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<li id="toc-Hale's_vision_for_large_telescopes_and_Palomar_Observatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hale's_vision_for_large_telescopes_and_Palomar_Observatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hale's vision for large telescopes and Palomar Observatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hale's_vision_for_large_telescopes_and_Palomar_Observatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hale_Telescope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hale_Telescope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hale Telescope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hale_Telescope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Architecture and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palomar_Observatory_and_light_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palomar_Observatory_and_light_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Palomar Observatory and light pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palomar_Observatory_and_light_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telescopes_and_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telescopes_and_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Telescopes and instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Telescopes_and_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Telescopes and instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Telescopes_and_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decommissioned_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioned_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Decommissioned instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioned_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-POSS-I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POSS-I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>POSS-I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POSS-I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POSS-II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POSS-II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>POSS-II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POSS-II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-QUEST" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QUEST"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>QUEST</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QUEST-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Current research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visiting_and_public_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_and_public_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Visiting and public engagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_and_public_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palomar Observatory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar-sterrewag" title="Palomar-sterrewag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Palomar-sterrewag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مرصد بالومار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرصد بالومار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Palomar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoriu_Palomar" title="Observatoriu Palomar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Observatoriu Palomar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_r%C9%99s%C9%99dxanas%C4%B1" title="Palomar rəsədxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Palomar rəsədxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Паламарская абсерваторыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паламарская абсерваторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палямарская абсэрваторыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палямарская абсэрваторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паломарска обсерватория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паломарска обсерватория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatori_Palomar" title="Observatori Palomar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Observatori Palomar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observato%C5%99_Palomar" title="Observatoř Palomar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Observatoř Palomar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar-Observatorium" title="Palomar-Observatorium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palomar-Observatorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomari_observatoorium" title="Palomari observatoorium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palomari observatoorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Αστεροσκοπείο του Πάλομαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστεροσκοπείο του Πάλομαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_Palomar" title="Observatorio Palomar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Observatorio Palomar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_de_la_Monto_Palomar" title="Observatorio de la Monto Palomar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Observatorio de la Monto Palomar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_behatokia" title="Palomar behatokia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palomar behatokia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="رصدخانه پالومار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رصدخانه پالومار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatoire_Palomar" title="Observatoire Palomar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Observatoire Palomar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9adlann_Palomar" title="Réadlann Palomar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réadlann Palomar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorio_Palomar" title="Observatorio Palomar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Observatorio Palomar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%EB%8C%80" title="팔로마 천문대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔로마 천문대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պալոմարյան աստղադիտարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալոմարյան աստղադիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdarnica_Mount_Palomar" title="Zvjezdarnica Mount Palomar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvjezdarnica Mount Palomar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium_Palomar" title="Observatorium Palomar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Observatorium Palomar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osservatorio_di_Monte_Palomar" title="Osservatorio di Monte Palomar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osservatorio di Monte Palomar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="מצפה הכוכבים פאלומר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצפה הכוכבים פאלומר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoneaanga_pa_Mount_Palomar" title="Paoneaanga pa Mount Palomar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paoneaanga pa Mount Palomar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorium_Palomar" title="Observatorium Palomar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Observatorium Palomar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar-Observatoire" title="Palomar-Observatoire – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Palomar-Observatoire" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunt_Palomaro_observatorija" title="Maunt Palomaro observatorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maunt Palomaro observatorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Obszervat%C3%B3rium" title="Palomar Obszervatórium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palomar Obszervatórium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Паломарска опсерваторија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паломарска опсерваторија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="പാലൊമാർ നിരീക്ഷണശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാലൊമാർ നിരീക്ഷണശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პალომარიშ ობსერვატორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პალომარიშ ობსერვატორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مرصد بالومار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرصد بالومار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balai_Cerap_Palomar" title="Balai Cerap Palomar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balai Cerap Palomar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar-observatorium" title="Palomar-observatorium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palomar-observatorium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="パロマー天文台 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パロマー天文台" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palomar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar-observatoriet" title="Palomar-observatoriet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palomar-observatoriet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observat%C3%B2ri_de_Palomar" title="Observatòri de Palomar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Observatòri de Palomar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_rasadxonasi" title="Palomar rasadxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Palomar rasadxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obserwatorium_Palomar" title="Obserwatorium Palomar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obserwatorium Palomar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observat%C3%B3rio_Palomar" title="Observatório Palomar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Observatório Palomar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorul_Palomar" title="Observatorul Palomar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Observatorul Palomar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паломарская обсерватория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паломарская обсерватория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palomar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palomar Observatory" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatorij_Mount_Palomar" title="Observatorij Mount Palomar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Observatorij Mount Palomar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕوانگەی پالۆمار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوانگەی پالۆمار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Опсерваторија Паломар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсерваторија Паломар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvjezdarnica_Mount_Palomar" title="Zvjezdarnica Mount Palomar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zvjezdarnica Mount Palomar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomarin_observatorio" title="Palomarin observatorio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palomarin observatorio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomarobservatoriet" title="Palomarobservatoriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palomarobservatoriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomar_G%C3%B6zlemevi" title="Palomar Gözlemevi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Palomar Gözlemevi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паломарська обсерваторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паломарська обсерваторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n_Palomar" title="Đài thiên văn Palomar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài thiên văn Palomar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%B4%9B%E9%A9%AC%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="帕洛马山天文台 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕洛马山天文台" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%B4%9B%E7%91%AA%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="帕洛瑪天文台 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="帕洛瑪天文台" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palomar_Observatory&params=33.3564_N_116.865_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°21′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°51′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.3564°N 116.865°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.3564; -116.865</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Astronomical observatory in Southern California</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the instrumental track by Wellwater Conspiracy, see <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Conformity" title="Declaration of Conformity">Declaration of Conformity</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Observatory</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Palomar Mountain Observatory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg/290px-Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg/435px-Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg/580px-Pti_aerial_photo_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">675 PA <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684?uselang=en#P137" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes" title="List of observatory codes">Observatory code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes#675" title="List of observatory codes"> 675</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684?uselang=en#P717" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palomar_Observatory&params=33.3564_N_116.865_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°21′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°51′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.3564°N 116.865°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.3564; -116.865</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">1,712 m (5,617 ft) <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684#P2044" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1928 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684?uselang=en#P1619" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/">www<wbr />.astro<wbr />.caltech<wbr />.edu<wbr />/palomar<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telescopes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>18-inch Schmidt camera</li><li>Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) at Palomar observatory</li><li>Palomar 60-inch telescope</li><li>Palomar Mountain-DSS</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palomar_Testbed_Interferometer" title="Palomar Testbed Interferometer">Palomar Testbed Interferometer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_telescope" title="Samuel Oschin telescope">Samuel Oschin telescope</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684?uselang=en#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Palomar Observatory is located in the United States"><img alt="Palomar Observatory is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/240px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/360px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/480px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.347%;left:12.638%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Palomar Observatory"><img alt="Palomar Observatory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Palomar Observatory</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palomar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palomar Observatory">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684" class="extiw" title="d:Q191684">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Palomar Observatory</b> is an astronomical research <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Mountain" title="Palomar Mountain">Palomar Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County, California</a>, United States. It is owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech). Research time at the observatory is granted to Caltech and its research partners, which include the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL), <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatories_of_China" title="National Astronomical Observatories of China">National Astronomical Observatories of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The observatory operates several telescopes, including the 200-inch (5.1 m) <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HALE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 48-inch (1.2 m) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_telescope" title="Samuel Oschin telescope">Samuel Oschin telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-SOT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a>, ZTF),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Palomar 60-inch (1.5 m) Telescope,<sup id="cite_ref-60IN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60IN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 30-centimetre (12-inch) <a href="/wiki/Gattini-IR" title="Gattini-IR">Gattini-IR</a> telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decommissioned instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Testbed_Interferometer" title="Palomar Testbed Interferometer">Palomar Testbed Interferometer</a> and the first telescopes at the observatory, an 18-inch (46 cm) <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt camera</a> from 1936. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg/220px-Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg/330px-Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg/440px-Palomar_Mountain_Observatory_3c_1948_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Palomar Mountain Observatory featured on 1948 United States stamp</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hale's_vision_for_large_telescopes_and_Palomar_Observatory"><span id="Hale.27s_vision_for_large_telescopes_and_Palomar_Observatory"></span>Hale's vision for large telescopes and Palomar Observatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hale's vision for large telescopes and Palomar Observatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomer <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>, whose vision created Palomar Observatory, built the world's largest telescope four times in succession.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published a 1928 article proposing what was to become the 200-inch Palomar reflector; it was an invitation to the American public to learn about how large telescopes could help answer questions relating to the fundamental nature of the universe. Hale followed this article with a letter to the International Education Board (later absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/General_Education_Board" title="General Education Board">General Education Board</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> dated April 16, 1928, in which he requested funding for this project. In his letter, Hale stated: </p><p>"No method of advancing science is so productive as the development of new and more powerful instruments and methods of research. A larger telescope would not only furnish the necessary gain in light space-penetration and photographic resolving power, but permit the application of ideas and devices derived chiefly from the recent fundamental advances in physics and chemistry." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hale_Telescope">Hale Telescope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hale Telescope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></div> <p>The 200-inch telescope is named after astronomer and telescope builder <a href="/wiki/George_Hale" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>. It was built by Caltech with a $6 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, using a <a href="/wiki/Pyrex" title="Pyrex">Pyrex</a> blank manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Corning_Glass_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Glass Works">Corning Glass Works</a> under the direction of George McCauley. <a href="/wiki/John_August_Anderson" title="John August Anderson">Dr. J.A. Anderson</a> was the initial project manager, assigned in the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telescope (the largest in the world at that time) saw <a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">first light</a> January 26, 1949, targeting <a href="/wiki/NGC_2261" title="NGC 2261">NGC 2261</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a> was the first astronomer to use the telescope. </p><p>The 200-inch telescope was the largest telescope in the world from 1949 until 1975, when the Russian <a href="/wiki/BTA-6" title="BTA-6">BTA-6</a> telescope saw <a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">first light</a>. Astronomers using the Hale Telescope have discovered <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a> (a subset of what was to become known as <a href="/wiki/Active_Galactic_Nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Galactic Nuclei">Active Galactic Nuclei</a>) at cosmological distances. They have studied the chemistry of stellar populations, leading to an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> as to origin of elements in the universe in their observed abundances, and have discovered thousands of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>. A one-tenth-scale engineering model of the telescope at <a href="/wiki/Corning_Community_College" title="Corning Community College">Corning Community College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning, New York</a>, home of the Corning Glass Works (now Corning Incorporated), was used to discover at least one minor planet, <a href="/wiki/34419_Corning" class="mw-redirect" title="34419 Corning">34419 Corning</a>.<small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=34419">†</a></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_design">Architecture and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg/220px-Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg/330px-Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg/440px-Palomar_Observatory_Dome_-_High_Resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Hale Telescope Dome</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Russell_W._Porter" title="Russell W. Porter">Russell W. Porter</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> architecture of the Observatory's buildings, including the dome of the 200-inch Hale Telescope. Porter was also responsible for much of the technical design of the Hale Telescope and Schmidt Cameras, producing a series of cross-section engineering drawings. Porter worked on the designs in collaboration with many engineers and Caltech committee members.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Mason" title="Max Mason">Max Mason</a> directed the construction and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_Karman" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore von Karman">Theodore von Karman</a> was involved in the engineering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors">Directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Sprague_Bowen" title="Ira Sprague Bowen">Ira Sprague Bowen</a>, 1948–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_W._Babcock" title="Horace W. Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a>, 1964–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a>, 1978–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Neugebauer" title="Gerry Neugebauer">Gerry Neugebauer</a>, 1980–1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Westphal" title="James Westphal">James Westphal</a>, 1994–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Leslie_William_Sargent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace Leslie William Sargent">Wallace Leslie William Sargent</a>, 1997–2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(astronomer)" title="Richard Ellis (astronomer)">Richard Ellis</a>, 2000–2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinivas_Kulkarni" title="Shrinivas Kulkarni">Shrinivas Kulkarni</a>, 2006–2018</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Zmuidzinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Zmuidzinas (page does not exist)">Jonas Zmuidzinas</a>, 2018–</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palomar_Observatory_and_light_pollution">Palomar Observatory and light pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palomar Observatory and light pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the surrounding region of Southern California has adopted shielded lighting to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> that would potentially affect the observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telescopes_and_instruments">Telescopes and instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Telescopes and instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomar_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Palomar_Observatory.jpg/220px-Palomar_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Palomar_Observatory.jpg/330px-Palomar_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Palomar_Observatory.jpg/440px-Palomar_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2864" /></a><figcaption>Hale telescope dome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg/220px-Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg/330px-Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg/440px-Palomar_Observatory_2012_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Component of the Hale telescope</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The 200-inch (5.1 m) <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a> was first proposed in 1928 and has been operational since 1949. It was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">largest telescope in the world</a> for 26 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HALE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A 60-inch (1.5 m) reflecting telescope is located in the Oscar Mayer Building, and operates fully robotically. The telescope became operational in 1970, and was built to increase sky access for Palomar astronomers. Among its notable accomplishments is the discovery of the first <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60IN_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60IN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 60-inch telescope currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> hosts the SED Machine <a href="/wiki/Integral_field_spectrograph" title="Integral field spectrograph">integral field spectrograph</a> instrument used as part of <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">ZTF</a> transient followup and classification.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 48-inch (1.2 m) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_telescope" title="Samuel Oschin telescope">Samuel Oschin telescope</a> development began in 1938, and the telescope saw first light in 1948. It was initially called the 48-inch Schmidt, and was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin" title="Samuel Oschin">Samuel Oschin</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-SOT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among many notable accomplishments, Oschin observations led to the discovery of the important <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> and <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SOTD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOTD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eris's discovery initiated discussions in the international astronomy community that led to <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> being re-classified as a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> in 2006. The Oschin presently operates fully robotically and hosts the 570-million-pixel ZTF Camera <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the discovery engine for the <a href="/wiki/ZTF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZTF">ZTF</a> project.</li> <li>The 40-inch (1.0 m) WINTER (The Wide-field Infrared Transient Explorer) 1x1-degree reflecting robotic telescope has been operational since 2021. It is dedicated to the seeing-limited time domain survey of the infrared (IR) sky, with a particular emphasis on identifying <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> material in binary neutron star (BNS) merger remnants detected by LIGO. The instrument observes in Y, J, and a short-H (Hs) band tuned to the long-wave cutoff of the <a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_arsenide" title="Indium gallium arsenide">InGaAs</a> sensors, covering a wavelength range from 0.9 to 1.7 microns.<sup id="cite_ref-PSPIE_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSPIE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommissioned_instruments">Decommissioned instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decommissioned instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An 18-inch (46 cm) <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt camera</a> became the first operational telescope at the Palomar in 1936. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a> advocated adding survey telescopes at Palomar, and the 18-inch was developed to demonstrate the Schmidt concept. Zwicky used the 18-inch to discover over 100 <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a> in other galaxies. <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9</a> was discovered with this instrument in 1993. It has since been decommissioned and is on display at the small museum/visitor center.<sup id="cite_ref-18IN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18IN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Testbed_Interferometer" title="Palomar Testbed Interferometer">Palomar Testbed Interferometer</a> (PTI) was a multi-telescope instrument that made high-<a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">angular-resolution</a> measurements of the apparent sizes and relative positions of stars. The apparent sizes and in some cases shapes of bright stars were measured with PTI, as well as the apparent <a href="/wiki/Orbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbits">orbits</a> of multiple stellar systems. PTI operated from 1995 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-PTI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Palomar Planet Search Telescope (PPST), also known as Sleuth, was a 10-centimetre (3.9 in) robotic telescope that operated from 2003 until 2008. It was dedicated to the search for planets around other stars using the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">transit</a> method. It operated in conjunction with telescopes at <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory" title="Lowell Observatory">Lowell Observatory</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey">Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey</a> (TrES).<sup id="cite_ref-PPST_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPST-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg/220px-18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg/330px-18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg/440px-18_Inch_Schmidt_Camera_at_Palomar_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The now decommissioned 18-inch Schmidt Camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Palomar Observatory remains an active research facility, operating multiple telescopes every clear night, and supporting a large international community of astronomers who study a broad range of research topics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-HALE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains in active research use and operates with a diverse instrument suite of optical and near-infrared <a href="/wiki/Spectrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrometers">spectrometers</a> and imaging <a href="/wiki/Cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameras">cameras</a> at multiple <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">foci</a>. The Hale also operates with a multi-stage, high-order <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> system to provide <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>-limited imaging in the near-infrared. Key historical science results with the Hale include cosmological measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble Flow">Hubble flow</a>, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a> as the precursor of <a href="/wiki/Active_Galactic_Nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Galactic Nuclei">Active Galactic Nuclei</a>, and studies of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar populations">stellar populations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a>. </p><p>The Oschin and 60-inch telescopes operate robotically and together support a major <a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomy">transient astronomy</a> program, the <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a>. </p><p>The Oschin was created to facilitate astronomical reconnaissance, and has been used in many notable <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">astronomical surveys</a>—among them are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="POSS-I">POSS-I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: POSS-I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society_-_Palomar_Observatory_Sky_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Society - Palomar Observatory Sky Survey">Palomar Observatory Sky Survey</a> (POSS or POSS-I), sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> Institute, was completed in 1958. The first plates were exposed in November 1948 and the last in April 1958. This survey was performed using 14-inch<sup>2</sup> (6-<a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree</a><sup>2</sup>) blue-sensitive (Kodak 103a-O) and red-sensitive (Kodak 103a-E) photographic plates on the Oschin Telescope. The survey covered the sky from a <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> of +90° (<a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial north pole</a>) to −27° and all <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascensions</a> and had a sensitivity to +22 <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitudes</a> (about 1 million times fainter than the limit of human vision). A southern extension extending the sky coverage of the POSS to −33° <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> was shot in 1957–1958. The final POSS I dataset consisted of 937 plate pairs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Digitized_Sky_Survey" title="Digitized Sky Survey">Digitized Sky Survey</a> (DSS) produced images which were based on the photographic data developed in the course of POSS-I.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>J.B. Whiteoak, an Australian radio astronomer, used the same instrument to extend POSS-I data south to −42° <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a>. Whiteoak's observations used using the same field centers as the corresponding northern declination zones. Unlike POSS-I, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whiteoak_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whiteoak extension (page does not exist)">Whiteoak extension</a> consisted only of red-sensitive (Kodak 103a-E) photographic plates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="POSS-II">POSS-II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: POSS-II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey" redirects here. For POSS I, see <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Sky_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Palomar Sky Survey">Palomar Sky Survey</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey</b> (<b>POSS II</b>, sometimes <b>Second Palomar Sky Survey</b>) was performed in the 1980s and 1990s and made use of better, faster films and an upgraded telescope. The Oschin Schmidt was upgraded with an achromatic corrector and provisions for autoguiding. Images were recorded in three wavelengths: blue (IIIaJ. 480 nm), red (IIIaF, 650 nm), and near-infrared (IVN, 850 nm) plates. Observers on POSS II included C. Brewer, D. Griffiths, W. McKinley, <a href="/wiki/J._Dave_Mendenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Dave Mendenhall">J. Dave Mendenhall</a>, K. Rykoski, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_L._Phinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey L. Phinney">Jeffrey L. Phinney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mueller" title="Jean Mueller">Jean Mueller</a> (who discovered over 100 supernovae by comparing the POSS I and POSS II plates). Mueller also discovered several comets and minor planets during the course of POSS II, and the bright Comet Wilson 1986 was discovered by then-graduate-student C. Wilson early in the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the completion of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (<a href="/wiki/2MASS" title="2MASS">2MASS</a>), POSS II was the most extensive wide-field sky survey. When completed, the <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> will surpass POSS I and POSS II in depth, although the POSS covers almost 2.5 times more area on the sky. </p><p>POSS II also exists in digitized form (that is, the photographic plates were scanned) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Digitized_Sky_Survey" title="Digitized Sky Survey">Digitized Sky Survey</a> (DSS).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QUEST">QUEST</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: QUEST"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multi-year POSS projects were followed by the Palomar <a href="/wiki/Quasar_Equatorial_Survey_Team" title="Quasar Equatorial Survey Team">Quasar Equatorial Survey Team</a> (QUEST) Variability survey.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This survey yielded results that were used by several projects, including the <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a> project. Another program that used the QUEST results discovered <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">90377 Sedna</a> on 14 November 2003, and around 40 <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> objects. Other programs that share the camera are <a href="/wiki/Shri_Kulkarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Kulkarni">Shri Kulkarni</a>'s search for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_burster" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray burster">gamma-ray bursts</a> (this takes advantage of the automated telescope's ability to react as soon as a burst is seen and take a series of snapshots of the fading burst), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(astronomer)" title="Richard Ellis (astronomer)">Richard Ellis</a>'s search for <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> to test whether the <a href="/wiki/Universe%27s_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Universe's expansion">universe's expansion</a> is accelerating or not, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._George_Djorgovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. George Djorgovski (page does not exist)">S. George Djorgovski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> search. </p><p>The camera for the Palomar QUEST Survey was a mosaic of 112 <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> (CCDs) covering the whole (4° × 4°) field of view of the Schmidt telescope. At the time it was built, it was the largest CCD mosaic used in an astronomical camera. This instrument was used to produce The Big Picture, the largest astronomical photograph ever produced.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Big Picture is on display at <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Observatory" title="Griffith Observatory">Griffith Observatory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_research">Current research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current research programs on the 200-inch Hale Telescope cover the range of the observable universe, including studies on near-Earth <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>, outer <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> planets, <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt">Kuiper Belt</a> objects, <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanets">exoplanets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray binaries">x-ray binaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomy">transient</a> source followup, and <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a>/<a href="/wiki/Active_Galactic_Nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Galactic Nuclei">Active Galactic Nuclei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Schmidt Telescope operates robotically, and supports a new <a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomy">transient astronomy</a> sky survey, the <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a> (ZTF).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 60-inch telescope operates robotically, and supports <a href="/wiki/ZTF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZTF">ZTF</a> by providing rapid, low-dispersion optical <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectra</a> for initial transient classification using the for-purpose Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Integral_field_spectrograph" title="Integral field spectrograph">integral field spectrograph</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visiting_and_public_engagement">Visiting and public engagement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Visiting and public engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg/220px-Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg/330px-Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg/440px-Greenway_Visitor_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Greenway Visitor Center at Palomar Observatory, with a <a href="/wiki/Gift_shop" title="Gift shop">gift shop</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Palomar Observatory is an active research facility. However, selected observatory areas are open to the public during the day. Visitors can take self-guided tours of the 200-inch telescope daily from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The observatory is open 7 days a week, year round, except for December 24 and 25 and during times of inclement weather. Guided tours of the 200-inch Hale Telescope dome and observing area are available Saturdays and Sundays from April through October. Behind-the-scenes tours for the public are offered through the community support group, Palomar Observatory Docents.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palomar Observatory also has an on-site museum—the Greenway Visitor Center,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing observatory and astronomy-relevant exhibits, a gift shop,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hosts periodic public events.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For those unable to travel to the observatory, Palomar provides an extensive <a href="/wiki/Virtual_tour" title="Virtual tour">virtual tour</a> that provides virtual access to all the major research telescopes on-site and the Greenway Center and has extensive embedded multimedia to provide additional context.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the observatory actively maintains an extensive website<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to support public engagement. </p><p>The observatory is located off <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_76" title="California State Route 76">State Route 76</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego County, California</a>, two hours' drive from downtown <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> and three hours' drive from central <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/LAX" class="mw-redirect" title="LAX">LAX</a> airport).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those staying at the nearby Palomar Campground can visit Palomar Observatory by hiking 2.2 miles (3.5 km) up Observatory Trail.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palomar has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Csa</i>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Palomar Observatory (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91<br />(33) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100<br />(38) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.5<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.1<br />(24.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.7<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.9<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.0<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.3<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.0<br />(27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">94.3<br />(34.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4<br />(10.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.3<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.5<br />(25.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.4<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.3<br />(26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1<br />(20.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.1<br />(18.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4<br />(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0<br />(13.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.5<br />(18.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5<br />(15.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.8<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(5.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.1<br />(8.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(−4.2) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(−3.7) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(−2.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.2<br />(5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.3<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1<br />(12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.5<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(−4.5) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.8<br />(−6.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(−11) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(−9) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(−7) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(−4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(−1) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(−8) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(−8) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #1DFF1D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.93<br />(151) </td> <td style="background: #00CD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.34<br />(186) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.61<br />(117) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.00<br />(51) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.89<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.17<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.29<br />(7.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.68<br />(17) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.48<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.21<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.25<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.56<br />(116) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.41<br />(772) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(16) </td> <td style="background: #000044; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.2<br />(67) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_books">Selected books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selected books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1983 — <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Calvino, Italo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Palomar" title="Mr. Palomar">Mr. Palomar</a>.</i> Torino: G. Einaudi. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788806056797" title="Special:BookSources/9788806056797">9788806056797</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461880054">OCLC 461880054</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>1987 — <a href="/wiki/Richard_Preston" title="Richard Preston">Preston, Richard</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Light_(Preston_book)" title="First Light (Preston book)">First Light</a>.</i> New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871132000" title="Special:BookSources/9780871132000">9780871132000</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16004290">OCLC 16004290</a></li> <li>1994 — Florence, Ronald. <i>The Perfect Machine.</i> New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060182052" title="Special:BookSources/9780060182052">9780060182052</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611549937">OCLC 611549937</a></li> <li>2010 — <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Michael E.</a> <i>How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming.</i> Spiegel & Grau. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-53108-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-53108-7">0-385-53108-7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495271396">OCLC 495271396</a></li> <li>2020 — Schweizer, Linda. <i>Cosmic Odyssey.</i> MIT Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04429-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04429-5">978-0-262-04429-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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Observatory Sky Survey">National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yale University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astro.yale.edu">Dept. of Astronomy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902233234/http://www.astro.yale.edu/">Archived</a> 2021-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Vol. 9908. pp. 99085M. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9908E..5MD">2016SPIE.9908E..5MD</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.2234558">10.1117/12.2234558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38035871">38035871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zwicky+Transient+Facility+Camera&rft.btitle=Ground-based+and+Airborne+Instrumentation+for+Astronomy+VI&rft.pages=99085M&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38035871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.2234558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SPIE.9908E..5MD&rft.aulast=Dekany&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Roger+M.&rft.au=Belicki%2C+Justin&rft.au=Delacroix%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Gina&rft.au=Feeney%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hale%2C+David&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Milburn%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Porter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Reiley%2C+Dan&rft.au=Riddle%2C+Reed&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Hector&rft.au=Bellm%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F74385%2F1%2F99085M.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSPIE-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSPIE_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrostigBakerBrownBurruss2020" class="citation book cs1">Frostig, Danielle; Baker, John W.; Brown, Joshua; Burruss, Rick; Clark, Kristin; Fżrész, Gábor; Ganciu, Nicolae; Hinrichsen, Erik; Karambelkar, Viraj R.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Lourie, Nathan P.; Malonis, Andrew; Simcoe, Robert A.; Zolkower, Jeffry (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SPIE11447E..67F/abstract">"Design requirements for the Wide-field Infrared Transient Explorer (WINTER)"</a>. 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Vol. 11447. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01219">2105.01219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SPIE11447E..67F">2020SPIE11447E..67F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.2562842">10.1117/12.2562842</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F142211">1721.1/142211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781510636811" title="Special:BookSources/9781510636811"><bdi>9781510636811</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230542025">230542025</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+requirements+for+the+Wide-field+Infrared+Transient+Explorer+%28WINTER%29&rft.btitle=Ground-based+and+Airborne+Instrumentation+for+Astronomy+VIII&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F142211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230542025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SPIE11447E..67F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2105.01219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.2562842&rft.isbn=9781510636811&rft.aulast=Frostig&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Baker%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Burruss%2C+Rick&rft.au=Clark%2C+Kristin&rft.au=F%C5%BCr%C3%A9sz%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Ganciu%2C+Nicolae&rft.au=Hinrichsen%2C+Erik&rft.au=Karambelkar%2C+Viraj+R.&rft.au=Kasliwal%2C+Mansi+M.&rft.au=Lourie%2C+Nathan+P.&rft.au=Malonis%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Simcoe%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Zolkower%2C+Jeffry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2020SPIE11447E..67F%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18IN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18IN_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/about/telescopes/decommissioned.html#p18">"Caltech Astronomy – The 18-inch Schmidt Telescope"</a>. Caltech Astronomy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caltech+Astronomy+%E2%80%93+The+18-inch+Schmidt+Telescope&rft.pub=Caltech+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fabout%2Ftelescopes%2Fdecommissioned.html%23p18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/visitor/visitorcenter.html">"Greenway Visitor Center"</a>. <i>sites.astro.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.astro.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Greenway+Visitor+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fvisitor%2Fvisitorcenter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTI-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PTI_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/about/telescopes/decommissioned.html#pti">"Caltech Astronomy – Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI)"</a>. Caltech Astronomy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caltech+Astronomy+%E2%80%93+Palomar+Testbed+Interferometer+%28PTI%29&rft.pub=Caltech+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fabout%2Ftelescopes%2Fdecommissioned.html%23pti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPST-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPST_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palomarskies.blogspot.de/2009/10/goodbye-to-sleuth.html">"Caltech Astronomy – Sleuth: The Palomar Planet Finder"</a>. Palomar Skies. 30 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caltech+Astronomy+%E2%80%93+Sleuth%3A+The+Palomar+Planet+Finder&rft.pub=Palomar+Skies&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalomarskies.blogspot.de%2F2009%2F10%2Fgoodbye-to-sleuth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner (MAPS): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aps.umn.edu/">MAPS catalogue</a>; Mollise, Rod. (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mvZk0s_TMC&pg=PA238"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mvZk0s_TMC&pg=PA238">The Urban Astronomer's Guide: a Walking tour of the Cosmos for City Sky Watchers<i> </i></a>, p. 238, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caltech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~wws/poss2.html">The Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS II)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516193335/http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~wws/poss2.html">Archived</a> 2009-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA/Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI).: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stsci.edu/dss/"><u>M</u>ultimission <u>A</u>rchive at <u>ST</u>ScI (MAST)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caltech press release: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12417.html">"New Sky Survey Begins at Palomar Observatory."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040405033327/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12417.html">Archived</a> 2004-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> July 29, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caltech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigpicture.caltech.edu/">"The Big Picture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204102050/http://bigpicture.caltech.edu/">Archived</a> 2007-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JPL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2009-090">"Planet-Hunting Method Succeeds at Last."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201162200/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2009-090">Archived</a> 2022-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 28, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caltech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palomar.caltech.edu:8000/instruments/p200_calendar.tcl">Hale Telescope Observing Runs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212205940/http://www.palomar.caltech.edu:8000/instruments/p200_calendar.tcl">Archived</a> 2012-12-12 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlagorodnovaNeillWaltersKulkarni2018" class="citation journal cs1">Blagorodnova, Nadejda; Neill, James D.; Walters, Richard; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Fremling, Christoffer; Ben-Ami, Sagi; Dekany, Richard G.; Fucik, Jason R.; Konidaris, Nick; Nash, Reston; Ngeow, Chow-Choong; Ofek, Eran O.; Sullivan, Donal O'; Quimby, Robert; Ritter, Andreas; Vyhmeister, Karl E. 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href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54892690">54892690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=The+SED+Machine%3A+A+Robotic+Spectrograph+for+Fast+Transient+Classification&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=985&rft.pages=035003&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.02917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54892690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1538-3873%2Faaa53f&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PASP..130c5003B&rft.aulast=Blagorodnova&rft.aufirst=Nadejda&rft.au=Neill%2C+James+D.&rft.au=Walters%2C+Richard&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Shrinivas+R.&rft.au=Fremling%2C+Christoffer&rft.au=Ben-Ami%2C+Sagi&rft.au=Dekany%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Fucik%2C+Jason+R.&rft.au=Konidaris%2C+Nick&rft.au=Nash%2C+Reston&rft.au=Ngeow%2C+Chow-Choong&rft.au=Ofek%2C+Eran+O.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Donal+O%27&rft.au=Quimby%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ritter%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Vyhmeister%2C+Karl+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F1538-3873%2Faaa53f%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/community/docents.html">"Docents"</a>. <i>sites.astro.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.astro.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Docents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fcommunity%2Fdocents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.palomar.caltech.edu/">"Palomar Observatory Gift and Book Store"</a>. <i>store.palomar.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=store.palomar.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Palomar+Observatory+Gift+and+Book+Store&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.palomar.caltech.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/visitor/visitorcenter/talks/">"Greenway Talk Series"</a>. <i>sites.astro.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.astro.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Greenway+Talk+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fvisitor%2Fvisitorcenter%2Ftalks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/visitor/virtualtour.html">"Virtual Tour"</a>. <i>sites.astro.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.astro.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Virtual+Tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fvisitor%2Fvirtualtour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/homepage.html">"Welcome to Palomar Observatory"</a>. <i>sites.astro.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.astro.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Palomar+Observatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fhomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9YssB4C-EIWZ6yXH_uuytw">"Palomar Observatory – YouTube"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Palomar+Observatory+%E2%80%93+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fchannel%2FUC9YssB4C-EIWZ6yXH_uuytw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/visitor/driving.html">"Driving Directions to Palomar Observatory"</a>. <i>sites.astro.caltech.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.astro.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=Driving+Directions+to+Palomar+Observatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.astro.caltech.edu%2Fpalomar%2Fvisitor%2Fdriving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/observatory-trail-palomar-mountain/">"Observatory Trail in Cleveland National Forest"</a>. <i>hikespeak.com</i>. Hikespeak<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hikespeak.com&rft.atitle=Observatory+Trail+in+Cleveland+National+Forest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hikespeak.com%2Ftrails%2Fobservatory-trail-palomar-mountain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=sgx">"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOWData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fwrh%2FClimate%3Fwfo%3Dsgx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1966" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, David Livingston (1966). <i>The Construction of large telescopes</i>. London & New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1093049">1093049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+large+telescopes&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1093049&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=David+Livingston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollise2006" class="citation book cs1">Mollise, Rod (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mvZk0s_TMC&pg=PA238"><i>The Urban Astronomer's Guide: a Walking Tour of the Cosmos for City Sky Watchers</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846282171" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846282171"><bdi>978-1846282171</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299995003">299995003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Astronomer%27s+Guide%3A+a+Walking+Tour+of+the+Cosmos+for+City+Sky+Watchers&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299995003&rft.isbn=978-1846282171&rft.aulast=Mollise&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0mvZk0s_TMC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatterson1941" class="citation book cs1">Watterson, T.V. (1941). <i>Palomar Observatory</i>. San Diego, California: Frye & Smith. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6327013">6327013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palomar+Observatory&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=Frye+%26+Smith&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6327013&rft.aulast=Watterson&rft.aufirst=T.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalomar+Observatory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_Observatory&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Infrared_Processing_and_Analysis_Center" title="Infrared Processing and Analysis Center">Infrared Processing and Analysis Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerckhoff_Marine_Laboratory" title="Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory">Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Aeronautical_Laboratory" title="Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory">Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palomar Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. 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Keck Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltech_Submillimeter_Observatory" title="Caltech Submillimeter Observatory">Submillimeter Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope" title="Thirty Meter Telescope">Thirty Meter Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF6C0C;color:white;;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_System_at_the_California_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="House System at the California Institute of Technology">House System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rose_Bowl_Hoax" title="Great Rose Bowl Hoax">Great Rose Bowl Hoax</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hoops" title="Quantum Hoops">Quantum Hoops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournament_Park" title="Tournament Park">Tournament Park (South Athletic Field)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF6C0C;color:white;;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Institute_of_Technology_people" title="List of California Institute of Technology people">List of California Institute of Technology people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF6C0C;color:white;;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_at_Caltech" title="Athenaeum at Caltech">Athenaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Papers_Project" title="Einstein Papers Project">Einstein Papers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry" title="Caltech–MIT rivalry">MIT rivalry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Real_Genius" title="Real Genius">Real Genius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000088653487">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129025243">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Palomar Observatory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5084090-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82051172">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170585683">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170585683">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35427020">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Palomar Observatory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20211117920&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90868175">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007572984905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/66413">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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