tricolour cockade:<a href="#cite_note-eleri-82">[82]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[...] With the ministerial circulaire of 14 June 1848 it was made known to the Governors and the Viceroy of Piedmont-Sardinia to have S.M. ordered that the Italian National Tricolour Flag with the Savoy Cross on it be replaced with the one existing in the Forts and other places where it is usually raised; that this Flag was also distributed to all Corps of the Royal Army, and limited in the future to only one for each Regiment; and that both the officers, and all the troops, had likewise to replace the blue with the cockade for the three Italian national colours; the use of which, according to the declarations of the ministerial dispatch of 13 July following, should undoubtedly be extended to all the R. Employees who wore a uniform. [...].<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ministerial Circular of June 14, 1848 of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2june2006_274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2june2006_274.jpg/220px-2june2006_274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2june2006_274.jpg/330px-2june2006_274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2june2006_274.jpg/440px-2june2006_274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a> in full uniform at the <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a> of 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the Italian tricolour cockade.</figcaption></figure> The blue cockade was until then placed on the hat of the uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> caps and on the headgear of the cavalry regiments.<a href="#cite_note-cerimoniale-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-bersaglieri-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On the hat of the Carabinieri the blue cockade was present since the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">military branch</a>, which is dated 1814,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> for the cavalry its introduction is ascribable to 1843<a href="#cite_note-eleri-82">[82]</a> while for the Bersaglieri to 1836.<a href="#cite_note-bersaglieri-85">[85]</a> Specifically, the excerpt from the <a href="/wiki/Circulaire" title="Circulaire">circulaire</a> dated 14 June 1848 stated that the blue cockade would be replaced:<a href="#cite_note-cerimoniale-84">[84]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[…] [With] the cockade with the three Italian national colours conforming to the established models. [...].<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ministerial Circulaire of June 14, 1848 of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</cite></div></blockquote> In the institutional context, the blue cockade had a different fate. The <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, which was promulgated on 4 March 1848 by Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia, hence the name, and which later became the fundamental law of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, provided in article 77 that the blue cockade was the national one alone.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This article remained in force until 1 January 1948 when the Albertine Statute was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of the Italian Republic</a>, which sanctioned the use of the tricolour cockade in all official seats of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-giappichelli-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Mantegazza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Laura_Mantegazza.jpg/220px-Laura_Mantegazza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Laura_Mantegazza.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laura_Solera_Mantegazza" title="Laura Solera Mantegazza">Laura Solera Mantegazza</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a> of the tricolour cockades, it appeared in all <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Italian pre-unification states</a>, from the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia pinned on the hats or clothes of Italian patriots,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-palermotoday-94">[94]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGangemi20121857-95">[95]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">that of Modena and Reggio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECattaneo2011Chapt._XI-76">[76]</a> The tricolour cockade was among the symbols most frowned upon by the authorities, for example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles II, Duke of Parma">Charles II, Duke of Parma</a>, although he was not among the most <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> sovereigns (so much so that he granted relative freedom of the press), he forbade its use in his duchy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the official context, the cockade became one of the official symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, a state which became independent from the Bourbon kingdom during the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a>.<a href="#cite_note-palermotoday-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_unification_of_Italian_peninsula">The unification of Italian peninsula</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The unification of Italian peninsula">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocca_150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rocca_150.jpg/220px-Rocca_150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rocca_150.jpg/330px-Rocca_150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rocca_150.jpg/440px-Rocca_150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Tricolour cockade projected on the <a href="/wiki/Rocca_Estense,_San_Felice_sul_Panaro" title="Rocca Estense, San Felice sul Panaro">Rocca Estense, San Felice sul Panaro</a> on the occasion of the 150th <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_unification_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniversary of the unification of Italy">anniversary of the unification of Italy</a> (2011)</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> the territories that were gradually conquered by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III of France</a> acclaimed the two sovereigns as liberators waving green, white and red flags and wearing tricolour cockades. The regions ready to ask for annexation to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia through the <a href="/wiki/Plebiscites" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscites">plebiscites</a> of the unification of Italy also expressed their desire to be part of a united Italy with the waving of flags and the use of cockades on their clothes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellocchi200896–101-98">[98]</a> The tricolour cockades were also present during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> (1860), starting to appear on the jackets of the Sicilians who gradually swelled the ranks of the Garibaldians.<a href="#cite_note-Candido-99">[99]</a> In particular, they made their debut shortly before <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s conquest of Palermo, and then followed the hero of the two worlds in his victorious campaign in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.<a href="#cite_note-Candido-99">[99]</a> Tricolour cockades were given to the inhabitants of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, just before each movement of insurrection, so that they would have a distinctive sign with an unequivocal meaning.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> They were also pinned on the cap of the official uniform of the body of public order established by Giuseppe Garibaldi in the lands that were progressively conquered.<a href="#cite_note-societaitalianastoriamilitare-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/220px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/330px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/440px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori" title="Frecce Tricolori">Frecce Tricolori</a>, with the smoke trail representing the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">national colours of Italy</a>, above the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Victor Emmanuel II Monument</a> in Rome during the celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a>. They represent the best known scenographic use of the three Italian national colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliaro200525-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> Tricolour cockades were made by some Milanese patriots, led by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Solera_Mantegazza" title="Laura Solera Mantegazza">Laura Solera Mantegazza</a>, to finance the Expedition of the Thousand.<a href="#cite_note-cartamonetaitaliana-103">[103]</a> Each tricolour cockade, which was sold for one <a href="/wiki/Lira" title="Lira">lira</a>, was associated with a numbered ticket bearing on the front the effigy of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian tricolour and the words "Soccorso a Garibaldi", while on the back the words "Soccorso alla Sicilia".<a href="#cite_note-cartamonetaitaliana-103">[103]</a> 24,442 cockades were sold, a result below expectations perhaps due to an unfounded rumor spread among the supporting population that part of the profit obtained from the sale of the cockades would go to <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, a patriot disliked by some of the Milanese.<a href="#cite_note-cartamonetaitaliana-103">[103]</a> The use of tricolour cockades continued even after the Italian unification conquests ended. In the territories then subject to plebiscites, even after the popular consultation, the use of green, white and red ornaments pinned on clothes and caps was very common.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 17 March 1861, there was the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, the formal act that sanctioned, with a normative act of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, the birth of the unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_uses">Subsequent uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subsequent uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aeronautical_and_military_field">Aeronautical and military field</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aeronautical and military field">edit</a>]</div> After the Italian unification, the tricolour cockade continued to be used in the military field on the parade headdresses of the aforementioned departments of the Italian armed forces and was also introduced in the aeronautical field.<a href="#cite_note-sport-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-prima_guerra_mondiale-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eurofighter.jpg/310px-Eurofighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eurofighter.jpg/465px-Eurofighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Eurofighter.jpg/620px-Eurofighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Cockades applied to the fuselage of a <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> on display at the air show in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, in a photo from 1998. The cockades represent, from the left, the <a href="/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_del_Aire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejército del Aire">Ejército del Aire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>).</figcaption></figure> After the entry of the Kingdom of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the Italian Supreme Military Command realized the inadequacy of the markings previously used on Italian aircraft, therefore it ordered to paint the vertical <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> with the tricolour and the <a href="/wiki/Intrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrados">intrados</a> of the wings with green, white and red sections for the recognition of nationality.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20012-108">[108]</a> Much more often, however, the central section was not painted white, remaining the colour of the canvas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20012-108">[108]</a> As a further mark, the tricolour cockade, in the roundel version with the external red, the central white and the internal green, was established on 21 December 1917, being placed on the sides of the fuselage and above the upper wing.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20014-110">[110]</a> The following period, tricolour cockades appeared that had a green perimeter and a red central disc with a position of the colours that was inverted compared to that conventionally used. Following complaints from the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20013-111">[111]</a> aimed at avoiding confusion between cockades used on the planes of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> and with the aircraft of the French <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">Aéronautique Militaire</a>, which operated in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">same theater of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-prima_guerra_mondiale-106">[106]</a> Often the aircraft purchased from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> kept however, for practicality, some rosettes with the red on the outside, simply superimposing the green on the central blue, therefore the reverse of the nationally produced airplanes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi200113-113">[113]</a> The Italian tricolour cockade was used discontinuously until 1927, when it was replaced by a cockade depicting the <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, one of the most identifying symbols of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seconda_guerra_mondiale-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gianluigi_Buffon_(31784615942)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gianluigi_Buffon_%2831784615942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gianluigi_Buffon_%2831784615942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gianluigi_Buffon_%2831784615942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gianluigi_Buffon_%2831784615942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gianluigi_Buffon_%2831784615942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gianluigi_Buffon_%2831784615942%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon" title="Gianluigi Buffon">Gianluigi Buffon</a> in 2016, wearing the tricolour cockade (top left badge) representing the victory of <a href="/wiki/Juventus_FC" title="Juventus FC">Juventus FC</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia" title="Coppa Italia">Coppa Italia</a> in the previous season. Also present in the image is the <a href="/wiki/Scudetto" title="Scudetto">Scudetto</a>, worn by the current holders of the <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a> title.</figcaption></figure> In the aeronautical field, the tricolour cockade with red outwards and green in the centre returned to use, without being changed, in 1943, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-prima_guerra_mondiale-106">[106]</a> on the occasion of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Air_Force" title="Italian Co-belligerent Air Force">Italian Co-belligerent Air Force</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">fall of fascism</a>, there was the immediate disappearance of all the symbols linked to it, including the fasces.<a href="#cite_note-seconda_guerra_mondiale-114">[114]</a> The tricolour cockade, which was then widely used on all Italian state <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, not only military,<a href="#cite_note-vigili-fuoco-7">[7]</a> is still today one of the symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 1991, the low visibility tricolour cockade was introduced, which is characterized by a narrower white band than the other two.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Also in the military field, the tricolour cockade has been the basis of the parade frieze of the Bersaglieri, cavalry regiments, Carabinieri (when it replaced the Italian blue cockade in this role), and of the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a> since 14 June 1848.<a href="#cite_note-gdf-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-fregio-9">[9]</a> The latter was founded in 1862, therefore after the change of the cockade in 1848, the Guardia di Finanza has always had, as the basis of its frieze, the tricolour cockade.<a href="#cite_note-gdf-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institutional_context">Institutional context</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Institutional context">edit</a>]</div> It is tradition for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_order_of_precedence" title="Italian order of precedence">most important offices of the Italian State</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a>, to have pinned on the jacket, during the <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a> celebrated every 2 June, a tricolour cockade.<a href="#cite_note-festa-repubblica-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sport">Sport</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Italian sport</a>, the tricolour cockade became the distinctive symbol of the successes in national cups starting in the 1950s; the cockade is sewn on the jersey of the team holding the trophy for the following season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201040-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Italian tricolour cockade made its debut in football in the <a href="/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Coppa_Italia" title="1958–59 Coppa Italia">1958–59 season</a> on <a href="/wiki/S.S._Lazio" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S. Lazio">Lazio</a> jerseys.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In football, starting from the <a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Coppa_Italia" title="1985–86 Coppa Italia">1985–86 season</a>, the cockade used for the teams holding the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia" title="Coppa Italia">Coppa Italia</a> underwent a change. The version with the inverted colours began to be used, that is with the green outside and the red in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Coppa_Italia" title="2006–07 Coppa Italia">2006–07 season</a> the conventional typology was restored, the one with red on the outside and green in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In football, the cockade is also a symbol, again in the roundel shape,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201040-117">[117]</a> of the victories in the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_D" title="Coppa Italia Serie D">Coppa Italia Serie D</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti" title="Coppa Italia Dilettanti">Coppa Italia Dilettanti</a> and — with green on the outside and red on the inside<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201040-117">[117]</a> — in the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C" title="Coppa Italia Serie C">Coppa Italia Serie C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_cockade_of_Italy_in_music">The cockade of Italy in music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The cockade of Italy in music">edit</a>]</div> A famous song written by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Dall%27Ongaro" title="Francesco Dall'Ongaro">Francesco Dall'Ongaro</a> and set to music by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Gordigiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Gordigiani (page does not exist)">Luigi Gordigiani</a> was dedicated to the tricolour cockade:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanichelli1902438-125">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And my love went to <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, bring me the cockade of three colours: the white is the faith that chains us, red is the joy of our hearts. I will put a <a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">verbena</a> leaf in it which I myself fed with fresh moods. And I'll tell him the green, the red and the white they fit him well with a sword at his side, and I will tell him that the white, the red and the green it is a trio that is played and not lost and I will tell him that the green, the white and the red you mean that Italy has shaken its <a href="/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a>, Finally I will tell him that the tricolour emblem is of faith, of peace and love<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The tricolour cockade, by Francesco Dall'Ongaro and Luigi Gordigiani</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_azure_cockade">Italian azure cockade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Italian azure cockade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/220px-Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/330px-Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/440px-Italy_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>The Italian azure cockade</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy._Sardinia,_1803-1818_(NYPL_b14896507-1536222).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Italy._Sardinia%2C_1803-1818_%28NYPL_b14896507-1536222%29.tiff/lossy-page1-310px-Italy._Sardinia%2C_1803-1818_%28NYPL_b14896507-1536222%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Italy._Sardinia%2C_1803-1818_%28NYPL_b14896507-1536222%29.tiff/lossy-page1-465px-Italy._Sardinia%2C_1803-1818_%28NYPL_b14896507-1536222%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Italy._Sardinia%2C_1803-1818_%28NYPL_b14896507-1536222%29.tiff/lossy-page1-620px-Italy._Sardinia%2C_1803-1818_%28NYPL_b14896507-1536222%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5320" data-file-height="6226" /></a><figcaption>1818 depiction of a Carabiniere with the Italian azure cockade on his hat</figcaption></figure> The Italian azure cockade was one of the representative ornaments of Italy, obtained by circularly pleating an azure ribbon. Coming from the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_blue" title="Savoy blue">Savoy blue</a>, the colour of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Italian royal family</a> from 1861 to 1946, the azure cockade remained officially in use until 1 January 1948, when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Italian Republic">constitution of the Italian Republic</a> came into force, after which it was replaced, in all official offices, from the Italian tricolour cockade. The azure cockade originates from at least in the 17th century, as evidenced by some documents which confirm its presence on military uniforms in use at the time of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia">Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Other sources testify to its use even in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Albertine Statute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a>, which was promulgated on 4 March 1848, and which later became the fundamental law of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, foresaw that the azure cockade was the only national one. In this way the azure, historical colour of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and even before the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, was kept alongside the tricolour cockade born in 1789, and which was instead very common among the population.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On 14 June 1848, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Circulaire" title="Circulaire">circulaire</a> from the Ministry of War decreed the replacement of the azure cockade, which until then had been placed on the hat of the uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>, with "the cockade to the three Italian national colours in accordance with the established models".<a href="#cite_note-cerimoniale-84">[84]</a> This was not an exception; similarly the tricolour cockade replaced the azure one, for example, on the frieze of the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> caps and on the headdresses of the soldiers of the cavalry regiments.<a href="#cite_note-cerimoniale-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On the hat of the Carabinieri the azure cockade was present since the founding of the branch, which is dated 1814,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> while for the cavalry branch its introduction can be ascribed to 1843,<a href="#cite_note-eleri-82">[82]</a> The azure cockade was instead used during the Sardinian campaign in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a> in 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaeta (1860)">siege of Gaeta</a> (also dated 1860), the repression of <a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">post-unitary brigandage</a> (1860–70) and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> (1866), in all cases pinned on the uniforms of the generals and that of the officers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The blue cockade was officially in use until 1 January 1948, when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Italian Republic">Constitution of the Italian Republic</a> came into force, being replaced, in all official locations, by the Italian tricolour cockade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_evolution_of_the_cockade_of_Italy">Historical evolution of the cockade of Italy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical evolution of the cockade of Italy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_institutional_context">In the institutional context</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In the institutional context">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (until 1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1948)"><img alt="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (until 1861) and Kingdom of Italy (1861–1948)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/120px-Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/180px-Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/240px-Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> (until 1861) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1948)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian Republic (1948–present)"><img alt="Italian Republic (1948–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/120px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/180px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/240px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a> (1948–present)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_military_field">In the military field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In the military field">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (until 1848)"><img alt="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (until 1848)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/120px-Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/180px-Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg/240px-Italy_SIMPLE_Cockade_Blu_Savoia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (until 1848)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (1848–1861), Kingdom of Italy (1861–1948) and Italian Republic (1948–present)"><img alt="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (1848–1861), Kingdom of Italy (1861–1948) and Italian Republic (1948–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/120px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/180px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/240px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (1848–1861), Kingdom of Italy (1861–1948) and Italian Republic (1948–present)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_aeronautical_field">In the aeronautical field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In the aeronautical field">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corpo Aeronautico, Regia Aeronautica and Italian Air Force (1917–1918 and 1943–present)"><img alt="Corpo Aeronautico, Regia Aeronautica and Italian Air Force (1917–1918 and 1943–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/120px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/180px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg/240px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_Force_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpo_Aeronautico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpo Aeronautico (page does not exist)">Corpo Aeronautico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a> (1917–1918 and 1943–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corpo Aeronautico and Regia Aeronautica (1918–1927)"><img alt="Corpo Aeronautico and Regia Aeronautica (1918–1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg/120px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg/180px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg/240px-Roundel_of_the_Italian_Air_force_color_correct.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corpo Aeronautico and Regia Aeronautica (1918–1927)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931940).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regia Aeronautica (on the fuselage only: 1927–1943)"><img alt="Regia Aeronautica (on the fuselage only: 1927–1943)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg/120px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg/180px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg/240px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281922%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regia Aeronautica (on the fuselage only: 1927–1943)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian Air Force for low visibility procedures (1991–present)"><img alt="Italian Air Force for low visibility procedures (1991–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg/120px-LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg/180px-LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg/240px-LV_Italian_Air_Force_roundel_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italian Air Force for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_visibility_procedures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low visibility procedures (page does not exist)">low visibility procedures</a> (1991–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Italy_(1940%E2%80%931943).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regia Aeronautica (only on the wings: 1935–1943)"><img alt="Regia Aeronautica (only on the wings: 1935–1943)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/120px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/180px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/240px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regia Aeronautica (only on the wings: 1935–1943)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_sports_field">In the sports field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In the sports field">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coppa Italia (1958–1985 and 2006–present)"><img alt="Coppa Italia (1958–1985 and 2006–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/120px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/180px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/240px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia" title="Coppa Italia">Coppa Italia</a> (1958–1985 and 2006–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coppa Italia Dilettanti (1966–1985 and 2006–present)"><img alt="Coppa Italia Dilettanti (1966–1985 and 2006–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/120px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/180px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/240px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti" title="Coppa Italia Dilettanti">Coppa Italia Dilettanti</a> (1966–1985 and 2006–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccarda_Italia_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coppa Italia and Coppa Italia Dilettanti (1985–2006)"><img alt="Coppa Italia and Coppa Italia Dilettanti (1985–2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coccarda_Italia_color.svg/120px-Coccarda_Italia_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coccarda_Italia_color.svg/180px-Coccarda_Italia_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coccarda_Italia_color.svg/240px-Coccarda_Italia_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coppa Italia and Coppa Italia Dilettanti (1985–2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coppa Italia Serie C (1972–present)"><img alt="Coppa Italia Serie C (1972–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg/120px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg/180px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg/240px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_LegaPro_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C" title="Coppa Italia Serie C">Coppa Italia Serie C</a> (1972–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coppa Italia Serie D (1999–present)"><img alt="Coppa Italia Serie D (1999–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/120px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/180px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg/240px-Coccarda_Coppa_Italia_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_D" title="Coppa Italia Serie D">Coppa Italia Serie D</a> (1999–present)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-castellalfero_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renata+Polverini%3A+coccarde+tricolori+alla+sua+giunta+ma+i+colori+sono+invertiti+%E2%80%93+Il+Messaggero&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuovaresistenza.org%2F2011%2F03%2Frenata-polverini-coccarde-tricolori-alla-sua-giunta-ma-i-colori-sono-invertiti%25C2%25A0-%25C2%25A0il-messaggero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roundel-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roundel_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roundel_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roundel_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocardes.monde.online.fr/v2html/en/alphabet.html">"Roundels of the World"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 24 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roundels+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcocardes.monde.online.fr%2Fv2html%2Fen%2Falphabet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopribudapest-15"><a href="#cite_ref-scopribudapest_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scopribudapest.com/festa-nazionale-con-diverse-coccarde/">"Festa nazionale con diverse coccarde"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festa+nazionale+con+diverse+coccarde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscopribudapest.com%2Ffesta-nazionale-con-diverse-coccarde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdye1802271-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdye1802271_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdye1802271_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdye1802">Adye 1802</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroiani199899-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroiani199899_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroiani199899_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTroiani1998">Troiani 1998</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucchetti2014Chapt._22-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucchetti2014Chapt._22_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucchetti2014">Lucchetti 2014</a>, Chapt. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._668_19-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 668. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=668&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/speciali/colori/Ridolfi.html">"La politica dei colori nell'Italia contemporanea"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+politica+dei+colori+nell%27Italia+contemporanea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fmagazine%2Flingua_italiana%2Fspeciali%2Fcolori%2FRidolfi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-valori-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valori_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valori_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valori_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valori_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valori_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valori_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=25&wid=988">"I valori – Il Tricolore"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+valori+%E2%80%93+Il+Tricolore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D25%26wid%3D988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elysee-22"><a href="#cite_ref-elysee_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-drapeau-francais/">"Le drapeau français – Présidence de la République"</a> (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+drapeau+fran%C3%A7ais+%E2%80%93+Pr%C3%A9sidence+de+la+R%C3%A9publique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Fla-presidence%2Fle-drapeau-francais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cherasco-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Cherasco_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/tricolore_nacque.html">"Otto mesi prima di Reggio il tricolore era già una realtà"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otto+mesi+prima+di+Reggio+il+tricolore+era+gi%C3%A0+una+realt%C3%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomarconi.com%2Fmarconi%2Fcarducci%2Ftricolore_nacque.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002156-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002156_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002156_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897239-267_and_676-710-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897239-267_and_676-710_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiorini1897">Fiorini 1897</a>, pp. 239-267 and 676-710. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 654–680. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=654-680&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolzano-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolzano_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolzano_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolzano2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bolzano, Giacomo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ynpQ5lnU2EC&q=Camille+Desmoulins+coccarda+francese+verde+foglie&pg=PA174">Giovani del terzo millennio, di Giacomo Bolzano</a> (in Italian). Armando Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788883587504" title="Special:BookSources/9788883587504"><bdi>9788883587504</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giovani+del+terzo+millennio%2C+di+Giacomo+Bolzano&rft.pub=Armando+Editore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788883587504&rft.aulast=Bolzano&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ynpQ5lnU2EC%26q%3DCamille%2BDesmoulins%2Bcoccarda%2Bfrancese%2Bverde%2Bfoglie%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-italia-oggi-28"><a href="#cite_ref-italia-oggi_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italiaoggi.it/giornali/dettaglio_giornali.asp?preview=false&accessMode=FA&id=2139232&codiciTestate=1">"Il verde no, perché è il colore del re. Così la Francia ha scelto la bandiera blu, bianca e rossa ispirandosi all'America"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+verde+no%2C+perch%C3%A9+%C3%A8+il+colore+del+re.+Cos%C3%AC+la+Francia+ha+scelto+la+bandiera+blu%2C+bianca+e+rossa+ispirandosi+all%27America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiaoggi.it%2Fgiornali%2Fdettaglio_giornali.asp%3Fpreview%3Dfalse%26accessMode%3DFA%26id%3D2139232%26codiciTestate%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 660. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=660&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660-661-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._660-661_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 660–661. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=660-661&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._661_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 661. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=661&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._667-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._667_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._667_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 667. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=667&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._666_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 666. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=666&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._665_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 665. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=665&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._664-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._664_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 664. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=664&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The French tricolour cockade was called by the Italian press "people's cockade", "citizens cockade", "liberty cockade", "patriotic cockade", "national cockade", "freedom signal" and "Assembly cockade" National "as a testimony of its universal value, linked to the ideals of the revolution, which transcended the nation in which it was born. See books by Ferorelli on p. 665. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._663-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._663_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 663. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=663&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli|p._669-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._669_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli|p._669_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 669. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=669&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897249-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897249_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiorini1897">Fiorini 1897</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196511_40-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFColangeli1965">Colangeli 1965</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897253-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897253_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897253_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiorini1897">Fiorini 1897</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196512_42-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFColangeli1965">Colangeli 1965</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoli2000423-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoli2000423_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoli2000">Poli 2000</a>, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/sommossa_di_bologna.html">"La sommossa di Bologna"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+sommossa+di+Bologna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomarconi.com%2Fmarconi%2Fcarducci%2Fsommossa_di_bologna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302112259/http://www.radiomarconi.com/Marconi/carducci/cronologia_del_tricolore.html">"Cronologia della nascita della Bandiera Nazionale Italiana sulla base dei fatti accaduti in seguito alla sommossa bolognese del 1794"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/cronologia_del_tricolore.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cronologia+della+nascita+della+Bandiera+Nazionale+Italiana+sulla+base+dei+fatti+accaduti+in+seguito+alla+sommossa+bolognese+del+1794&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomarconi.com%2Fmarconi%2Fcarducci%2Fcronologia_del_tricolore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201010-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201010_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201010_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201010_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColangeli196513-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColangeli196513_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColangeli1965">Colangeli 1965</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897706-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiorini1897706_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiorini1897">Fiorini 1897</a>, p. 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201046-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201046_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla20101-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla20101_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVecchio200342-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVecchio200342_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVecchio2003">Vecchio 2003</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002157-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002157_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi19999-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarozzi19999_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarozzi1999">Tarozzi 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> [...] Dal verbale della Sessione XIV del Congresso Cispadano: Reggio Emilia, 7 gennaio 1797, ore 11. Sala Patriottica. Gli intervenuti sono 100, deputati delle popolazioni di Bologna, Ferrara, Modena e Reggio Emilia. Giuseppe Compagnoni fa pure mozione che si renda Universale lo Stendardo o Bandiera Cispadana di tre colori, Verde, Bianco e Rosso e che questi tre colori si usino anche nella Coccarda Cispadana, la quale debba portarsi da tutti. Viene decretato. [...] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201011–12-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201011–12_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002159–160-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002159–160_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002160-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002160_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MI_Q3kIMcIoC">Raccolta di Carte pubbliche, istruzioni, legislazioni ec. ec. ec. del nuovo Veneto Governo Democratico</a>. Vol. I. Venice: Silvestro Gatti. 1797. pp. xxvii–xxviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raccolta+di+Carte+pubbliche%2C+istruzioni%2C+legislazioni+ec.+ec.+ec.+del+nuovo+Veneto+Governo+Democratico&rft.place=Venice&rft.pages=xxvii-xxviii&rft.pub=Silvestro+Gatti&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMI_Q3kIMcIoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002162-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002162_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201013–14-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201013–14_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002163-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002163_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002169-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002169_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaiorino2002">Maiorino 2002</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ghisi, Enrico Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870) Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in The American Historical Review Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1843352">1843352</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986129-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986129_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronziniDal_Mestre1986">Bronzini & Dal Mestre 1986</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201018-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201018_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986119-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986119_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronziniDal_Mestre1986">Bronzini & Dal Mestre 1986</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986137-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986137_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronziniDal_Mestre1986">Bronzini & Dal Mestre 1986</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronteinsieme.it/2st/mo_bro.html">"Cenni storici sulla città di Bronte"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cenni+storici+sulla+citt%C3%A0+di+Bronte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bronteinsieme.it%2F2st%2Fmo_bro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavelliSangiorgiTarozzi199643-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGavelliSangiorgiTarozzi199643_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGavelliSangiorgiTarozzi1996">Gavelli, Sangiorgi & Tarozzi 1996</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-visitatorino-70"><a href="#cite_ref-visitatorino_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412003832/http://www.visitatorino.com/museo_risorgimento.htm">"Museo nazionale del Risorgimento italiano"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitatorino.com/museo_risorgimento.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museo+nazionale+del+Risorgimento+italiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitatorino.com%2Fmuseo_risorgimento.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusico2005215-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusico2005215_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBusico2005">Busico 2005</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppi184329-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppi184329_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoppi1843">Coppi 1843</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertoldi200063-65_and_p._76.-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertoldi200063-65_and_p._76._73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertoldi2000">Bertoldi 2000</a>, pp. 63-65 and p. 76.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicceri2004114-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicceri2004114_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRicceri2004">Ricceri 2004</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986131-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronziniDal_Mestre1986131_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronziniDal_Mestre1986">Bronzini & Dal Mestre 1986</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECattaneo2011Chapt._XI-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECattaneo2011Chapt._XI_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECattaneo2011Chapt._XI_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCattaneo2011">Cattaneo 2011</a>, Chapt. XI. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201020-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201020_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201021-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201021_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViola1905II-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViola1905II_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViola1905">Viola 1905</a>, p. II. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Per viemmeglio dimostrare con segni esteriori il sentimento dell'unione italiana, vogliamo che le nostre truppe, entrando nel territorio della Lombardia e della Venezia, portino lo Scudo di Savoia sovrapposto alla bandiera tricolore italiana </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201022-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201022_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-eleri-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eleri_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eleri_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eleri_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eleri.interfree.it/itn2008/uniformi/Italia/uniform_es_sardo.html">"Regolamenti su uniformi, equipaggiamento e armi"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regolamenti+su+uniformi%2C+equipaggiamento+e+armi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feleri.interfree.it%2Fitn2008%2Funiformi%2FItalia%2Funiform_es_sardo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> […] Con Circolare ministeriale del 14 giugno 1848 si faceva noto ai Governatori ed al Viceré di Sardegna avere S.M. ordinato, che la Bandiera Tricolore Nazionale Italiana con sopra la Croce di Savoia fosse sostituita a quella esistente nei Forti ed altri luoghi ove si suole inalberare; che tale Bandiera fosse distribuita pure a tutti i Corpi del R. Esercito, e limitata in avvenire ad una sola per ogni Reggimento; e che tanto gli Uffiziali, come le truppe tutte, avessero parimenti a sostituire all'azzurra la Coccarda ai tre colori nazionali italiani; l'uso della quale, secondo le dichiarazioni del Dispaccio ministeriale 13 luglio successivo, dovesse senza dubbio estendersi a tutti i R. Impiegati che vestissero una divisa. […] </li> <li id="cite_note-cerimoniale-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cerimoniale_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cerimoniale_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cerimoniale_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cerimoniale_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidenza.governo.it/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/Bandiera.pdf">"La bandiera - Cenni storici e norme per l'esposizione"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+bandiera+-+Cenni+storici+e+norme+per+l%27esposizione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresidenza.governo.it%2Fufficio_cerimoniale%2Fcerimoniale%2FBandiera.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bersaglieri-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bersaglieri_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bersaglieri_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313235231/http://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/">"Il cappello piumato"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/">the original</a> on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+cappello+piumato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it%2Fil-cappello-piumato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150703/http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html">"Il contributo della Cavalleria all'Unità d'Italia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+contributo+della+Cavalleria+all%27Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assocavalleria.eu%2Funita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san.beniculturali.it/web/san/dettaglio-notizia-san?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_X7Qi&articleId=8207744&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&groupId=10704&viewMode=normal">"13 luglio 1814: nasce il corpo dei Carabinieri"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+luglio+1814%3A+nasce+il+corpo+dei+Carabinieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan.beniculturali.it%2Fweb%2Fsan%2Fdettaglio-notizia-san%3Fp_p_id%3D56_INSTANCE_X7Qi%26articleId%3D8207744%26p_p_lifecycle%3D1%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26groupId%3D10704%26viewMode%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> […] [con] la coccarda ai tre colori nazionali italiani conforme ai modelli stabiliti. […] </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siciliapiemonte.com/index.php?id=838">"Le origini della bandiera italiana"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+origini+della+bandiera+italiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siciliapiemonte.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=25&wid=988">"Il Tricolore"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Tricolore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D25%26wid%3D988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-giappichelli-91"><a href="#cite_ref-giappichelli_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074547/https://old.giappichelli.it/stralci/3481811.pdf">"I diritti fondamentali nell'esperienza costituzionale italiana: dallo Statuto Albertino alla Costituzione repubblicana"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.giappichelli.it/stralci/3481811.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+diritti+fondamentali+nell%27esperienza+costituzionale+italiana%3A+dallo+Statuto+Albertino+alla+Costituzione+repubblicana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.giappichelli.it%2Fstralci%2F3481811.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museotorino.it/view/s/ad2fcadf701148f89af04e9c28c27d29">"I moti: la "rivoluzione dall'alto" del 1848"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+moti%3A+la+%22rivoluzione+dall%27alto%22+del+1848&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museotorino.it%2Fview%2Fs%2Fad2fcadf701148f89af04e9c28c27d29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/tempo-libero/2016/07/05/news/friuli-italiano-1866-2016-1.13768364">"Udine e i moti del 1848, quel sogno di libertà infranto dagli austriaci"</a> (in Italian). 5 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Udine+e+i+moti+del+1848%2C+quel+sogno+di+libert%C3%A0+infranto+dagli+austriaci&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmessaggeroveneto.gelocal.it%2Ftempo-libero%2F2016%2F07%2F05%2Fnews%2Ffriuli-italiano-1866-2016-1.13768364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palermotoday-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palermotoday_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palermotoday_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palermotoday.it/cronaca/anniversario-rivoluzione-siciilana-12-gennaio-1848.html">"12 gennaio 1848, in piazza contro il Re: quella volta che Palermo stupì l'Europa"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+gennaio+1848%2C+in+piazza+contro+il+Re%3A+quella+volta+che+Palermo+stup%C3%AC+l%27Europa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palermotoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Fanniversario-rivoluzione-siciilana-12-gennaio-1848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGangemi20121857-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGangemi20121857_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGangemi2012">Gangemi 2012</a>, p. 1857. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726210043/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=26247&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"Rassegna storica del Risorgimento"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=26247&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">the original</a> on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rassegna+storica+del+Risorgimento&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D26247%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it/184/piacenza-nel-risorgimento&pag=3">"Piacenza nel Risorgimento"</a> (in Italian). 19 June 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piacenza+nel+Risorgimento&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piacenzaprimogenita150.it%2Findex.php%3Fit%2F184%2Fpiacenza-nel-risorgimento%26pag%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellocchi200896–101-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellocchi200896–101_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellocchi2008">Bellocchi 2008</a>, pp. 96–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Candido-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Candido_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Candido_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trapaninostra.it/libri/Centro_Studi_Garibaldini/Quaderni_1_di_Salvatore_Candido/Studi_Garibaldini_Quaderno_1_di_Salvatore_Candido.pdf">"Studi Garibaldini - I quaderni"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). p. 38. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studi+Garibaldini+-+I+quaderni&rft.pages=38&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trapaninostra.it%2Flibri%2FCentro_Studi_Garibaldini%2FQuaderni_1_di_Salvatore_Candido%2FStudi_Garibaldini_Quaderno_1_di_Salvatore_Candido.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211095515/http://www.cricd.it/produzioni%20editoriali/Garibaldi%20e%20i%20Mille.pdf">"Garibaldi e i Mille Un'impresa da catalogare"</a> (PDF). p. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cricd.it/produzioni%20editoriali/Garibaldi%20e%20i%20Mille.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+e+i+Mille+Un%27impresa+da+catalogare&rft.pages=52&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricd.it%2Fproduzioni%2520editoriali%2FGaribaldi%2520e%2520i%2520Mille.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-societaitalianastoriamilitare-101"><a href="#cite_ref-societaitalianastoriamilitare_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/quaderni/QUADERNO%20SISM%202010%20L%20ANNO%20DI%20TEANO.pdf">"L'anno di Teano"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27anno+di+Teano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org%2Fquaderni%2FQUADERNO%2520SISM%25202010%2520L%2520ANNO%2520DI%2520TEANO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaliaro200525-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaliaro200525_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaliaro2005">Caliaro 2005</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-cartamonetaitaliana-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cartamonetaitaliana_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartamonetaitaliana_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cartamonetaitaliana_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805235131/http://www.cartamonetaitaliana.com/lista-articoli/61-coccarda-patriottica.html">"Coccarda patriottica per il soccorso a Garibaldi"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartamonetaitaliana.com/lista-articoli/61-coccarda-patriottica.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coccarda+patriottica+per+il+soccorso+a+Garibaldi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartamonetaitaliana.com%2Flista-articoli%2F61-coccarda-patriottica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/i-plebisciti-e-le-elezioni_%28L%27Unificazione%29">"I plebisciti e le elezioni"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+plebisciti+e+le+elezioni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fi-plebisciti-e-le-elezioni_%2528L%2527Unificazione%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunuraghe.it/2013/regno-di-sardegna-regno-ditalia-repubblica-italiana">Regno di Sardegna, Regno d'Italia, Repubblica Italiana</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-prima_guerra_mondiale-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prima_guerra_mondiale_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prima_guerra_mondiale_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prima_guerra_mondiale_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008092352/http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20italia.htm">"Prima Guerra Mondiale - Italia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20italia.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prima+Guerra+Mondiale+-+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalestoria.net%2Fw%2520w%2520i%2520italia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ministerial Circulaire of June 28, 1915. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20012-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlegi20012_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlegi20012_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlegi2001">Alegi 2001</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Circulaire 37568 of the Aeronautical Services Office (U.S.A.) of the Supreme Command. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20014-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlegi20014_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlegi2001">Alegi 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi20013-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlegi20013_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlegi2001">Alegi 2001</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Compared to the Italian one, the French cockade simply has blue instead of green, while the British cockade is practically identical to the French one, but with the red and blue inverted position. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlegi200113-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlegi200113_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlegi2001">Alegi 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-seconda_guerra_mondiale-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seconda_guerra_mondiale_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seconda_guerra_mondiale_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727184953/http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20i%20italia%20aeronautica%20militare.html">"Seconda Guerra Mondiale - Italia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20i%20italia%20aeronautica%20militare.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seconda+Guerra+Mondiale+-+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalestoria.net%2Fw%2520w%2520i%2520i%2520italia%2520aeronautica%2520militare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Documents/Documenti_aprile/Scheda%2025%20aprile_contributo%20AM.pdf">"Il contributo dell'Aeronautica Militare"</a> (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+contributo+dell%27Aeronautica+Militare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.difesa.it%2FPrimo_Piano%2FDocuments%2FDocumenti_aprile%2FScheda%252025%2520aprile_contributo%2520AM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsm.it/articoli/ri/specialcolor.html">"AMI Special Colors"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMI+Special+Colors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsm.it%2Farticoli%2Fri%2Fspecialcolor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201040-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201040_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201040_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilla201040_117-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVilla2010">Villa 2010</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passionemaglie.it/2011/01/quando-scudetto-e-coccarda-sono-sulla-stessa-maglia/">"Quando scudetto e coccarda sono sulla stessa maglia..."</a> passionemaglie.it. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=passionemaglie.it&rft.atitle=Quando+scudetto+e+coccarda+sono+sulla+stessa+maglia...&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passionemaglie.it%2F2011%2F01%2Fquando-scudetto-e-coccarda-sono-sulla-stessa-maglia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pronostici.betclic.it/coppa-italia-albo-doro-record-statistiche-e-curiosita">"Albo d'oro – Storia della Coppa Italia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 12 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albo+d%27oro+%E2%80%93+Storia+della+Coppa+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpronostici.betclic.it%2Fcoppa-italia-albo-doro-record-statistiche-e-curiosita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> See the colours of the cockade in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanaccogiallorosso.it/1984-1985/Campionato/13Giornata/Roma-Cremonese.html">"AS Roma 1984-1985"</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AS+Roma+1984-1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanaccogiallorosso.it%2F1984-1985%2FCampionato%2F13Giornata%2FRoma-Cremonese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> See the colours of the cockade in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juhatamminen.photoshelter.com/image/I0000eHlx54uM2Go">"Juha Tamminen"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juha+Tamminen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjuhatamminen.photoshelter.com%2Fimage%2FI0000eHlx54uM2Go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> See the colours of the cockade in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115134/https://www.inter.it/it/palmares/28">"14° scudetto 2005-2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inter.it/it/palmares/28">the original</a> on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14%C2%B0+scudetto+2005-2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inter.it%2Fit%2Fpalmares%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> See the colours of the cockade in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilcalcio.net/serie-A-2006-07.php">"Serie A: Inter Campione d'Italia 2006-2007"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serie+A%3A+Inter+Campione+d%27Italia+2006-2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilcalcio.net%2Fserie-A-2006-07.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifobianconero.it/wiki/storia_coppa_italia">"Storia Coppa Italia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 12 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+Coppa+Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tifobianconero.it%2Fwiki%2Fstoria_coppa_italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanichelli1902438-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanichelli1902438_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanichelli1902">Zanichelli 1902</a>, p. 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> E lo mio amore se n'è ito a Siena, portommi la coccarda di tre colori: il candido è la fé che c'incatena, il rosso è l'allegria de' nostri cuori. Ci metterò una foglia di verbena ch'io stessa alimentai di freschi umori. E gli dirò che il verde, il rosso e il bianco gli stanno ben con una spada al fianco, e gli dirò che il bianco, il rosso e il verde gli è un terno che si gioca e non si perde e gli dirò che il verde, il bianco e il rosso vuoi dir che Italia il giogo suo l'ha scosso, Infine gli dirò che il tricolore emblema è di fè, di pace e amore </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.associazionetommaseo.it/node/28">"Conosci Torino?"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conosci+Torino%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.associazionetommaseo.it%2Fnode%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bandieresabaude.it/Bandiere03.html">"Le uniformi da Vittorio Amedeo II a Carlo Emanuele III"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+uniformi+da+Vittorio+Amedeo+II+a+Carlo+Emanuele+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bandieresabaude.it%2FBandiere03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siciliapiemonte.com/index.php?id=838">"Le origini della bandiera italiana"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+origini+della+bandiera+italiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siciliapiemonte.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=25&wid=988">"Il Tricolore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Tricolore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D25%26wid%3D988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313235231/http://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/">"Il cappello piumato"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/">the original</a> on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+cappello+piumato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it%2Fil-cappello-piumato%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150703/http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html">"Il contributo della Cavalleria all'Unità d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+contributo+della+Cavalleria+all%27Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assocavalleria.eu%2Funita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://san.beniculturali.it/web/san/dettaglio-notizia-san?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_X7Qi&articleId=8207744&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&groupId=10704&viewMode=normal">"13 luglio 1814: nasce il corpo dei Carabinieri"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+luglio+1814%3A+nasce+il+corpo+dei+Carabinieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsan.beniculturali.it%2Fweb%2Fsan%2Fdettaglio-notizia-san%3Fp_p_id%3D56_INSTANCE_X7Qi%26articleId%3D8207744%26p_p_lifecycle%3D1%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26groupId%3D10704%26viewMode%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiano2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciano, Antonio (21 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRhEDwAAQBAJ&q=coccarda+italiana+azzurra&pg=PT178">I Savoia e il Massacro del Sud</a> (in Italian). Ali Ribelli Edizioni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788833460086" title="Special:BookSources/9788833460086"><bdi>9788833460086</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Savoia+e+il+Massacro+del+Sud&rft.pub=Ali+Ribelli+Edizioni&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.isbn=9788833460086&rft.aulast=Ciano&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRhEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcoccarda%2Bitaliana%2Bazzurra%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivista_aeronautica1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ8pAQAAIAAJ&q=coccarda+bandiera+arrotolata">"Una gara non giocata ?"</a>. Rivista aeronautica (in Italian). 66. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+aeronautica&rft.atitle=Una+gara+non+giocata+%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZ8pAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcoccarda%2Bbandiera%2Barrotolata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangemi2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czqgCgAAQBAJ&q=coccarda+tricolore+1848+stato+pontificio&pg=PA1857">L'Archivio riservato del Ministero di grazia e giustizia dello Stato Pontificio (1849–1868)</a> (in Italian). Gangemi. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8252-069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8252-069-4"><bdi>978-88-8252-069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Archivio+riservato+del+Ministero+di+grazia+e+giustizia+dello+Stato+Pontificio+%281849%E2%80%931868%29&rft.pub=Gangemi&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-8252-069-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczqgCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcoccarda%2Btricolore%2B1848%2Bstato%2Bpontificio%26pg%3DPA1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdye1802" class="citation book cs1">Adye, Ralph Willett (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271">The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner</a>. T. Egerton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Bombardier%2C+and+Pocket+Gunner&rft.pub=T.+Egerton&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Adye&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Willett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-thAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlegi2001" class="citation book cs1">Alegi, Gregory (2001). Italian National Markings. Albatros Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902207-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-902207-33-5"><bdi>1-902207-33-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+National+Markings&rft.pub=Albatros+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-902207-33-5&rft.aulast=Alegi&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barbero, Alessandro (2015). Il divano di Istanbul (in Italian). Sellerio Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-389-3352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-389-3352-3"><bdi>978-88-389-3352-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+divano+di+Istanbul&rft.pub=Sellerio+Editore&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-88-389-3352-3&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellocchi2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bellocchi, Ugo (2008). Bandiera madre - I tre colori della vita (in Italian). Scripta Maneant. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95847-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-95847-01-6"><bdi>978-88-95847-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandiera+madre+-+I+tre+colori+della+vita&rft.pub=Scripta+Maneant&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-95847-01-6&rft.aulast=Bellocchi&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoldi2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertoldi, Silvio (2000). Il re che tentò di fare l'Italia. Vita di Carlo Alberto di Savoia (in Italian). Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-17-86481-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-17-86481-1"><bdi>88-17-86481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+re+che+tent%C3%B2+di+fare+l%27Italia.+Vita+di+Carlo+Alberto+di+Savoia&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=88-17-86481-1&rft.aulast=Bertoldi&rft.aufirst=Silvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronziniDal_Mestre1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bronzini, Giovanni Battista; Dal Mestre, Luigi (1986). "La restaurazione austriaca a Milano nel 1814". Lares. 52 (July–September). Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lares&rft.atitle=La+restaurazione+austriaca+a+Milano+nel+1814&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=July%E2%80%93September&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bronzini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista&rft.au=Dal+Mestre%2C+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusico2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Busico, Augusta (2005). Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia (in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy" title="National Library Service of Italy">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO2771748">IT\ICCU\UBO\2771748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore%3A+il+simbolo+la+storia&rft.pub=Presidenza+del+Consiglio+dei+Ministri%2C+Dipartimento+per+l%27informazione+e+l%27editoria&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Busico&rft.aufirst=Augusta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaliaro2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caliaro, Luigino (2005). "Frecce Tricolori". Pattuglie acrobatiche (in Italian). Edizioni Gribaudo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8058-873-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-8058-873-7"><bdi>88-8058-873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frecce+Tricolori&rft.btitle=Pattuglie+acrobatiche&rft.pub=Edizioni+Gribaudo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=88-8058-873-7&rft.aulast=Caliaro&rft.aufirst=Luigino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattaneo2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cattaneo, Carlo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxX-DAAAQBAJ&q=coccarda+mantova+moti+milano+1848&pg=PR11-IA1">Dell'insurrezione di Milano nel 1848 e della successiva guerra</a> (in Italian). Feltrinelli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-07-82231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-07-82231-5"><bdi>978-88-07-82231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dell%27insurrezione+di+Milano+nel+1848+e+della+successiva+guerra&rft.pub=Feltrinelli&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-07-82231-5&rft.aulast=Cattaneo&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxX-DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcoccarda%2Bmantova%2Bmoti%2Bmilano%2B1848%26pg%3DPR11-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColangeli1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colangeli, Oronzo (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni.it/webi/_file/documenti/risorgimento/movimentivalorilibri/valori/tricolore/tricolore%201_1.pdf">Simboli e bandiere nella storia del Risorgimento italiano</a> (PDF) (in Italian). Patron. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy" title="National Library Service of Italy">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/SBL0395583">IT\ICCU\SBL\0395583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simboli+e+bandiere+nella+storia+del+Risorgimento+italiano&rft.pub=Patron&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Colangeli&rft.aufirst=Oronzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2F_file%2Fdocumenti%2Frisorgimento%2Fmovimentivalorilibri%2Fvalori%2Ftricolore%2Ftricolore%25201_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppi1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coppi, Antonio (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2j46T2dvy3sC&q=coccarda+tricolore+1820+1821&pg=PA29">Annali d'Italia dal 1750 compilati da A. Coppi: Dal 1820 al 1829, Volume 7</a> (in Italian). Tipografia di Giuseppe Giusti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annali+d%27Italia+dal+1750+compilati+da+A.+Coppi%3A+Dal+1820+al+1829%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Tipografia+di+Giuseppe+Giusti&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Coppi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2j46T2dvy3sC%26q%3Dcoccarda%2Btricolore%2B1820%2B1821%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiorini1897" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fiorini, Vittorio (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nuovaantologia151romauoft#page/238/mode/2up">"Le origini del tricolore italiano"</a>. Nuova Antologia di Scienze Lettere e Arti (in Italian). LXVII (fourth series): 239–267 and 676–710. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy" title="National Library Service of Italy">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO3928254">IT\ICCU\UBO\3928254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuova+Antologia+di+Scienze+Lettere+e+Arti&rft.atitle=Le+origini+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=LXVII&rft.issue=fourth+series&rft.pages=239-267+and+676-710&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Fiorini&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnuovaantologia151romauoft%23page%2F238%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavelliSangiorgiTarozzi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gavelli, Mirtide; Sangiorgi, Otello; Tarozzi, Fiorenza (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1RmAAAAMAAJ&q=coccarda+1830+1831+stato+pontificio+ducati+emiliani">Colorare la patria: tricolore e formazione della coscienza nazionale, 1797-1914</a> (in Italian). Vallecchi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8252-069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8252-069-4"><bdi>978-88-8252-069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorare+la+patria%3A+tricolore+e+formazione+della+coscienza+nazionale%2C+1797-1914&rft.pub=Vallecchi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-88-8252-069-4&rft.aulast=Gavelli&rft.aufirst=Mirtide&rft.au=Sangiorgi%2C+Otello&rft.au=Tarozzi%2C+Fiorenza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1RmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcoccarda%2B1830%2B1831%2Bstato%2Bpontificio%2Bducati%2Bemiliani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucchetti2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lucchetti, Marco (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Do2XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19">1001 curiosità sulla storia che non ti hanno mai raccontato</a> (in Italian). Newton Compton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-541-7155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-541-7155-8"><bdi>978-88-541-7155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+curiosit%C3%A0+sulla+storia+che+non+ti+hanno+mai+raccontato&rft.pub=Newton+Compton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-88-541-7155-8&rft.aulast=Lucchetti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDo2XBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorino2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoli2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poli, Marco (2000). "Brigida Borghi Zamboni, la madre dell'eroe. Per una rilettura del caso Zamboni-De Rolandis". Strenna Storica Bolognese (in Italian). anno L: 415–450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-555-2567-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-555-2567-0"><bdi>88-555-2567-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strenna+Storica+Bolognese&rft.atitle=Brigida+Borghi+Zamboni%2C+la+madre+dell%27eroe.+Per+una+rilettura+del+caso+Zamboni-De+Rolandis&rft.volume=anno+L&rft.pages=415-450&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=88-555-2567-0&rft.aulast=Poli&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicceri2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ricceri, Marco (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvIYvDgRomwC&q=moti+1820+1821+regno+delle+due+sicilie+piemonte&pg=PA114">Il cammino dell'idea d'Europa: appunti e letture</a> (in Italian). Rubbettino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-498-1142-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-498-1142-1"><bdi>978-88-498-1142-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+cammino+dell%27idea+d%27Europa%3A+appunti+e+letture&rft.pub=Rubbettino&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-498-1142-1&rft.aulast=Ricceri&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvIYvDgRomwC%26q%3Dmoti%2B1820%2B1821%2Bregno%2Bdelle%2Bdue%2Bsicilie%2Bpiemonte%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarozzi1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6"><bdi>88-15-07163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+italiani+e+il+tricolore&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-15-07163-6&rft.aulast=Tarozzi&rft.aufirst=Fiorenza&rft.au=Vecchio%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroiani1998" class="citation book cs1">Troiani, Don; Kochan, James; Coates, Earl (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-X2vvS698p4C&pg=PA99">Soldiers in America, 1754–1865</a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0519-6"><bdi>978-0-8117-0519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+in+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0519-6&rft.aulast=Troiani&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Kochan%2C+James&rft.au=Coates%2C+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-X2vvS698p4C%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVecchio2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vecchio, Giorgio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MuTF4BEaChYC&pg=PA42">"Il tricolore"</a>. Almanacco della Repubblica (in Italian). Bruno Mondadori. pp. 42–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-424-9499-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-424-9499-2"><bdi>88-424-9499-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Il+tricolore&rft.btitle=Almanacco+della+Repubblica&rft.pages=42-55&rft.pub=Bruno+Mondadori&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=88-424-9499-2&rft.aulast=Vecchio&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMuTF4BEaChYC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villa, Claudio (2010). I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema (in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy" title="National Library Service of Italy">SBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11355389">IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+simboli+della+Repubblica%3A+la+bandiera+tricolore%2C+il+canto+degli+italiani%2C+l%27emblema&rft.pub=Comune+di+Vanzago&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viola, Orazio (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iltricoloreital00violgoog">Il tricolore italiano</a> (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Concetto Battiato. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-161-20869-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-161-20869-6"><bdi>978-1-161-20869-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+italiano&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Concetto+Battiato&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=978-1-161-20869-6&rft.aulast=Viola&rft.aufirst=Orazio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filtricoloreital00violgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanichelli1902" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zanichelli, Domenico (1902). "Una raccolta ottocentesca a stampa di canti patriottici popolari". Archivio Storico Italiano (in Italian). 30 (227). Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivio+Storico+Italiano&rft.atitle=Una+raccolta+ottocentesca+a+stampa+di+canti+patriottici+popolari&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=227&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Zanichelli&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACockade+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockade_of_Italy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_symbols_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Italy" title="Template:National symbols of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Italy" title="Template talk:National symbols of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_National_symbols_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_and_artistic_works_of_the_Vittoriano" title="Architectural and artistic works of the Vittoriano">Architectural and artistic works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Vittoriano" title="History of the Vittoriano">History of the Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Emblem of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">Flags of Napoleonic Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">List of Italian flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_del_Tricolore" title="Sala del Tricolore">Sala del Tricolore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scudetto" title="Scudetto">Scudetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori" title="Frecce Tricolori">Frecce Tricolori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Goddess Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_sparrow" title="Italian sparrow">Italian sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy" title="National colours of Italy">National colours of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Italy" title="Presidential standard of Italy">Presidential standard of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosso_corsa" title="Rosso corsa">Rosso corsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_blue" title="Savoy blue">Savoy blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_d%27Italia" title="Stella d'Italia">Stella d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">Strawberry tree</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/90px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (Risorgimento)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" 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