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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory_enrichment_and_therapeutic_effects_of_music_on_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory_enrichment_and_therapeutic_effects_of_music_on_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Auditory enrichment and therapeutic effects of music on animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Auditory_enrichment_and_therapeutic_effects_of_music_on_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Insect music" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a>.</div> <p><b>Zoomusicology</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical aspect">musical aspects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> as produced and perceived by animals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a field of <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and is a type of <a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">zoosemiotics</a>. Zoomusicology as a field dates to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Bernard_M%C3%A2che" title="François-Bernard Mâche">François-Bernard Mâche</a>'s 1983 book <i>Music, Myth, and Nature, or the Dolphins of Arion</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (published in English in 1992), and has been developed more recently by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Dario_Martinelli" title="Dario Martinelli">Dario Martinelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Rothenberg" title="David Rothenberg">David Rothenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Taylor" title="Hollis Taylor">Hollis Taylor</a>, David Teie, and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Doolittle" title="Emily Doolittle">Emily Doolittle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoomusicology is a separate field from <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a>, the study of human music. </p><p>Zoomusicologists in a wide range of fields including <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> conduct zoomusicology research. This is because the field of zoomusicology is so broad and reaches many disciplines. Musician and zoomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Taylor" title="Hollis Taylor">Hollis Taylor</a> has conducted an extensive study of the Pied Butcherbird (<i><a href="/wiki/Pied_butcherbird" title="Pied butcherbird">Cracticus nigrogularis</a></i>) over the past 15 years, including interdisciplinary research with philosophers and scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarinetist, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Rothenberg" title="David Rothenberg">David Rothenberg</a> plays music with animals, and has written books on the relationship between bird, insect, and <a href="/wiki/Whale_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale song">whale song</a> and human music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composer <a href="/wiki/Emily_Doolittle" title="Emily Doolittle">Emily Doolittle</a> has written numerous pieces based on animal songs, and has published interdisciplinary music-science research on the <a href="/wiki/Hermit_thrush" title="Hermit thrush">hermit thrush</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Musician_wren" title="Musician wren">musician wren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy metal bands such as <a href="/wiki/Hatebeak" title="Hatebeak">Hatebeak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caninus_(band)" title="Caninus (band)">Caninus</a>, Naegleria Fowleri, and Boar Glue have released music fronted by a <a href="/wiki/Grey_parrot" title="Grey parrot">grey parrot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pit_bull" title="Pit bull">pit bull</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amazon_parrot" title="Amazon parrot">Amazon parrot</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Belanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Belanger (page does not exist)">Susan Belanger</a> has also contributed to the field of zoomusicology, with her work on soft song in the Asian corn borer moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Ostrinia_furnacalis" title="Ostrinia furnacalis">Ostrinia furnacalis</a></i>) and its relationship to the initiation of mating behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researcher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Gray (page does not exist)">Patricia Gray</a> has examined the music that can be seen in whales and songbirds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list is by no means all encompassing, but simply lists some notable members of the zoomusicology research community. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human-animal_interactions">Human-animal interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Human-animal interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">Birds in music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a></div> <p>There have been several musicians over the years who have performed with or for animals, hoping to elicit responses. Examples include: the song "Seamus" from <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s 1971 album <i><a href="/wiki/Meddle" title="Meddle">Meddle</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/Steve_Marriott" title="Steve Marriott">Steve Marriott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Border_Collie" title="Border Collie">Border Collie</a> Seamus howling along to an acoustic blues song. The performance was repeated in "Mademoiselle Nobs" for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd:_Live_at_Pompeii" title="Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii">Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii</a></i> (1972) with a different dog, Nobs. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Horn_(musician)" title="Paul Horn (musician)">Paul Horn</a> played flute to Haida, an <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> living at <a href="/wiki/Sealand_of_the_Pacific" title="Sealand of the Pacific">Sealand of the Pacific</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a> on his album <i>Inside II</i> (1972), though the response was merely <a href="/wiki/Spyhopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Spyhopping">spyhopping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Winter" title="Paul Winter">Paul Winter</a> played his saxophone for both wolves (who howled) and gray whales (who did not) on his album <i>Common Ground</i> (1978). Composer <a href="/wiki/Jim_Nollman" title="Jim Nollman">Jim Nollman</a> plays guitar and wooden flute to such species as whales, wolves and turkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Rothenberg, a clarinetist, has played to humpback whales, cicadas and birds (2005-2013) with no apparent response.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composer <a href="/wiki/David_Sulzer" title="David Sulzer">David Sulzer</a>, under the name David Soldier and the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Elephant_Orchestra" title="Thai Elephant Orchestra">Thai Elephant Orchestra</a>, built giant percussion instruments for the elephants at the <a href="/wiki/National_Elephant_Institute" title="National Elephant Institute">National Elephant Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a> to play, with minimal human direction. </p><p>Composers have long evoked or imitated animal sounds in compositions, including <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)</a></i> (1720), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>'s <i>The Hen</i> (1728), <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Carnival_of_the_Animals" title="The Carnival of the Animals">The Carnival of the Animals</a></i> (1886), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swan_of_Tuonela" title="The Swan of Tuonela">The Swan of Tuonela</a></i> (1895), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_Hearing_the_First_Cuckoo_in_Spring" title="On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring">On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring</a></i> (1912), <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lark_Ascending_(Vaughan_Williams)" title="The Lark Ascending (Vaughan Williams)">The Lark Ascending (Vaughan Williams)</a></i> (1914), <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pines_of_Rome" title="Pines of Rome">Pines of Rome</a></i> (1924) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(Respighi)" title="The Birds (Respighi)">The Birds</a></i> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Ferde_Grof%C3%A9" title="Ferde Grofé">Ferde Grofé</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Suite" title="Grand Canyon Suite">Grand Canyon Suite</a></i> (1931), <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>'s <i>Catalogue of the Birds</i> (1956–58), <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_Balaenae" title="Vox Balaenae">Vox Balaenae</a></i> (Voice of the Whale) (1971), and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Oliveros" title="Pauline Oliveros">Pauline Oliveros</a>'s <i>El Relicario de los Animales</i> (1977).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern composers have included recordings of animals in their scores, including <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/And_God_Created_Great_Whales" title="And God Created Great Whales">And God Created Great Whales</a></i> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cantus_Arcticus" title="Cantus Arcticus">Cantus Arcticus</a></i> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Pareyon" title="Gabriel Pareyon">Gabriel Pareyon</a>'s <i>Invention over the song of the <a href="/wiki/Vireo_atricapilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vireo atricapilla">Vireo atriccapillus</a></i> (1999) and <i>Kha Pijpichtli Kuikatl</i> (2003). </p><p>In 1960 American engineer Jim Fassett put together an album of slowed-down and re-arranged bird songs called <i>Symphony of the Birds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty songs</a> pieced together from the sounds of dogs (<a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Dogs" title="The Singing Dogs">The Singing Dogs</a>) or cats (<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Cats" title="Jingle Cats">Jingle Cats</a>) enjoyed brief popularity in the 1950s and 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Field_recording" title="Field recording">Field recording</a> expert <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Krause" title="Bernie Krause">Bernie Krause</a> in 1988 released a single ("Jungle Shoes"/"Fish Wrap") and an album (<i>Gorillas in the Mix</i>) of songs composed of animal and nature sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian zoomusicologist, A. J. Mithra composed music using bird, animal and <a href="/wiki/Frog_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog sound">frog sounds</a> from 2008 until his death in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, New York <a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">beatboxing</a> artist Ben Mirin began incorporating animal sounds into his beats.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_produced_by_animals">Music produced by animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music produced by animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Sparrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Song_Sparrow.jpg/220px-Song_Sparrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Song_Sparrow.jpg/330px-Song_Sparrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Song_Sparrow.jpg/440px-Song_Sparrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Song Sparrow</figcaption></figure> <p>The most well-known form of music found in non-human animals is <a href="/wiki/Birdsong" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdsong">birdsong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birdsong is different from normal calls. For example, a call will usually simply function to communicate a direct message.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, a bird call could be used to direct attention that a predator is near. Meanwhile, a song contains more repetition and usually will have distinct structure to it, with a specific beginning, middle, and end.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many species of <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a>, songs seem to be used both as a way to attract potential mates, as well as to mark and defend one's territory. It has been observed that young songbirds acquire their ability to produce song from imitation of adult birds.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There seems to be a critical period for song learning. In one experiment, they compared birds raised in isolation, (this involved isolation from other birds as well as the vocalizations of other birds), with those raised in a colony, without these forms of isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using an <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a> scan and the <a href="/wiki/Blood-oxygen-level_dependent_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-oxygen-level dependent imaging">blood oxygen level dependent</a> (BOLD) as a measurement of brain activity, it was found that birds raised in the isolation condition did not appear to show a preference between their own songs and a repetitive song. Meanwhile, colony-raised birds showed a stronger reaction to their own song being played back.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mimicry">Mimicry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several species of birds can mimic the songs of other birds, or even mechanical sounds. These include, with varying degrees of success, <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mockingbird" title="Mockingbird">mockingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrasher" title="Thrasher">thrashers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">myna</a> birds, <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lyrebird" title="Lyrebird">lyrebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence%27s_thrush" title="Lawrence's thrush">Lawrence's thrushes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acrocephalus_(bird)" title="Acrocephalus (bird)">Acrocephalus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Marsh_warbler" title="Marsh warbler">marsh warblers</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mozart kept a <a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_starling" title="Mozart's starling">starling</a> that could mimic some of his music.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_and_effects_of_music_on_animals">Functions and effects of music on animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functions and effects of music on animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saguinus_oedipus_(Linnaeus,_1758).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saguinus_oedipus_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29.jpg/220px-Saguinus_oedipus_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saguinus_oedipus_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29.jpg/330px-Saguinus_oedipus_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saguinus_oedipus_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29.jpg/440px-Saguinus_oedipus_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><i>Saguinus oedipus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</figcaption></figure> <p>Snowden and Teie performed an experiment on <a href="/wiki/Cotton-top_tamarin" title="Cotton-top tamarin">Cotton-top tamarins</a> (<i>Saguinus oedipus</i>) to determine if music would lead to behavioural changes, and whether music made by other species would elicit similar behavioural responses as the music of one's own species.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This experiment involved two separate categories of music - one was affiliation-based, the other was fear/threat-based music. Within the two categories, the experimenter varied whether the music was produced by <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> or tamarins.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the experiment, a baseline behaviour measurement was established, proceeded by the experimental condition, which was a piece of music that was played for 30 seconds. Following this, behaviour was analyzed for a total of five minutes. This analysis was made by an observer who was unaware of the true hypothesis of the experiment, and simply noted different behaviours which they had witnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experimenters found that the tamarins altered their behaviour specifically when listening to tamarin music. For example, when music from the affiliation condition was played, the behavioural response of the tamarins involved a decrease in overall movement and an increase in both social and foraging behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted the behaviour observed when the fear/threat based music was played. During this condition, the tamarins were more likely to move around and show anxiety-based behaviour, as well as, an increase in social behaviour similar to that seen in the affiliation condition. Although the tamarins did not show behavioural changes to human music as clearly as they did to their species-specific music, there was some behavioural change.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tamarins showed decreased movement when listening to human fear/threat based music and a decrease in anxious behaviour when listening to human affiliation music. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg/220px-Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg/330px-Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg/440px-Baleine_%C3%A0_bosse_et_son_baleineau_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>A humpback whale and its calf</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whales</a> (<i>Megaptera novaeangliae</i>) are capable of the production of complex songs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These songs are amongst some of the longest measured in animals. Only male humpback whales perform these vocalizations; it was initially hypothesized that these songs may be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> process. This point however, is unclear. It has been found that males only began their song after joining a group where pairs of mother and calf were present.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the reason behind this behaviour is uncertain, some have hypothesized that the songs produced by male humpback whales may be a part of escorting, or accompanying females. Singing can be a costly behaviour, because it can lead to more attention being drawn. In the humpback whales' situation, their singing can attract other competing males.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the singing behaviour continues and therefore, it is assumed that the songs are critical to the <a href="/wiki/Courtship_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtship behavior">courtship behaviour</a> of the humpback whales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg/250px-Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg/330px-Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg/500px-Imago_O_furnacalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>An Asian corn borer moth (<i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>One potential barrier in the study of zoomusicology is that there are some forms of music produced by various animals that humans are incapable of hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This music is very low in amplitude and is known as quiet song, whisper communication, or soft song.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This low amplitude music has been shown in birds, as well as insects and is linked to behaviour. Moth species have been shown to have developed the ability to communicate using <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic sounds</a>, and this ability has transferred over to their production of soft songs. In the <a href="/wiki/Ostrinia_furnacalis" title="Ostrinia furnacalis">Asian corn borer moth</a> (<i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>) males produce an ultrasonic soft song to initiate courtship behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song that the male produces is so quiet that the female must be within a range of three centimeters in order to hear the song. In hearing the song, the female stays in one place and is completely still; this allows the male to initiate mating behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason that the female remains still is because the song sounds very similar to sounds that a bat would produce. The female therefore remains still in order to avoid potential <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. There is another added benefit to this soft song produced by the male Asian corn borer moth, and that is that the song is so quiet that it decreases the males' predation risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these soft songs are far less well known to the general public, they are an important aspect of zoomusicology and the further understanding of <a href="/wiki/Animal_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal behaviour">animal behaviour</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auditory_enrichment_and_therapeutic_effects_of_music_on_animals">Auditory enrichment and therapeutic effects of music on animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Auditory enrichment and therapeutic effects of music on animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cats">Cats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Teie has created two albums of music for cats. Researchers Snowdon and Savage found that domestic cats that showed little interest in human music are more interested in and responsive to Teie's music that was composed with species-appropriate features relevant to cats. The authors of a clinical study of Teie's music for cats in veterinary physical examinations concluded that cat-specific music may benefit cats by decreasing the stress levels and increasing the quality of care in veterinary clinical settings. They found that tranquil behaviors can be achieved in a veterinary clinical setting with the introduction of cat-specific music.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cows">Cows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an unpublished study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, Liam MacKenzie and Adrian North found that playing music for <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cows</a> had an effect on the amount of milk that they produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a nine-week period, dairy cows were exposed to fast (> 120 BPM), slow (< 100 BPM), and no music. Music was played for the cows 12 hours a day from 5 AM to 5 PM.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that cows exposed to slow music, like <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Everybody_Hurts" title="Everybody Hurts">Everybody Hurts</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Pastoral Symphony</a></i>, produced 3% more milk than cows that were exposed to fast music, like "<a href="/wiki/Pumping_on_Your_Stereo" title="Pumping on Your Stereo">Pumping on your Stereo</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Supergrass" title="Supergrass">Supergrass</a> and "Size of a Cow" by <a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_Stuff" title="The Wonder Stuff">Wonderstuff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovine milk production has long been thought to be affected by exposure to music. Some farmers expose their cows to music to aid in milk production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs">Dogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decreased stress levels have been observed in <a href="/wiki/Kennel" title="Kennel">kennelled</a> dogs that were exposed to classical music, but rapid <a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">habituation</a> was also observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2017 follow up study, kennelled dogs were exposed to five different genres of music including <a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">soft rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> in order to determine whether or not increased variety of music could reduce habituation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found the <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate_variability" title="Heart rate variability">heart rate variability</a>, which indicates a decreased stress level, was significantly higher when the dogs were played reggae and soft rock, but the other three genres had a similar but less pronounced effect. In addition, the dogs were much more likely to lie down rather than stand while the music was being played.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study suggested that the increased variety of music decreased habituation that was present when playing exclusively classical music, though the dogs responded best when exposed to reggae and soft rock.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDoolittleGingras2015" class="citation journal cs1">Doolittle, Emily; Gingras, Bruno (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.039">"Zoomusicology"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">R819 –</span> <span class="nowrap">R820</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.039">10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26439331">26439331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Zoomusicology&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER819+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER820%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2015-10&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26439331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.039&rft.aulast=Doolittle&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Gingras%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.06.039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoomusicology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMâche1992" class="citation book cs1">Mâche, François-Bernard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNCVOY423HsC"><i>Music, Myth and Nature, or the Dolphins of Arion</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3718653218" title="Special:BookSources/978-3718653218"><bdi>978-3718653218</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Themilkingparlourblog.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Do+cows+like+music%3F&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemilkingparlourblog.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fdo-cows-like-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoomusicology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowmanDowellEvans2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, A.; Dowell, F.J.; Evans, N.P. (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/135846/1/135846.pdf">"The effect of different genres of music on the stress levels of kennelled dogs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physiology & Behavior</i>. <b>171</b>: <span class="nowrap">207–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2017.01.024">10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9384">0031-9384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28093218">28093218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207377805">207377805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+different+genres+of+music+on+the+stress+levels+of+kennelled+dogs&rft.volume=171&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2017-03&rft.issn=0031-9384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207377805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28093218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2017.01.024&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Dowell%2C+F.J.&rft.au=Evans%2C+N.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F135846%2F1%2F135846.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoomusicology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marcello Sorce Keller. “Zoomusicology”, Janet Sturman (ed.) <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Music and Culture</i>. Los Angeles: SAGE Reference, 2019, Vol. V, 2411–2414.</li> <li>Marcello Sorce Keller,“Linnaeus, Zoomusicology, Ecomusicology, and the Quest for Meaningful Categories”, <i>Musicological Annual</i>, Univerza v Ljubljai, Filozofska faculteta, LII(2016), no. 2, 163–176.</li> <li>Marcello Sorce Keller, “Zoomusicology and Ethnomusicology: A Marriage to Celebrate in Heaven.” <i>Yearbook for Traditional Music</i>. XLIV(2012), 166–183.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041022042450/http://www.zoosemiotics.helsinki.fi/zm/">Zoomusicology</a> by Dario Martinelli</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoosemiotics.helsinki.fi/">Zoosemiotics</a> - Animal communication on the web</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoomusicology.com/">Zoomusicology</a> by Hollis Taylor</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitefungus.com/animal-music-pleasure-principle-part-one/">The Pleasure Principle: The World of Animal Music</a> by Tobias 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinji_Kanki" title="Shinji Kanki">Shinji Kanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Martinelli" title="Dario Martinelli">Dario Martinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Payne" title="Roger Payne">Roger Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Soldier">Dave Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/And_God_Created_Great_Whales" title="And God Created Great Whales">And God Created Great Whales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalogue_of_the_Birds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalogue of the Birds (page does not exist)">Catalogue of the Birds</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Seamus_(song)" title="Seamus (song)">Seamus</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vox_Balaenae" title="Vox Balaenae">Vox Balaenae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_psychology177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_psychology" title="Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_psychology" title="Template talk:Music psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_psychology177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Absolute pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_imagery" title="Auditory imagery">Auditory imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">Background music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earworm" title="Earworm">Earworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_music_cognition" title="Embodied music cognition">Embodied music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">Entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_music_consumption_model" title="Hedonic music consumption model">Hedonic music consumption model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipps%E2%80%93Meyer_law" title="Lipps–Meyer law">Lipps–Meyer law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_expectation" title="Melodic expectation">Melodic expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">Melodic fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Music and movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_psychological_operations" title="Music in psychological operations">Music in psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">Music preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">Music-related memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_gesture" title="Musical gesture">Musical gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_semantics" title="Musical semantics">Musical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pitch" title="Relative pitch">Relative pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadji_effect" title="Sharawadji effect">Sharawadji effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language" title="Temporal dynamics of music and language">Temporal dynamics of music and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal_memory" title="Tonal memory">Tonal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">Amusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_arrhythmia" title="Auditory arrhythmia">Auditory arrhythmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_deafness" title="Beat deafness">Beat deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_hallucinations" title="Musical hallucinations">Musical hallucinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dystonia" title="Focal dystonia">Musician's dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone deafness">Tone deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic intonation therapy">Melodic intonation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Neurologic music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">Systematic musicology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychologists" title="Category:Music psychologists">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Bharucha" title="Jamshed Bharucha">Jamshed Bharucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cuddy" title="Lola Cuddy">Lola Cuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutietta" title="Robert Cutietta">Robert Cutietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_W._Davidson" title="Jane W. Davidson">Jane W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Deli%C3%A8ge" title="Irène Deliège">Irène Deliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomas_Eerola" title="Tuomas Eerola">Tuomas Eerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Henkjan Honing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">David Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraus" title="Nina Kraus">Nina Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_L._Krumhansl" title="Carol L. Krumhansl">Carol L. Krumhansl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Max Friedrich Meyer">Max Friedrich Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mursell" title="James Mursell">James Mursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parncutt" title="Richard Parncutt">Richard Parncutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schoen" title="Max Schoen">Max Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloboda" title="John Sloboda">John Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forde_Thompson" title="William Forde Thompson">William Forde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Trehub" title="Sandra Trehub">Sandra Trehub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_Scientiae_(journal)" title="Musicae Scientiae (journal)">Musicae Scientiae (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling" title="Music, Thought, and Feeling">Music, Thought, and Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Music (journal)">Psychology of Music (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethology159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethology" title="Template:Ethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethology" title="Template talk:Ethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethology159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology" title="Behavioral endocrinology">Behavioral endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_behaviour_in_animals" title="Comfort behaviour in animals">Comfort behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">Grooming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">Ethogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover_(behaviour)" title="Hover (behaviour)">Hover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ethology" title="Human ethology">Human ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_ethology" title="Philosophical ethology">Philosophical ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" title="Structures built by animals">Structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">Tool use by non-humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heini_Hediger" title="Heini Hediger">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)" title="Animal Behaviour (journal)">Animal Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Cognition" title="Animal Cognition">Animal Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_(journal)" title="Behavioral Ecology (journal)">Behavioral Ecology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_(journal)" title="Behaviour (journal)">Behaviour</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethology" title="Category:Ethology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&oldid=1233352286">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoomusicology&oldid=1233352286</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoomusicology" title="Category:Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 July 2024, at 16:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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