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History of North American fraternities and sororities - Wikipedia
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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phi_Beta_Kappa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phi_Beta_Kappa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phi Beta Kappa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phi_Beta_Kappa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegiate_fraternities_develop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegiate_fraternities_develop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Collegiate fraternities develop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegiate_fraternities_develop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_of_fraternities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_of_fraternities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Golden Age of fraternities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_of_fraternities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sororities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sororities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sororities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sororities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_and_honorary_fraternities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_and_honorary_fraternities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Professional and honorary fraternities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_and_honorary_fraternities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_fraternities_and_sororities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_fraternities_and_sororities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Religious fraternities and sororities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_fraternities_and_sororities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_fraternities_and_sororities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_fraternities_and_sororities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>African-American fraternities and sororities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_fraternities_and_sororities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfraternity_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfraternity_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interfraternity organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfraternity_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and sororities in North America">North American fraternity and sorority system</a> began with students who wanted to meet secretly, usually for discussions and debates not thought appropriate by the faculty of their schools. Today they are used as social, professional, and honorary groups that promote varied combinations of community service, leadership, and academic achievement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1776 in what would become the United States of America, collegiate student fraternal organizations that promoted scholarship, rhetoric, and ethical conduct existed only at <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">the College of New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, <a href="/wiki/College_literary_societies_(American)" class="mw-redirect" title="College literary societies (American)">literary societies</a> came into existence at virtually all the colleges and universities in America.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baird's_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird's-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baird's_Manual_Online_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird's_Manual_Online-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latin Societies were formal organizations, often with large assembly rooms. These organizations typically existed in pairs (two competing organizations on a campus), and took roughly half the students as members. At some colleges, students would even be assigned to a society by lot. The literary exercises of these societies usually consisted of a debate, and the meetings were open to the public. In addition to a debate, members could be assigned original poems, essays, fiction, to both compose and deliver. Each society had distinctive meetings, with more or less political, social, or religious discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These organizations also often adopted mottoes in Greek or Latin, and some had Greek letter names, such as <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Literary_Society" title="Phi Kappa Literary Society">Phi Kappa</a> society at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>. </p><p>These organizations figure prominently in the development of fraternities and sororities because many early fraternities were considered simply 'private' versions of the 'open' Latin societies, and the format of the meetings was derived from the Latin societies exercises. </p><p>The Latin Societies thrived until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It is suggested that the later college fraternities undermined them. There were attempts to restore some of these organizations in the 1870s. A few do survive, either in the original society, or with one or more breaks in their history, at the University of Georgia and Yale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phi_Beta_Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phi Beta Kappa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa Society</a>, founded on December 5, 1776, at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, was the first fraternal organization in the United States of America, established the precedent for naming American college societies after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letters</a>. </p><p>The group consisted of students who frequented the Raleigh Tavern as a common meeting area off the college campus. There is a persistent rumor that a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> lodge also met in the same place, but there was a different building used by the Freemasons at Williamsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the students organized to meet more freely and discuss non-academic topics, or to discuss politics in a Revolutionary society, is unknown; the earliest records indicate only that the students met to debate and engage in oratory, and on topics that would have been not far removed from the curriculum. <sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were Latin-named literary societies at William & Mary, which were large debating societies, which, according to the founders of Phi Beta Kappa "had lost all reputation for letters, and [were] noted only for the dissipation & conviviality of [their] members." The new society was intended to be "purely of domestic manufacture, without any connection whatever with anything European, either English or German."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to promote good fellowship, with "friendship as its basis and benevolence and literature as its pillars."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first the only secrets were the mysterious letters used on the badge.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The society was given the motto, <b>Philosophia Biou Kubernētēs</b> or "Philosophy is the helmsman of life," now officially translated as "Philosophy is the guide of life".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek was chosen as the language for the motto because Heath, "was the best Greek scholar in college."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One official historian of the society, William T. Hastings, and others, believes that the "S" and "P" on the badge, which meant <i>Societas Philosophiae</i>, Philosophical Society, was the original name of the Society and that the name Phi Beta Kappa only came to be taken as the society name over time. The heading on the original list of members states: "A List of the members, who have been initiated into the S.P. alias Phi Beta Kappa Society."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, in May 1777, two new signs of recognition were designed: "a salutation of the clasp of the hands, together with an immediate stroke across the mouth with the back of the same hand, and a return with the hand used by the saluted"; these new gestures were for the purposes of distinguishing Phi Beta Kappa members "in any foreign country or place."<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By a stroke of good fortune, the society initiated a Yale student before disbanding at the advance of British forces. This student brought <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, and from there the society was able to continue. As <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> developed, it came to be a very influential association of faculty and select students across several colleges. The chapters became larger and focused on rhetoric and class elections while abandoning the close social bond that had defined the first chapter. Membership was becoming more of an honor and less part of a functioning society. </p><p>However, Phi Beta Kappa was very different from a typical college fraternity of today in that the membership was generally restricted to upperclassmen, if not seniors, and faculty, (made members earlier in their careers) played an active role. The annual Phi Beta Kappa exercises at Yale were public literary exercises, with as many or more faculty members of the society than undergraduate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_groups">Early groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No other Greek letter student society was formed until the inception of Chi Delta Theta, a senior class society at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, in 1821. This group, like <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> had now become, was largely focused on literary debates and elections. Similar groups without Greek letter names (but still clearly inspired by the Greek language) had already been formed like Hermesian, Adelphi, and Philalethean.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiDelt138_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiDelt138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collegiate_fraternities_develop">Collegiate fraternities develop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collegiate fraternities develop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The advent of other Greek letter fraternities met the social needs or supposed needs of underclass men and left Phi Beta Kappa to give sole concern to scholarly affairs. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Rev. E. B. Parsons, D. D.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The first national, secret, Greek letter social fraternity is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a>, established at <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, on November 26, 1825, by <a href="/wiki/John_Hart_Hunter" title="John Hart Hunter">John Hart Hunter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha</a>'s founders adopted many of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>'s practices (<a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> had been established at <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> in 1817<sup id="cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdseye209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but formed their organization around fellowship, making the development of friendship and brotherhood their primary purpose. Students liked the organization but the faculty was opposed to the small secret society.<sup id="cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdseye209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a>, an untimely event occurred that would come to shape the public perception of fraternities for decades. In 1826, a man named <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(anti-Mason)" title="William Morgan (anti-Mason)">William Morgan</a> professed himself to be a high-ranking member of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> and said he intended to publish their secrets. He then disappeared and was assumed murdered or abducted. Public interest in the case led to a severe anti-secret society sentiment. <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">Fraternity</a> members faced expulsion and general suspicion which only increased the secrecy of the early organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdseye209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> was firmly established as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="North American">North American</a> fraternity and sorority system when the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">Sigma Phi Society</a> formed in March 1827, followed by <a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">Delta Phi</a> in November. <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">Sigma Phi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">Delta Phi</a> would constitute the so-called <a href="/wiki/Union_Triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Triad">Union Triad</a>. </p><p>Sigma Phi became the first "national" fraternity when it opened a satellite chapter at <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> in 1831. A failed 1830 attempt by Kappa Alpha to expand to Hamilton sparked the founding of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a>, the first Greek letter fraternity founded outside Union.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trajectory of national expansion continued with <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">Kappa Alpha Society</a>'s successful expansion to <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mystical_Seven_(Wesleyan)" title="Mystical Seven (Wesleyan)">Mystical 7</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a> (1837) expanded to <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> in the early 1840s, spreading the concept to the South, where for two decades before the Civil War, these kinds of organizations. The Mystical 7 was also the first society to initiate women as members. In 1833, the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> Society was organized at Yale University among members of the senior class as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/burlesque" class="extiw" title="wikt:burlesque">burlesque</a> of Phi Beta Kappa. This spawned other similar secret societies that differentiate themselves from Greek-lettered societies. </p><p>The incidents involving <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(anti-Mason)" title="William Morgan (anti-Mason)">William Morgan</a> had not been forgotten, however, and <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> came under public scrutiny. The increasing influence of the society came to seem undemocratic and contrary to the free flow of intellectual ideas in American academia, and under great pressure, the undergraduate members at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> revealed the secrets of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdseye209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Scull and Bones</a> Society was organized at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> among members of the senior class to carry on the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unofficial but still very clear line was drawn between future secret societies and future Greek-lettered organizations. </p><p>In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a> fraternity was founded at <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>. Delta Upsilon was established as the nation's first open, non-secret fraternity in that it still to this day does not maintain secret admonitions, handclasps, etc. and does not safeguard its rituals, which are open to public speculation. Delta Upsilon was founded to counter what was believed to be the unjust dominance by secret societies of the time over the student affairs at Williams College.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a> was founded at <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Ohio" title="Oxford, Ohio">Oxford, Ohio</a>, and held its first meeting on August 8, 1839. <a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a> was the first fraternity founded west of the Allegheny Mountains and was in some part established in response to the chartering of the west-most chapter of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> whose members had infiltrated the university's two literary societies, the Erodelphian Literary Society and Union Literary Society. <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a> (1848) and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> (1855), also founded at Miami University, emulated <a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a>'s focus on establishing new chapters. These three constitute the famous <a href="/wiki/Miami_Triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Triad">Miami Triad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a>, founded in 1847 at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, similarly pursued expansion. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Theta_Chi_Fraternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Theta Chi Fraternity">Theta Chi</a> was founded at Norwich University in Norwich, VT, and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">Sigma Alpha Epsilon</a> was started at the University of Alabama in 1856. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> continued its role as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_Fraternities" title="Mother of Fraternities">Mother of Fraternities</a> by establishing <a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a> (1833), <a href="/wiki/Omicron_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Omicron Kappa Epsilon">Omicron Kappa Epsilon</a> (1834), <a href="/wiki/Chi_Psi" title="Chi Psi">Chi Psi</a> (1841) and <a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">Theta Delta Chi</a> (1847). With this, <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> can claim the foundation of nearly half of the first 13 secret social national fraternities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birdseye209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influences from <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> would still be explicitly clear in the development of fraternities such as <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a>, founded 1850, and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">Delta Tau Delta</a>, founded 1858. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">Tau Kappa Epsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Psi" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Psi">Delta Psi</a> would be similarly influenced by and all without officially retaining any ties to <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with men's fraternities, women's fraternities would largely be inspired or preceded by student societies with Greek-inspired names but without Greek letters. The Adelphean Society was established in 1851 at <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a>, making it the first secret society for collegiate women. The Philomathean Society (not associated with the <a href="/wiki/Philomathean_Society_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania">Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania</a>) was also founded at <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Greek letter women's fraternity, Chi Theta Delta, was formed in 1856 at <a href="/wiki/Troy_Female_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy Female Seminary">Troy Female Seminary</a>. It was formed by female students who had become so intrigued and impressed by the fellowship displayed by the men's fraternity <a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">Theta Delta Chi</a> that they sought membership. This being an impossibility, the Delta chapter of <a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">Theta Delta Chi</a> helped them form their own group which would last only a few years when <a href="/wiki/Troy_Female_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy Female Seminary">Troy Female Seminary</a> ceased being a board school.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1856 would also see the establishment of Kappa Sigma (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">Kappa Sigma fraternity</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Elmira_College" title="Elmira College">Elmira College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_of_fraternities">Golden Age of fraternities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golden Age of fraternities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 1860s were unsurprisingly uneventful when it comes to fraternities due to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Many colleges, and subsequently undergraduate chapters, would temporarily close during the war. Only one organization, <a href="/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">Theta Xi</a>, was founded (at <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> in 1864) and it was the first professional fraternity.<sup id="cite_ref-Baird1920_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One very important event during the war was the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Act_of_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Act of 1862">Morrill Act of 1862</a>. This act would lead to new colleges, new educational opportunities, and greater student enrollment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, the system would begin encountering racial, religious, and gender diversity and new colleges would be founded or reformed throughout the south and west. Growth in the fraternity system overall during this period would lead some to label the last third of the 19th century as "The Golden Age of Fraternities."<sup id="cite_ref-Sanua_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanua-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LexingtonTriad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LexingtonTriad.jpg/240px-LexingtonTriad.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LexingtonTriad.jpg/360px-LexingtonTriad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LexingtonTriad.jpg/480px-LexingtonTriad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Triad">Lexington Triad</a> would begin its formation when <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> was founded in 1865 at the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>. Fraternities being founded at military-oriented schools in the south was unsurprising given the recent end of the war. The founding of <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">Kappa Alpha Order</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a> in 1865 and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">Sigma Nu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">VMI</a> in 1869 would complete the triad.<sup id="cite_ref-Baird1920_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraternity creation would slow for a time after 1873 when the third of three secret societies was formed at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Agricultural College">Massachusetts Agricultural College</a>. The existing fraternities would now seek to expand.<sup id="cite_ref-Baird1920_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sororities">Sororities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sororities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founding of the Adelphean Society (later <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a>) at Wesleyan Female college in 1851 marks the establishment of the first secret society for women. Shortly after came the Philomathean Society (later <a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a>) also founded at <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan</a> in March 1852. In 1867, a society called I. C. Sorosis was founded as the nation's first women's fraternity at Monmouth College in Illinois, and later became known as <a href="/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a>. It was the first to begin expanding to different chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a few unauthorized city chapters existed for a short time in its early years. In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">Kappa Alpha Theta</a> was founded, and was the first women's fraternity founded with Greek letters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1870s would also host the founding of <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a> in 1870, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a> in 1872, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">Delta Gamma</a> in 1873, and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Kappa" title="Sigma Kappa">Sigma Kappa</a> in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baird1920_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888 the women's fraternity of Delta Delta Delta<sup id="cite_ref-Tri_Delta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri_Delta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established at Boston University. The 1890s saw the founding of <a href="/wiki/Chi_Omega" title="Chi Omega">Chi Omega</a> now the nation's largest women's fraternal organization.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Xi_Delta" title="Alpha Xi Delta">Alpha Xi Delta</a> founding in 1893, and Sigma Sigma Sigma founded in 1898. </p><p>Sororities had, from the beginning, the difficult objective of proving the viability of coeducational studies. That women could perform academically as well as or better than men while maintaining the Victorian ideals of womanhood was a tall order. Sororities created high academic standards and monitored the social activities of their members from their inception.<sup id="cite_ref-Turk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpha Delta Pi would gain notoriety in 1851 as the first organization to be called a sorority. The terms sorority and women's fraternity have always since been interchangeable with some using one or the other in only formal or informal contexts. </p><p>The social sororities were one of the few social outlets at most universities. While enrollment had opened to women at most institutions, student organizations like literary societies, student government, and other clubs were still free to restrict membership. Intense curriculum and mandatory religious involvements limited free time but the social sororities and social fraternities began a tradition of interaction. They would put together skits for entertainment, hold events for singing and waltzing after meetings were over, and held socials at the houses of local members.<sup id="cite_ref-Turk_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_and_honorary_fraternities">Professional and honorary fraternities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Professional and honorary fraternities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">Theta Xi</a> was the first Greek letter professional fraternity but it would eventually become social. These groups would gain popularity before and increasingly after the turn of the 20th century. Membership in them could be coveted a great deal on some campuses. The membership requirements and purposes of honorary and professional fraternities would often overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-Baird1920_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_fraternities_and_sororities">Religious fraternities and sororities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious fraternities and sororities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the late 19th century held tremendous growth for the fraternity system, it was also a time of great discrimination against the minorities who were increasingly entering the universities. Informal agreements were often codified in bylaws to restrict membership only to white Christians (but not necessarily all Christian denominations).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanua_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanua-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity was a huge part of college life at this time. Training for the ministry was a common application of time in a university and attending chapel was often mandatory. Jewish students could rarely gain entry into any fraternities as, at the time, just one member could often block the initiation of any new member. Even Christianity was not enough for many as there was also much discrimination against Irish Catholics. Catholic students at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> would create <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Theta" title="Phi Kappa Theta">Phi Kappa Sigma</a> (not to be confused with the national <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a>) in 1889. Three Jewish students, upset at any idea of religious discrimination, would found the non-sectarian (no discrimination against race, religion, or color) <a href="/wiki/Pi_Lambda_Phi" title="Pi Lambda Phi">Pi Lambda Phi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1895. On the other end of the spectrum, fourteen students would form the Z.B.T. Society (later <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a>) in 1898 which was <i>only</i> open to Jewish students.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanua_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanua-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_fraternities_and_sororities">African-American fraternities and sororities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: African-American fraternities and sororities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The establishment and evolution of fraternities and sororities for African-Americans partially mirrored the development of social fraternities and sororities. Literary societies with Greek letters came first: the Alpha Phi literary society was founded at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbrough03_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbrough03-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi_Phi" title="Sigma Pi Phi">Sigma Pi Phi</a>, a non-collegiate fraternity for professionals, was founded in 1904. Next there were unsuccessful attempts to create collegiate fraternities, such as <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Phi" title="Gamma Phi">Gamma Phi</a> fraternity at <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="Wilberforce University">Wilberforce University</a> (first official campus recognition in 1923; a 1923 yearbook entry reported operation as early as 1905), <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Nu" title="Alpha Kappa Nu">Alpha Kappa Nu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> (formation attempted in 1903, but involved too few registrants to assure continuing organization), and <a href="/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Omicron" title="Pi Gamma Omicron">Pi Gamma Omicron</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> (formation reported in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Defender">Chicago Defender</a> in 1905; organization failed to receive school recognition). In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> was formally established as a fraternity at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> by <a href="/wiki/CC_Poindexter" class="mw-redirect" title="CC Poindexter">CC Poindexter</a>, though it operated as a social study club in 1905. The eight organizations which made up the <a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> until 1996 would be formed over the next decade and a half. Black fraternities and sororities were based on existing fraternities and sororities but cultural additions were made including calls, open hand signs, and step shows; though social in nature, many African-American fraternal organizations were formed with an emphasis on public service and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbrough03_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbrough03-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As fraternities grew, new issues appeared. Ideas over who should be a member (often tied to racial or cultural background) differed between chapters which now spread throughout the United States and Canada. The undergraduate membership continued to grow but alumni membership had grown even more. Alumnae of women's sororities who had fought hard to help establish the idea of coeducation now questioned whether the new generation of women really understood the value of the sorority.<sup id="cite_ref-Turk_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were always those against the fraternity and sorority system but it was not until the early 20th century that a real impact was made on chapters at some campuses. In some cases, the development of fraternity and sorority housing is all that saved Greek life as some universities had far outgrown their student housing capacities. Some campuses would ban Greek letter organizations and others would study their merits. Detractors argued that the groups hurt intellectual development, affronted religion with secret oaths, and fostered inappropriate behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Turk_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The validity of these claims varied between campuses and organizations and, in many cases, the criticisms would remain but without any significant action for decades </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfraternity_organizations">Interfraternity organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interfraternity organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first attempt at organization between different fraternities began as a recommendation from members of <a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a>. Men representing thirteen fraternities officially and others present unofficially met in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, in 1883. They had intentions of having a conference the following year and several edits formed the Inter-Fraternity Press Association. Neither of these two ideas lasted.<sup id="cite_ref-Priddy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priddy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a> began the process of attempting to organize sororities in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Panhellenic Convention of Woman's Fraternities was held in August 1891. Committees were created and reports were drafted but little was done to continue the organization. </p><p>Fraternities and sororities united their efforts to make an appearance at the upcoming <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1893. They formed the Columbian Exposition Committee on Pan-Hellenism (the Chicago World's Fair was officially called the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>) and held a number of meetings on how to put together a joint exhibit. The exhibit never came together.<sup id="cite_ref-Priddy_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priddy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a> would take the initiative to inspire the first Inter-Sorority Conference in 1902. The conference was attended by representatives from <a href="/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">Delta Delta Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">Kappa Alpha Theta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">Delta Gamma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. The next few conferences would establish rules and standards such as a student-run Panhellenic Association on college campuses with two or more sororities and the rotation of officers in these associations and in the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Priddy_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priddy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next decade would add many more sororities to the organization and it would be renamed the National Panhellenic Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decade would also hold a new emphases on community service, standardized house rules, fairness policies for member recruitment, and an official stance against all secondary school sororities.<sup id="cite_ref-Priddy_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priddy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social fraternities would create small Pan-Hellenic organizations in various cities in the late 1890s and early 20th century. George D. Kimball of <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">Sigma Alpha Epsilon</a> would take initiative and call for a true national Pan-Hellenic group during a meeting of the National Religious Education Association in Chicago in February 1909. The Inter-Fraternity Conference would begin with twenty-six organizations that November in New York City. Like the sororities, the conference would call for local student-run Inter-Fraternity Councils on college campuses with more than one member organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Baird1920_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities" title="List of social fraternities">List of social fraternities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_sororities_and_women%27s_fraternities" title="List of social sororities and women's fraternities">List of social sororities and women's fraternities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_American_fraternities_and_sororities&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stafford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStafford2007" class="citation cs2">Stafford, David E. (Summer 2007), "Aprons, Fezzes, and Greek Letters?", <i>The Signet</i>, vol. LXXXXVIII, no. 3, Indianapolis, IN: Grand Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa & the Phi Sigma Kappa Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Signet&rft.atitle=Aprons%2C+Fezzes%2C+and+Greek+Letters%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=LXXXXVIII&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1972" class="citation cs2">Harding, Thomas S. (1972), <i>College Literary Societies: Their Contribution to Higher Education in the United States, 1815–1876</i>, New York, New York: privately published</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Literary+Societies%3A+Their+Contribution+to+Higher+Education+in+the+United+States%2C+1815%E2%80%931876&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=privately+published&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baird's-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baird's_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsonMarchenasi1991" class="citation book cs1">Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. <i>Baird's Manual of American Fraternities</i> (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. I-1-72, inclusive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0963715906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0963715906"><bdi>978-0963715906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baird%27s+Manual+of+American+Fraternities&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=I-1-72%2C+inclusive&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Baird%27s+Manual+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0963715906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baird's_Manual_Online-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baird's_Manual_Online_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Raimond_BairdCarroll_Lurding" class="citation web cs1">William Raimond Baird; Carroll Lurding (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uofi.app.box.com/v/founding-of-fs-system">"Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities (Baird's Manual Online Archive), general history of the US fraternal system"</a>. <i>Student Life and Culture Archives</i>. University of Illinois: University of Illinois Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Student+Life+and+Culture+Archives&rft.atitle=Almanac+of+Fraternities+and+Sororities+%28Baird%27s+Manual+Online+Archive%29%2C+general+history+of+the+US+fraternal+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuofi.app.box.com%2Fv%2Ffounding-of-fs-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span> The main archive URL is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.illinois.edu/slc/welcome/fraternity-sorority-almanac/">The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a fictional account of a Latin society meeting, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theamericanminerva.com/Articles/LongstreetDebatingSociety.html">http://theamericanminerva.com/Articles/LongstreetDebatingSociety.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acacia16.org/GL/History/6.htm">"Acacia Lodge No. 16 A.F. & A.M. – History"</a>. <i>www.acacia16.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acacia16.org&rft.atitle=Acacia+Lodge+No.+16+A.F.+%26+A.M.+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acacia16.org%2FGL%2FHistory%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings, William T., <i>Phi Beta Kappa as a Secret Society</i>. Washington, D.C.: United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa, 1965, 83–85, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_wpf/frat_hist.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett1840" class="citation cs2">Everett, Edward (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sMKAAAAIAAJ"><i>Importance of Practical Education and Useful Knowledge</i></a>, Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb, p. 382, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608424576" title="Special:BookSources/9780608424576"><bdi>9780608424576</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Importance+of+Practical+Education+and+Useful+Knowledge&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Marsh%2C+Capen%2C+Lyon%2C+and+Webb&rft.date=1840&rft.isbn=9780608424576&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sMKAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiDelt138-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiDelt138_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraternity,_Phi_Delta_Theta1880" class="citation cs2">Fraternity, Phi Delta Theta (November 1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgMTAAAAIAAJ">"The Scroll of Phi Delta Theta"</a>, <i>The Signet</i>, vol. V, no. 2, Gettysburg, PA: Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, p. 138</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Signet&rft.atitle=The+Scroll+of+Phi+Delta+Theta&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1880-11&rft.au=Fraternity%2C+Phi+Delta+Theta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgMTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Phi Beta Kappa Hand-Book and General Address Catalogue</i>, North Adams, MA: Walden & Crawley, 1900, p. 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phi+Beta+Kappa+Hand-Book+and+General+Address+Catalogue&rft.place=North+Adams%2C+MA&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Walden+%26+Crawley&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birdseye209-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birdseye209_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdseye1907" class="citation cs2">Birdseye, Clarence Frank (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv7ZFGz9MCYC"><i>Individual Training in Our Colleges</i></a>, New York: The MacMillan Company, p. 209</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individual+Training+in+Our+Colleges&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Birdseye&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBv7ZFGz9MCYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Eells1873" class="citation cs2">James Eells (1873), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crQ3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Memorial of Samuel Eells</i></a>, Cleveland, Ohio: Cobb, Andrews & Co, p. 22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorial+of+Samuel+Eells&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cobb%2C+Andrews+%26+Co&rft.date=1873&rft.au=James+Eells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrQ3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts_Alpha,_Kappa_AlphaCollege,_Williams1881" class="citation cs2">Massachusetts Alpha, Kappa Alpha; College, Williams (1881), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMVBAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Biographical Record of the Kappa Alpha Society in Williams College</i></a>, New York: Printed for the Society, p. 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Record+of+the+Kappa+Alpha+Society+in+Williams+College&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Society&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Massachusetts+Alpha%2C+Kappa+Alpha&rft.au=College%2C+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBMVBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltau.org/default.aspx?action=Content&ContentId=63">"ERROR"</a>. <i>deltau.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deltau.org&rft.atitle=ERROR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deltau.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3Faction%3DContent%26ContentId%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1919" class="citation cs2">Martin, Ida Shaw (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbU4AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Sorority Handbook</i></a> (6th ed.), Menasha, WI: George Banta Publishing, p. 222</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorority+Handbook&rft.place=Menasha%2C+WI&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=George+Banta+Publishing&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ida+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbU4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChi,_Theta_Delta1897" class="citation cs2">Chi, Theta Delta (March 1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w94SAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Shield: Official Publication of the Theta Delta Chi Fraternity</i></a>, vol. XIII, Elmira, New York: The Elmira Advertiser Association, p. 410</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shield%3A+Official+Publication+of+the+Theta+Delta+Chi+Fraternity&rft.place=Elmira%2C+New+York&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=The+Elmira+Advertiser+Association&rft.date=1897-03&rft.au=Chi%2C+Theta+Delta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw94SAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baird1920-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baird1920_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baird1920_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baird1920_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baird1920_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baird1920_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baird1920_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1920" class="citation cs2">Baird, William Raimond (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qoVAAAAIAAJ"><i>Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities</i></a> (9th ed.), New York: George Banta Company, p. 926</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baird%27s+Manual+of+American+College+Fraternities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=926&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=George+Banta+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=William+Raimond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qoVAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1920" class="citation cs2">Hill, David Spence (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB1FAAAAIAAJ"><i>Introduction to Vocational Education</i></a>, New York: The Macmillan Company, p. 510</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Vocational+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=David+Spence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB1FAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanua-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanua_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanua_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanua_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanua2003" class="citation cs2">Sanua, Marianne Rachel (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1u0sPzMEwOUC"><i>Going Greek: Jewish College Fraternities in the United States, 1895–1945</i></a>, Wayne State University Press, p. 492, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2857-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2857-1"><bdi>0-8143-2857-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Greek%3A+Jewish+College+Fraternities+in+the+United+States%2C+1895%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8143-2857-1&rft.aulast=Sanua&rft.aufirst=Marianne+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u0sPzMEwOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pibetaphi.org/pibetaphi/About_Us/History/Timeline/">"Pi Beta Phi Fraternity For Women"</a>. <i>www.pibetaphi.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pibetaphi.org&rft.atitle=Pi+Beta+Phi+Fraternity+For+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pibetaphi.org%2Fpibetaphi%2FAbout_Us%2FHistory%2FTimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kappaalphatheta.org/learnabouttheta/whatistheta/theta_roots.cfm">"Theta Roots – Kappa Alpha Theta"</a>. <i>Kappa Alpha Theta</i>. June 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kappa+Alpha+Theta&rft.atitle=Theta+Roots+%E2%80%93+Kappa+Alpha+Theta&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kappaalphatheta.org%2Flearnabouttheta%2Fwhatistheta%2Ftheta_roots.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tri_Delta-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tri_Delta_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tridelta.org/aboutus/history">"The History of Tri Delta"</a>. <i>Tri Delta</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tri+Delta&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Tri+Delta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tridelta.org%2Faboutus%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015185325/http://www.chiomega.com/Home">"Chi Omega – Official site of the sorority founded April 5, 1895 at the University of Arkansas"</a>. <i>chiomega.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chiomega.com/Home">the original</a> on October 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chiomega.com&rft.atitle=Chi+Omega+%E2%80%93+Official+site+of+the+sorority+founded+April+5%2C+1895+at+the+University+of+Arkansas.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchiomega.com%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turk-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turk_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turk_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turk_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turk_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurk2004" class="citation cs2">Turk, Diana B. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mX7hNTTPT3MC"><i>Bound by a Mighty Vow: Sisterhood and Women's Fraternities, 1870–1920</i></a>, New York: The NYU Press, p. 260, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-8282-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-8282-5"><bdi>0-8147-8282-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+by+a+Mighty+Vow%3A+Sisterhood+and+Women%27s+Fraternities%2C+1870%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=The+NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8147-8282-5&rft.aulast=Turk&rft.aufirst=Diana+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmX7hNTTPT3MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimbrough03-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimbrough03_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimbrough03_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbrough2003" class="citation cs2">Kimbrough, Walter M. (August 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3pV_KGJT_4C"><i>Black Greek 101: The Culture, Customs, and Challenges of Black Fraternities</i></a>, New York: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, p. 94, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3977-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3977-1"><bdi>0-8386-3977-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Greek+101%3A+The+Culture%2C+Customs%2C+and+Challenges+of+Black+Fraternities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2003-08&rft.isbn=0-8386-3977-1&rft.aulast=Kimbrough&rft.aufirst=Walter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3pV_KGJT_4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priddy-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Priddy_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priddy_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priddy_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Priddy_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriddyParmelee,_Amy_OlgenFitch,_Rachel_Louise1907" class="citation cs2">Priddy, Bessy Leach; Parmelee, Amy Olgen; Fitch, Rachel Louise (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F15DAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Detailed Record of Delta Delta Delta</i></a>, Galesburg, IN: The Mail Printing Company, p. 412</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Detailed+Record+of+Delta+Delta+Delta&rft.place=Galesburg%2C+IN&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=The+Mail+Printing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Priddy&rft.aufirst=Bessy+Leach&rft.au=Parmelee%2C+Amy+Olgen&rft.au=Fitch%2C+Rachel+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF15DAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+North+American+fraternities+and+sororities" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template talk:Fraternities and sororities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fraternities and sororities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fraternities_and_sororities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Academic fraternities originating from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_(fraternity_or_sorority)" title="Colony (fraternity or sorority)">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing" title="North American fraternity and sorority housing">North American fraternity and sorority housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_United_States_college_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Racism in United States college fraternities and sororities">U.S. racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">Hazing in Greek letter organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_United_States" title="List of hazing deaths in the United States">U.S. deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_Philippines" title="List of hazing deaths in the Philippines">Philippines deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_Fraternities" title="Mother of Fraternities">Mother of Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_school_fraternities_and_sororities" title="High school fraternities and sororities">High school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Professional fraternities and sororities">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Service fraternities and sororities">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_Canada" title="Fraternities and sororities in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>Lists by country/territory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_France" title="List of fraternities and sororities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of fraternities and sororities in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Historically<br />African-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">ΑΚΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">ΑΦΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">ΔΣΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">ΖΦΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Phi_Theta" title="Iota Phi Theta">ΙΦΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">ΚΑΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho" title="Sigma Gamma Rho">ΣΓΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma" title="Phi Beta Sigma">ΦΒΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Rho_Eta" title="Phi Rho Eta">ΦΡΗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi" title="Omega Psi Phi">ΩΨΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Psi_Phi" title="Wine Psi Phi">WΨΦ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historically<br />Asian/Pacific Islander-American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Kappa Delta Phi">αΚΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Gamma_(sorority)" title="Alpha Phi Gamma (sorority)">ΑΦΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Chi_Theta" title="Beta Chi Theta">ΒΧΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Epsilon_Psi" title="Delta Epsilon Psi">ΔΕΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Delta" title="Delta Kappa Delta">ΔΚΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi_Omega" title="Delta Phi Omega">ΔΦΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Nu_Delta" title="Iota Nu Delta">ΙΝΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Phi_Lambda" title="Kappa Phi Lambda">ΚΦΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Phi_Epsilon" title="Lambda Phi Epsilon">ΛΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Phi" title="Pi Alpha Phi">ΠΑΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Delta_Psi" title="Pi Delta Psi">ΠΔΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Beta_Rho" title="Sigma Beta Rho">ΣΒΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Omicron_Pi" title="Sigma Omicron Pi">ΣΟΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Psi_Zeta" title="Sigma Psi Zeta">ΣΨΖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Omega" title="Sigma Phi Omega">ΣΦΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho_Omicron" title="Chi Rho Omicron">XPO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_fraternities" title="Christian fraternities">Christian<br />fraternities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_sororities" title="Christian sororities">sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Gamma" title="Alpha Delta Gamma">ΑΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Chi" title="Alpha Delta Chi">ΑΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Omega" title="Alpha Gamma Omega">ΑΓΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Lambda_Omega" title="Alpha Lambda Omega">ΑΛΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Epsilon_Gamma_Gamma_Alpha_Rho_Sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta Epsilon Gamma Gamma Alpha Rho Sigma">ΒΕΓΓΑΡΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Sigma_Psi" title="Beta Sigma Psi">ΒΣΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Upsilon_Chi" title="Beta Upsilon Chi">ΒΥΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Omega" title="Sigma Alpha Omega">ΣΑΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Theta_Epsilon" title="Sigma Theta Epsilon">ΣΘΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Lambda" title="Sigma Phi Lambda">ΣΦΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Chi" title="Phi Beta Chi">ΦΒΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Alpha_Omega" title="Chi Alpha Omega">ΧΑΩ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Jewish fraternities and sororities">Historically Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">ΑΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">ΑΕΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">ΖΒΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi">ΣΑΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">ΣΑΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">ΣΔΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Delta_Phi" title="Tau Delta Phi">ΤΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Epsilon_Phi" title="Tau Epsilon Phi">ΤΕΦ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_interest_fraternities_and_sororities" title="Cultural interest fraternities and sororities">Multicultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Xi_Nu" title="Delta Xi Nu">ΔΞΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Xi_Phi" title="Delta Xi Phi">ΔΞΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Eta" title="Gamma Eta">ΓΗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Sigma_Chi" title="Zeta Sigma Chi">ΖΣΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Rho" title="Zeta Phi Rho">ΖΦΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Chi_Phi" title="Zeta Chi Phi">ΖΧΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Nu_Xi" title="Theta Nu Xi">ΘΝΞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Tau_Omega" title="Lambda Tau Omega">ΛΤΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Psi_Delta" title="Lambda Psi Delta">ΛΨΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Sigma_Upsilon" title="Mu Sigma Upsilon">ΜΣΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Gamma" title="Sigma Lambda Gamma">ΣΛΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Theta_Psi" title="Sigma Theta Psi">ΣΘΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Phi_Sigma" title="Tau Phi Sigma">ΤΦΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Sigma_Phi" title="Psi Sigma Phi">ΨΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Delta_Phi" title="Omega Delta Phi">ΩΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Phi_Chi" title="Omega Phi Chi">ΩΦΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_Fraternity" title="Delphic Fraternity">Delphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historically <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scout</a>-affiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Omega" title="Alpha Phi Omega">ΑΦΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Tau_Pi" title="Epsilon Tau Pi">ΕΤΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Sigma_Sigma" title="Gamma Sigma Sigma">ΓΣΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Phi_Alpha" title="Omega Phi Alpha">ΩΦΑ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_and_LGBT-friendly_fraternities_and_sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT and LGBT-friendly fraternities and sororities">LGBTQ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Lambda_Zeta" title="Alpha Lambda Zeta">ΑΛΖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Pi_Delta" title="Alpha Pi Delta">ΑΠΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Lambda_Phi" title="Delta Lambda Phi">ΔΛΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Rho_Lambda" title="Gamma Rho Lambda">ΓΡΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Pi_Sigma" title="Theta Pi Sigma">ΘΠΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Lambda" title="Kappa Alpha Lambda">ΚΑΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Theta_Epsilon" title="Kappa Theta Epsilon">ΚΘΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Epsilon_Pi" title="Omicron Epsilon Pi">ΟΕΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Beta_(fraternity)" title="Sigma Phi Beta (fraternity)">ΣΦΒ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Pi_Omega" title="Alpha Pi Omega">ΑΠΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Nu" title="Phi Sigma Nu">ΦΣΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Omicron_Epsilon" title="Sigma Omicron Epsilon">ΣΟΕ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latino_Greek-letter_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latino Greek-letter organizations">Latino</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternities_and_sororities_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Psi_Lambda" title="Alpha Psi Lambda">ΑΨΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Sigma" title="Alpha Omicron Sigma">ΑΟΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Lambda" title="Delta Tau Lambda">ΔΤΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Alpha_Omega" title="Gamma Alpha Omega">ΓΑΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Zeta_Alpha" title="Gamma Zeta Alpha">ΓΖΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Gamma_Delta" title="Eta Gamma Delta">ΗΓΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Chi" title="Kappa Delta Chi">ΚΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Alpha_Upsilon" title="Lambda Alpha Upsilon">ΛΑΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Upsilon" title="Lambda Pi Upsilon">ΛΠΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Chi" title="Lambda Pi Chi">ΛΠΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Sigma_Upsilon" title="Lambda Sigma Upsilon">ΛΣΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Alpha" title="Lambda Theta Alpha">ΛΘΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Nu" title="Lambda Theta Nu">ΛΘΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Theta_Phi" title="Lambda Theta Phi">ΛΘΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Upsilon_Lambda" title="Lambda Upsilon Lambda">ΛΥΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Alpha_Phi" title="Mu Alpha Phi">ΜΑΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Alpha_Kappa" title="Nu Alpha Kappa">ΝΑΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Sigma_Beta" title="Nu Sigma Beta">ΝΣΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Alpha" title="Sigma Delta Alpha">ΣΔΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Iota_Alpha" title="Sigma Iota Alpha">ΣΙΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Alpha_(sorority)" title="Sigma Lambda Alpha (sorority)">ΣΛΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Beta" title="Sigma Lambda Beta">ΣΛΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Lambda_Upsilon" title="Sigma Lambda Upsilon">ΣΛΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi_Alpha" title="Sigma Pi Alpha">ΣΠΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Gamma_(social)" title="Phi Delta Gamma (social)">ΦΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Eta_Mu" title="Phi Eta Mu">ΦΗΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha" title="Phi Iota Alpha">ΦΙΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Alpha" title="Phi Sigma Alpha">ΦΣΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Upsilon_Sigma" title="Chi Upsilon Sigma">ΧΥΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Phi_Beta" title="Omega Phi Beta">ΩΦΒ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Rho" title="Alpha Gamma Rho">ΑΓΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Sigma_(fraternity)" title="Alpha Gamma Sigma (fraternity)">ΑΓΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Psi" title="Alpha Kappa Psi">ΑΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Kappa" title="Alpha Sigma Kappa">ΑΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Epsilon" title="Alpha Omega Epsilon">ΑΩΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Pi" title="Delta Sigma Pi">ΔΣΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi" title="Kappa Kappa Psi">ΚΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Iota" title="Sigma Alpha Iota">ΣΑΙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Beta_Sigma" title="Tau Beta Sigma">ΤΒΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Gamma" title="Phi Sigma Gamma">ΦΣΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Rho" title="Phi Sigma Rho">ΦΣΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(women%27s_fraternity)" title="Ceres (women's fraternity)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmHouse" title="FarmHouse">FarmHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Fraternity" title="Triangle Fraternity">Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social fraternities and sororities">Social sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Delta" title="Alpha Gamma Delta">ΑΓΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">ΑΔΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">ΑΕΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Xi_Delta" title="Alpha Xi Delta">ΑΞΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">ΑΟΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Alpha" title="Alpha Sigma Alpha">ΑΣΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Tau" title="Alpha Sigma Tau">ΑΣΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">ΑΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega" title="Alpha Chi Omega">ΑΧΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">ΓΦΒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">ΔΔΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">ΔΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Zeta" title="Delta Zeta">ΔΖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi_Epsilon_(social)" title="Delta Phi Epsilon (social)">ΔΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Tau_Alpha" title="Zeta Tau Alpha">ΖΤΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Phi_Alpha" title="Theta Phi Alpha">ΘΦΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">ΚΑΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Beta_Gamma" title="Kappa Beta Gamma">ΚΒΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">ΚΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">ΚΚΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">ΠΒΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">ΣΔΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Kappa" title="Sigma Kappa">ΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Sigma_Sigma" title="Sigma Sigma Sigma">ΣΣΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Psi" title="Sigma Psi">ΣΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">ΦΜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Sigma" title="Phi Sigma Sigma">ΦΣΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Omega" title="Chi Omega">ΧΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovia_(sorority)" title="Clovia (sorority)">Clovia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_fraternities_and_sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social fraternities and sororities">Social fraternities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">ΑΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Lambda" title="Alpha Kappa Lambda">ΑΚΛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">ΑΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">ΑΤΩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Delta" title="Alpha Phi Delta">ΑΦΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Alpha" title="Alpha Chi Alpha">ΑΧΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Rho" title="Alpha Chi Rho">ΑΧΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">ΒΘΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">ΔΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Phi" title="Delta Sigma Phi">ΔΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">ΔΤΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">ΔΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">ΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Chi" title="Delta Chi">ΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">ΖΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi" title="Theta Delta Chi">ΘΔΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Xi" title="Theta Xi">ΘΞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Chi" title="Theta Chi">ΘΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">ΚΑ Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">ΚΑ Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Rho" title="Kappa Delta Rho">ΚΔΡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta_Phi" title="Kappa Delta Phi">ΚΔΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Lambda_Psi" title="Kappa Lambda Psi">ΚΛΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">ΚΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">ΛΧΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Omicron Kappa Epsilon">OΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha" title="Pi Kappa Alpha">ΠΚΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">ΠΚΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Lambda_Phi" title="Pi Lambda Phi">ΠΛΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">ΣΑΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Alpha" title="Sigma Delta Alpha">ΣΔΑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Th%C3%AAta_Pi" title="Sigma Thêta Pi">ΣΘΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">ΣΝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pi" title="Sigma Pi">ΣΠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Tau_Gamma" title="Sigma Tau Gamma">ΣΤΓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi" title="Sigma Phi">ΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Delta" title="Sigma Phi Delta">ΣΦΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon" title="Sigma Phi Epsilon">ΣΦΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">ΣΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">ΤΚΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">ΦΓΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">ΦΔΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Psi" title="Phi Delta Psi">ΦΔΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Theta" title="Phi Kappa Theta">ΦΚΘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">ΦΚΣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Tau" title="Phi Kappa Tau">ΦΚΤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi" title="Phi Kappa Psi">ΦΚΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Lambda_Chi" title="Phi Lambda Chi">ΦΛΧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu_Alpha_Sinfonia" title="Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia">ΦΜΑ Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu_Delta" title="Phi Mu Delta">ΦΜΔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa" title="Phi Sigma Kappa">ΦΣΚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Phi" title="Phi Sigma Phi">ΦΣΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Gamma_Epsilon" title="Chi Gamma Epsilon">ΧΓΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">ΧΦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Psi" title="Chi Psi">ΧΨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">ΨΥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_(fraternity)" title="Acacia (fraternity)">Acacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Fellows" title="Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐bsckk Cached time: 20241122145330 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.429 seconds Real time usage: 0.542 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2067/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 74853/2097152 bytes 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