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id="toc-Foundation_and_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brown_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Brown family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>New Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Slavery_and_Justice"_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Slavery_and_Justice"_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>"Slavery and Justice" report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Slavery_and_Justice"_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Main campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Van_Wickle_Gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Van_Wickle_Gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Van Wickle Gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Van_Wickle_Gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Hay_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Hay_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>John Hay Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Hay_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Carter_Brown_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Carter_Brown_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>John Carter Brown Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Carter_Brown_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haffenreffer_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haffenreffer_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Haffenreffer Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haffenreffer_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annmary_Brown_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annmary_Brown_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Annmary Brown Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annmary_Brown_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Walk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Walk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The Walk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Walk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembroke_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembroke_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Pembroke campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembroke_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_and_RISD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_and_RISD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Brown and RISD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_and_RISD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual_Degree_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_Degree_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Dual Degree Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_Degree_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MADE_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MADE_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>MADE Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MADE_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_playwriting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_playwriting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Theatre and playwriting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_playwriting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Writing programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Author_prizewinners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author_prizewinners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Author prizewinners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author_prizewinners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Computer science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Applied mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_School_of_Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_School_of_Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>The School of Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_School_of_Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IE_Brown_Executive_MBA_Dual_Degree_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IE_Brown_Executive_MBA_Dual_Degree_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>IE Brown Executive MBA Dual Degree Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IE_Brown_Executive_MBA_Dual_Degree_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pembroke_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pembroke_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>The Pembroke Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pembroke_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Graduate_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Graduate_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>The Graduate School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Graduate_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Carney Institute for Brain Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpert_Medical_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpert_Medical_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Alpert Medical School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpert_Medical_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_of_Public_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_of_Public_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>School of Public Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_of_Public_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Online programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admissions_and_financial_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions_and_financial_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Admissions and financial aid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Admissions_and_financial_aid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Admissions and financial aid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Admissions_and_financial_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Undergraduate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Graduate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Student life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campus_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Campus safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spring_weekend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_weekend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Spring weekend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_weekend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_and_Greek_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_and_Greek_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Residential and Greek societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_and_Greek_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societies_and_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societies_and_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Societies and clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societies_and_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Student organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBTQ+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBTQ+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>LGBTQ+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBTQ+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resource_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Resource centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1968_Black_Student_Walkout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_Black_Student_Walkout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8.1</span> <span>1968 Black Student Walkout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_Black_Student_Walkout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divestment_from_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divestment_from_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8.2</span> <span>Divestment from South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divestment_from_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel-Gaza_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel-Gaza_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8.3</span> <span>Israel-Gaza protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-Gaza_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Faculty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown University</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-universiteit" title="Brown-universiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brown-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="جامعة براون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة براون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_Brown" title="Universidá Brown – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá Brown" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun_Universiteti" title="Braun Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braun Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="براون بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="براون بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ব্রাউন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাউন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Браун университеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Браун университеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Браўнаўскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Браўнаўскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%E2%80%9E%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%E2%80%9C" title="Университет „Браун“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Университет „Браун“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Brown" title="Univerzitet Brown – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Brown" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_Brown" title="Universitat Brown – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat Brown" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownova_univerzita" title="Brownova univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brownova univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Brown" title="Prifysgol Brown – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Brown" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brown University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brown University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browni_%C3%9Clikool" title="Browni Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Browni Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Πανεπιστήμιο Μπράουν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο Μπράουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Brown" title="Universidad Brown – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad Brown" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Brown" title="Universitato Brown – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Brown" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Unibertsitatea" title="Brown Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brown Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="دانشگاه براون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه براون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Brown" title="Université Brown – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Brown" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollooscoill_Brown" title="Ollooscoill Brown – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ollooscoill Brown" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Bhrown" title="Oilthigh Bhrown – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Bhrown" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Brown" title="Universidade Brown – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade Brown" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="브라운 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라운 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բրաունի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրաունի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Brown" title="Universitas Brown – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Brown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Brown-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brown-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Brown" title="Università Brown – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università Brown" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אוניברסיטת בראון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת בראון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბრაუნის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაუნის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Браун университети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Браун университети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Brunensis" title="Universitas Brunensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Brunensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauna_Universit%C4%81te" title="Brauna Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brauna Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Egyetem" title="Brown Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brown Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Универзитет Браун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Универзитет Браун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="ബ്രൗൺ സർവ്വകലാശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രൗൺ സർവ്വകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="جامعة براون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة براون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Brown" title="Universiti Brown – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Brown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-universiteit" title="Brown-universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brown-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="ブラウン大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラウン大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brown University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_universiteti" title="Brown universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brown universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਬ੍ਰਾਉਨ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਾਉਨ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="براؤن یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="براؤن یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Browna" title="Uniwersytet Browna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Browna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Brown" title="Universidade Brown – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade Brown" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Brown" title="Universitatea Brown – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Brown" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бравнова универзита – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бравнова универзита" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Брауновский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брауновский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brown University" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brown University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Универзитет Браун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Браун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownin_yliopisto" title="Brownin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brownin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brown University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Brown" title="Pamantasang Brown – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Brown" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரௌன் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரௌன் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun_universitet%C4%B1" title="Braun universitetı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Braun universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="มหาวิทยาลัยบราวน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยบราวน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Донишгоҳи Браун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Браун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Brown Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brown Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Браунський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Браунський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Brown" title="Đại học Brown – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Brown" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Brown" title="Unibersidad Brown – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad Brown" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="布朗大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布朗大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="布朗大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布朗大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private university in Providence, Rhode Island, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the private Ivy League research university in Rhode Island. For the private Christian university in Arkansas, see <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_University" title="John Brown University">John Brown University</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Brown University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Brown_University.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Shield_of_Brown_University.svg/110px-Shield_of_Brown_University.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Shield_of_Brown_University.svg/165px-Shield_of_Brown_University.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Shield_of_Brown_University.svg/220px-Shield_of_Brown_University.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="320" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brown_University" title="Coat of arms of Brown University">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Universitas Brunensis<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Rhode Island College (1764–1804)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>In Deo Speramus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"In God We Hope"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">September 15, 1764<span class="noprint">; 260 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1764-09-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education" title="New England Commission of Higher Education">NECHE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="Consortium on Financing Higher Education">COFHE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$7.2 billion (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.28 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Paxson" title="Christina Paxson">Christina Paxson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Doyle_III" title="Francis J. Doyle III">Francis J. Doyle III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">848<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_at_a_Glance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">10,737<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_at_a_Glance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,222<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_at_a_Glance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,920<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_at_a_Glance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />595 <a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">medical students</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_at_a_Glance-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brown_University&params=41_49_34_N_71_24_11_W_region:US-RI_type:edu"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°49′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°24′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.82611°N 71.40306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.82611; -71.40306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Midsize city, 143 acres (58 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Other campuses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Daily_Herald" title="The Brown Daily Herald">The Brown Daily Herald</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Seal brown, cardinal red, and white<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#4E3629"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#C00404"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFFFFF"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Bears</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FCS">NCAA Division I FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey" title="ECAC Hockey">ECAC Hockey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">EARC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges">EAWRC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association" title="New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association">NEISA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association" title="Collegiate Water Polo Association">CWPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears#Mascot" title="Brown Bears">Bruno the Bear</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/">brown.edu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brown_University_logo.svg/180px-Brown_University_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brown_University_logo.svg/270px-Brown_University_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brown_University_logo.svg/360px-Brown_University_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="37" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brown University</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, United States. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial colleges">seventh-oldest institution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in the US, founded in 1764 as the <i>College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</i>. One of nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> chartered before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the first US college to codify that admission and instruction of students was to be equal regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious affiliation">religious affiliation</a> of students.<sup id="cite_ref-:7.30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7.30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university is home to the oldest <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> program in the country and oldest engineering program in the Ivy League.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the early doctoral-granting institutions in the U.S., adding masters and doctoral studies in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, it adopted its <a href="/wiki/Open_Curriculum_(Brown_University)" title="Open Curriculum (Brown University)">Open Curriculum</a> after student lobbying, which eliminated mandatory <a href="/wiki/Curriculum#Core_curriculum" title="Curriculum">general education</a> distribution requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Brown's coordinate women's institution, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College_in_Brown_University" title="Pembroke College in Brown University">Pembroke College</a>, was fully merged into the university. </p><p>The university comprises the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Brown_University" title="College of Brown University">College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_School_of_Brown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate School of Brown University">Graduate School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">Alpert Medical School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Engineering" title="Brown University School of Engineering">School of Engineering</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Brown University School of Public Health">School of Public Health</a> and the School of Professional Studies. Its international programs are organized through the <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs">Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</a>, and it is academically affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a>, which offers undergraduate and graduate <a href="#Brown_and_RISD">dual degree programs</a>. Brown's main campus is in the <a href="/wiki/College_Hill,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island">College Hill</a> neighborhood of Providence. The university is surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/College_Hill_Historic_District_(Providence,_Rhode_Island)" title="College Hill Historic District (Providence, Rhode Island)">federally listed architectural district</a> with a concentration of Colonial-era buildings. Benefit Street has one of America's richest concentrations of 17th- and 18th-century architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undergraduate admissions are among the most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 5% for the class of 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 11 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners have been affiliated with Brown as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_alumni" title="List of Brown University alumni">alumni</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_faculty" title="List of Brown University faculty">faculty, or researchers</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalist</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medalists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 11 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> laureates. Alumni include 27 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21 billionaires,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretaries of State</a>, over 100 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 58 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22 <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Genius</a> Fellows,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 38 Olympic medalists.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brown_University" title="History of Brown University">History of Brown University</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_charter">Foundation and charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_(1727_-1795),_B.A._1746,_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_%281727_-1795%29%2C_B.A._1746%2C_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/165px-Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_%281727_-1795%29%2C_B.A._1746%2C_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_%281727_-1795%29%2C_B.A._1746%2C_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/248px-Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_%281727_-1795%29%2C_B.A._1746%2C_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_%281727_-1795%29%2C_B.A._1746%2C_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/330px-Samuel_King_-_Ezra_Stiles_%281727_-1795%29%2C_B.A._1746%2C_M.A._1749_-_1955.3.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4404" data-file-height="5353" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Petitioner <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a> later became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Yale_University" title="List of presidents of Yale University">seventh president</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ellery_(H._B._Hall).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William_Ellery_%28H._B._Hall%29.jpg/169px-William_Ellery_%28H._B._Hall%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William_Ellery_%28H._B._Hall%29.jpg/254px-William_Ellery_%28H._B._Hall%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/William_Ellery_%28H._B._Hall%29.jpg/338px-William_Ellery_%28H._B._Hall%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Petitioner <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1761, three residents of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, drafted a petition to the colony's <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly" title="Rhode Island General Assembly">General Assembly</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That your Petitioners propose to open a literary institution or School for instructing young Gentlemen in the Languages, Mathematics, Geography & History, & such other branches of Knowledge as shall be desired. That for this End... it will be necessary... to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors.</p></blockquote> <p>The three petitioners were <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a>, pastor of Newport's <a href="/wiki/Clarke_Street_Meeting_House" title="Clarke Street Meeting House">Second Congregational Church</a> and future president of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery Jr.</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Josias_Lyndon" title="Josias Lyndon">Josias Lyndon</a>, future governor of the colony. Stiles and Ellery later served as co-authors of the college's charter two years later. The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> Association of Baptist Churches was also interested in establishing a college in Rhode Island, which was home of <a href="/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_in_America" title="First Baptist Church in America">the mother church of their denomination</a>. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> were unrepresented among the colonial colleges; the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalists</a> had <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and Yale University, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> had the College of New Jersey, which later became <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Episcopalians</a> had the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> and King's College, which later became <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. The local <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in their native Philadelphia was founded by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> without direct association with any particular denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac Backus, a historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural trustee of Brown, wrote of the October 1762 resolution taken at Philadelphia:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Philadelphia Association obtained such an acquaintance with our affairs, as to bring them to an apprehension that it was practicable and expedient to erect a college in the Colony of Rhode-Island, under the chief direction of the Baptists; ... Mr. <a href="/wiki/James_Manning_(minister)" title="James Manning (minister)">James Manning</a>, who took his first degree in <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">New-Jersey college</a> in September, 1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work.</p></blockquote><p>James Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, who agreed to write the charter for the college. Stiles' first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763, and rejected by Baptist members who worried that their denomination would be underrepresented in the College Board of Fellows. A revised charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Rhode Island General Assembly on March 3, 1764, in <a href="/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island" title="East Greenwich, Rhode Island">East Greenwich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:226px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg/187px-James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg/281px-James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg/374px-James_Manning_head_by_Cosmo_Alexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown's first president, minister <a href="/wiki/James_Manning_(minister)" title="James Manning (minister)">James Manning</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:226px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg/147px-Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg/221px-Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg/294px-Brown_University_Ezra_Stiles_Charter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a> copy of Brown's 1764 charter</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the corporation—the college's governing body—was held in Newport's <a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_House" title="Old Colony House">Old Colony House</a>. Governor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a> was chosen chancellor, former and future governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a> vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, and Thomas Eyres secretary. The charter stipulated that the board of trustees should be composed of 22 Baptists, five <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a>, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the college president—"and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of its creation, Brown's charter was a uniquely progressive document.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other colleges had curricular strictures against opposing doctrines, while Brown's charter asserted, "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not make any Part of the Public and Classical Instruction." The document additionally "recognized more broadly and fundamentally than any other [university charter] the principle of denominational cooperation."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oft-repeated statement that Brown's charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership is inaccurate; other college charters were similarly liberal in that particular.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg/220px-Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg/330px-Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg/440px-Brown_University_1792_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>This 1792 engraving is the first published image of Brown. <a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Brown_University)" title="University Hall (Brown University)">University Hall</a> stands on the right while the President's House sits on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The college was founded as Rhode Island College, at the site of the First Baptist Church in <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning was sworn in as the college's first president in 1765 and remained in the role until 1791. In 1766, the college authorized <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">the Reverend</a> <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Edwards" title="Morgan Edwards">Morgan Edwards</a> to travel to Europe to "solicit Benefactions for this Institution".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his year-and-a-half stay in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles_naming_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="British Isles naming dispute">British Isles</a>, Edwards secured funding from benefactors including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Penn" title="Thomas Penn">Thomas Penn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1770, the college moved from Warren to Providence. To establish a campus, <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="John Brown (Rhode Island politician)">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses Brown</a> purchased a four-acre lot on the crest of <a href="/wiki/College_Hill,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island">College Hill</a> on behalf of the school. The majority of the property fell within the bounds of the original home lot of <a href="/wiki/Chad_Brown_(minister)" title="Chad Brown (minister)">Chad Brown</a>, an ancestor of the Browns and one of the original proprietors of <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the college was relocated to the city, work began on constructing its first building. </p><p>A building committee, organized by the corporation, developed plans for the college's first purpose-built edifice, finalizing a design on February 9, 1770. The subsequent structure, referred to as "The College Edifice" and later as <a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Brown_University)" title="University Hall (Brown University)">University Hall</a>, may have been modeled on <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a>, built 14 years prior at the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">College of New Jersey</a>. President Manning, an active member of the building process, was educated at Princeton and might have suggested that Brown's first building resemble that of his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brown_family">Brown family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brown family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg/220px-Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg/330px-Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg/440px-Nicholas_Brown_Jr_by_Chester_Harding_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Following the gift of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brown_Jr." title="Nicholas Brown Jr.">Nicholas Brown Jr.</a> (Class of 1786), the university was renamed in his honor.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brown_Sr." title="Nicholas Brown Sr.">Nicholas Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="John Brown (Rhode Island politician)">John Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_(astronomer)" title="Joseph Brown (astronomer)">Joseph Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses Brown</a> were instrumental in moving the college to Providence, constructing its first building, and securing its endowment. Joseph became a professor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> at the college; John served as its treasurer from 1775 to 1796; and Nicholas Sr's son <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brown_Jr." title="Nicholas Brown Jr.">Nicholas Brown Jr.</a> succeeded his uncle as treasurer from 1796 to 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 8, 1803, the corporation voted, "That the donation of $5,000, if made to this College within one Year from the late Commencement, shall entitle the donor to name the College." The following year, the appeal was answered by College Treasurer Nicholas Brown Jr. In a letter dated September 6, 1804, Brown committed "a donation of Five Thousand Dollars to Rhode Island College, to remain in perpetuity as a fund for the establishment of a Professorship of Oratory and Belles Letters." In recognition of the gift, the corporation on the same day voted, "That this College be called and known in all future time by the Name of Brown University."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown Jr., totaled nearly $160,000 and included funds for building Hope College (1821–22) and Manning Hall (1834–35). </p><p>In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a> was established as an independently funded research library on Brown's campus; the library's collection was founded on that of <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown" title="John Carter Brown">John Carter Brown</a>, son of Nicholas Brown Jr. </p><p>The Brown family was involved in various business ventures in Rhode Island, and accrued wealth both directly and indirectly from the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic Slave Trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>. The family was divided on the issue of slavery. John Brown had defended slavery, while Moses and Nicholas Brown Jr. were fervent <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a>. </p><p>In 2003, under the tenure of President <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Simmons" title="Ruth Simmons">Ruth Simmons</a>, the university established a steering committee to investigate these ties of the university to slavery and recommend a strategy to address them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With British vessels patrolling <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a> in the fall of 1776, the college library was moved out of Providence for safekeeping. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Brown's <a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Brown_University)" title="University Hall (Brown University)">University Hall</a> was used to house French and other revolutionary troops led by General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Rochambeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Rochambeau">Comte de Rochambeau</a> as they waited to commence the <a href="/wiki/Washington-Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">march of 1781</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>. This has been celebrated as marking the defeat of the British and the end of the war. The building functioned as barracks and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and as a hospital for French troops from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Brown's founders and alumni played roles in the American Revolution and subsequent founding of the United States. Brown's first chancellor, Stephen Hopkins, served as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Colonial Congress in Albany</a> in 1754, and to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> from 1774 to 1776. James Manning represented Rhode Island at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a>, while concurrently serving as Brown's first president.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Brown's founders, William Ellery and Stephen Hopkins signed the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Varnum" title="James Mitchell Varnum">James Mitchell Varnum</a>, who graduated from Brown with honors in 1769, served as one of General George Washington's <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier generals</a> and later as <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> in command of the entire <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island militia">Rhode Island militia</a>. Varnum is noted as the founder and commander of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Rhode_Island_Regiment" title="1st Rhode Island Regiment">1st Rhode Island Regiment</a>, widely regarded as the first Black battalion in U.S. military history.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Howell_(jurist)" title="David Howell (jurist)">David Howell</a>, who graduated with an A.M. in 1769, served as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> from 1782 to 1785. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JonathanMaxcy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/JonathanMaxcy.jpg/148px-JonathanMaxcy.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/JonathanMaxcy.jpg/222px-JonathanMaxcy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/JonathanMaxcy.jpg/296px-JonathanMaxcy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3765" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown's 2nd President, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maxcy" title="Jonathan Maxcy">Jonathan Maxcy</a>, was the first alum to serve as president.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:181px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Francis_Wayland_by_George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown's 4th President, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wayland" title="Francis Wayland">Francis Wayland</a>, urged American universities to adopt a broader curriculum.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DrRuthJSimmons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DrRuthJSimmons.jpg/153px-DrRuthJSimmons.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DrRuthJSimmons.jpg/230px-DrRuthJSimmons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DrRuthJSimmons.jpg/306px-DrRuthJSimmons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown's 18th President, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Simmons" title="Ruth Simmons">Ruth Simmons</a>, was the Ivy League's first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> president.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christina_paxson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Christina_paxson.jpg/131px-Christina_paxson.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Christina_paxson.jpg/197px-Christina_paxson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Christina_paxson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brown's 19th President, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Paxson" title="Christina Paxson">Christina Paxson</a>, has served in the role since 2012.</div></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Brown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Brown University">List of Presidents of Brown University</a></div> <p>Nineteen individuals have served as presidents of the university since its founding in 1764. Since 2012, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Hull_Paxson" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina Hull Paxson">Christina Hull Paxson</a> has served as president. Paxson had previously served as dean of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University's</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">School of Public and International Affairs</a> and chair of Princeton's economics department.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paxson's immediate predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Simmons" title="Ruth Simmons">Ruth Simmons</a>, is noted as the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> president of an Ivy League institution.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other presidents of note include academic, <a href="/wiki/Vartan_Gregorian" title="Vartan Gregorian">Vartan Gregorian</a>; and philosopher and economist, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wayland" title="Francis Wayland">Francis Wayland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Curriculum">New Curriculum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_Curriculum_(Brown_University)" title="Open Curriculum (Brown University)">Open Curriculum (Brown University)</a></div> <p>In 1966, the first Group Independent Study Project (GISP) at Brown was formed, involving 80 students and 15 professors. The GISP was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State College</a>, and sought ways to "put students at the center of their education" and "teach students how to think rather than just teaching facts".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the GISP, <a href="/wiki/Ira_Magaziner" title="Ira Magaziner">Ira Magaziner</a> and Elliot Maxwell published a paper of their findings titled, "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper made proposals for a new curriculum, including <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> freshman-year courses that would introduce "modes of thought," with instruction from faculty from different disciplines as well as for an end to letter grades. The following year Magaziner began organizing the student body to press for the reforms, organizing discussions and protests.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, university president <a href="/wiki/Ray_Heffner" title="Ray Heffner">Ray Heffner</a> established a Special Committee on Curricular Philosophy. Composed of administrators, the committee was tasked with developing specific reforms and producing recommendations. A report, produced by the committee, was presented to the faculty, which voted the New Curriculum into existence on May 7, 1969. Its key features included:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Modes of Thought courses for first-year students</li> <li>The introduction of interdisciplinary courses</li> <li>The abandonment of "general education" distribution requirements</li> <li>The Satisfactory/No Credit (S/NC) grading option</li> <li>The ABC/No Credit grading system, which eliminated pluses, minuses, and D's; a grade of "No Credit" (equivalent to F's at other institutions) would not appear on external transcripts.</li></ul> <p>The Modes of Thought course was discontinued early on, but the other elements remain in place. In 2006, the reintroduction of plus/minus grading was proposed in response to concerns regarding grade inflation. The idea was rejected by the College Curriculum Council after canvassing alumni, faculty, and students, including the original authors of the Magaziner-Maxwell Report.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Slavery_and_Justice"_report"><span id=".22Slavery_and_Justice.22_report"></span>"Slavery and Justice" report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Slavery and Justice" report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg/220px-Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg/330px-Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg/440px-Brown_University_Slavery_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Memorial_(Brown_University)" title="Slavery Memorial (Brown University)">Slavery Memorial</a></i> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Puryear" title="Martin Puryear">Martin Puryear</a> and dedicated in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, then-university president <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Simmons" title="Ruth Simmons">Ruth Simmons</a> launched a steering committee to research Brown's eighteenth-century ties to slavery. In October 2006, the committee released a report documenting its findings.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Titled "Slavery and Justice", the document detailed the ways in which the university benefited both directly and indirectly from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> and the labor of enslaved people. The report also included seven recommendations for how the university should address this legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown has since completed a number of these recommendations including the establishment of its Center for the Study of Slavery and Justice, the construction of its <i><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Memorial_(Brown_University)" title="Slavery Memorial (Brown University)">Slavery Memorial</a></i>, and the funding of a $10 million permanent endowment for <a href="/wiki/Providence_Public_School_District" title="Providence Public School District">Providence Public Schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slavery and Justice report marked the first major effort by an American university to address its ties to slavery and prompted other institutions to undertake similar processes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Brown University">Coat of Arms of Brown University</a></div> <p>Brown's coat of arms was created in 1834. The prior year, president <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wayland" title="Francis Wayland">Francis Wayland</a> had commissioned a committee to update the school's original seal to match the name the university had adopted in 1804. Central in the coat of arms is a white <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> divided into four sectors by a red cross. Within each sector of the coat of arms lies an open book. Above the shield is a crest consisting of the upper half of a <a href="/wiki/Sun_in_splendor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun in splendor">sun in splendor</a> among the clouds atop a red and white <a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">torse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg/288px-Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg/432px-Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg/576px-Brown%27s_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1323" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Brown_University)" title="University Hall (Brown University)">University Hall</a>, Brown's oldest building, was constructed in 1770 and is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg/288px-Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg/432px-Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg/576px-Das_%C3%B6stliche_Eingangstor_der_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4881" data-file-height="2833" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Soldiers Memorial Gate (1921) long marked the eastern edge of Brown's campus.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Brown is the largest institutional landowner in Providence, with properties on College Hill and in the <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_District_(Providence)" title="Jewelry District (Providence)">Jewelry District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university was built contemporaneously with the eighteenth and nineteenth-century precincts surrounding it, making Brown's campus tightly integrated into Providence's urban fabric. Among the noted architects who have shaped Brown's campus are <a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead & White">McKim, Mead & White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Vi%C3%B1oly" title="Rafael Viñoly">Rafael Viñoly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro" title="Diller Scofidio + Renfro">Diller Scofidio + Renfro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern" title="Robert A. M. Stern">Robert A. M. Stern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_campus">Main campus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Main campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_buildings" title="List of Brown University buildings">List of Brown University buildings</a></div><p>Brown's main campus, comprises 235 buildings and 143 acres (0.58 km<sup>2</sup>) in the <a href="/wiki/East_Side,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Side, Providence, Rhode Island">East Side</a> neighborhood of College Hill. The university's central campus sits on a 15-acre (6.1-hectare) block bounded by Waterman, Prospect, George, and <a href="/wiki/Thayer_Street" title="Thayer Street">Thayer Streets</a>; newer buildings extend northward, eastward, and southward. Brown's core, historic campus, constructed primary between 1770 and 1926, is defined by three greens: the Front or Quiet Green, the Middle or College Green, and the Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (historically known as Lincoln Field).<sup id="cite_ref-campus_heritage2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campus_heritage2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brick and wrought-iron fence punctuated by decorative gates and arches traces the block's perimeter. This section of campus is primarily <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a> in its architectural character.<sup id="cite_ref-campus_heritage2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campus_heritage2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south of the central campus are academic buildings and residential quadrangles, including Wriston, Keeney, and Gregorian quadrangles. Immediately to the east of the campus core sit Sciences Park and Brown's <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Engineering" title="Brown University School of Engineering">School of Engineering</a>. North of the central campus are performing and visual arts facilities, life sciences labs, and the Pembroke Campus, which houses both dormitories and academic buildings. Facing the western edge of the central campus sit two of the Brown's seven libraries, the <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._Library" title="John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library">John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library</a>. </p><p>The university's campus is contiguous with that of the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a>, which is located immediately to Brown's west, along the slope of College Hill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Van_Wickle_Gates">Van Wickle Gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Van Wickle Gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Van_Wickle_Gates" title="Van Wickle Gates">Van Wickle Gates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_iconic_Van_Wickle_Gates_at_Brown_University,_one_of_America%27s_prestigious_%22Ivy_League%22_colleges,_in_Providence,_the_capital_of,_and_largest_city_in,_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_iconic_Van_Wickle_Gates_at_Brown_University%2C_one_of_America%27s_prestigious_%22Ivy_League%22_colleges%2C_in_Providence%2C_the_capital_of%2C_and_largest_city_in%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_iconic_Van_Wickle_Gates_at_Brown_University%2C_one_of_America%27s_prestigious_%22Ivy_League%22_colleges%2C_in_Providence%2C_the_capital_of%2C_and_largest_city_in%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_iconic_Van_Wickle_Gates_at_Brown_University%2C_one_of_America%27s_prestigious_%22Ivy_League%22_colleges%2C_in_Providence%2C_the_capital_of%2C_and_largest_city_in%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8509" data-file-height="7732" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Van_Wickle_Gates" title="Van Wickle Gates">Van Wickle Gates</a> stand at the crest of <a href="/wiki/College_Hill,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island">College Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Built in 1901, the Van Wickle Gates are a set of wrought iron gates that stand at the western edge of Brown's campus. The larger main gate is flanked by two smaller side gates. At Convocation the central gate opens inward to admit the procession of new students; at Commencement, the gate opens outward for the procession of graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Brown superstition holds that students who walk through the central gate a second time prematurely will not graduate, although walking backward is said to cancel the hex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Hay_Library">John Hay Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: John Hay Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hay_Library_(Brown).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/John_Hay_Library_%28Brown%29.jpg/220px-John_Hay_Library_%28Brown%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/John_Hay_Library_%28Brown%29.jpg/330px-John_Hay_Library_%28Brown%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/John_Hay_Library_%28Brown%29.jpg/440px-John_Hay_Library_%28Brown%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4657" data-file-height="3726" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">John Hay Library</a> is home to rare books, special collections, and the university archives.</figcaption></figure><p>The John Hay Library is the second oldest library on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opened in 1910, the library is named for <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> (class of 1858), private secretary to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and Secretary of State under <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. The construction of the building was funded in large part by Hay's friend, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, who contributed half of the $300,000 cost of construction.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The John Hay Library serves as the repository of the university's archives, rare books and manuscripts, and special collections. Noteworthy among the latter are the <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._K._Brown_Military_Collection" title="Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection">Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (described as "the foremost American collection of material devoted to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Harris Collection of American Poetry and Plays (described as "the largest and most comprehensive collection of its kind in any research library"), the Lownes Collection of the History of Science (described as "one of the three most important private collections of books of science in America"), and the papers of <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>. The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a> in the Americas, one of Brown's two <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">Shakespeare First Folios</a>, the manuscript of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>,</i> and three books <a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">bound in human skin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Carter_Brown_Library">John Carter Brown Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: John Carter Brown Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_the_John_Carter_Brown_Library_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3921" data-file-height="4263" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a> is one of the world's leading repositories of books, maps, and manuscripts relating to the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonial Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Founded in 1846, the John Carter Brown Library is generally regarded as the world's leading collection of primary historical sources relating to the exploration and colonization of the Americas. While administered and funded separately from the university, the library has been owned by Brown and located on its campus since 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The library contains the best preserved of the eleven surviving copies of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Psalm_Book" title="Bay Psalm Book">Bay Psalm Book</a>—the earliest extant book printed in British North America and the most expensive printed book in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other holdings include a Shakespeare <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> and the world's largest collection of 16th-century Mexican texts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manning_Hall,_Brown_University,_Providence,_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Manning_Hall%2C_Brown_University%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg/220px-Manning_Hall%2C_Brown_University%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Manning_Hall%2C_Brown_University%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg/330px-Manning_Hall%2C_Brown_University%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Manning_Hall%2C_Brown_University%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg/440px-Manning_Hall%2C_Brown_University%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island_-_20091108_straighten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The galleries of Brown's anthropology museum, the <a href="/wiki/Haffenreffer_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology">Haffenreffer</a>, are located in Manning Hall.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haffenreffer_Museum">Haffenreffer Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Haffenreffer Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haffenreffer_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology">Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology</a></div> <p>The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are located in Manning Hall on the campus's main green. Its one million artifacts, available for research and educational purposes, are located at its Collections Research Center in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum's goal is to inspire creative and critical thinking about culture by fostering an interdisciplinary understanding of the material world. It provides opportunities for faculty and students to work with collections and the public, teaching through objects and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The museum sponsors lectures and events in all areas of anthropology and also runs an extensive program of outreach to local schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annmary_Brown_Memorial">Annmary Brown Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Annmary Brown Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annmary_Brown_Memorial" title="Annmary Brown Memorial">Annmary Brown Memorial</a></div> <p>The Annmary Brown Memorial was constructed from 1903 to 1907 by the politician, Civil War veteran, and book collector General <a href="/wiki/Rush_Hawkins" title="Rush Hawkins">Rush Hawkins</a>, as a mausoleum for his wife, Annmary Brown, a member of the Brown family. In addition to its crypt—the final repository for Brown and Hawkins—the Memorial includes works of art from Hawkins's private collection, including paintings by <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Johnson" title="Eastman Johnson">Eastman Johnson</a>, among others. His collection of over 450 <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a> was relocated to the John Hay Library in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the Memorial is home to Brown's <a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance Studies</a> programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Walk">The Walk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Walk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Walk, a landscaped pedestrian corridor, connects the Pembroke Campus to the main campus. It runs parallel to <a href="/wiki/Thayer_Street" title="Thayer Street">Thayer Street</a> and serves as a primary axis of campus, extending from Ruth Simmons Quadrangle at its southern terminus to the Meeting Street entrance to the Pembroke Campus at its northern end.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walk is bordered by departmental buildings as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lindemann_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Lindemann Performing Arts Center">Lindemann Performing Arts Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perry_and_Marty_Granoff_Center_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="Perry and Marty Granoff Center for the Creative Arts">Granoff Center for the Creative Arts</a> </p><p>The corridor is home to public art including sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Friedman_(artist)" title="Tom Friedman (artist)">Tom Friedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembroke_campus">Pembroke campus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pembroke campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg/220px-Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg/330px-Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg/440px-Brown_University_Pembroke_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Three dormitories, Metcalf Hall (1919), Andrews Hall (1947), and Miller Hall (1910), formed the heart of Pembroke College and now serve as freshman residences.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College_in_Brown_University" title="Pembroke College in Brown University">Women's College in Brown University</a>, known as Pembroke College, was founded in October 1891. Upon its 1971 merger with the College of Brown University, Pembroke's campus was absorbed into the larger Brown campus. The Pembroke campus is bordered by Meeting, Brown, Bowen, and Thayer Streets and sits three blocks north of Brown's central campus. The campus is dominated by brick architecture, largely of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian styles</a>. The west side of the quadrangle comprises Pembroke Hall (1897), Smith-Buonanno Hall (1907), and Metcalf Hall (1919), while the east side comprises Alumnae Hall (1927) and Miller Hall (1910). The quadrangle culminates on the north with Andrews Hall (1947). </p><p>East Campus, centered on Hope and Charlesfield streets, originally served as the campus of <a href="/wiki/Bryant_University" title="Bryant University">Bryant University</a>. In 1969, as Bryant was preparing to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="Smithfield, Rhode Island">Smithfield, Rhode Island</a>, Brown purchased their Providence campus for $5 million. The transaction expanded the Brown campus by 10 acres (40,000 m<sup>2</sup>) and 26 buildings. In 1971, Brown renamed the area East Campus.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the area is largely used for dormitories. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thayer_Street" title="Thayer Street">Thayer Street</a> runs through Brown's main campus. As a commercial corridor frequented by students, Thayer is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Square" title="Harvard Square">Harvard Square</a> or Berkeley's <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Avenue" title="Telegraph Avenue">Telegraph Avenue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wickenden_Street" title="Wickenden Street">Wickenden Street</a>, in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Fox_Point,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Fox Point, Providence, Rhode Island">Fox Point</a> neighborhood, is another commercial street similarly popular among students. </p><p>Built in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Stadium">Brown Stadium</a>—the home of the school's football team—is located approximately a mile and a half northeast of the university's central campus.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marston Boathouse, the home of Brown's crew teams, lies on the <a href="/wiki/Seekonk_River" title="Seekonk River">Seekonk River</a>, to the southeast of campus. Brown's sailing teams are based out of the Ted Turner Sailing Pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Edgewood_Yacht_Club" title="Edgewood Yacht Club">Edgewood Yacht Club</a> in adjacent <a href="/wiki/Cranston,_Rhode_Island" title="Cranston, Rhode Island">Cranston</a>. </p><p>Since 2011, Brown's Warren Alpert Medical School has been located in Providence's historic <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_District_(Providence)" title="Jewelry District (Providence)">Jewelry District</a>, near the medical campus of Brown's teaching hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Hospital" title="Rhode Island Hospital">Rhode Island Hospital</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women_%26_Infants_Hospital_of_Rhode_Island" title="Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island">Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island</a>. Other university facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Molecular_medicine" title="Molecular medicine">molecular medicine</a> labs and administrative offices, are likewise located in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown's <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Brown University School of Public Health">School of Public Health</a> occupies a landmark modernist building along the <a href="/wiki/Providence_River" title="Providence River">Providence River</a>. Other Brown properties include the 376-acre (1.52 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_(Rhode_Island)" title="Mount Hope (Rhode Island)">Mount Hope Grant</a> in Bristol, Rhode Island, an important Native American site noted as a location of <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>. Brown's <a href="/wiki/Haffenreffer_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology">Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology</a> Collection Research Center, particularly strong in Native American items, is located in the Mount Hope Grant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown has committed to "minimize its energy use, reduce negative environmental impacts, and promote environmental stewardship."<sup id="cite_ref-Brown's_Energy_and_Environmental_Mission_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown's_Energy_and_Environmental_Mission-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010, the university has required all new buildings meet <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED silver</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2007 and 2018, Brown reduced its <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse emissions</a> by 27 percent; the majority of this reduction is attributable to the university's Thermal Efficiency Project which converted its central heating plant from a steam-powered system to a hot water-powered system.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Brown announced it had sold 90 percent of its <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> investments as part of a broader divestment from direct investments and managed funds that focus on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the university adopted the goal of reducing quantifiable campus emissions by 75 percent by 2025 and achieving <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown is a member of the Ivy Plus Sustainability Consortium, through which it has committed to best-practice sharing and the ongoing exchange of campus sustainability solutions along with other member institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/A._W._Kuchler" title="A. W. Kuchler">A. W. Kuchler</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation" title="Potential natural vegetation">potential natural vegetation</a> types, Brown would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> (<i>104</i>) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwood</a> Forest (<i>25</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_Biology_Institute_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_College">The College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/College_of_Brown_University" title="College of Brown University">College of Brown University</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg/220px-Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg/330px-Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg/440px-Brown_university_robinson_hall_2009a_crop_and_straighten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3389" data-file-height="2683" /></a><figcaption>Robinson Hall (1878) was designed by <a href="/wiki/William_R._Walker_%26_Son" title="William R. Walker & Son">Walker and Gould</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian Gothic</a> style to house Brown's library.</figcaption></figure> <p>Founded in 1764, The College is Brown's oldest school. About 7,200 undergraduate students are enrolled in the college <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, and 81 concentrations are offered. For the graduating class of 2020, the most popular concentrations were Computer Science, Economics, Biology, History, Applied Mathematics, International Relations, and Political Science. A quarter of Brown undergraduates complete more than one concentration before graduating.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the existing programs do not align with their intended curricular interests, undergraduates may design and pursue independent concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 35 percent <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> of undergraduates pursue graduate or professional study immediately, 60 percent within 5 years, and 80 percent within 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-admit-facts_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admit-facts-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Class of 2009, 56 percent of all undergraduate alumni have since earned graduate degrees. Among undergraduate alumni who go on to receive graduate degrees, the most common degrees earned are J.D. (16%), M.D. (14%), M.A. (14%), M.Sc. (14%), and Ph.D. (11%). The most common institutions from which undergraduate alumni earn graduate degrees are Brown University, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest fields of employment for undergraduate alumni ten years after graduation are education and higher education (15%), medicine (9%), business and finance (9%), law (8%), and computing and technology (7%).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_and_RISD">Brown and RISD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brown and RISD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:List_Art_Center,_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/List_Art_Center%2C_Brown_University.jpg/220px-List_Art_Center%2C_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/List_Art_Center%2C_Brown_University.jpg/330px-List_Art_Center%2C_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/List_Art_Center%2C_Brown_University.jpg/440px-List_Art_Center%2C_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The List Art Center, built 1969–71, designed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, houses Brown's Department of Visual Art and the <a href="/wiki/David_Winton_Bell_Gallery" title="David Winton Bell Gallery">David Winton Bell Gallery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since its 1893 relocation to College Hill, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a> (RISD) has bordered Brown to its west. Since 1900, Brown and RISD students have been able to cross-register at the two institutions, with Brown students permitted to take as many as four courses at RISD to count towards their Brown degree.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two institutions partner to provide various student-life services and the two student bodies compose a synergy in the College Hill cultural scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual_Degree_Program">Dual Degree Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dual Degree Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After several years of discussion between the two institutions and several students pursuing dual degrees unofficially, Brown and RISD formally established a five-year dual degree program in 2007, with the first class matriculating in the fall of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brown|RISD Dual Degree Program, among the most selective in the country, offered admission to 20 of the 725 applicants for the class entering in autumn 2020, for an acceptance rate of 2.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program combines the complementary strengths of the two institutions, integrating studio art and design at RISD with Brown's academic offerings. Students are admitted to the Dual Degree Program for a course lasting five years and culminating in both the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) or Bachelor of Science (Sc.B.) degree from Brown and the Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) degree from RISD. Prospective students must apply to the two schools separately and be accepted by separate admissions committees. Their application must then be approved by a third Brown|RISD joint committee. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granoff_Center_(Brown).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Granoff_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg/220px-Granoff_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Granoff_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg/330px-Granoff_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Granoff_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg/440px-Granoff_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4989" data-file-height="3855" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Perry_and_Marty_Granoff_Center_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="Perry and Marty Granoff Center for the Creative Arts">Granoff Center</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro" title="Diller Scofidio + Renfro">Diller Scofidio + Renfro</a>, hosts the annual Brown|RISD Dual Degree exhibition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Admitted students spend the first year in residence at RISD completing its first-year Experimental and Foundation Studies curriculum while taking up to three Brown classes. Students spend their second year in residence at Brown, during which students take mainly Brown courses while starting on their RISD major requirements. In the third, fourth, and fifth years, students can elect to live at either school or off-campus, and course distribution is determined by the requirements of each student's unique combination of Brown concentration and RISD major. Program participants are noted for their creative and original approach to cross-disciplinary opportunities, combining, for example, industrial design with engineering, or anatomical illustration with human biology, or philosophy with sculpture, or architecture with urban studies. An annual "BRDD Exhibition" is a well-publicized and heavily attended event, drawing interest and attendees from the broader world of industry, design, the media, and the fine arts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MADE_Program">MADE Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: MADE Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the two schools announced the establishment of a new joint Master of Arts in Design Engineering program. Abbreviated as MADE, the program intends to combine RISD's programs in industrial design with Brown's programs in engineering. The program is administered through Brown's School of Engineering and RISD's Architecture and Design Division.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_playwriting">Theatre and playwriting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theatre and playwriting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg/220px-Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg/330px-Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg/440px-Marcus_Aurelius_statue_and_Lyman_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Lyman Hall, built 1890–92, houses the Department of Theatre Arts and Performance Studies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brown's theatre and playwriting programs are among the best-regarded in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six Brown graduates have received the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Uhry" title="Alfred Uhry">Alfred Uhry</a> '58, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> '86, <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Akhtar" title="Ayad Akhtar">Ayad Akhtar</a> '93, <a href="/wiki/Nilo_Cruz" title="Nilo Cruz">Nilo Cruz</a> '94, <a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a> '04, and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Sibblies_Drury" title="Jackie Sibblies Drury">Jackie Sibblies Drury</a> MFA '04.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Communications_Group" title="Theatre Communications Group">American Theater</a></i> magazine's 2009 ranking of the most-produced American plays, Brown graduates occupied four of the top five places—Peter Nachtrieb '97, Rachel Sheinkin '89, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruhl" title="Sarah Ruhl">Sarah Ruhl</a> '97, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Karam" title="Stephen Karam">Stephen Karam</a> '02.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The undergraduate concentration encompasses programs in theatre history, performance theory, playwriting, dramaturgy, acting, directing, dance, speech, and technical production. Applications for doctoral and master's degree programs are made through the University Graduate School. Master's degrees in acting and directing are pursued in conjunction with the Brown/Trinity Rep MFA program, which partners with the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Repertory_Company" title="Trinity Repertory Company">Trinity Repertory Company</a>, a local <a href="/wiki/Regional_theater_in_the_United_States" title="Regional theater in the United States">regional theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg/220px-Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg/330px-Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg/440px-Fall_view_over_Brown_2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Brown University English department</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_programs">Writing programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Writing programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing at Brown—fiction, non-fiction, poetry, playwriting, screenwriting, electronic writing, mixed media, and the undergraduate writing proficiency requirement—is catered for by various centers and degree programs, and a faculty that has long included nationally and internationally known authors. The undergraduate concentration in literary arts offers courses in fiction, poetry, screenwriting, literary hypermedia, and translation. Graduate programs include the fiction and poetry MFA writing programs in the literary arts department and the MFA playwriting program in the theatre arts and performance studies department. The non-fiction writing program is offered in the English department. Screenwriting and cinema narrativity courses are offered in the departments of literary arts and modern culture and media. The undergraduate writing proficiency requirement is supported by the Writing Center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Author_prizewinners">Author prizewinners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Author prizewinners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alumni authors take their degrees across the spectrum of degree concentrations, but a gauge of the strength of writing at Brown is the number of major national writing prizes won. To note only winners since the year 2000: <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a>-winners <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> '82 (2003), <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> '66 (2005), and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> '92 (2018); British <a href="/wiki/Orange_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Prize">Orange Prize</a>-winners <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> '66 (2009) and <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Miller" title="Madeline Miller">Madeline Miller</a> '00 (2012); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>-winners <a href="/wiki/Nilo_Cruz" title="Nilo Cruz">Nilo Cruz</a> '94 (2003), <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> '86 (twice, 2009, 2017), <a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a> '04 (2012), <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Akhtar" title="Ayad Akhtar">Ayad Akhtar</a> '93 (2013), and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Sibblies_Drury" title="Jackie Sibblies Drury">Jackie Sibblies Drury</a> MFA '04 (2019); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize for Biography</a>-winners <a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">David Kertzer</a> '69 (2015) and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moser" title="Benjamin Moser">Benjamin Moser</a> '98 (2020); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize for Journalism</a>-winners <a href="/wiki/James_Risen" title="James Risen">James Risen</a> '77 (2006), <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Cook" title="Gareth Cook">Gareth Cook</a> '91 (2005), <a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Tony Horwitz</a> '80 (1995), <a href="/wiki/Usha_Lee_McFarling" title="Usha Lee McFarling">Usha Lee McFarling</a> '89 (2007), <a href="/wiki/David_Rohde" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rohde">David Rohde</a> '90 (1996), <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Schulz" title="Kathryn Schulz">Kathryn Schulz</a> '96 (2016), and <a href="/wiki/Alissa_J._Rubin" title="Alissa J. Rubin">Alissa J. Rubin</a> '80 (2016); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/James_Forman_Jr." title="James Forman Jr.">James Forman Jr.</a> '88 (2018); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for History</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Chatelain" title="Marcia Chatelain">Marcia Chatelain</a> PhD '08 (2021); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for Criticism</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/Salamishah_Tillet" title="Salamishah Tillet">Salamishah Tillet</a> MAT '97 (2022); and <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Poetry" title="Pulitzer Prize for Poetry">Pulitzer Prize for Poetry</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Peter Balakian</a> PhD '80 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computing_Laboratory,_Brown_University_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Computing_Laboratory%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Computing_Laboratory%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Computing_Laboratory%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Computing_Laboratory%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Computing_Laboratory%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Computing_Laboratory%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>The Brown Computing Laboratory, designed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brown began offering computer science courses through the departments of Economics and Applied Mathematics in 1956 when it acquired an IBM machine. Brown added an <a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">IBM 650</a> in January 1958, the only one of its type between Hartford and Boston. In 1960, Brown opened its first dedicated computer building, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Computing_Laboratory" title="Brown University Computing Laboratory">Brown University Computing Laboratory</a>. The facility, designed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a>, received an <a href="/wiki/IBM_7070" title="IBM 7070">IBM 7070</a> computer the following year. The first undergraduate Computer Science degrees were awarded in 1974. Brown granted computer sciences full Departmental status in 1979. In 2009, IBM and Brown announced the installation of a supercomputer (by teraflops standards), the most powerful in the southeastern New England region.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Andries van Dam</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wallace_(computer_scientist)" title="Bob Wallace (computer scientist)">Bob Wallace</a> invented The <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Editing_System" title="Hypertext Editing System">Hypertext Editing Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Editing_System" title="Hypertext Editing System">HES</a> and <a href="/wiki/FRESS" class="mw-redirect" title="FRESS">FRESS</a> while at Brown. Nelson coined the word <i><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a></i> while Van Dam's students helped originate <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a>, and related Web standards. Among the school's computer science alumni are principal architect of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld" title="Andy Hertzfeld">Andy Hertzfeld</a>; principal architect of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">Intel 80486</a> microprocessors, <a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_(engineer)" title="John Crawford (engineer)">John Crawford</a>; former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a>; and digital effects programmer <a href="/wiki/Masi_Oka" title="Masi Oka">Masi Oka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other alumni include former CS department head at MIT, <a href="/wiki/John_Guttag" title="John Guttag">John Guttag</a>; software-defined networking pioneer <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shenker" title="Scott Shenker">Scott Shenker</a>; <a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a> founder, <a href="/wiki/Aneel_Bhusri" title="Aneel Bhusri">Aneel Bhusri</a>; <a href="/wiki/MongoDB_Inc." title="MongoDB Inc.">MongoDB</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Horowitz" title="Eliot Horowitz">Eliot Horowitz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Figma_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figma (software)">Figma</a> founders <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Field" title="Dylan Field">Dylan Field</a> and Evan Wallace (the latter of whom also created <a href="/wiki/Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a>); <a href="/wiki/OpenSea" title="OpenSea">OpenSea</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Devin_Finzer" title="Devin Finzer">Devin Finzer</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Lazowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward D. Lazowska">Edward D. Lazowska</a>, professor and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Chair emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2012 and 2018, the number of concentrators in CS tripled.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, computer science overtook economics as the school's most popular undergraduate concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applied_mathematics">Applied mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Applied mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown's program in <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> was established in 1941 making it the oldest such program in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division is highly ranked and regarded nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 67 recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Timoshenko_Medal" title="Timoshenko Medal">Timoshenko Medal</a>, 22 have been affiliated with Brown's applied mathematics division as faculty, researchers, or students.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World">The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg/218px-Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg/327px-Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg/436px-Rhode_Island_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5241" data-file-height="3494" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> Rhode Island Hall (1840) on the Main Green is home to the <a href="/wiki/Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World" title="Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World">Joukowsky Institute</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg/218px-Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg/327px-Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg/436px-Brown_University_Wilbour_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Department of Egyptology and Assyriology in Wilbour Hall (1888). Wilbour Hall is named for Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edwin_Wilbour" title="Charles Edwin Wilbour">Charles Edwin Wilbour</a> (class of 1854).</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World" title="Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World">Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World</a></div> <p>Established in 2004, the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World is Brown's interdisciplinary research center for archeology and ancient studies. The institute pursues fieldwork, excavations, regional surveys, and academic study of the archaeology and art of the ancient Mediterranean, Egypt, and Western Asia from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute has a very active fieldwork profile, with faculty-led excavations and regional surveys presently in <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> (Jordan), <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> (Egypt), Turkey, Sudan, Italy, Mexico, Guatemala, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, and Providence. </p><p>The Joukowsky Institute's faculty includes cross-appointments from the departments of Egyptology, Assyriology, Classics, Anthropology, and History of Art and Architecture. Faculty research and publication areas include Greek and Roman art and architecture, landscape archaeology, urban and religious architecture of the Levant, Roman provincial studies, the Aegean Bronze Age, and the archaeology of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. The institute offers visiting teaching appointments and postdoctoral fellowships which have, in recent years, included Near Eastern Archaeology and Art, <a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical Archaeology</a> and Art, Islamic Archaeology and Art, and Archaeology and Media Studies. </p><p><b>Egyptology and Assyriology</b> </p><p>Facing the Joukowsky Institute, across the Front Green, is the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology, formed in 2006 by the merger of Brown's departments of Egyptology and History of Mathematics. It is one of only a handful of such departments in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curricular focus is on three principal areas: <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a>, and the history of the ancient exact sciences (astronomy, astrology, and mathematics). Many courses in the department are open to all Brown undergraduates without prerequisites and include archaeology, languages, history, and Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian religions</a>, literature, and science. Students concentrating in the department choose a track of either Egyptology or Assyriology. Graduate-level study comprises three tracks to the doctoral degree: Egyptology, Assyriology, or the History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs">The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs">Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watson_Institute_(Brown)_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Watson_Institute_%28Brown%29_6.jpg/218px-Watson_Institute_%28Brown%29_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Watson_Institute_%28Brown%29_6.jpg/327px-Watson_Institute_%28Brown%29_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Watson_Institute_%28Brown%29_6.jpg/436px-Watson_Institute_%28Brown%29_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The main building at the <a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs">Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Vi%C3%B1oly" title="Rafael Viñoly">Rafael Viñoly</a> in 2001</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Robert_Hall,_Brown_University_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stephen_Robert_Hall%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-Stephen_Robert_Hall%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stephen_Robert_Hall%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg/327px-Stephen_Robert_Hall%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stephen_Robert_Hall%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg/436px-Stephen_Robert_Hall%2C_Brown_University_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stephen Robert Hall (2018) at the Watson Institute, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Mori" title="Toshiko Mori">Toshiko Mori</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown's center for the study of global Issues and public affairs, is one of the leading institutes of its type in the country. The institute occupies facilities designed by Uruguayan architect <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Vi%C3%B1oly" title="Rafael Viñoly">Rafael Viñoly</a> and Japanese architect <a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Mori" title="Toshiko Mori">Toshiko Mori</a>. The institute was initially endowed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (Class of 1937), former <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador to the Soviet Union">Ambassador to the Soviet Union</a> and longtime president of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. </p><p>Institute faculty and faculty emeritus include <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian prime minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> president <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilean president <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Ricardo Lagos Escobar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican novelist and statesman <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian statesman and United Nations commission head <a href="/wiki/Paulo_S%C3%A9rgio_Pinheiro" title="Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro">Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian foreign minister and ambassador to the United States <a href="/wiki/Nirupama_Rao" title="Nirupama Rao">Nirupama Rao</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Peace Accords</a> author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> (Class of 1962),<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei Khrushchev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> editor of the papers of his father <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>The institute's curricular interest is organized into the principal themes of development, security, and governance—with further focuses on globalization, economic uncertainty, security threats, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, and poverty. Six Brown undergraduate concentrations are hosted by the Watson Institute: <a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development Studies</a>, International and Public Affairs, International Relations, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Middle East Studies, Public Policy, and South Asian Studies. Graduate programs offered at the Watson Institute include the Graduate Program in Development (Ph.D.) and the Master of Public Affairs (M.P.A) Program. The institute also offers postdoctoral, professional development, and global outreach programming. In support of these programs, the institute houses various centers, including the Brazil Initiative, Brown-India Initiative, China Initiative, Middle East Studies Center, The Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS), and the Taubman Center for Public Policy. In recent years, the most internationally cited product of the Watson Institute has been its <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Costs of War Project</a>, first released in 2011 and continuously updated since. The project comprises a team of economists, anthropologists, political scientists, legal experts, and physicians, and seeks to calculate the economic costs, human casualties, and impact on civil liberties of the wars in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Pakistan</a> since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_School_of_Engineering">The School of Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The School of Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Engineering" title="Brown University School of Engineering">Brown University School of Engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg/220px-Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg/330px-Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg/440px-Brown_University_Engineering_Research_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1561" /></a><figcaption>The Brown University Engineering Research Center, completed in 2018 and designed by <a href="/wiki/KieranTimberlake" title="KieranTimberlake">KieranTimberlake</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Established in 1847, Brown's engineering program is the oldest in the Ivy League and the third oldest civilian engineering program in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, Brown's departments of electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering were merged into a single Division of Engineering. In 2010 the division was elevated to a School of Engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engineering at Brown is especially interdisciplinary. The school is organized without the traditional departments or boundaries found at most schools and follows a model of connectivity between disciplines—including biology, medicine, physics, chemistry, computer science, the humanities, and the social sciences. The school practices an innovative clustering of faculties in which engineers team with non-engineers to bring a convergence of ideas. </p><p>Student teams have launched two <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> with the support of the School of Engineering. Brown Space Engineering developed <a href="/wiki/EQUiSat" title="EQUiSat">EQUiSat</a> a 1U satellite, and another interdisciplinary team developed <a href="/wiki/SBUDNIC" title="SBUDNIC">SBUDNIC</a> a 3U satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IE_Brown_Executive_MBA_Dual_Degree_Program">IE Brown Executive MBA Dual Degree Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: IE Brown Executive MBA Dual Degree Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2009, Brown has developed an Executive MBA program in conjunction with one of the leading Business Schools in Europe, <a href="/wiki/IE_Business_School" title="IE Business School">IE Business School</a> in Madrid. This relationship has since strengthened resulting in both institutions offering a dual degree program.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this partnership, Brown provides its traditional coursework while IE provides most of the business-related subjects making a differentiated alternative program to other Ivy League's EMBAs.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cohort typically consists of 25–30 EMBA candidates from some 20 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classes are held in Providence, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and Online. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg/220px-Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg/330px-Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg/440px-Pembroke_Hall_at_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Pembroke Hall (1897) houses the administrative offices of the <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research_on_Women" title="Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women">Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pembroke_Center">The Pembroke Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The Pembroke Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research_on_Women" title="Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women">Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women</a></div> <p>The Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women was established at Brown in 1981 by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Wallach_Scott" title="Joan Wallach Scott">Joan Wallach Scott</a> as an interdisciplinary research center on gender.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center is named for Pembroke College, Brown's former women's college, and is affiliated with Brown's <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Doyle_Women%27s_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Doyle Women's Center">Sarah Doyle Women's Center</a>. The Pembroke Center supports Brown's undergraduate concentration in <a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender and Sexuality Studies</a>, post-doctoral research fellowships, the annual Pembroke Seminar, and other academic programs. It also manages various collections, archives, and resources, including the Elizabeth Weed Feminist Theory Papers and the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Graduate_School">The Graduate School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The Graduate School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Graduate_School" title="Brown University Graduate School">Brown University Graduate School</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg/220px-Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg/330px-Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg/440px-Brown%27s_Open_Curriculum_50_years_picnic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayles_Memorial_Hall" title="Sayles Memorial Hall">Sayles Hall</a> on the Main Green </figcaption></figure> <p>Brown introduced graduate courses in the 1870s and granted its first advanced degrees in 1888. The university established a Graduate Department in 1903 and a full Graduate School in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With an enrollment of approximately 2,600 students, the school currently offers 33 and 51 master's and doctoral programs, respectively. The school additionally offers a number of fifth-year master's programs.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, admission to the Graduate School is most competitive with an acceptance rate averaging at approximately 9 percent in recent years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science">Carney Institute for Brain Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Carney Institute for Brain Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science" title="Carney Institute for Brain Science">Carney Institute for Brain Science</a></div> <p>The Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science is Brown's cross-departmental neuroscience <a href="/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute">research institute</a>. The institute's core focus areas include <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain-computer interfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a>; additional areas of focus include research into mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">cell death</a> with the interest of developing therapies for <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegenerative diseases</a>. </p><p>The Carney Institute was founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Donoghue_(neuroscientist)" title="John Donoghue (neuroscientist)">John Donoghue</a> in 2009 as the Brown Institute for Brain Science and renamed in 2018 in recognition of a $100 million gift.<sup id="cite_ref-providencejournal_2018-04-182_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-providencejournal_2018-04-182-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The donation, one of the largest in the university's history, established the institute as one of the best-endowed university neuroscience programs in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpert_Medical_School">Alpert Medical School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Alpert Medical School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">Alpert Medical School</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpert_Medical_School,_Providence,_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alpert_Medical_School%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/220px-Alpert_Medical_School%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alpert_Medical_School%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/330px-Alpert_Medical_School%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alpert_Medical_School%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/440px-Alpert_Medical_School%2C_Providence%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2027" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">Alpert Medical School</a> building on Richmond Street</figcaption></figure><p>Established in 1811, Brown's Alpert Medical School is the fourth oldest medical school in the Ivy League.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1827, medical instruction was suspended by President <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wayland" title="Francis Wayland">Francis Wayland</a> after the program's faculty declined to follow a new policy requiring students to live on campus. The program was reorganized in 1972; the first M.D. degrees from the new Program in Medicine were awarded to a graduating class of 58 students in 1975. In 1991, the school was officially renamed the Brown University School of Medicine, then renamed once more to Brown Medical School in October 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2007, entrepreneur and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Warren_Alpert" title="Warren Alpert">Warren Alpert</a> donated $100 million to the school. In recognition of the gift, the school's name was changed to the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. </p><p>In 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> ranked Brown's medical school the 9th most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 2.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-usnews.com_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>U.S. News</i> ranks the school 38th for research and 35th for primary care.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown's medical school is known especially for its eight-year <a href="/wiki/Program_in_Liberal_Medical_Education" title="Program in Liberal Medical Education">Program in Liberal Medical Education</a> (PLME), an eight-year combined baccalaureate-M.D. medical program. Inaugurated in 1984, the program is one of the most selective and renowned programs of its type in the country, offering admission to only 2% of applicants in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1976, the Early Identification Program (EIP) has encouraged Rhode Island residents to pursue careers in medicine by recruiting sophomores from <a href="/wiki/Providence_College" title="Providence College">Providence College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_College" title="Rhode Island College">Rhode Island College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island" title="University of Rhode Island">University of Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tougaloo_College" title="Tougaloo College">Tougaloo College</a>. In 2004, the school once again began to accept applications from premedical students at other colleges and universities via <a href="/wiki/AMCAS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMCAS">AMCAS</a> like most other medical schools. The medical school also offers M.D./PhD, M.D./<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Public Health">M.P.H.</a> and M.D./<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy" title="Master of Public Policy">M.P.P.</a> dual degree programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_of_Public_Health">School of Public Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: School of Public Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Brown University School of Public Health">Brown University School of Public Health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg/220px-121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg/330px-121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg/440px-121_South_Main_St_and_Providence_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The primary building of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Brown University School of Public Health">Brown University School of Public Health</a> viewed from across the <a href="/wiki/Providence_River" title="Providence River">Providence River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brown's School of Public Health grew out of the Alpert Medical School's Department of Community Health and was officially founded in 2013 as an independent school.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school issues undergraduate (A.B., Sc.B.), graduate (M.P.H., Sc.M., A.M.), doctoral (Ph.D.), and dual-degrees (M.P.H./M.P.A., M.D./M.P.H.).<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_programs">Online programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Online programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brown University School of Professional Studies currently offers <a href="/wiki/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">blended learning</a> Executive master's degrees in <a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare Leadership</a>, Cyber Security, and Science and Technology Leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The master's degrees are designed to help students who have a job and life outside of academia to progress in their respective fields. The students meet in Providence every 6–7 weeks for a weekly seminar each trimester. </p><p>The university has also invested in <a href="/wiki/MOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="MOOC">MOOC</a> development starting in 2013, when two courses, <i>Archeology's Dirty Little Secrets</i> and <i>The Fiction of Relationship</i>, both of which received thousands of students.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a year of courses, the university broke its contract with <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a> and revamped its online persona and MOOC development department. By 2017, the university released new courses on <a href="/wiki/EdX" title="EdX">edx</a>, two of which were <i>The Ethics of Memory</i> and <i>Artful Medicine: Art's Power to Enrich Patient Care</i>. In January 2018, Brown published its first "game-ified" course called <i>Fantastic Places, Unhuman Humans: Exploring Humanity Through Literature</i>, which featured out-of-platform games to help learners understand materials, as well as a story-line that immerses users into a fictional world to help characters along their journey.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admissions_and_financial_aid">Admissions and financial aid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Admissions and financial aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Undergraduate admissions statistics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="position:relative;">2021 entering<br />class<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span style="position:absolute; top:0; right:0; text-align:right;">Change vs.<br />2016<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admit rate</th><td class="infobox-data">4% <div style="float:right;"><small>(<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> +0.67)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">62.05% <div style="float:right;"><small>(<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> +1.25)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Test scores <a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">middle 50%</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> <abbr title="Evidence-Based Reading and Writing">EBRW</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">750–780</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> Math</th><td class="infobox-data">750–790</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> Composite</th><td class="infobox-data">34–36</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">High school <a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Top 10%</th><td class="infobox-data">95% <div style="float:right;"><small>(<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> +4.7)</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among students whose school ranked</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate">Undergraduate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Undergraduate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Undergraduate admission to Brown University is considered "most selective" by <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the undergraduate class of 2026, Brown received 50,649 applications—the largest applicant pool in the university's history and a 9% increase from the prior year. Of these applicants, 2,560 were admitted for an acceptance rate of 5.0%, the lowest in the university's history.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the university reported a yield rate of 69%.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the academic year 2019–20 the university received 2,030 transfer applications, of which 5.8% were accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown's admissions policy is currently stipulated <a href="/wiki/Need-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Need-blind">need-blind</a> for all domestic first-year applicants,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but will be extended to international first-year applicants starting with the Class of 2029.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Brown announced that loans would be eliminated from all undergraduate financial aid awards starting in 2018–2019, as part of a new $30 million campaign called the <i>Brown Promise</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016–17, the university awarded need-based scholarships worth $120.5 million. The average need-based award for the class of 2020 was $47,940.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate">Graduate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Graduate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the Graduate School accepted 11% of 9,215 applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Brown received a record 948 applications for roughly 90 spots in its Master of Public Health Degree.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, <i>U.S. News</i> ranked Brown's <a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">Warren Alpert Medical School</a> the 9th most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 2.8 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges"><i>Forbes</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_NU_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking"><i>U.S. News & World Report</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">13 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings"><i>Washington Monthly</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal"><i>WSJ</i></a>/College Pulse<sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_WSJ_NU_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">36</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings"><i>QS</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_QS_W_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">79</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings"><i>THE</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">58</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking"><i>U.S. News & World Report</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_W_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">153 (tie)</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"> <caption>USNWR graduate school rankings (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-USNWR_Grad_School_Rankings_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Grad_School_Rankings-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Engineering </th> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Medicine (Primary Care) </th> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Medicine (Research) </th> <td>35 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"> <caption>USNWR departmental rankings (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-USNWR_Grad_School_Rankings_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Grad_School_Rankings-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Biological Sciences </th> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Biostatistics </th> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chemistry </th> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Computer Science </th> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Earth Sciences </th> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Economics </th> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">English </th> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">History </th> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mathematics </th> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Physics </th> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Political Science </th> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Psychology </th> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Public Affairs </th> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Public Health </th> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sociology </th> <td>20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brown University is <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">accredited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education" title="New England Commission of Higher Education">New England Commission of Higher Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their 2021 rankings, The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education ranked Brown 5th in the "Best Colleges 2021" edition.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> magazine annual ranking of "America's Top Colleges 2022"—which ranked 600 research universities, liberal arts colleges and service academies—ranked Brown 19th overall and 18th among universities.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> ranked Brown 9th among national universities in its 2023 edition.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2022 edition also ranked Brown 2nd for undergraduate teaching, 25th in Most Innovative Schools, and 14th in Best Value Schools.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a></i> ranked Brown 40th in 2022 among 442 national universities in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> ranks Brown 129th globally. </p><p>In 2014, <i>Forbes</i> magazine ranked Brown 7th on its list of "America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities."<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Forbes</i> analysis looked at the ratio of "alumni and students who have identified themselves as founders and business owners on LinkedIn" and the total number of alumni and students. LinkedIn particularized the <i>Forbes</i> rankings, placing Brown third (between <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>) among "Best Undergraduate Universities for Software Developers at Startups." LinkedIn's methodology involved a career-path examination of "millions of alumni profiles" in its membership database.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2021 the university produced the most <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright</a> recipients of any university in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown has also produced the 7th most Rhodes Scholars of all colleges and universities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> since 1933 and is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity".<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In FY 2017, Brown spent $212.3 million on research and was ranked 103rd in the United States by total R&D expenditure by <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 Brown's School of Public Health received the 4th most funding in <a href="/wiki/NIH_grant" title="NIH grant">NIH awards</a> among schools of public health in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">42% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">42</span><div style="width:84px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">19% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">19</span><div style="width:38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">11% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">11</span><div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">11% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">11</span><div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">10</span><div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">7% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">7</span><div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">13% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">13</span><div style="width:26px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">87% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">87</span><div style="width:174px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campus_safety">Campus safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Campus safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, Brown tied with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a> for the highest number of reported rapes in the nation, with its "total of reports of rape" on their main campus standing at 43.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such rankings have been criticized for failing to account for how different campus environments can encourage or discourage individuals from reporting sexual assault cases, thereby affecting the number of reported rapes.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_weekend">Spring weekend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Spring weekend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spring_Weekend" title="Spring Weekend">Spring Weekend</a></div> <p>Established in 1950, Spring Weekend is an annual spring music festival for students. Historical performers at the festival have included <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, and U2. More recent headliners include <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar" title="Kendrick Lamar">Kendrick Lamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Thug" title="Young Thug">Young Thug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Caesar" title="Daniel Caesar">Daniel Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anderson_.Paak" title="Anderson .Paak">Anderson .Paak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitski" title="Mitski">Mitski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amin%C3%A9" title="Aminé">Aminé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mac_DeMarco" title="Mac DeMarco">Mac DeMarco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1960, Spring Weekend has been organized by the student-run Brown Concert Agency. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg/220px-Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg/330px-Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg/440px-Main_Green_at_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption>Many Spring Weekend events are hosted on Brown's Main Green.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_and_Greek_societies">Residential and Greek societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Residential and Greek societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 12 percent of Brown students participate in <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Greek Life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university recognizes thirteen active Greek organizations: six fraternities (Beta Omega Chi, Beta Rho Pi,<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delta Tau, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">Delta Phi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">Kappa Alpha Psi</a>, and Theta Alpha), five sororities (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega" title="Alpha Chi Omega">Alpha Chi Omega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">Delta Sigma Theta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">Delta Gamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">Kappa Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">Kappa Alpha Theta</a>,), one co-ed house (<a href="/wiki/Zeta_Delta_Xi" title="Zeta Delta Xi">Zeta Delta Xi</a>), and one co-ed literary society (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi_Society" title="Alpha Delta Phi Society">Alpha Delta Phi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Greek-lettered organizations that have been historically active at Brown University include <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Upsilon_Lambda" title="Lambda Upsilon Lambda">Lambda Upsilon Lambda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 1950s, all Greek organizations on campus have been located in Wriston Quadrangle.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizations are overseen by the Greek Council. </p><p>An alternative to Greek-letter organizations are Brown's program houses, which are organized by themes. As with Greek houses, the residents of program houses select their new members, usually at the start of the spring semester. Examples of program houses are <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a> (located in King House), Buxton International House, the Machado French/Hispanic/Latinx House, Technology House, Harambee (African culture) House, Social Action House and Interfaith House. </p><p>All students not in program housing enter a lottery for general housing. Students form groups and are assigned time slots during which they can pick among the remaining housing options. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societies_and_clubs">Societies and clubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Societies and clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladd_Observatory2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ladd_Observatory2.jpg/220px-Ladd_Observatory2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ladd_Observatory2.jpg/330px-Ladd_Observatory2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ladd_Observatory2.jpg/440px-Ladd_Observatory2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ladd_Observatory" title="Ladd Observatory">Ladd Observatory</a>, built 1890–1891, is used by Brown Space Engineering, a student group focused on <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest societies at Brown were devoted to oration and debate. The Pronouncing Society is mentioned in the diary of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Drowne" title="Solomon Drowne">Solomon Drowne</a>, class of 1773, who was voted its president in 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization seems to have disappeared during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Subsequent societies include the Misokosmian Society (est. 1798 and renamed the Philermenian Society), the Philandrian Society (est. 1799), the United Brothers (1806), the Philophysian Society (1818), and the Franklin Society (1824). Societies served social as well as academic purposes, with many supporting literary debate and amassing large libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown.edu_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown.edu-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older societies generally aligned with <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> while younger societies generally leaned <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Societies remained popular into the 1860s, after which they were largely replaced by fraternities.<sup id="cite_ref-brown.edu_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown.edu-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cammarian Club was at first a semi-secret society that "tapped" 15 seniors each year. In 1915, self-perpetuating membership gave way to popular election by the student body, and thenceforward the club served as the <i>de facto</i> undergraduate student government. The organization was dissolved in 1971 and ultimately succeeded by a formal student government. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Societas_Domi_Pacificae" title="Societas Domi Pacificae">Societas Domi Pacificae</a>, known colloquially as "Pacifica House", is a present-day, self-described secret society. It purports a continuous line of descent from the Franklin Society of 1824, citing a supposed intermediary "Franklin Society" traceable in the nineteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_organizations">Student organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Student organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Brown_University_organizations" title="Category:Brown University organizations">Category:Brown University organizations</a></div> <p>There are over 300 registered student organizations on campus with diverse interests. The Student Activities Fair, during the orientation program, provides first-year students the opportunity to become acquainted with a wide range of organizations. A sample of organizations includes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Daily_Herald" title="The Brown Daily Herald">The Brown Daily Herald</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Debating_Union" title="Brown Debating Union">Brown Debating Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Derbies" title="The Brown Derbies">The Brown Derbies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_International_Organization" title="Brown International Organization">Brown International Organization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Journal_of_World_Affairs" title="Brown Journal of World Affairs">Brown Journal of World Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Jug" title="The Brown Jug">The Brown Jug</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Noser" title="The Brown Noser">The Brown Noser</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Political_Review" title="Brown Political Review">Brown Political Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Spectator" title="The Brown Spectator">The Brown Spectator</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Student/Community_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Student/Community Radio">BSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Band" title="Brown University Band">Brown University Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Orchestra" title="Brown University Orchestra">Brown University Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Students_and_Scholars_Association" title="Chinese Students and Scholars Association">Chinese Students and Scholars Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_College_Hill_Independent" title="The College Hill Independent">The College Hill Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_Review_(Brown_Univeristy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical Review (Brown Univeristy) (page does not exist)">Critical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Film_Festival" title="Ivy Film Festival">Ivy Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabberwocks" title="Jabberwocks">Jabberwocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_Workshop" title="Production Workshop">Production Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_Talk" title="Strait Talk">Strait Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starla_and_Sons" title="Starla and Sons">Starla and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBRU" title="WBRU">WBRU</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBTQ+"><span id="LGBTQ.2B"></span>LGBTQ+</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: LGBTQ+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, 38% of Brown's students identified as being LGBTQ+, in a poll by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Daily_Herald" title="The Brown Daily Herald">The Brown Daily Herald</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BrownLGBT23_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownLGBT23-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2023 LGBTQ+ self-identification level was an increase, up from 14% LGBT identification in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-BrownLGBT23_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownLGBT23-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bisexual" was the most common answer amongst LGBTQ+ respondents to the poll.<sup id="cite_ref-BrownLGBT23_211-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownLGBT23-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_centers">Resource centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Resource centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg/220px-Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg/330px-Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg/440px-Sarah_Doyle_Womens_Center_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Doyle_Women%27s_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Doyle Women's Center">Sarah Doyle Women's Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brown has several resource centers on campus. The centers often act as sources of support as well as safe spaces for students to explore certain aspects of their identity. Additionally, the centers often provide physical spaces for students to study and have meetings. Although most centers are identity-focused, some provide academic support as well. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brown_Center_for_Students_of_Color" title="Brown Center for Students of Color">Brown Center for Students of Color</a> (BCSC) is a space that provides support for students <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">of color</a>. Established in 1972 at the demand of student protests, the BCSC encourages students to engage in critical dialogue, develop leadership skills, and promote <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center houses various programs for students to share their knowledge and engage in discussion. Programs include the Third World Transition Program, the Minority Peer Counselor Program, the Heritage Series, and other student-led initiatives. Additionally, the BCSC hopes to foster community among the students it serves by providing spaces for students to meet and study. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Doyle_Women%27s_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Doyle Women's Center">Sarah Doyle Women's Center</a> aims to provide a space for members of the Brown community to examine and explore issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center was named after one of the first women to attend Brown, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Doyle">Sarah Doyle</a>. The center emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a> in its conversations on gender, encouraging people to see gender as present and relevant in various aspects of life. The center hosts programs and workshops in order to facilitate dialogue and provide resources for students, faculty, and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other centers include the LGBTQ Center, the Undocumented, First-Generation College and Low-Income Student (U-FLi) Center,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Curricular Resource Center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism">Activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1968_Black_Student_Walkout">1968 Black Student Walkout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: 1968 Black Student Walkout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 5, 1968, several Black women from Pembroke College initiated a walkout in protest of an atmosphere at the colleges described by Black students as a "stifling, frustrating, [and] degrading place for Black students" after feeling the colleges were non-responsive to their concerns. In total, 65 Black students participated in the walkout. Their principal demand was to increase Black student enrollment to 11% of the student populace, in an attempt to match that of the proportion in the US. This ultimately resulted in a 300% increase in Black enrollment the following year, but some demands have yet to be met.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divestment_from_South_Africa">Divestment from South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Divestment from South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1980s, under student pressure, the university divested from certain companies involved in South Africa. Some students were still unsatisfied with partial divestment and began a fast in Manning Chapel and the university disenrolled them. In April 1987, "dozens" of students interrupted a university corporation meeting, leading to 20 being put on probation.<sup id="cite_ref-BAM_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAM-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel-Gaza_protests">Israel-Gaza protests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Israel-Gaza protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early November 2023, twenty students of Jewish background staged a sit in at University hall, resulting in their arrests.The students were protesting the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war</a> and calling for a ceasefire, as well as for the university to divest from companies that "facilitate the 'Israeli military occupation' in Gaza." In early December 2023, forty-one more students held a sit-in with similar demands, resulting in more arrests by the university. Nineteen students participated in an eight-day hunger strike preceding a corporation meeting in early February 2024 with the demand to present their case to corporation members.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg/220px-The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg/330px-The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg/440px-The_1879_Brown_University_Baseball_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>The 1879 Brown baseball varsity, with <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_White" title="William Edward White">W.E. White</a> seated second from right. White's appearance in an 1879 major league game may be the first person of color to play professional baseball, 68 years before <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Brown is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> athletic conference, which is categorized as a <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> (top-level) conference of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA). </p><p> The Brown Bears has one of the largest university sports programs in the United States, sponsoring 32 <a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">varsity</a> intercollegiate teams.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown's athletic program is one of the <i>U.S. News & World Report</i> top 20—the "College Sports Honor Roll"—based on breadth of the program and athletes' graduation rates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Athletic facilities</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg/288px-Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg/432px-Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg/576px-Brown_Stadium_Providence_Rhode_Island_wide_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brown_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Stadium">Brown Stadium</a> (opened 1925)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Fitness_Center_(Brown).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nelson_Fitness_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg/145px-Nelson_Fitness_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nelson_Fitness_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg/218px-Nelson_Fitness_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nelson_Fitness_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg/290px-Nelson_Fitness_Center_%28Brown%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3823" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Nelson Fitness Center (opened 2012)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg/139px-Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg/209px-Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg/278px-Brown_University%27s_Marston_Boathouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Marston Boathouse, on the <a href="/wiki/Seekonk_River" title="Seekonk River">Seekonk River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg/288px-Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg/432px-Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg/576px-Meehan_Auditorium_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium" title="Meehan Auditorium">Meehan Auditorium</a> (opened 1961)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Brown's newest varsity team is women's rugby, promoted from club-sport status in 2014. Brown women's rowing has won 7 national titles between 1999 and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown University Rowing">Brown men's rowing</a> perennially finishes in the top 5 in the nation, most recently winning silver, bronze, and silver in the national championship races of 2012, 2013, and 2014. The men's and women's crews have also won championship trophies at the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Women%27s_Regatta" title="Henley Women's Regatta">Henley Women's Regatta</a>. Brown's men's soccer is consistently ranked in the top 20<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has won 18 Ivy League titles overall; recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> soccer graduates play professionally in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> and overseas. </p><p>Brown football, under its most successful coach historically, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Estes" title="Phil Estes">Phil Estes</a>, won Ivy League championships in 1999, 2005, and 2008. high-profile alumni of the football program include former <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a> head coach <a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Brien_(American_football)" title="Bill O'Brien (American football)">Bill O'Brien</a>; former <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a> football coach <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> namesake <a href="/wiki/John_W._Heisman" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Heisman">John W. Heisman</a>, and Pollard Award namesake <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a>. </p><p>Brown women's gymnastics won the Ivy League tournament in 2013 and 2014. The Brown women's sailing team has won 5 national championships, most recently in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the coed sailing team won 2 national championships in 1942 and 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both teams are consistency ranked in the top 10 in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first intercollegiate ice hockey game in America was played between Brown and Harvard on January 19, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first university rowing regatta larger than a dual-meet was held between Brown, Harvard, and Yale at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Quinsigamond" title="Lake Quinsigamond">Lake Quinsigamond</a> in Massachusetts on July 26, 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brown also supports competitive intercollegiate club sports, including <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">ultimate frisbee</a>. The men's ultimate team, Brownian Motion, has won four national championships, in 2000, 2005, 2019 and 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_alumni" title="List of Brown University alumni">List of Brown University alumni</a></div> <p>Alumni in politics and government include <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> (1852), U.S. Secretary of State and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a> (1856), <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> and U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (1881), <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Wyoming" title="List of governors of Wyoming">Governor of Wyoming Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Nebraska" title="List of governors of Nebraska">Nebraska Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Thayer" title="John Milton Thayer">John Milton Thayer</a> (1841), <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Rhode Island Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bourn" title="Augustus O. Bourn">Augustus Bourn</a> (1855), <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of governors of Louisiana">Louisiana Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> '92, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Maggie Hassan</a> '80 of New Hampshire, <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware" title="List of governors of Delaware">Delaware Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Markell" title="Jack Markell">Jack Markell</a> '82, Rhode Island Representative <a href="/wiki/David_Cicilline" title="David Cicilline">David Cicilline</a> '83, Minnesota Representative <a href="/wiki/Dean_Phillips" title="Dean Phillips">Dean Phillips</a> '91, <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a> Presidential candidate and entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> '96, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC Chair</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> '83, diplomat <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> '62, and career United States diplomat <a href="/wiki/W._Stuart_Symington_(diplomat)" title="W. Stuart Symington (diplomat)">W. Stuart Symington</a> '74.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent alumni in business and finance include philanthropist <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a> (1897), managing director of <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> and "father of modern <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">management consulting</a>" <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bower" title="Marvin Bower">Marvin Bower</a> '25, former <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair of the Federal Reserve</a> and current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> '67, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">World Bank President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a> '82, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moynihan" title="Brian Moynihan">Brian Moynihan</a> '81, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> '60, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> chairman and CEO <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> '37, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Starwood_Capital_Group" title="Starwood Capital Group">Starwood Capital Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sternlicht" title="Barry Sternlicht">Barry Sternlicht</a> '82, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> '61, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">Blackberry Ltd.</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/John_S._Chen" title="John S. Chen">John S. Chen</a> '78, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> CFO <a href="/wiki/David_Ebersman" title="David Ebersman">David Ebersman</a> '91, and <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Dara_Khosrowshahi" title="Dara Khosrowshahi">Dara Khosrowshahi</a> '91.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies founded by Brown alumni include <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Pictures" title="Searchlight Pictures">Searchlight Pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netgear" title="Netgear">Netgear</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_Hotels" title="W Hotels">W Hotels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warby_Parker" title="Warby Parker">Warby Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casper_Sleep" title="Casper Sleep">Casper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figma_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figma (software)">Figma</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZipRecruiter" title="ZipRecruiter">ZipRecruiter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cards_Against_Humanity" title="Cards Against Humanity">Cards Against Humanity</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-:22_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alumni in the arts and media include actors <a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a> '14, <a href="/wiki/John_Krasinski" title="John Krasinski">John Krasinski</a> '01, <a href="/wiki/Daveed_Diggs" title="Daveed Diggs">Daveed Diggs</a> '04,<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bowen" title="Julie Bowen">Julie Bowen</a> '91, <a href="/wiki/Tracee_Ellis_Ross" title="Tracee Ellis Ross">Tracee Ellis Ross</a> '94, and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Capshaw" title="Jessica Capshaw">Jessica Capshaw</a> '98; NPR program host <a href="/wiki/Ira_Glass" title="Ira Glass">Ira Glass</a> '82; singer-composer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter" title="Mary Chapin Carpenter">Mary Chapin Carpenter</a> '81; humorist and <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a> screenwriter <a href="/wiki/S._J._Perelman" title="S. J. Perelman">S. J. Perelman</a> '25; novelists <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_West" title="Nathanael West">Nathanael West</a> '24, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> '83, <a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a> (MFA '93), and <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> '66; and composer and synthesizer pioneer <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a> '62, journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Risen" title="James Risen">James Risen</a> '77; political pundit <a href="/wiki/Mara_Liasson" title="Mara Liasson">Mara Liasson</a>; <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Alex_Wagner" title="Alex Wagner">Alex Wagner</a> '99 and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Chris Hayes</a> '01; <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> </i>publisher <a href="/wiki/A._G._Sulzberger" title="A. G. Sulzberger">A. G. Sulzberger</a> '03, and magazine editor <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> '83. </p><p>Important figures in the history of education include the father of American public school education <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a> (1819), civil <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Meiklejohn" title="Alexander Meiklejohn">Alexander Meiklejohn</a>, first president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maxcy" title="Jonathan Maxcy">Jonathan Maxcy</a> (1787), <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Oren_B._Cheney" class="mw-redirect" title="Oren B. Cheney">Oren B. Cheney</a> (1836), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> president (1871–1909) <a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> (1849), <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> president (1899–1919) <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ide_Wheeler" title="Benjamin Ide Wheeler">Benjamin Ide Wheeler</a> (1875), and <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>'s first African-American president <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a> (1894). </p><p>Alumni in the computer sciences and industry include architect of <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 386</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">486</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> microprocessors <a href="/wiki/John_H._Crawford" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Crawford">John H. Crawford</a> '75, inventor of the first silicon transistor <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kidd_Teal" title="Gordon Kidd Teal">Gordon Kidd Teal</a> '31, <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Horowitz" title="Eliot Horowitz">Eliot Horowitz</a> '03, <a href="/wiki/Figma_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figma (software)">Figma</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Field" title="Dylan Field">Dylan Field</a>, and Macintosh developer <a href="/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld" title="Andy Hertzfeld">Andy Hertzfeld</a> '75. </p><p>Other notable alumni include "Lafayette of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek Revolution</a>" and its historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a> (1821), <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> head during first seven <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> missions <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a> '42, sportscaster <a href="/wiki/Chris_Berman" title="Chris Berman">Chris Berman</a> '77, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a> head coach <a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Brien_(American_football)" title="Bill O'Brien (American football)">Bill O'Brien</a> '92, 2018 Miss America <a href="/wiki/Cara_Mund" title="Cara Mund">Cara Mund</a> '16, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a> football coach <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> '50, <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> namesake <a href="/wiki/John_W._Heisman" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Heisman">John W. Heisman</a> '91, distinguished professor of law <a href="/wiki/Cortney_Lollar" title="Cortney Lollar">Cortney Lollar</a> '97, Former SEC Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Annette_Nazareth" title="Annette Nazareth">Annette Nazareth</a> ‘78, Olympic and world champion triathlete <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Zeiger" title="Joanna Zeiger">Joanna Zeiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rahim_Aga_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rahim Aga Khan">Prince Rahim Aga Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Faisal_bin_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein">Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein</a> of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Princess <a href="/wiki/Leila_Pahlavi" title="Leila Pahlavi">Leila Pahlavi</a> of Iran '92, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nikolaos_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark">Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov" title="Prince Nikita Romanov">Prince Nikita Romanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theodora_of_Greece_and_Denmark_(born_1983)" title="Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (born 1983)">Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jaime,_Count_of_Bardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi">Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of San Jaime and Count of Bardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ra%27ad_bin_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ra'ad bin Zeid">Prince Ra'ad bin Zeid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gabriella_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Gabriella Windsor">Lady Gabriella Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Prince Alexander von Fürstenberg">Prince Alexander von Fürstenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosima_von_B%C3%BClow_Pavoncelli" title="Cosima von Bülow Pavoncelli">Countess Cosima von Bülow Pavoncelli</a>, and her half-brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander-Georg_von_Auersperg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander-Georg von Auersperg">Prince Alexander-Georg von Auersperg</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> Laureate alumni include humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(activist)" title="Jerry White (activist)">Jerry White</a> '87 (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>, 1997), biologist <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a> '82 (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>, 2006), economist <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a> (AM '89, PhD '91; <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a>, 2021), and economist <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> '75 (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a>, 2022). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption"><b>Notable Brown University alumni include:</b></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_(Zeno_Fotografie)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horace Mann, class of 1819, regarded as the father of American public education"><img alt="Horace Mann, class of 1819, regarded as the father of American public education" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/95px-Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a>, class of 1819, regarded as the father of American public education</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hay,_bw_photo_portrait,_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Hay, class of 1858, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and U.S. Secretary of State"><img alt="John Hay, class of 1858, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and U.S. Secretary of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Hay%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1897.jpg/79px-John_Hay%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Hay%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1897.jpg/118px-John_Hay%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Hay%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1897.jpg/157px-John_Hay%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, class of 1858, private secretary to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Evans Hughes, class of 1881, Chief Justice of the United States and U.S. Secretary of State"><img alt="Charles Evans Hughes, class of 1881, Chief Justice of the United States and U.S. Secretary of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg/93px-Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg/140px-Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg/187px-Charles_Evans_Hughes_cph.3b15401.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, class of 1881, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John D. Rockefeller Jr., class of 1897, philanthropist and developer of Rockefeller Center"><img alt="John D. Rockefeller Jr., class of 1897, philanthropist and developer of Rockefeller Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._cph.3a03736_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a>, class of 1897, philanthropist and developer of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas J. Watson Jr., class of 1937, president and CEO of IBM and 16th U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union"><img alt="Thomas J. Watson Jr., class of 1937, president and CEO of IBM and 16th U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg/80px-ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg/121px-ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg/161px-ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a>, class of 1937, president and CEO of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and 16th U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lois_Lowry_author_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lois Lowry, class of 1958, Newbery Medal-winning author of The Giver and Number the Stars"><img alt="Lois Lowry, class of 1958, Newbery Medal-winning author of The Giver and Number the Stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lois_Lowry_author_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Lois_Lowry_author_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lois_Lowry_author_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Lois_Lowry_author_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lois_Lowry_author_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Lois_Lowry_author_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lois_Lowry" title="Lois Lowry">Lois Lowry</a>, class of 1958, <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a>-winning author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Giver" title="The Giver">The Giver</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Number_the_Stars" title="Number the Stars">Number the Stars</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ted_Turner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ted Turner, class of 1960, founder of CNN, TBS, and WCW and philanthropist"><img alt="Ted Turner, class of 1960, founder of CNN, TBS, and WCW and philanthropist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ted_Turner.jpg/90px-Ted_Turner.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ted_Turner.jpg/135px-Ted_Turner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ted_Turner.jpg/180px-Ted_Turner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2079" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>, class of 1960, founder of <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)" title="TBS (American TV channel)">TBS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">WCW</a> and philanthropist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sculley_2006_(closeup).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Sculley, class of 1961, former CEO of Apple Inc. and president of PepsiCo"><img alt="John Sculley, class of 1961, former CEO of Apple Inc. and president of PepsiCo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Sculley_2006_%28closeup%29.jpg/90px-John_Sculley_2006_%28closeup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Sculley_2006_%28closeup%29.jpg/135px-John_Sculley_2006_%28closeup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Sculley_2006_%28closeup%29.jpg/180px-John_Sculley_2006_%28closeup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a>, class of 1961, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc</a>. and president of <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Janet Yellen, class of 1967, the first woman to serve as Chair of the Federal Reserve and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury"><img alt="Janet Yellen, class of 1967, the first woman to serve as Chair of the Federal Reserve and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg/96px-Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg/144px-Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg/192px-Janet_Yellen_official_Federal_Reserve_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>, class of 1967, the first woman to serve as <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair of the Federal Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="André Leon Talley, class of 1972, former editor-at-large and creative director of Vogue"><img alt="André Leon Talley, class of 1972, former editor-at-large and creative director of Vogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Andre_Leon_Talley_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leon_Talley" title="André Leon Talley">André Leon Talley</a>, class of 1972, former editor-at-large and creative director of <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brian Moynihan, class of 1981, chairman and CEO of Bank of America"><img alt="Brian Moynihan, class of 1981, chairman and CEO of Bank of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg/90px-Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg/135px-Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg/180px-Brian_Moynihan_FT_CNBC_Nightcap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moynihan" title="Brian Moynihan">Brian Moynihan</a>, class of 1981, chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ira Glass, class of 1982, radio personality and host of This American Life"><img alt="Ira Glass, class of 1982, radio personality and host of This American Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Ira_Glass_at_the_73rd_Annual_Peabody_Awards_ii_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glass" title="Ira Glass">Ira Glass</a>, class of 1982, radio personality and host of <i><a href="/wiki/This_American_Life" title="This American Life">This American Life</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jim Yong Kim, class of 1982, 12th Pres. of the World Bank, 17th Pres. of Dartmouth"><img alt="Jim Yong Kim, class of 1982, 12th Pres. of the World Bank, 17th Pres. of Dartmouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg/85px-Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg/128px-Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg/170px-Jim_Yong_Kim_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a>, class of 1982, 12th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_World_Bank_Group" title="President of the World Bank Group">Pres. of the World Bank</a>, 17th <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Dartmouth_College" title="List of presidents of Dartmouth College">Pres. of Dartmouth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John F. Kennedy Jr., class of 1983, lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher"><img alt="John F. Kennedy Jr., class of 1983, lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-John_Kennedy_Jr_1997_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a>, class of 1983, lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Linney_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laura Linney, class of 1986, actress, recipient of 4 Emmy Awards and 3 time Oscar nominee"><img alt="Laura Linney, class of 1986, actress, recipient of 4 Emmy Awards and 3 time Oscar nominee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laura_Linney_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/83px-Laura_Linney_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laura_Linney_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/124px-Laura_Linney_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Laura_Linney_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-Laura_Linney_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="2263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Linney" title="Laura Linney">Laura Linney</a>, class of 1986, actress, recipient of 4 <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Awards</a> and 3 time <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a> nominee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DavisGuggenheimJI1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Davis Guggenheim, class of 1986, Oscar-winning documentary filmmaker"><img alt="Davis Guggenheim, class of 1986, Oscar-winning documentary filmmaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DavisGuggenheimJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/89px-DavisGuggenheimJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DavisGuggenheimJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-DavisGuggenheimJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DavisGuggenheimJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-DavisGuggenheimJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Davis_Guggenheim" title="Davis Guggenheim">Davis Guggenheim</a>, class of 1986, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>-winning documentary filmmaker</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson,_Jason_Winer,_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen,_May_2010_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julie Bowen, class of 1991, actress, six time Emmy Award nominee"><img alt="Julie Bowen, class of 1991, actress, six time Emmy Award nominee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson%2C_Jason_Winer%2C_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen%2C_May_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson%2C_Jason_Winer%2C_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen%2C_May_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson%2C_Jason_Winer%2C_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen%2C_May_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson%2C_Jason_Winer%2C_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen%2C_May_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson%2C_Jason_Winer%2C_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen%2C_May_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson%2C_Jason_Winer%2C_Horace_Newcomb_and_Julie_Bowen%2C_May_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bowen" title="Julie Bowen">Julie Bowen</a>, class of 1991, actress, six time <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> nominee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi,_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_(28529262558)_(cropped,_close_up).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dara Khosrowshahi, class of 1991, CEO of Uber, former CEO of Expedia Group"><img alt="Dara Khosrowshahi, class of 1991, CEO of Uber, former CEO of Expedia Group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi%2C_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_%2828529262558%29_%28cropped%2C_close_up%29.jpg/90px-Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi%2C_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_%2828529262558%29_%28cropped%2C_close_up%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi%2C_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_%2828529262558%29_%28cropped%2C_close_up%29.jpg/135px-Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi%2C_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_%2828529262558%29_%28cropped%2C_close_up%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi%2C_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_%2828529262558%29_%28cropped%2C_close_up%29.jpg/180px-Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Dara_Khosrowshahi%2C_CEO_d%E2%80%99UBER_%C3%A0_l%27Ecole_polytechnique_en_date_du_24052018_%2828529262558%29_%28cropped%2C_close_up%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dara_Khosrowshahi" title="Dara Khosrowshahi">Dara Khosrowshahi</a>, class of 1991, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Expedia_Group" title="Expedia Group">Expedia Group</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tracee Ellis Ross, class of 1994, actress, model, comedienne, and television host"><img alt="Tracee Ellis Ross, class of 1994, actress, model, comedienne, and television host" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_%281%29.jpg/90px-TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_%281%29.jpg/134px-TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_%281%29.jpg/179px-TraceeEllisRossbyErikMelvin_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tracee_Ellis_Ross" title="Tracee Ellis Ross">Tracee Ellis Ross</a>, class of 1994, actress, model, comedienne, and television host</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Yang, class of 1996, businessman and U.S. presidential candidate"><img alt="Andrew Yang, class of 1996, businessman and U.S. presidential candidate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/88px-Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/132px-Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/176px-Andrew_Yang_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="2557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a>, class of 1996, businessman and U.S. presidential candidate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_(8024131849)_(cropped,_closeup).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chris Hayes, class of 2001, political commentator and host of All In with Chris Hayes"><img alt="Chris Hayes, class of 2001, political commentator and host of All In with Chris Hayes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_%288024131849%29_%28cropped%2C_closeup%29.jpg/90px-MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_%288024131849%29_%28cropped%2C_closeup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_%288024131849%29_%28cropped%2C_closeup%29.jpg/135px-MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_%288024131849%29_%28cropped%2C_closeup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_%288024131849%29_%28cropped%2C_closeup%29.jpg/180px-MSNBC_host_Chris_Hayes_%288024131849%29_%28cropped%2C_closeup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Chris Hayes</a>, class of 2001, political commentator and host of <i><a href="/wiki/All_In_with_Chris_Hayes" title="All In with Chris Hayes">All In with Chris Hayes</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Krasinski, class of 2001, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter"><img alt="John Krasinski, class of 2001, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_%28cropped%29.jpg/83px-John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_%28cropped%29.jpg/166px-John_Krasinski_and_Josh_Wood_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Krasinski" title="John Krasinski">John Krasinski</a>, class of 2001, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knight_Foundation,_A.G._Sulzberger_3_(cropped_closeup).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. G. Sulzberger, class of 2003, publisher of The New York Times"><img alt="A. G. Sulzberger, class of 2003, publisher of The New York Times" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knight_Foundation%2C_A.G._Sulzberger_3_%28cropped_closeup%29.jpg/90px-Knight_Foundation%2C_A.G._Sulzberger_3_%28cropped_closeup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knight_Foundation%2C_A.G._Sulzberger_3_%28cropped_closeup%29.jpg/135px-Knight_Foundation%2C_A.G._Sulzberger_3_%28cropped_closeup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knight_Foundation%2C_A.G._Sulzberger_3_%28cropped_closeup%29.jpg/180px-Knight_Foundation%2C_A.G._Sulzberger_3_%28cropped_closeup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Sulzberger" title="A. G. Sulzberger">A. G. Sulzberger</a>, class of 2003, publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emma Watson, class of 2014, actress, model, activist"><img alt="Emma Watson, class of 2014, actress, model, activist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Emma_Watson_2023_head_and_shoulders_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a>, class of 2014, actress, model, activist</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Faculty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_faculty" title="List of Brown University faculty">List of Brown University faculty</a></div> <p>Among Brown's past and present faculty are seven <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureates">Nobel Laureates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, 1968), <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon Cooper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, 1972), <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>, 1980), <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a>, 1982), <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Abraham" title="Henry David Abraham">Henry David Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>, 1985), <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a>, 2002), and <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">J. Michael Kosterlitz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, 2016). </p><p>Notable past and present faculty include biologists <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling" title="Anne Fausto-Sterling">Anne Fausto-Sterling</a> (Ph.D. 1970) and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_R._Miller" title="Kenneth R. Miller">Kenneth R. Miller</a> (Sc.B. 1970); computer scientists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sedgewick_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Sedgewick (computer scientist)">Robert Sedgewick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Andries van Dam</a>; economists <a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Glenn Loury</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Blyth" title="Mark Blyth">Mark Blyth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Oster" title="Emily Oster">Emily Oster</a>; historians <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Wallach_Scott" title="Joan Wallach Scott">Joan Wallach Scott</a>; mathematicians <a href="/wiki/David_Gale" title="David Gale">David Gale</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David Mumford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a>; physicists <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Gerald Guralnik</a>. Faculty in literature include <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ama_Ata_Aidoo" title="Ama Ata Aidoo">Ama Ata Aidoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>. Among Brown's faculty and fellows in political science, and public affairs are the former prime minister of Italy and former <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> chief, <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>; former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">president of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Cardoso" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Cardoso">Fernando Cardoso</a>; former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">president of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Ricardo Lagos</a>; and son of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei Khrushchev</a>. Other faculty include philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>, author <a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Ibram X. Kendi</a>, and public health doctor <a href="/wiki/Ashish_Jha" title="Ashish Jha">Ashish Jha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_University_in_popular_culture" title="Brown University in popular culture">Brown University in popular culture</a></div> <p>Mentions of Brown in fiction and popular culture include the following.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> character <a href="/wiki/Brian_Griffin" title="Brian Griffin">Brian Griffin</a> is a Brown alumnus.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_O.C." title="The O.C.">The O.C.</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main character <a href="/wiki/Seth_Cohen" title="Seth Cohen">Seth Cohen</a> is denied acceptance to Brown while his girlfriend <a href="/wiki/Summer_Roberts" title="Summer Roberts">Summer Roberts</a> is accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_statues" title="List of Brown University statues">List of Brown University statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Alma_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown University Alma Mater">Brown University Alma Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_S._Carberry" title="Josiah S. Carberry">Josiah S. Carberry</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The school's founding was preceded by that of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmouth Medical School">Dartmouth Medical School</a>. While Yale chartered a medical school in 1810, instruction did not begin for another three years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vartan_Gregorian" title="Vartan Gregorian">Vartan Gregorian</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund Morgan</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Donald Kagan</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> (2010), <a href="/wiki/Krista_Tippett" title="Krista Tippett">Krista Tippett</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Natalie Zemon Davis</a> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Potter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George W. Potter (page does not exist)">George W. Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernheimer" title="Martin Bernheimer">Martin Bernheimer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_Scharfenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk Scharfenberg (page does not exist)">Kirk Scharfenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Uhry" title="Alfred Uhry">Alfred Uhry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Tony Horwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_D._Hedrick" title="Joan D. Hedrick">Joan D. Hedrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_S._Rohde" title="David S. Rohde">David S. Rohde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilo_Cruz" title="Nilo Cruz">Nilo Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Cook" title="Gareth Cook">Gareth Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Risen" title="James Risen">James Risen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usha_Lee_McFarling" title="Usha Lee McFarling">Usha Lee McFarling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Akhtar" title="Ayad Akhtar">Ayad Akhtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">David Kertzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alissa_J._Rubin" title="Alissa J. Rubin">Alissa J. Rubin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Peter Balakian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Schulz" title="Kathryn Schulz">Kathryn Schulz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Forman_Jr." title="James Forman Jr.">James Forman Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Sibblies_Drury" title="Jackie Sibblies Drury">Jackie Sibblies Drury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moser" title="Benjamin Moser">Benjamin Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Chatelain" title="Marcia Chatelain">Marcia Chatelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamishah_Tillet" title="Salamishah Tillet">Salamishah Tillet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr." title="John D. Rockefeller Jr.">John D. Rockefeller Jr.</a> (1897), <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Frank" title="Sidney Frank">Sidney Frank</a> (Class of 1942), <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (Class of 1960), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilbur_Edwin_%22Ed%22_Bosarge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilbur Edwin "Ed" Bosarge (page does not exist)">Wilbur Edwin "Ed" Bosarge</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bravo" title="Orlando Bravo">Orlando Bravo</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Nelson" title="Jonathan M. Nelson">Jonathan M. Nelson</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kazarian" title="Paul Kazarian">Paul Kazarian</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sternlicht" title="Barry Sternlicht">Barry Sternlicht</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Creamer" title="Glenn Creamer">Glenn Creamer</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Aneel_Bhusri" title="Aneel Bhusri">Aneel Bhusri</a> (1988), <a href="/wiki/Chung_Yong-jin" title="Chung Yong-jin">Chung Yong-jin</a> (1994), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cho_Hyun-Sang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cho Hyun-Sang (page does not exist)">Cho Hyun-Sang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%ED%98%84%EC%83%81" class="extiw" title="ko:조현상">ko</a>]</span> (1994),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Oetker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Oetker (page does not exist)">Carl Ferdinand Oetker</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Oetker" class="extiw" title="de:Ferdinand Oetker">de</a>]</span> (1996),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andres Santo Domingo (2000), <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0pek_K%C4%B1ra%C3%A7" title="İpek Kıraç">İpek Kıraç</a> (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evan Wallace (2012),<sup id="cite_ref-:14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akash_Ambani" title="Akash Ambani">Akash Ambani</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Devin_Finzer" title="Devin Finzer">Devin Finzer</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Field" title="Dylan Field">Dylan Field</a> (Class of 2013½),<sup id="cite_ref-:14_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberta_Anamaria_Civita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberta Anamaria Civita (page does not exist)">Roberta Anamaria Civita</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Benson_(photographer)" title="Richard Benson (photographer)">Richard Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Scott" title="Joanna Scott">Joanna Scott</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foreman" title="Richard Foreman">Richard Foreman</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/John_C._Bonifaz" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Bonifaz">John C. Bonifaz</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Blake" title="Lucy Blake">Lucy Blake</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dickinson_(biologist)" title="Michael Dickinson (biologist)">Michael H. Dickinson</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yong_Kim" title="Jim Yong Kim">Jim Yong Kim</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Nawal_M._Nour" title="Nawal M. Nour">Nawal M. Nour</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Ruhl" title="Sarah Ruhl">Sarah Ruhl</a> (1997, 2001), <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Richeson" title="Jennifer Richeson">Jennifer Richeson</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Benoit-Bird" title="Kelly Benoit-Bird">Kelly Benoit-Bird</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Ruth" title="Sebastian Ruth">Sebastian Ruth</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/William_Seeley_(neurologist)" title="William Seeley (neurologist)">William Seeley</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Antrim" title="Donald Antrim">Donald Antrim</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/David_Lobell" title="David Lobell">David Lobell</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Lerner" title="Ben Lerner">Ben Lerner</a> (2001, 2003), <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Redniss" title="Lauren Redniss">Lauren Redniss</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Greg_Asbed" title="Greg Asbed">Greg Asbed</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Monica_Mu%C3%B1oz_Martinez" title="Monica Muñoz Martinez">Monica Muñoz Martinez</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Rina_Foygel_Barber" title="Rina Foygel Barber">Rina Foygel Barber</a> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Anthony_Biot" title="Maurice Anthony Biot">Maurice Anthony Biot</a> (1962), <a href="/wiki/William_Prager" title="William Prager">William Prager</a> (1966), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hillel_Poritsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hillel Poritsky (page does not exist)">Hillel Poritsky</a> (1967), <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Green" title="Albert E. Green">Albert E. Green</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Chia-Chiao_Lin" title="Chia-Chiao Lin">Chia-Chiao Lin</a> (1975), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erastus_H._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erastus H. Lee (page does not exist)">Erastus H. Lee</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Eli_Sternberg" title="Eli Sternberg">Eli Sternberg</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Rivlin" title="Ronald Rivlin">Ronald Rivlin</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Budiansky" title="Bernard Budiansky">Bernard Budiansky</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/James_R._Rice" title="James R. Rice">James R. Rice</a> (1994), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodney_J._Clifton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodney J. Clifton (page does not exist)">Rodney J. Clifton</a> (2000), <a href="/w/index.php?title=L._Ben_Freund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. Ben Freund (page does not exist)">L. Ben Freund</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Morton_Gurtin" title="Morton Gurtin">Morton Gurtin</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Johnson" title="Kenneth L. Johnson">Kenneth L. Johnson</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Needleman" title="Alan Needleman">Alan Needleman</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Robert_McMeeking" title="Robert McMeeking">Robert McMeeking</a> (2014), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viggo_Tvergaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viggo Tvergaard (page does not exist)">Viggo Tvergaard</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Ares_J._Rosakis" title="Ares J. Rosakis">Ares J. Rosakis</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/Huajian_Gao" title="Huajian Gao">Huajian Gao</a> (2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The program was preceded by that of the <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rensselaer Institute">Rensselaer Institute</a> (1824) and <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a> (1845) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The school's founding was preceded by that of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Vagelos_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons">Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmouth Medical School">Dartmouth Medical School</a>. While Yale chartered a medical school in 1810, instruction did not begin for another three years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_University&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/about/history/timeline/third-college-seal">"1834: Third College Seal"</a>. <i>Brown University Timeline</i>. Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2024</span>. <q>("Sigillum Universitatis Brunensis" in Latin),</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University+Timeline&rft.atitle=1834%3A+Third+College+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Fthird-college-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708053600/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html">"Brown University Admission Facts and Figures"</a>. Brown University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html">the original</a> on July 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brown+University+Admission+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FAdministration%2FAdmission%2Fgettoknowus%2Ffactsandfigures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of October 6, 2024. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/news/2024-10-04/endowment">"With 11.3% return in 2024, Brown endowment provides record support for academic priorities"</a>. October 4, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+11.3%25+return+in+2024%2C+Brown+endowment+provides+record+support+for+academic+priorities&rft.date=2024-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2Fnews%2F2024-10-04%2Fendowment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2023/11/brown-sees-22-increase-in-net-assets-27-return-on-endowment-in-2023-fiscal-year">"Brown sees 2.2% increase in net assets, 2.7% return on endowment in 2023 fiscal year"</a>. <i>The Brown Daily Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brown+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Brown+sees+2.2%25+increase+in+net+assets%2C+2.7%25+return+on+endowment+in+2023+fiscal+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.browndailyherald.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F11%2Fbrown-sees-22-increase-in-net-assets-27-return-on-endowment-in-2023-fiscal-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_at_a_Glance-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_at_a_Glance_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/about/brown-glance">"Brown at a Glance"</a>. <i>Brown University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University&rft.atitle=Brown+at+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2Fabout%2Fbrown-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/sidearm.sites/brownuni.sidearmsports.com/documents/2022/6/17/BrownAthletics_StyleGuide_RGB_June_8_22.pdf">"Brown University Athletics & Recreation Brand Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brown+University+Athletics+%26+Recreation+Brand+Guidelines&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fsidearm.sites%2Fbrownuni.sidearmsports.com%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2F6%2F17%2FBrownAthletics_StyleGuide_RGB_June_8_22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=B0180">"Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Bicentennial celebration"</a>. Brown University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528014708/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=B0180">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Brunoniana+%26%23124%3B+Bicentennial+celebration&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FAdministration%2FNews_Bureau%2FDatabases%2FEncyclopedia%2Fsearch.php%3Fserial%3DB0180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7.30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7.30_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronson1914" class="citation book cs1">Bronson, Walter Cochrane (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbrownun0000bron"><i>The History of Brown University, 1764–1914</i></a>. Providence: The University. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-03697-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-03697-2"><bdi>978-0-405-03697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Brown+University%2C+1764%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Providence&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=The+University&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-405-03697-2&rft.aulast=Bronson&rft.aufirst=Walter+Cochrane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbrownun0000bron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2009" class="citation book cs1">Suzuki, Jeff (August 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lew5IC5piCwC"><i>Mathematics in Historical Context</i></a>. MAA. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-570-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-570-6"><bdi>978-0-88385-570-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024044609/https://books.google.com/books?id=lew5IC5piCwC&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+in+Historical+Context&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=MAA&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-570-6&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlew5IC5piCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14b_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaugin2013" class="citation book cs1">Maugin, Gerard A. (April 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QhAAAAAQBAJ&q=brown+engineering+oldest+ivy+league&pg=PA55"><i>Continuum Mechanics Through the Twentieth Century: A Concise Historical Perspective</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6353-1"><bdi>978-94-007-6353-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430064612/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QhAAAAAQBAJ&q=brown+engineering+oldest+ivy+league&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Mechanics+Through+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Concise+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6353-1&rft.aulast=Maugin&rft.aufirst=Gerard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QhAAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbrown%2Bengineering%2Boldest%2Bivy%2Bleague%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsonsRhode_Island_Historical_Society1881" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Charles W; Rhode Island Historical Society (1881). <i>The medical school formerly existing in Brown University, its professors and graduates</i>. Providence, R.I.: S.S. Rider. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038137370">1038137370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+medical+school+formerly+existing+in+Brown+University%2C+its+professors+and+graduates&rft.place=Providence%2C+R.I.&rft.pub=S.S.+Rider&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038137370&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Charles+W&rft.au=Rhode+Island+Historical+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronson1914" class="citation book cs1">Bronson, Walter Cochrane (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbrownun0000bron"><i>The History of Brown University, 1764–1914</i></a>. Providence: The University. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-03697-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-03697-2"><bdi>978-0-405-03697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Brown+University%2C+1764%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Providence&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=The+University&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-405-03697-2&rft.aulast=Bronson&rft.aufirst=Walter+Cochrane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbrownun0000bron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore2019" class="citation web cs1">Skidmore, Lydia Defusto, Alex (May 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.browndailyherald.com/2019/05/24/open-curriculum-50/">"Open Curriculum at 50"</a>. <i>Brown Daily Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430064610/https://www.browndailyherald.com/2019/05/24/open-curriculum-50/">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Open+Curriculum+at+50&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Lydia+Defusto%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.browndailyherald.com%2F2019%2F05%2F24%2Fopen-curriculum-50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0780">"Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Curriculum"</a>. Brown University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720143046/http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0780">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Brunoniana+%26%23124%3B+Curriculum&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FAdministration%2FNews_Bureau%2FDatabases%2FEncyclopedia%2Fsearch.php%3Fserial%3DC0780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéras2012" class="citation book cs1">Méras, Phyllis (2012). <i>Explorer's Guide Rhode Island</i>. Katherine Palmer Imbrie (6 ed.). Woodstock, VT. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-786-0"><bdi>978-1-58157-786-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918312532">918312532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorer%27s+Guide+Rhode+Island&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+VT&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=6&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918312532&rft.isbn=978-1-58157-786-0&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9ras&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNEWS2017" class="citation web cs1">NEWS, BILL RAPPLEYE, NBC 10 (October 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turnto10.com/news/local/homes-on-benefit-street-in-providence-neglected">"Homes on Benefit Street in Providence neglected"</a>. <i>WJAR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223716/https://turnto10.com/news/local/homes-on-benefit-street-in-providence-neglected">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WJAR&rft.atitle=Homes+on+Benefit+Street+in+Providence+neglected&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft.aulast=NEWS&rft.aufirst=BILL+RAPPLEYE%2C+NBC+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturnto10.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fhomes-on-benefit-street-in-providence-neglected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2022/03/brown-admits-record-low-5-of-applicants-to-class-of-2026">"Brown admits record-low 5% of applicants to class of 2026"</a>. <i>The Brown Daily Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408023827/https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2022/03/brown-admits-record-low-5-of-applicants-to-class-of-2026">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brown+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Brown+admits+record-low+5%25+of+applicants+to+class+of+2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.browndailyherald.com%2Farticle%2F2022%2F03%2Fbrown-admits-record-low-5-of-applicants-to-class-of-2026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/lowest-acceptance-rate">"Top 100 – Lowest Acceptance Rates"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Top+100+%E2%80%93+Lowest+Acceptance+Rates&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Frankings%2Flowest-acceptance-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan1999" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Elizabeth A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Cho+Hyun-Sang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fcho-hyun-sang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/carl-ferdinand-oetker/">"Carl Ferdinand Oetker"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032253/https://www.forbes.com/profile/carl-ferdinand-oetker/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Carl+Ferdinand+Oetker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fcarl-ferdinand-oetker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/ipek-kirac/">"Ipek Kirac"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032259/https://www.forbes.com/profile/ipek-kirac/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Ipek+Kirac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fipek-kirac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/iainmartin/2022/09/15/adobes-20-billion-takeover-of-figma-makes-cofounders-billionaires/">"Adobe's $20 Billion Takeover Of Figma Makes Cofounders Billionaires"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915143644/https://www.forbes.com/sites/iainmartin/2022/09/15/adobes-20-billion-takeover-of-figma-makes-cofounders-billionaires/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Adobe%27s+%2420+Billion+Takeover+Of+Figma+Makes+Cofounders+Billionaires&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fiainmartin%2F2022%2F09%2F15%2Fadobes-20-billion-takeover-of-figma-makes-cofounders-billionaires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/roberta-anamaria-civita/">"Roberta Anamaria Civita"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422032301/https://www.forbes.com/profile/roberta-anamaria-civita/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Roberta+Anamaria+Civita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Froberta-anamaria-civita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1890" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Richard Henry (1890). <i>Official Positions Held by Alumni of Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, University of Pennsylvania, and by the Men Educated at William and Mary College: With a Comparative Statement, Including a Resumé from the Material Gathered Concerning Harvard College for the N. E. Hist. and Gen. Register, July, 1887, by Chief Justice Wm. A. Richardson, LL.D., the Papers on Official Positions Held by Alumni of Yale, College of New Jersey, University of Pennsylvania, Columbia College and Brown University</i>. D. Clapp & Son, printers. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Positions+Held+by+Alumni+of+Yale%2C+Princeton%2C+Columbia%2C+Brown%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+and+by+the+Men+Educated+at+William+and+Mary+College%3A+With+a+Comparative+Statement%2C+Including+a+Resum%C3%A9+from+the+Material+Gathered+Concerning+Harvard+College+for+the+N.+E.+Hist.+and+Gen.+Register%2C+July%2C+1887%2C+by+Chief+Justice+Wm.+A.+Richardson%2C+LL.D.%2C+the+Papers+on+Official+Positions+Held+by+Alumni+of+Yale%2C+College+of+New+Jersey%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+Columbia+College+and+Brown+University&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=D.+Clapp+%26+Son%2C+printers&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Richard+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/about/brown-glance">"Brown at a Glance"</a>. <i>Brown University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514010457/https://www.brown.edu/about/brown-glance">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University&rft.atitle=Brown+at+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2Fabout%2Fbrown-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brownbears.com/sports/2018/4/27/athletics-history-olympians.aspx?id=1589">"Olympians"</a>. <i>Brown University Athletics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727185837/https://brownbears.com/sports/2018/4/27/athletics-history-olympians.aspx?id=1589">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brown+University+Athletics&rft.atitle=Olympians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrownbears.com%2Fsports%2F2018%2F4%2F27%2Fathletics-history-olympians.aspx%3Fid%3D1589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiles1916" class="citation book cs1">Stiles, Ezra (1916). Dexter, Franklin Bowditch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030935765"><i>Extracts From the Itineraries and Other Miscellanies of Ezra Stiles, D. D., Ll. D., 1755–1794: With a Selection From His Correspondence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extracts+From+the+Itineraries+and+Other+Miscellanies+of+Ezra+Stiles%2C+D.+D.%2C+Ll.+D.%2C+1755%E2%80%931794%3A+With+a+Selection+From+His+Correspondence&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030935765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown+University" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dexter">Dexter (1916)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaplain.upenn.edu/about-us/history">History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727045959/https://chaplain.upenn.edu/about-us/history/">Archived</a> July 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Note, however, that three-fourths of the original trustees of the University of Pennsylvania were affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> as was the first provost, William Smith, an Anglican priest. 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id="Brown_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Brown University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Brown_University" title="College of Brown University">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Graduate_School" title="Brown University Graduate School">Graduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Engineering" title="Brown University School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Brown University School of Public Health">Public Health</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg/150px-Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg/225px-Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg/300px-Quiet_Green_-_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Institute_at_Brown_University" title="Annenberg Institute at Brown University">Annenberg Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Arts_Institute" title="Brown Arts Institute">Arts Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carney_Institute_for_Brain_Science" title="Carney Institute for Brain Science">Carney Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Computational_and_Experimental_Research_in_Mathematics" title="Institute for Computational and Experimental Research in Mathematics">ICERM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joukowsky_Institute_for_Archaeology_and_the_Ancient_World" title="Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World">Joukowsky Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Center_for_Teaching_and_Research_on_Women" title="Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women">Pembroke Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Theory_Project" title="Political Theory Project">Political Theory Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Institute_for_International_and_Public_Affairs" title="Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs">Watson Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_football" title="Brown Bears football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_baseball" title="Brown Bears baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_basketball" title="Brown Bears men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_women%27s_basketball" title="Brown Bears women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Brown Bears men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_soccer" title="Brown Bears men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Brown Bears men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Brown Bears women's ice hockey">Women's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_sailing" title="Brown Bears sailing">Sailing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gouse_Field_at_Brown_Stadium" title="Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium">Gouse Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Gymnasium" title="Marvel Gymnasium">Marvel Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium" title="Meehan Auditorium">Meehan Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Stadium" title="Murray Stadium">Murray Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzitola_Sports_Center" title="Pizzitola Sports Center">Pizzitola Sports Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenson_Field" title="Stevenson Field">Stevenson Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_buildings" title="List of Brown University buildings">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_statues" title="List of Brown University statues">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angell_Street" title="Angell Street">Angell Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_House_(Brown_University)" title="Andrews House (Brown University)">Andrews House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annmary_Brown_Memorial" title="Annmary Brown Memorial">Annmary Brown Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Winton_Bell_Gallery" title="David Winton Bell Gallery">Bell Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Computing_Laboratory" title="Brown University Computing Laboratory">Computing Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss%E2%80%93Brackett_House" title="Corliss–Brackett House">Corliss–Brackett House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_and_Marty_Granoff_Center_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="Perry and Marty Granoff Center for the Creative Arts">Granoff Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haffenreffer_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology">Haffenreffer Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Library" title="John Hay Library">Hay Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haile_House" title="Joseph Haile House">Joseph Haile House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladd_Observatory" title="Ladd Observatory">Ladd Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindemann_Performing_Arts_Center" title="Lindemann Performing Arts Center">Lindemann Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale%E2%80%93Brown_House" title="Nightingale–Brown House">Nightingale–Brown House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerimoth_Hill" title="Jerimoth Hill">Jerimoth Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._Library" title="John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library">Rockefeller Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayles_Memorial_Hall" title="Sayles Memorial Hall">Sayles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Library_(Brown_University)" title="Sciences Library (Brown University)">Sciences Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Memorial_(Brown_University)" title="Slavery Memorial (Brown University)"><i>Slavery Memorial</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Street_Station" title="South Street Station">South Street Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayer_Street" title="Thayer Street">Thayer Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Brown_University)" title="University Hall (Brown University)">University Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wickle_Gates" title="Van Wickle Gates">Van Wickle Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickenden_Street" title="Wickenden Street">Wickenden Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brown_University" title="History of Brown University">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Curriculum_(Brown_University)" title="Open Curriculum (Brown University)">Open Curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_in_popular_culture" title="Brown University in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_alumni" title="List of Brown University alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_faculty" title="List of Brown University faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Brown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Brown University">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Brown University">Coat of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_S._K._Brown_Military_Collection" title="Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection">Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_S._Carberry" title="Josiah S. Carberry">Josiah S. Carberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Student Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Alma_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown University Alma Mater">Alma Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBRU" title="WBRU">WBRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WELH" title="WELH">Brown Student & Community Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_in_Liberal_Medical_Education" title="Program in Liberal Medical Education">Program in Liberal Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_International_Mentoring_Program" title="Brown University International Mentoring Program">International Mentoring Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Weekend" title="Spring Weekend">Spring Weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Daily_Herald" title="The Brown Daily Herald">Brown Daily Herald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Journal_of_World_Affairs" title="Brown Journal of World Affairs">Brown Journal of World Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Jug" title="The Brown Jug">The Brown Jug</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Noser" title="The Brown Noser">The Brown Noser</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_College_Hill_Independent" title="The College Hill Independent">The College Hill Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Points" title="Cardinal Points">Cardinal Points</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Review_(Brown_University)" title="Critical Review (Brown University)">Critical Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Brunoniana" title="Encyclopedia Brunoniana">Encyclopedia Brunoniana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Journals_Project" title="Modernist Journals Project">Modernist Journals Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Political_Review" title="Brown Political Review">Brown Political Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Spectator" title="The Brown Spectator">The Brown Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Comparative_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies in Comparative International Development">Studies in Comparative International Development</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Writers_Project" title="Women Writers Project">Women Writers Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Band" title="Brown University Band">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bear_Necessities" title="The Bear Necessities">Bear Necessities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_curriculum" title="Bootstrap curriculum">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownbrokers" title="Brownbrokers">Brownbrokers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Center_for_Students_of_Color" title="Brown Center for Students of Color">Center for Students of Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Debating_Union" title="Brown Debating Union">Debating Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brown_Derbies" title="The Brown Derbies">Derbies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Film_Festival" title="Ivy Film Festival">Ivy Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabberwocks" title="Jabberwocks">Jabberwocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Orchestra" title="Brown University Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_Workshop" title="Production Workshop">Production Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Innovative_Policy_Lab" title="Rhode Island Innovative Policy Lab">Rhode Island Innovative Policy Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rites_and_Reason_Theatre" title="Rites and Reason Theatre">Rites and Reason Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Doyle_Women%27s_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Doyle Women's Center">Sarah Doyle Women's Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Domi_Pacificae" title="Societas Domi Pacificae">Societas Domi Pacificae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Delta_Xi" title="Zeta Delta Xi">Zeta Delta Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brown_University" title="Category:Brown University"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Brown_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#4E3629;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C00404, inset -2px -2px 0 #C00404;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brown_University_presidents" title="Template:Brown University presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brown_University_presidents" title="Template talk:Brown University presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brown_University_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brown University presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Brown_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Brown University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Manning_(minister)" title="James Manning (minister)">Manning</a> (1765-1791)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perez_Fobes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perez Fobes (page does not exist)">Fobes</a> # (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Howell_(jurist)" title="David Howell (jurist)">Howell</a> # (1791-1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maxcy" title="Jonathan Maxcy">Maxcy</a> (1792-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Messer" title="Asa Messer">Messer</a> (1802-1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wayland" title="Francis Wayland">Wayland</a> (1827-1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnas_Sears" title="Barnas Sears">Sears</a> (1855-1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Caswell" title="Alexis Caswell">Caswell</a> (1868-1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Robinson" title="Ezekiel Robinson">Robinson</a> (1872-1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Andrews" title="Elisha Andrews">Andrews</a> (1889-1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faunce" title="William Faunce">Faunce</a> (1899-1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Barbour" title="Clarence Barbour">Barbour</a> (1929-1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wriston" title="Henry Wriston">Wriston</a> (1937-1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Keeney" title="Barnaby Keeney">Keeney</a> (1955-1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Heffner" title="Ray Heffner">Heffner</a> (1966-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hornig" title="Donald Hornig">Hornig</a> (1970-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Swearer" title="Howard Swearer">Swearer</a> (1977-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vartan_Gregorian" title="Vartan Gregorian">Gregorian</a> (1989-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Gordon_Gee" title="E. Gordon Gee">Gee</a> (1998-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blumstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila Blumstein">Blumstein</a> # (2000-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Simmons" title="Ruth Simmons">Simmons</a> (2001-2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Paxson" title="Christina Paxson">Paxson</a> (2012-President)</li></ul> <p><i>Pound sign (#) denotes interim president.</i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Providence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Template:Providence, Rhode Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Template talk:Providence, Rhode Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Providence, Rhode Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Providence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">City of Providence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Downtown, Providence, Rhode Island">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Hill,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Smith Hill, Providence, Rhode Island">Smith Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Public_School_District" title="Providence Public School District">Providence Public School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Squared_Academy" title="Time Squared Academy">Time Squared Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown_School" title="Moses Brown School">Moses Brown School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Academy_(Rhode_Island)" title="La Salle Academy (Rhode Island)">La Salle Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_School_(Providence,_Rhode_Island)" title="Lincoln School (Providence, Rhode Island)">Lincoln School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Hebrew_Day_School" title="Providence Hebrew Day School">Providence Hebrew Day School</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_College" title="Providence College">Providence College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Street_Bridge_(Providence,_Rhode_Island)" title="Crawford Street Bridge (Providence, Rhode Island)">Crawford Street Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_T._F._Green_International_Airport" title="Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport">Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport</a> (near Providence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Providence_metropolitan_area" title="Media in Providence metropolitan area">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Providence_Journal" title="The Providence Journal">The Providence Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Providence_Business_News" title="Providence Business News">Providence Business News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Point_Hurricane_Barrier" title="Fox Point Hurricane Barrier">Fox Point Hurricane Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_State_House" title="Rhode Island State House">Rhode Island State House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_Medical_Center" title="Roger Williams Medical Center">Roger Williams Medical Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Rhode Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Rhode Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Rhode Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island" title="List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island">Colleges and universities in Rhode Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Rhode_Island" title="Community College of Rhode Island">Community College of Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_College" title="Rhode Island College">Rhode Island College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island" title="University of Rhode Island">University of Rhode Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_University" title="Bryant University">Bryant University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Wales_University" title="Johnson & Wales University">Johnson & Wales University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Institute_of_Technology" title="New England Institute of Technology">New England Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_College" title="Providence College">Providence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_University" title="Roger Williams University">Roger Williams University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina_University" title="Salve Regina University">Salve Regina University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpert_Medical_School" title="Alpert Medical School">Alpert Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_University_School_of_Law" title="Roger Williams University School of Law">Roger Williams University School of Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_colleges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template talk:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">Colonial colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ivy_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ivy_League" title="Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League" title="Template talk:Ivy League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ivy_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Ivy League</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Columbia Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Cornell Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Dartmouth Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/50px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/75px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/100px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy League Baseball Championship Series">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_basketball" title="Ivy League men's basketball">Basketball (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Ivy League women's basketball tournament">Basketball (women's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Fencing_Championships" title="Ivy League Fencing Championships">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference" title="Ivy Rugby Conference">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League men's soccer tournament">Soccer (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League women's soccer tournament">Soccer (women's)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools" title="List of Ivy League business schools">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Digital_Network" title="Ivy League Digital Network">Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Council" title="Ivy Council">Ivy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools" title="List of Ivy League law schools">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools" title="List of Ivy League medical schools">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_nude_posture_photos" title="Ivy League nude posture photos">Nude posture photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools" title="List of Ivy League public policy schools">Public policy schools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Take_Ivy" title="Take Ivy">Take Ivy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Tu_Tambien" title="Y Tu Tambien">Y Tu Tambien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_American_Universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities"><span style="color:white;">Association of American Universities</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university"><span style="color:white;">Public</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university"><span style="color:white;">Private</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:QuestBridge" title="Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:QuestBridge" title="Template talk:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/QuestBridge" title="QuestBridge">QuestBridge</a> partner institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College" title="Claremont McKenna College">Claremont McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby_College" title="Colby College">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_College" title="Scripps College">Scripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidmore_College" title="Skidmore College">Skidmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ECAC_Hockey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ECAC_Hockey_League" title="Template:ECAC Hockey League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ECAC_Hockey_League" title="Template talk:ECAC Hockey League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ECAC_Hockey_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ECAC Hockey League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ECAC_Hockey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey" title="ECAC Hockey"><span style="color:white">ECAC Hockey</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Brown Bears men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Brown Bears women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights" title="Clarkson Golden Knights">Clarkson Golden Knights</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Golden_Knights_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Clarkson Golden Knights women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Raiders" title="Colgate Raiders">Colgate Raiders</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Colgate Raiders men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Raiders_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Colgate Raiders women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Cornell Big Red</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Cornell Big Red women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Dartmouth Big Green</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Dartmouth Big Green men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Princeton Tigers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats">Quinnipiac Bobcats</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rensselaer Engineers">Rensselaer Engineers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RPI_Engineers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="RPI Engineers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPI_Engineers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="RPI Engineers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints" title="St. Lawrence Saints">St. Lawrence Saints</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="St. Lawrence Saints men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Saints_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="St. Lawrence Saints women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers" title="Union Garnet Chargers">Union Garnet Chargers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Union Garnet Chargers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Union Garnet Chargers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Yale Bulldogs women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meehan_Auditorium" title="Meehan Auditorium">Meehan Auditorium</a> (Brown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheel_Arena" title="Cheel Arena">Cheel Arena</a> (Clarkson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_of_1965_Arena" title="Class of 1965 Arena">Class of 1965 Arena</a> (Colgate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynah_Rink" title="Lynah Rink">Lynah Rink</a> (Cornell)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Arena" title="Thompson Arena">Thompson Arena</a> (Dartmouth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Hockey_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Hockey Center">Bright Hockey Center</a> (Harvard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobey_Baker_Memorial_Rink" title="Hobey Baker Memorial Rink">Hobey Baker Memorial Rink</a> (Princeton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26T_Bank_Arena" title="M&T Bank Arena">M&T Bank Arena</a> (Quinnipiac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Field_House" title="Houston Field House">Houston Field House</a> (Rensselaer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appleton_Arena" title="Appleton Arena">Appleton Arena</a> (St. Lawrence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Rink" title="Achilles Rink">Achilles Rink</a> (Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingalls_Rink" title="Ingalls Rink">Ingalls Rink</a> (Yale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Brooks_Arena" title="Herb Brooks Arena">Herb Brooks Arena</a> (Men's tournament)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Men's awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams" title="List of All-ECAC Hockey Teams">All-ECAC Hockey Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Player_of_the_Year" title="ECAC Hockey Player of the Year">Player of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Rookie_of_the_Year" title="ECAC Hockey Rookie of the Year">Rookie of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Taylor_Award_(ECAC_Hockey)" title="Tim Taylor Award (ECAC Hockey)">Tim Taylor Award (Coach of the Year)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Best_Defensive_Defenseman" title="ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Defenseman">Best Defensive Defenseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Best_Defensive_Forward" title="ECAC Hockey Best Defensive Forward">Best Defensive Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dryden_Award" title="Ken Dryden Award">Ken Dryden Award (Best Goaltender)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Student-Athlete_of_the_Year" title="ECAC Hockey Student-Athlete of the Year">Student-Athlete of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dean_Sportsmanship_Award" title="Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award">Wayne Dean Sportsmanship Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey_Most_Outstanding_Player_in_Tournament" title="ECAC Hockey Most Outstanding Player in Tournament">Most Outstanding Player in Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_All-Tournament_Teams" title="List of ECAC Hockey All-Tournament Teams">All-Tournament Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Women's awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECAC_Hockey#Women's_ECAC_championship_games" title="ECAC Hockey">Women's champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#005189;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #d40843, inset -2px -2px 0 #d40843;;width:1%">Men's seasons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1961%E2%80%9362_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1961–62 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1961–62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1962%E2%80%9363_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1962–63 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1962–63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1963%E2%80%9364_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1963–64 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1963–64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1964%E2%80%9365_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1964–65 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1964–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1965%E2%80%9366_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1965–66 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1965–66</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1966%E2%80%9367_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1966–67 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1966–67</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1967%E2%80%9368_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1967–68 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1967–68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1968%E2%80%9369_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1968–69 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1968–69</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1969%E2%80%9370_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1969–70 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1969–70</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1970%E2%80%9371_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1970–71 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1970–71</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1971%E2%80%9372_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1971–72 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1971–72</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1972%E2%80%9373_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1972–73 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1972–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1973%E2%80%9374_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1973–74 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1973–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1974%E2%80%9375_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1974–75 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1974–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1975%E2%80%9376_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1975–76 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1975–76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1976%E2%80%9377_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1976–77 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1976–77</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1977%E2%80%9378_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1977–78 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1977–78</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1978%E2%80%9379_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1978–79 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1978–79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1979%E2%80%9380_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1979–80 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1979–80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1980%E2%80%9381_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1980–81 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1980–81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1981%E2%80%9382_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1981–82 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1981–82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1982%E2%80%9383_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1982–83 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1982–83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1983%E2%80%9384_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1983–84 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1983–84</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1984%E2%80%9385_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1984–85 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1984–85</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1985%E2%80%9386_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1985–86 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1985–86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1986%E2%80%9387_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1986–87 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1986–87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1987%E2%80%9388_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1987–88 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1987–88</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:1988%E2%80%9389_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1988–89 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1988–89</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1989%E2%80%9390_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1989–90 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1989–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1990%E2%80%9391_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1990–91 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1990–91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1991%E2%80%9392_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1991–92 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1991–92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1992%E2%80%9393_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1992–93 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1992–93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1993%E2%80%9394_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1993–94 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1993–94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1994%E2%80%9395_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1994–95 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1994–95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1995%E2%80%9396_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1995–96 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1995–96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1996%E2%80%9397_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1996–97 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1996–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1997%E2%80%9398_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1997–98 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1997–98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1998%E2%80%9399_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:1998–99 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1998–99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1999%E2%80%9300_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:1999–00 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">1999–00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2000%E2%80%9301_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2000–01 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2000–01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2001%E2%80%9302_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2001–02 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2001–02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2002%E2%80%9303_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2002–03 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2002–03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2003%E2%80%9304_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2003–04 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2003–04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2004%E2%80%9305_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2004–05 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2005%E2%80%9306_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2005–06 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2005–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2006%E2%80%9307_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2006–07 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2006–07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2007%E2%80%9308_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2007–08 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2007–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008%E2%80%9309_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2008–09 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2008–09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2009%E2%80%9310_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2009–10 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2009–10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2010%E2%80%9311_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2010–11 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2010–11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2011%E2%80%9312_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2011–12 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2011–12</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:2012%E2%80%9313_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2012–13 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2012–13</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:2013%E2%80%9314_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2013–14 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2013–14</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2014%E2%80%9315_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2014–15 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2015%E2%80%9316_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2015–16 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2015–16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2016%E2%80%9317_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2016–17 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2016–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2017%E2%80%9318_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2017–18 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2017–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2018%E2%80%9319_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2018–19 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2018–19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2019%E2%80%9320_ECAC_Hockey_standings_(men)" title="Template:2019–20 ECAC Hockey standings (men)">2019–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_ice_hockey_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey season">2020–21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_ice_hockey_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–22 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey season">2021–22</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season" title="2022–23 ECAC Hockey men's season">2022–23</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season" title="2023–24 ECAC Hockey men's season">2023–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_ECAC_Hockey_men%27s_season" title="2024–25 ECAC Hockey men's season">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DAF0FD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Template talk:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">BU</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers" title="Boston University Terriers">Terriers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas" title="Georgetown Hoyas">Hoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders" title="Holy Cross Crusaders">Crusaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Athletics" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen" title="Navy Midshipmen">Midshipmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies" title="Northeastern Huskies">Huskies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a> <a href="/wiki/College_Boat_Club" title="College Boat Club">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights">Scarlet Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange" title="Syracuse Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers" title="Wisconsin Badgers">Badgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#005A96; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association" title="Template:National Intercollegiate Rugby Association"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association" title="Template talk:National Intercollegiate Rugby Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Intercollegiate Rugby Association"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Intercollegiate_Rugby_Association" title="National Intercollegiate Rugby Association"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">National Intercollegiate Rugby Association</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005A96; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;;width:1%;background:#0198D8; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;">Division 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Army West Point">Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Rugby_Football_Club" title="Army Rugby Football Club">Black Knights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears#Rugby" title="Brown Bears">Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Rugby" title="Dartmouth Rugby">Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_women%27s_rugby" title="Harvard women's rugby">Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_University" title="Long Island University">Long Island</a> <a href="/wiki/LIU_Sharks" title="LIU Sharks">Sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_University" title="Mount St. Mary's University">Mount St. Mary's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_Mountaineers" title="Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers">Mountaineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen" title="Navy Midshipmen">Midshipmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Rugby" title="Princeton Rugby">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University" title="Quinnipiac University">Quinnipiac</a> <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats">Bobcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University" title="Sacred Heart University">Sacred Heart</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers" title="Sacred Heart Pioneers">Pioneers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005A96; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;;width:1%;background:#0198D8; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;">Division 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_College" title="American International College">American International</a> <a href="/wiki/American_International_Yellow_Jackets" title="American International Yellow Jackets">Yellow Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molloy_University" title="Molloy University">Molloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Molloy_University#Athletics" title="Molloy University">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Haven" title="University of New Haven">New Haven</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Chargers" title="New Haven Chargers">Chargers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_College" title="Notre Dame College">Notre Dame College</a> <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_College#Athletics" title="Notre Dame College">Falcons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_University" title="Post University">Post</a> <a href="/wiki/Post_Eagles" title="Post Eagles">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_University_of_Charlotte" title="Queens University of Charlotte">Queens</a> <a href="/wiki/Queens_Royals" title="Queens Royals">Royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester_University" title="West Chester University">West Chester</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Chester_Golden_Rams" title="West Chester Golden Rams">Golden Rams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005A96; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;;width:1%;background:#0198D8; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;">Division 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College#Athletics" title="Bowdoin College">Polar Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby%E2%80%93Sawyer_College" title="Colby–Sawyer College">Colby–Sawyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Colby%E2%80%93Sawyer_College#Athletics" title="Colby–Sawyer College">Chargers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilford_College" title="Guilford College">Guilford</a> <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Quakers" title="Guilford Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattanville_University" title="Manhattanville University">Manhattanville</a> <a href="/wiki/Manhattanville_University#Athletics" title="Manhattanville University">Valiants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_College" title="New England College">New England College</a> <a href="/wiki/New_England_College#Athletics" title="New England College">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University" title="Norwich University">Norwich</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwich_University#Athletics" title="Norwich University">Cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(United_States)" title="University of New England (United States)">University of New England</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(United_States)#Athletics" title="University of New England (United States)">Nor'easters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_University" title="Vermont State University">Vermont State Castleton</a> <a href="/wiki/Castleton_Spartans" title="Castleton Spartans">Spartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#005A96; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;;width:1%;background:#0198D8; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 white, inset -1px -1px 0 white;">Future teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_College" title="Adrian College">Adrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_College#Athletics" title="Adrian College">Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419369094">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144232685">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1010811-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056113">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11871472b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11871472b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brown University"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148998&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rhode Island College (1764-1804)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148999&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259021105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058583625006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/eb32159e-436b-4b59-a918-2df4a4334155">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026472449">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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