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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Franco-Prussian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Prussian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Franco-Prussian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Prussian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_capture_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_capture_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The capture of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_capture_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Capture of Rome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsazen%C3%AD_%C5%98%C3%ADma" title="Obsazení Říma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obsazení Říma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_de_Roma" title="Toma de Roma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toma de Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkero_de_Romo" title="Konkero de Romo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konkero de Romo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تصرف رم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصرف رم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prise_de_Rome" title="Prise de Rome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prise de Rome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%90%EB%A0%B9" title="로마 점령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마 점령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaklukan_Roma" title="Penaklukan Roma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penaklukan Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presa_di_Roma" title="Presa di Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presa di Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90_(1870)" title="כיבוש רומא (1870) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיבוש רומא (1870)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expugnatio_Romae" title="Expugnatio Romae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Expugnatio Romae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penawanan_Rom" title="Penawanan Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penawanan Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inname_van_Rome" title="Inname van Rome – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inname van Rome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erobringen_av_Roma" title="Erobringen av Roma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erobringen av Roma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofensywa_w%C5%82oska_w_Pa%C5%84stwie_Ko%C5%9Bcielnym" title="Ofensywa włoska w Państwie Kościelnym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ofensywa włoska w Państwie Kościelnym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomada_de_Roma" title="Tomada de Roma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tomada de Roma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexarea_Romei_de_c%C4%83tre_Regatul_Italiei" title="Anexarea Romei de către Regatul Italiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anexarea Romei de către Regatul Italiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Взятие Рима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Взятие Рима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauzimanje_Rima" title="Zauzimanje Rima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zauzimanje Rima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_valtaus" title="Rooman valtaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman valtaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkubkob_ng_Roma" title="Pagkubkob ng Roma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkubkob ng Roma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma%27n%C4%B1n_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Roma'nın düşüşü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma'nın düşüşü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1870)" title="Взяття Рима (1870) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Взяття Рима (1870)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%DB%81" title="روم پر قبضہ – 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Final event of Italian unification (1870)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1870 event in Italian unification. For other events in which Rome was captured, see <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fall of Rome (disambiguation)">Fall of Rome</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Capture of Rome</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg/280px-Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg/420px-Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg/560px-Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span><br /><i>Breach of Porta Pia</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ademollo" title="Carlo Ademollo">Carlo Ademollo</a> (1880)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 September 1870</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Italian victory </p> <ul><li>Fall of the Papal States</li> <li>Completion of the Italian unification</li> <li>Rome becomes the capital of Italy</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Annexation of Rome and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> by the Kingdom of Italy</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/20px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/31px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/40px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Cadorna" title="Raffaele Cadorna">Raffaele Cadorna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/20px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/31px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/40px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/20px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/31px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/40px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kanzler" title="Hermann Kanzler">Hermann Kanzler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 50,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 13,157</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 49 killed<br />132 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-pred150_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pred150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 19 killed<br />68 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-pred150_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pred150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vatican_City" title="Category:Vatican City">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><big><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (554–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> (750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (754–1870) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">Annates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Borders" title="Congregation for Borders">Congregation for Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Statute_for_the_Secular_Government_of_the_States_of_the_Church" title="Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church">Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capture of Rome</a> (1870)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>" (1870–1929) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Vatican_employee_sex_scandal" title="2010 Vatican employee sex scandal">2010 Vatican employee sex scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Papacy">History of the Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Historical_Institutes" title="Roman Historical Institutes">Roman Historical Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_Era_1870%E2%80%931929" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican during the Savoyard Era 1870–1929">Savoyard Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatileaks_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatileaks scandal">Vatileaks scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Vatican Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City during World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vatican_City" title="Capital punishment in Vatican City">Capital punishment in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status of the Holy See</a> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Alperin_v._Vatican_Bank" title="Alperin v. Vatican Bank">Alperin v. Vatican Bank</a></i>)</li> <li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Holy_See" title="Doe v. Holy See">Doe v. Holy See</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal of Vatican City State">Tribunal of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pastor_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Bonus">Apostolic Constitution <i>Pastor Bonus</i></a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vatican_City" title="LGBTQ rights in Vatican City">LGBTQ rights in Vatican City</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics and government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vatican_Lay_Workers" title="Association of Vatican Lay Workers">Association of Vatican Lay Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Giuseppe Bertello</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Commission">Pontifical Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Communications">Secretariat for Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> (Vatican City newspaper)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_della_Domenica" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Osservatore della Domenica">L'Osservatore della Domenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vatican_City" title="List of newspapers in Vatican City">List of newspapers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio_lawsuit" title="Vatican Radio lawsuit">Vatican Radio lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va (Vatican City internet sites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></div></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_of_Saint_Peter" title="Fabric of Saint Peter">Fabric of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apocrisiarius" title="Papal apocrisiarius">Papal apocrisiarius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vatican_City" title="Governor of Vatican City">Governor of Vatican City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church"><i>Camerlengo</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chamberlain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for the Vatican City State">Vical General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Vatican City)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Dominique Mamberti</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals (Vatican City)">Court of Appeals</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: Pio Vito Pinto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunale_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunale of Vatican City">Tribunale</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: G. di Sanguinetto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military in Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Universi Dominici Gregis">Universi Dominici Gregis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a> (Papal elections) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Recent conclaves <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">1978 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Gentleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Gentleman">Papal Gentleman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Pontifical_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Pontifical Household">Prefecture of the Pontifical Household</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Status in international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)</a> <dl><dd>Secretary for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Paul Gallagher (bishop)">Paul Gallagher</a></dd> <dd>Undersecretaries for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Camilleri_(prelate)" title="Antoine Camilleri (prelate)">Antoine Camilleri</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Nuncios</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_and_Holy_See_passports" title="Vatican City and Holy See passports">Vatican City and Holy See passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Vatican_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Vatican citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vatican_City" title="Visa policy of Vatican City">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">The Holy See and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Holy See–Italy relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See–Palestine relations">Holy See–Palestine relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vatican_City" title="Telephone numbers in Vatican City">Telephone numbers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Vatican City">Rail transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy_(Holy_See)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for the Economy (Holy See)">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">Financial Information Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_the_Patrimony_of_the_Apostolic_See" title="Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See">Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_for_the_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Holy_See" title="Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See">Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy" title="List of flags of the Papacy">List of Papal flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/00120" class="mw-redirect" title="00120">00120</a> (Vatican <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postcode</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music of Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Women in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Christmas_Tree" title="Vatican Christmas Tree">Vatican Christmas Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vatican_City" title="Sport in Vatican City">Sport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Vatican" title="The Story of the Vatican">The Story of the Vatican</a></i>, 1941 documentary</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Buildings/geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains of St. Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_(monastery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)">Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_Pontifici" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzi Pontifici">Palazzi Pontifici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Apartments">Papal Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Basilica">Lateran Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a 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title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Template:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Template talk:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Capture of Rome</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Presa di Roma</i>) occurred on 20 September 1870, as forces of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> took control of the city and of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. After a plebiscite held on 2 October 1870, Rome was officially made capital of Italy on 3 February 1871, completing the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> (<i>Risorgimento</i>). </p><p>The capture of Rome by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a> brought an end to the Papal States, which had existed since the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> in 756, along with the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">temporal power of the Holy See</a>, and led to the establishment of Rome as the capital of unified Italy. It is widely commemorated in Italy, especially in cathedral cities, by naming streets for the date: <i>Via XX Settembre</i> (spoken form: "Via Venti Settembre"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1870.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Italy_1870.svg/220px-Italy_1870.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Italy_1870.svg/330px-Italy_1870.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Italy_1870.svg/440px-Italy_1870.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Italy <i>(azure)</i> and the Papal States <i>(purple)</i> in early 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1859, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>, much of the Papal States had been conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>. The next year, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> resulted in the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> by Sardinia, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a> on 17 March 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new state had not yet incorporated Rome and the surrounding region of <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, which remained part of Papal States, and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, which was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">crown land</a> and would only be <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_of_Veneto_of_1866" title="Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866">annexed in 1866</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020334_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died soon after the proclamation of Italian national unity, leaving to his successors the solution of the knotty Venetian and Roman problems. Cavour had firmly believed that without Rome as the capital, Italy's unification would be incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-Schapiro218_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schapiro218-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "To go to Rome", said his successor, <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a>, "is not merely a right; it is an inexorable necessity." In regard to the future relations between church and state, Cavour's famous dictum was, "A free Church in a free State"; by which he meant that the former should be entirely free to exercise her spiritual powers and leave politics entirely to the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-Schapiro218_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schapiro218-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 March 1861, the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy">Italian Parliament</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and declared Rome the capital of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Italian government could not take its seat in Rome because it did not control the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a French garrison was maintained in the city by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in support of Pope Pius IX, who was determined not to hand over temporal power in the State of the Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco-Prussian_War">Franco-Prussian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Franco-Prussian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> began, and by early August, Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French not only needed the troops to defend their homeland, but were concerned that Italy might use the French presence in Rome as a pretext to join the war against France. In the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866, Italy had allied with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and Italian public opinion favored the Prussian side at the start of the Franco-Prussian War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField201254_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField201254-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of the French garrison allowed Italy to remain neutral and eased tensions between France and Italy. </p><p>It was only after the surrender of Napoleon III and his army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a> on 2 September that the situation changed radically. The French Emperor was captured and deposed. The best French units had been captured by the Prussians, who quickly followed up their success at Sedan by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%931871)" title="Siege of Paris (1870–1871)">marching on Paris</a>. Faced with a pressing need to defend the capital with its remaining forces, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of National Defence">provisional government</a> of the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Republic</a> was clearly not in a military position to retaliate against Italy. In any case, the republican government was far less sympathetic to the Holy See than the Empire and did not possess the political will to protect the pope's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1870, at the last moment of the papacy's rule over Rome, the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> affirmed the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg/280px-Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg/420px-Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg/560px-Pio_IX_Saint_Peter_Square_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius IX blesses his troops for the last time, at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, 25 April 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>In early September 1870, King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> sent Count <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Ponza_di_San_Martino" title="Gustavo Ponza di San Martino">Gustavo Ponza di San Martino</a> to Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> offering a face-saving proposal that agreed to the peaceful entry of the Italian army into Rome, under the guise of protecting the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with this letter, Ponza carried a list of provisions from Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanza" title="Giovanni Lanza">Giovanni Lanza</a>, setting out ten articles as the basis of an agreement between Italy and the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pope would retain his sovereign inviolability and prerogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a> would remain "under the full jurisdiction and sovereignty of the Pontiff".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian state would guarantee the pope's freedom to communicate with the Catholic world, as well as diplomatic immunity both for papal <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncios</a> and envoys in foreign lands and for foreign diplomats at the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government would supply a permanent annual fund for the pope and the cardinals, equal to the amount currently assigned to them by the budget of the pontifical state, and would assume all Papal civil servants and soldiers onto the state payroll, with full pensions as long as they were Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Raffaele De Cesare: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Pope's reception of San Martino [10 September 1870] was unfriendly. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!" San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ponza then informed Lanza of the pope's refusal of the ultimatum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200648_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200648-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, 11 September, Italian troops led by General <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Cadorna" title="Raffaele Cadorna">Raffaele Cadorna</a> entered the Papal States with the objective of taking Rome, occupying the port city of <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> on 16 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The papal garrisons had retreated from <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alatri" title="Alatri">Alatri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frosinone" title="Frosinone">Frosinone</a> and other strongholds in Lazio.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under instructions from the Italian government, which still hoped to avoid seizing the capital by force, Cadorna sent a final appeal to the Papacy later the same day for the peaceful surrender of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651–52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651–52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter addressed to General <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kanzler" title="Hermann Kanzler">Hermann Kanzler</a>, commander of the Papal troops in Rome, he highlighted "the strength of the forces involved in the attack compared to those on the defense", and renewed the request that the Papal army offered no resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanzler refused, responding to Cadorna that he and the Italian government would be responsible, "before God and before the tribunal of history", for any casualties that would result from an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_capture_of_Rome">The capture of Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The capture of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg/270px-I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg/405px-I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg/540px-I_bersaglieri_alla_presa_di_Porta_Pia._Autore_Michelle_Cammarano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4915" data-file-height="3045" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> at the capture of Porta Pia</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Cammarano" title="Michele Cammarano">Michele Cammarano</a> (1871)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrecciaPortaPia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/BrecciaPortaPia.jpg/280px-BrecciaPortaPia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/BrecciaPortaPia.jpg/420px-BrecciaPortaPia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/BrecciaPortaPia.jpg/560px-BrecciaPortaPia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>The breach in the Aurelian Walls (right), near <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a> (left), opened by Italian artillery fire during the Capture of Rome, in a contemporary photograph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papal_proto-national_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/220px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/330px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papal_proto-national_flag.svg/440px-Papal_proto-national_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag that flew over Porta Pia during the fall of the city, it was preserved by the Ruspoli princes of the <a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">black nobility</a>, first of all by Princess Cristina, and was preserved by the noble family for almost 141 years, until Prince Sforza Ruspoli handed it back to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Vatican Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone</a> on the occasion of the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Saint Michael Archangel</a>, patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Vatican Gerdarmerie corps</a>, in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 September, Minister of War <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Ricotti-Magnani" title="Cesare Ricotti-Magnani">Cesare Ricotti-Magnani</a> gave Cadorna the order to attack Rome, but informed that the Leonine City, which would be reserved for the pope, should be spared, while also advising moderation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan of attack was left entirely up to the general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Italian army approached the city's ancient <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a>, the Papal force, commanded by General Kanzler, was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Guard" title="Palatine Guard">Palatine Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Zouaves" title="Papal Zouaves">Papal Zouaves</a>—volunteers from France, Austria, the Netherlands, Spain, and other countries—for a total of 13,157 defenders against some 50,000 Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American consul in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Maitland_Armstrong" title="Maitland Armstrong">Maitland Armstrong</a>, described the civilian population as unwilling to defend the pope's rule, and only two hundred people in the whole city answered the papacy's call for volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under siege. Pius IX decided that the surrender of the city would only be granted after his troops had put up enough resistance, to make it plain that the Italian takeover was achieved through force and not freely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 5 a.m. on 20 September, Italian artillery began firing at the city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadorna commanded the major line of assault, while troops on the other side of the city, charged with creating a distraction, were led by General <a href="/wiki/Nino_Bixio" title="Nino Bixio">Nino Bixio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few hours, the Italian army breached the Aurelian Walls near <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>, through where the troops flooded into Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655–56_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655–56-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 49 Italian soldiers and 19 Papal soldiers died in the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-pred150_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pred150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to slightly different figures in a 2009 history of the Vatican military, the defence of Rome was far from bloodless, leaving 12 dead and 47 wounded among the Papal forces and 32 dead plus 145 wounded of the regular Italian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 6 am, one hour after the attack began, foreign envoys began to arrive at the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> to meet the pope, including the ambassadors of France, Austria-Hungary and Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius, members of his entourage, and the diplomatic corps later gathered at his library, where, at around 9 am,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014142_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014142-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he received the news from Kanzler's chief of staff of the opening of the breach near Porta Pia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, the terms of the Act of Capitulation were presented by Cadorna and signed by Kanzler at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Albani" title="Villa Albani">Villa Albani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which all of Rome, excluding the Leonine City, came under control of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657–58_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657–58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> was hoisted from the dome of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the defeated Papal forces were escorted to <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> by Italian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200658_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200658-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg/220px-Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg/330px-Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg/440px-Festa_in_Campidoglio_per_il_Plebiscito_di_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Celebration outside the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Senatorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Senatorio">Palazzo Senatorio</a>, in 1871, of the Roman plebiscite of 2 October 1870, which confirmed the city's incorporation into Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the terms of surrender, the Papal Army was disbanded and its foreign soldiers were immediately repatriated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020324_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020324-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope was allowed to retain the Swiss, <a href="/wiki/Noble_Guard" title="Noble Guard">Noble</a>, and Palatine guard units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most of the papal military demobilized, protests against Pius took place in the Leonine City on 21 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To legitimize the city's annexation, Prime Minister Lanza held a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscito_di_Roma_del_1870" class="extiw" title="it:Plebiscito di Roma del 1870">it</a>]</span> in Rome on 2 October 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 167,548 eligible voters, an overwhelming majority of 133,681 voted in favor of union with Italy, with 1,507 votes against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 October, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal decree">royal decree</a> confirmed the incorporation of Rome and surrounding Lazio into the Kingdom of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius denounced the plebiscite's result and instances of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral violence">electoral violence</a> employed to secure it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope issued the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i>Respicientes</i> on 1 November, in which he proclaimed a mass <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> of the invaders, including King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian government promised Pius sovereignty over the Leonine City and gave him assurances of his inviolability, but the pope still would not agree to give up his claims to a broader territory,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed that since his army had been disbanded, apart from a few guards, he was unable to ensure public order even in such a small area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 May 1871, the Italian Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a>, granting the pope extensive prerogatives, such as independence on foreign affairs and an annual grant from the Italian government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these measures satisfied the international community, including the Catholic countries, Pius refused to accept the law, proclaiming himself a "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20063_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20063-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg/330px-Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg/440px-Monument_to_the_Capture_of_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5836" data-file-height="8354" /></a><figcaption>Monument and <a href="/wiki/Victory_column" title="Victory column">victory column</a> to the Capture of Rome, at the site of the breach near Porta Pia</figcaption></figure> <p>For nearly sixty years thereafter, relations between the Papacy and the Italian government were hostile, and the status of the Pope became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a>". </p><p>Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman Question began in 1926 between the government of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and the Holy See, and culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Pacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Pacts">Lateran Pacts</a>, signed for King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, Prime Minister and Head of Government, and for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>, on 11 February 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-SignDate_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SignDate-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreements were signed in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a>, from which they take their name. In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established in the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a> (Road of the Conciliation), which would symbolically link the Vatican City to the heart of Rome. </p><p>The post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1948, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are regulated by the Lateran Treaties".<sup id="cite_ref-constitution7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, the concordat was significantly revised. Both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exclusive state financial support for the Church was also ended, and replaced by financing through a dedicated personal income tax called the <i><a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">otto per mille</a></i>, to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic (1849–1850)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_presa_di_Roma" title="La presa di Roma">La presa di Roma</a></i>, 1905 silent film directed by <a href="/wiki/Filoteo_Alberini" title="Filoteo Alberini">Filoteo Alberini</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pred150-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pred150_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pred150_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pred150_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svetkrestanstva.postoj.sk/61640/pred-150-rokmi-sa-skoncila-svetska-moc-papezov">"Cirkevné dejiny / Pred 150 rokmi sa skončila svetská moc pápežov"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cirkevn%C3%A9+dejiny+%2F+Pred+150+rokmi+sa+skon%C4%8Dila+svetsk%C3%A1+moc+p%C3%A1pe%C5%BEov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvetkrestanstva.postoj.sk%2F61640%2Fpred-150-rokmi-sa-skoncila-svetska-moc-papezov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020311_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolini2020">Bartolini 2020</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020334-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020334_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolini2020">Bartolini 2020</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schapiro, J. Salwyn, PhD, <i>Modern and Contemporary European History (1815–1921)</i> (Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition), p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schapiro218-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schapiro218_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schapiro218_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schapiro, J. Salwyn, PhD, <i>Modern and Contemporary European History (1815–1921)</i> (Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition), p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20067_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEField201254-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField201254_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFField2012">Field 2012</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200644_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200645_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These words are derived from the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a> 7:14 where the Prophet defies the emissary of the King of Israel; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible,_King_James,_Amos#Chapter_7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible, King James, Amos">s:Bible, King James, Amos#Chapter 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Cesare, 1909, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200648-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200648_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendina, <i>Enciclopedia di Roma</i>, p. 985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651–52-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200651–52_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200652_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/it/2011/09/29/news/vaticano-la-bandiera-di-porta-pia-ritorna-dopo-141-anni-1.36933263/">"Vaticano, la bandiera di Porta Pia ritorna dopo 141 anni"</a>. <i>La Stampa</i> (in Italian). 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=Vaticano%2C+la+bandiera+di+Porta+Pia+ritorna+dopo+141+anni&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fvatican-insider%2Fit%2F2011%2F09%2F29%2Fnews%2Fvaticano-la-bandiera-di-porta-pia-ritorna-dopo-141-anni-1.36933263%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200653_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Cesare, 1909, p. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200656_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655–56-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200655–56_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2011" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, David (9 May 2011). <i>The Pope's Soldiers</i>. University Press of Kansas. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1770-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-1770-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope%27s+Soldiers&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1770-8&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014142-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014142_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoppa2014">Coppa 2014</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014143_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoppa2014">Coppa 2014</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657–58-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200657–58_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200658-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200658_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020324-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolini2020324_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartolini2020">Bartolini 2020</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer200660_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppa2014145_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoppa2014">Coppa 2014</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKertzer20063-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKertzer20063_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKertzer2006">Kertzer 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SignDate-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SignDate_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2020-02/vatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html">"Vatican City turns 91"</a>. <i>Vatican News</i>. 11 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>. <q>The world's smallest sovereign state was born on February 11, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+City+turns+91&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2020-02%2Fvatican-city-lateran-treaty-holy-see-pope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html">"Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 – Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Patti+lateranensi%2C+11+febbraio+1929+%E2%80%93+Segreteria+di+Stato%2C+card.+Pietro+Gasparri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fsecretariat_state%2Farchivio%2Fdocuments%2Frc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constitution7_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy, article 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas&Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf">"Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See (English translation)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The American Society of International Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922053313/http://home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/Arvalstis_ligumi/Italijas%26Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+between+the+Italian+Republic+and+the+Holy+See+%28English+translation%29&rft.pub=The+American+Society+of+International+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.lu.lv%2F~rbalodis%2FBaznicu%2520tiesibas%2FAkti%2FArvalstis_ligumi%2FItalijas%26Sv.Kresla_konkordats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">Kertzer, David I.</a> (2006). <i>Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi's Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618619194" title="Special:BookSources/0618619194"><bdi>0618619194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoner+of+the+Vatican%3A+The+Popes%2C+the+Kings%2C+and+Garibaldi%27s+Rebels+in+the+Struggle+to+Rule+Modern+Italy&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0618619194&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Cesare, Raffaele. (1909).<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA449&dq=%22the+last+days+of+papal+rome%22">The Last Days of Papal Rome</a></i>. London: Archibald Constable & Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendina2000" class="citation book cs1">Rendina, Claudio (2000). <i>Enciclopedia di Roma</i>. Rome: Newton Compton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+di+Roma&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+Compton&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rendina&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppa2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Coppa" title="Frank J. Coppa">Coppa, Frank J.</a> (2014). <i>The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317900443" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317900443"><bdi>978-1317900443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Italian+Wars+of+Independence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317900443&rft.aulast=Coppa&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2012" class="citation book cs1">Field, Ron (2012). <i>Garibaldi</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849083225" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849083225"><bdi>978-1849083225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849083225&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolini2020" class="citation book cs1">Bartolini, Giulio (2020). <i>A History of International Law in Italy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+International+Law+in+Italy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bartolini&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schapiro, J. Salwyn, PhD, <i>Modern and Contemporary European History (1815–1921)</i> (Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Rome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capture_of_Rome" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222551/http://www.kattoliko.it/leggendanera/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=354">Article by Angela Pellicciari</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/a1867e.htm">Historical summary at cronologia.leonardo.it</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanmiscellany.blogspot.com/2008/10/papal-zouaves.html">The Papal Zouaves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084103/http://en.radiovaticana.va/storico/2011/10/20/papal_states_and_all_that_:_part_1/en1-528696"><i>Papal States and all that : Part 1</i>. Vatican Radio.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412160649/http://en.radiovaticana.va/storico/2011/10/20/papal_states_and_all_that_:_part_2/en1-530467"><i>Papal States and all that : Part 2</i>. Vatican Radio.</a></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/150px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/225px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/300px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of 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title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" 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