CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nephron - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e1944eec-eacc-4606-89dd-dfb1f646ace5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nephron","wgTitle":"Nephron","wgCurRevisionId":1257949538,"wgRevisionId":1257949538,"wgArticleId":215248,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022","Kidney anatomy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nephron","wgRelevantArticleId":215248,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{ "tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q58184","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles": "ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kidney_Nephron.svg/1200px-Kidney_Nephron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1907"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kidney_Nephron.svg/800px-Kidney_Nephron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1272"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kidney_Nephron.svg/640px-Kidney_Nephron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1017"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nephron - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nephron rootpage-Nephron skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nephron" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nephron" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nephron" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nephron" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renal_corpuscle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renal_corpuscle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Renal corpuscle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renal_corpuscle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glomerulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glomerulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Glomerulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glomerulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowman's_capsule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowman's_capsule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bowman's capsule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowman's_capsule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renal_tubule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renal_tubule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Renal tubule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renal_tubule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length_difference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_difference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Length difference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_difference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proximal_tubule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proximal_tubule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proximal tubule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proximal_tubule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loop_of_Henle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loop_of_Henle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Loop of Henle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loop_of_Henle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distal_convoluted_tubule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distal_convoluted_tubule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Distal convoluted tubule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distal_convoluted_tubule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecting_tubule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecting_tubule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Connecting tubule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecting_tubule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting_duct_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting_duct_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Collecting duct system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting_duct_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juxtaglomerular_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Juxtaglomerular apparatus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juxtaglomerular_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nephron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة أنبوبية كلوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة أنبوبية كلوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="নেফ্রন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেফ্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C3%B3" title="Nefró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nefró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nephron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nephron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ނެފްރޯން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނެފްރޯން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrona" title="Nefrona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nefrona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrono" title="Nefrono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nefrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrona" title="Nefrona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nefrona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="نفرون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفرون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9phron" title="Néphron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néphron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C3%B3n" title="Nefrón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nefrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A1%A0" title="네프론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네프론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%86%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Նեֆրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեֆրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="नेफ्रॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेफ्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrone" title="Nefrone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nefrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נפרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ნეფრონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეფრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefwon" title="Nefwon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nefwon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Боумен капсуласы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боумен капсуласы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nephron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrons" title="Nefrons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nefrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefronas" title="Nefronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nefronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="നെഫ്രോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെഫ്രോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ネフロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネフロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalettii" title="Kalettii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kalettii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C3%B3nio" title="Nefrónio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nefrónio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94" title="වෘක්කාණු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෘක්කාණු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nephron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C3%B3n" title="Nefrón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nefrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیفرۆنەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیفرۆنەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefroni" title="Nefroni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nefroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuli" title="Tubuli – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tubuli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="சிறுநீரகத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுநீரகத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95" title="หน่วยไต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยไต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nefron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нефрон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нефрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="کلیون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nephron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BE%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="肾单位 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肾单位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E5%85%83" title="腎元 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腎元" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="腎單位 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腎單位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58184#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nephron" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nephron"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nephron"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nephron" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nephron" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&oldid=1257949538" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nephron&id=1257949538&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNephron"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNephron"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nephron&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nephron" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58184" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the unit of the kidney. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Nephron_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephron (journal)">Nephron (journal)</a>. For the drug with trade name Nephron, see <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Nephron</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_Nephron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kidney_Nephron.svg/240px-Kidney_Nephron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kidney_Nephron.svg/360px-Kidney_Nephron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kidney_Nephron.svg/480px-Kidney_Nephron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram (left) of a long <i>juxtamedullary nephron</i> and (right) of a short <i>cortical nephron</i>. The left nephron is labelled with six named nephron segments. Collecting duct is the last part of the nephron.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metanephric_blastema" class="mw-redirect" title="Metanephric blastema">Metanephric blastema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">intermediate mesoderm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009399">D009399</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma17640">17640</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58184" class="extiw" title="d:Q58184">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>nephron</b> is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>. It is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">renal corpuscle</a> and a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Renal_tubule">renal tubule</a>. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomerulus</a> and a cup-shaped structure called <a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a>. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a>. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cells">endothelial cells</a> of the capillary wall, its <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>, and between the <a href="/wiki/Podocyte_foot_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podocyte foot processes">podocyte foot processes</a> of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent <a href="/wiki/Peritubular_capillaries" title="Peritubular capillaries">peritubular capillaries</a> that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule.<sup id="cite_ref-2024-Kumaran_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024-Kumaran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining fluid—<a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>—exits: it is composed of water, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a>. </p><p>The interior of Bowman's capsule, called Bowman's space, collects the filtrate from the filtering capillaries of the <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_tuft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomerular tuft">glomerular tuft</a>, which also contains <a href="/wiki/Mesangial_cell" title="Mesangial cell">mesangial cells</a> supporting these capillaries. These components function as the <a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology#Filtration" title="Renal physiology">filtration</a> unit and make up the <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">renal corpuscle</a>. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cell">endothelial cells</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>, and podocyte foot processes. The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">proximal tubule</a>, which has a convoluted section the <a href="/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal convoluted tubule">proximal convoluted tubule</a> followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the <a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loop of Henle</a>, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_loop_of_Henle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending loop of Henle">ascending loop of Henle</a> ("ascending loop"); the <a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">distal convoluted tubule</a> ("distal loop"); the <a href="/wiki/Connecting_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecting tubule">connecting tubule</a>, and the last part of nephron the <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Collecting duct">collecting ducts</a>. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine-concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons. </p><p>The four mechanisms used to create and process the filtrate (the result of which is to convert blood to urine) are <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reabsorption" title="Reabsorption">reabsorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>. Filtration or <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(kidney)" title="Ultrafiltration (kidney)">ultrafiltration</a> occurs in the glomerulus and is largely passive: it is dependent on the intracapillary blood pressure. About one-fifth of the plasma is filtered as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; four-fifths continues into the peritubular capillaries. Normally the only components of the blood that are not filtered into Bowman's capsule are <a href="/wiki/Blood_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood proteins">blood proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>. Over 150 liters of fluid enter the glomeruli of an adult every day: 99% of the water in that filtrate is reabsorbed. Reabsorption occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Renal_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tubule">renal tubules</a> and is either passive, due to <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>, or active, due to pumping against a concentration gradient. Secretion also occurs in the tubules and collecting duct and is active. Substances reabsorbed include: <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>. Substances secreted include <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a> which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, include (along with the substance affected) <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">antidiuretic hormone</a> (water), <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> (sodium, potassium), <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a> (calcium, phosphate), <a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">atrial natriuretic peptide</a> (sodium) and <a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain natriuretic peptide">brain natriuretic peptide</a> (sodium). A countercurrent system in the <a href="/wiki/Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">renal medulla</a> provides the mechanism for generating a hypertonic interstitium, which allows the recovery of solute-free water from within the nephron and returning it to the venous vasculature when appropriate. </p><p>Some diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/IgA_nephropathy" title="IgA nephropathy">IgA nephropathy</a>; renal tubular diseases include <a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">acute tubular necrosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease" title="Polycystic kidney disease">polycystic kidney disease</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physiology_of_Nephron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png/260px-Physiology_of_Nephron.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png/390px-Physiology_of_Nephron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png/520px-Physiology_of_Nephron.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>Fig.1) Schematic diagram of the nephron (yellow), relevant circulation (red/blue), and the four methods of altering the filtrate.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that each separate nephron is where the main work of the kidney is performed. </p><p>A nephron is made of two parts: </p> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">renal corpuscle</a>, which is the initial filtering component, and</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Renal_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tubule">renal tubule</a> that processes and carries away the <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtered fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tortora_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1024">: 1024 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renal_corpuscle">Renal corpuscle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renal corpuscle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">Renal corpuscle</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtration_barrier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Filtration_barrier.svg/260px-Filtration_barrier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Filtration_barrier.svg/390px-Filtration_barrier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Filtration_barrier.svg/520px-Filtration_barrier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Fig.2) Schematic of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. endothelial pore (fenestra).<br /> B. <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_basement_membrane" title="Glomerular basement membrane">Glomerular basement membrane</a>: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa <br /> C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural proteins 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragm</figcaption></figure> <p>The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>. The renal corpuscle consists of the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomerulus</a>, and the glomerular capsule or <a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tortora_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1027">: 1027 </span></sup> </p><p>The renal corpuscle has two poles: a vascular pole and a tubular pole.<sup id="cite_ref-junqueiras_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 397">: 397 </span></sup> The arterioles from the <a href="/wiki/Renal_circulation" title="Renal circulation">renal circulation</a> enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole. The glomerular filtrate leaves the Bowman's capsule at the renal tubule at the urinary pole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glomerulus">Glomerulus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glomerulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">Glomerulus</a></div> <p>The glomerulus is the network known as a <i>tuft</i>, of filtering <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">vascular pole</a> of the renal corpuscle in Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus receives its blood supply from an <a href="/wiki/Afferent_arterioles" title="Afferent arterioles">afferent arteriole</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Renal_circulation" title="Renal circulation">renal circulation</a>. The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>, and into the interior of <a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a>, called Bowman's space. </p><p>Only about a fifth of the plasma is filtered in the glomerulus. The rest passes into an <a href="/wiki/Efferent_arteriole" title="Efferent arteriole">efferent arteriole</a>. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent, and this difference increases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowman's_capsule"><span id="Bowman.27s_capsule"></span>Bowman's capsule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bowman's capsule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a>, also called the glomerular capsule, surrounds the glomerulus. It is composed of a visceral inner layer formed by specialized cells called <a href="/wiki/Podocyte" title="Podocyte">podocytes</a>, and a parietal outer layer composed of <a href="/wiki/Simple_squamous_epithelium" title="Simple squamous epithelium">simple squamous epithelium</a>. Fluids from <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> in the glomerulus are ultrafiltered through several layers, resulting in what is known as the filtrate. </p><p>The filtrate next moves to the renal tubule, where it is further processed to form <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. The different stages of this fluid are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Tubular_fluid" title="Tubular fluid">tubular fluid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renal_tubule">Renal tubule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renal tubule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The renal tubule is a continuous and long pipe-like structure containing the <a href="/wiki/Tubular_fluid" title="Tubular fluid">tubular fluid</a> filtered through the glomerulus.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filtrate passing through the renal tubule ultimately ends at the <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">collecting duct system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The components of the renal tubule are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal convoluted tubule">Proximal convoluted tubule</a>: lies in the cortex and is lined by 'simple cuboidal epithelium with <a href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush borders</a>' which greatly increase surface area for absorption.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">Loop of Henle</a>: lies in the medulla and is U-shaped (similar to a hair-pin) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Descending limb of loop of Henle">Descending limb of loop of Henle</a>: one segment of equal thickness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Ascending limb of loop of Henle">Ascending limb of loop of Henle</a>: two segments of differing thickness (proximal portion lined by simple squamous epithelium is called the <a href="/wiki/Thin_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle">thin ascending limb of loop of Henle</a>, distal portion lined by simple cuboidal epithelium is called the <a href="/wiki/Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle">thick ascending limb of loop of Henle</a>).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">Distal convoluted tubule</a>: lies in the cortex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Collecting tubule">Collecting tubule</a></li></ol> <p>The epithelial cells that form these nephron segments can be distinguished by the shapes of their actin cytoskeleton visualized by confocal microscopy of fluorescent phalloidin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood from the efferent arteriole, containing everything that was not filtered out in the glomerulus, moves into the <a href="/wiki/Peritubular_capillaries" title="Peritubular capillaries">peritubular capillaries</a>, tiny blood vessels that surround the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal tubules, where the tubular fluid flows. Substances then reabsorb from the latter back to the blood stream. </p><p>The peritubular capillaries then recombine to form an efferent venule, which combines with efferent venules from other nephrons into the renal vein, and rejoins the main bloodstream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length_difference">Length difference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Length difference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cortical nephrons</b> (the majority of nephrons) start high in the cortex and have a short loop of Henle which does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into <i>superficial cortical nephrons</i> and <i>midcortical nephrons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Juxtamedullary_nephron"></span> <b>Juxtamedullary nephrons</b><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Juxtamedullary nephron redirects here, and nothing says what it is (August 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> start low in the cortex near the medulla and have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla: only they have their loop of Henle surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Straight_arterioles_of_kidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight arterioles of kidney">vasa recta</a>. These long loops of Henle and their associated vasa recta create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for the generation of concentrated <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the hairpin bend penetrates up to the inner zone of medulla.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juxtamedullary nephrons are found only in birds and mammals, and have a specific location: <i>medullary</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">renal medulla</a>, while <i>juxta</i> (Latin: near) refers to the relative position of the <a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">renal corpuscle</a> of this nephron - <i>near the medulla</i>, but still in the cortex. In other words, a <i>juxtamedullary nephron</i> is a nephron whose renal corpuscle is near the medulla, and whose <a href="/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal convoluted tubule">proximal convoluted tubule</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loop of Henle</a> occur deeper in the medulla than the other type of nephron, the <a href="/wiki/Cortical_nephron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortical nephron">cortical nephron</a>. </p><p>The juxtamedullary nephrons comprise only about 15% of the nephrons in the human kidney.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> However, it is this type of nephron which is most often depicted in illustrations of nephrons. </p><p>In humans, cortical nephrons have their renal corpuscles in the outer two thirds of the cortex, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons have their corpuscles in the inner third of the cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg/220px-2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg/330px-2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg/440px-2618_Nephron_Secretion_Reabsorption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>Fig.3) Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.<sup id="cite_ref-junqueiras_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 395–396">: 395–396 </span></sup> These apply to numerous substances. The structure and function of the epithelial cells lining the lumen change during the course of the nephron, and have segments named by their location and which reflects their different functions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg/220px-Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg/330px-Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg/440px-Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Fig.4) Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron, with the collecting ducts on the right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg/220px-Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg/330px-Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg/440px-Complex_proximal_tubule_with_acid_base.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Fig.5) Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proximal_tubule">Proximal tubule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proximal tubule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">proximal tubule</a> as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight (descending) portion.<sup id="cite_ref-boron743_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron743-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including 80% of glucose, more than half of the filtered salt, water and all filtered <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> solutes (primarily <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-junqueiras_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 400–401">: 400–401 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loop_of_Henle">Loop of Henle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Loop of Henle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loop of Henle</a> is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It begins in the cortex, receiving filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule, extends into the medulla as the descending limb, and then returns to the cortex as the ascending limb to empty into the distal convoluted tubule. The primary role of the loop of Henle is to enable an organism to produce concentrated urine, not by increasing the tubular concentration, but by rendering the interstitial fluid hypertonic.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The <a href="/wiki/Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Descending limb of loop of Henle">descending limb</a> is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. As the filtrate descends deeper into the <a href="/wiki/Hypertonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertonicity">hypertonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Interstitium" title="Interstitium">interstitium</a> of the renal medulla, water flows freely out of the descending limb by <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a> until the tonicity of the filtrate and interstitium equilibrate. The hypertonicity of the medulla (and therefore concentration of urine) is determined in part by the size of the loops of Henle.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p><p>Unlike the descending limb, the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Ascending limb of loop of Henle">thick ascending limb</a> is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> mechanism employed by the loop. The ascending limb actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate, generating the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange. In passing through the ascending limb, the filtrate grows <a href="/wiki/Hypotonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotonicity">hypotonic</a> since it has lost much of its sodium content. This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the <a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">distal convoluted tubule</a> in the renal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distal_convoluted_tubule">Distal convoluted tubule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distal convoluted tubule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">distal convoluted tubule</a> has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> to produce enough energy (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a>. In the presence of <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a>, the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate. When <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> is present, more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted. Ammonia is also absorbed during the selective reabsorption. <a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">Atrial natriuretic peptide</a> causes the distal convoluted tubule to secrete more sodium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecting_tubule">Connecting tubule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Connecting tubule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A part of Distal nephron. This is the final segment of the tubule before it enters the collecting duct system. Water, some salts and nitrogenous waste like urea and creatinine are passed out to collecting tubule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collecting_duct_system">Collecting duct system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Collecting duct system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">Collecting duct system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1133.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray1133.png/220px-Gray1133.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray1133.png/330px-Gray1133.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray1133.png/440px-Gray1133.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Fig.6) Cross-sectional histologic preparation showing (b)small connecting tubules with simple columnar epithelium and (a) large connecting tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a <a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">system of collecting ducts</a>, the first segment of which is the <a href="/wiki/Connecting_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecting tubule">connecting tubule</a>. The collecting duct system begins in the renal cortex and extends deep into the medulla. As the urine travels down the collecting duct system, it passes by the medullary interstitium which has a high sodium concentration as a result of the loop of Henle's <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange#In_the_kidney" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent multiplier system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p><p>Because it has a different origin during the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_urinary_and_reproductive_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the urinary and reproductive organs">development of the urinary and reproductive organs</a> than the rest of the nephron, the collecting duct is sometimes not considered a part of the nephron. Instead of originating from the metanephrogenic blastema, the collecting duct originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ureteric_bud" title="Ureteric bud">ureteric bud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> </p><p>Though the collecting duct is normally impermeable to water, it becomes permeable in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Antidiuretic_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiuretic hormone">antidiuretic hormone</a> (ADH). ADH affects the function of <a href="/wiki/Aquaporins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporins">aquaporins</a>, resulting in the reabsorption of water molecules as it passes through the collecting duct. Aquaporins are membrane proteins that selectively conduct water molecules while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. As much as three-quarters of the water from urine can be reabsorbed as it leaves the collecting duct by osmosis. Thus the levels of ADH determine whether urine will be concentrated or diluted. An increase in ADH is an indication of <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, while water sufficiency results in a decrease in ADH allowing for diluted urine.<sup id="cite_ref-junqueiras_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 406">: 406 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png/250px-Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png/375px-Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png/500px-Kidney_Nephron_Cells.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Fig.7) Cross-sectional diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and adjacent structures: 1) top, yellow - distal convoluted tubule; 2) top, brown -macula densa cuboidal cells surrounding arterioles; 3) small blue cells - juxtaglomerular cells; 4) large blue cells - mesangial cells; 5) tan - podocytes lining <a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a> adjacent to capillaries, and parietal layer of capsule, 6)center - five glomerular capillaries, and the 6)bottom, purple - exiting tubule. Structures (2), (3), and (4) constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lower portions of the collecting organ are also permeable to <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, allowing some of it to enter the medulla, thus maintaining its high concentration (which is very important for the nephron).<sup id="cite_ref-lote_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lote-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73–74">: 73–74 </span></sup> </p><p>Urine leaves the medullary collecting ducts through the <a href="/wiki/Renal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal papilla">renal papillae</a>, emptying into the <a href="/wiki/Minor_calyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor calyx">renal calyces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renal_pelvis" title="Renal pelvis">renal pelvis</a>, and finally into the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-junqueiras_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 406–407">: 406–407 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juxtaglomerular_apparatus">Juxtaglomerular apparatus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Juxtaglomerular apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" title="Juxtaglomerular apparatus">Juxtaglomerular apparatus</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" title="Juxtaglomerular apparatus">juxtaglomerular apparatus</a> (JGA) is a specialized region associated with the nephron, but separate from it. It produces and secretes into the circulation the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a> (angiotensinogenase), which cleaves <a href="/wiki/Angiotensinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensinogen">angiotensinogen</a> and results in the ten amino acid substance angiotensin-1 (A-1). A-1 is then converted to angiotensin-2, a potent vasoconstrictor, by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> (RAS) or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The JGA is located between the thick ascending limb and the afferent arteriole. It contains three components: the <a href="/wiki/Macula_densa" title="Macula densa">macula densa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_cell" title="Juxtaglomerular cell">juxtaglomerular cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraglomerular_mesangial_cell" title="Extraglomerular mesangial cell">extraglomerular mesangial cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-junqueiras_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 404">: 404 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients in early stages of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> show an approximate 50% reduction in the number of nephrons, comparable to the nephron loss that occurs with <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">aging</a> (between ages 18–29 and 70–75).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30455427_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30455427-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/IgA_nephropathy" title="IgA nephropathy">IgA nephropathy</a>; renal tubular diseases include <a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">acute tubular necrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Renal tubular acidosis">renal tubular acidosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease" title="Polycystic kidney disease">polycystic kidney disease</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1129.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a vein, it is actually an arteriole.)"><img alt="Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a vein, it is actually an arteriole.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gray1129.png/95px-Gray1129.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gray1129.png/143px-Gray1129.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gray1129.png/190px-Gray1129.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a <i><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a></i>, it is actually an <a href="/wiki/Efferent_arteriole" title="Efferent arteriole">arteriole</a>.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1130.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glomerulus is red; Bowman's capsule is white."><img alt="Glomerulus is red; Bowman's capsule is white." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/90px-Gray1130.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/135px-Gray1130.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/181px-Gray1130.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Glomerulus" title="Glomerulus">Glomerulus</a> is red; <a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a> is white.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_tubules.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kidney tissue"><img alt="Kidney tissue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kidney_tubules.png/120px-Kidney_tubules.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kidney_tubules.png/180px-Kidney_tubules.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kidney_tubules.png/240px-Kidney_tubules.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kidney tissue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glomerular_Physiology.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Glomerulus"><img alt="Glomerulus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Glomerular_Physiology.png/120px-Glomerular_Physiology.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Glomerular_Physiology.png/180px-Glomerular_Physiology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Glomerular_Physiology.png/240px-Glomerular_Physiology.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glomerulus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png" class="mw-file-description" title="This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and Glomerular mesangial cell are present."><img alt="This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and Glomerular mesangial cell are present." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png/105px-Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png/158px-Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png/211px-Kidney_Glomerulus_Cell_Types.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and Glomerular mesangial cell are present.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephron&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lote-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lote_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLote2012" class="citation book cs1">Lote CJ (2012). <i>Principles of Renal Physiology</i> (5th ed.). Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Renal+Physiology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lote&rft.aufirst=CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2024-Kumaran-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2024-Kumaran_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumaranHanukoglu2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (2024). "Mapping the cytoskeletal architecture of renal tubules and surrounding peritubular capillaries in the kidney". <i>Cytoskeleton (Hoboken)</i>. <b>81</b> (4–5): 227–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcm.21809">10.1002/cm.21809</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37937511">37937511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytoskeleton+%28Hoboken%29&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+cytoskeletal+architecture+of+renal+tubules+and+surrounding+peritubular+capillaries+in+the+kidney&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=227-237&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcm.21809&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37937511&rft.aulast=Kumaran&rft.aufirst=GK&rft.au=Hanukoglu%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocock-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocockRichards2006" class="citation book cs1">Pocock G, Richards CD (2006). <i>Human physiology : the basis of medicine</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856878-0"><bdi>978-0-19-856878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+physiology+%3A+the+basis+of+medicine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=349&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856878-0&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Richards%2C+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tortora-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tortora_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tortora_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2010" class="citation book cs1">Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (2010). <i>Principles of anatomy and physiology</i> (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-23347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-23347-4"><bdi>978-0-470-23347-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192027371">192027371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192027371&rft.isbn=978-0-470-23347-4&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Derrickson%2C+BH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-junqueiras-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-junqueiras_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junqueiras_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junqueiras_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junqueiras_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junqueiras_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junqueiras_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMescher2016" class="citation book cs1">Mescher AL (2016). <i>Junqueira's Basic Histology</i> (14th ed.). Lange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-184268-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-184268-6"><bdi>978-0-07-184268-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junqueira%27s+Basic+Histology&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Lange&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-07-184268-6&rft.aulast=Mescher&rft.aufirst=AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071002180140/http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/web_resources/cartoons/nephrex1.html">"The Kidney Tubule I: Urine Production"</a>. <i>Ecology & Evolutionary Biology - University of Colorado at Boulder</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/web_resources/cartoons/nephrex1.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecology+%26+Evolutionary+Biology+-+University+of+Colorado+at+Boulder.&rft.atitle=The+Kidney+Tubule+I%3A+Urine+Production.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Feeb%2Fweb_resources%2Fcartoons%2Fnephrex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHookGoldstein1993" class="citation book cs1">Hook JB, Goldstein RS (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61CAfmFDBrEC"><i>Toxicology of the Kidney</i></a>. Raven Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88167-885-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88167-885-6"><bdi>0-88167-885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxicology+of+the+Kidney&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Raven+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-88167-885-6&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61CAfmFDBrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumaranHanukoglu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.15088">"Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns"</a>. <i>FEBS J</i>. <b>287</b> (6): 1176–1194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffebs.15088">10.1111/febs.15088</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384063">7384063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31605441">31605441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+J&rft.atitle=Identification+and+classification+of+epithelial+cells+in+nephron+segments+by+actin+cytoskeleton+patterns&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1176-1194&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7384063%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31605441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ffebs.15088&rft.aulast=Kumaran&rft.aufirst=GK&rft.au=Hanukoglu%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffebs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Ffebs.15088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosek" class="citation book cs1">Nosek TM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section7/7ch03/7ch03p16.htm">"Section 7/7ch03/7ch03p16"</a>. <i>Essentials of Human Physiology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section7/7ch03/7ch03p16.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+7%2F7ch03%2F7ch03p16&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Human+Physiology&rft.aulast=Nosek&rft.aufirst=TM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanphysiology.tuars.com%2Fprogram%2Fsection7%2F7ch03%2F7ch03p16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesonLoscalzo2010" class="citation book cs1">Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoeXSV8O2wUC&pg=PA3"><i>Harrison's Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-166339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-166339-7"><bdi>978-0-07-166339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Nephrology+and+Acid-Base+Disorders&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-166339-7&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Loscalzo%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoeXSV8O2wUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025033759/http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Regulation-of-Urine-Concentration.topicArticleId-277792%2CarticleId-277776.html">"Regulation of Urine Concentration"</a>. <i>Anatomy & Physiology</i>. CliffsNotes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Regulation-of-Urine-Concentration.topicArticleId-277792,articleId-277776.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+Urine+Concentration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliffsnotes.com%2Fstudy_guide%2FRegulation-of-Urine-Concentration.topicArticleId-277792%2CarticleId-277776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boron743-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boron743_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoron2005" class="citation book cs1">Boron WF (2005). <i>Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch</i>. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2328-9"><bdi>978-1-4160-2328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Physiology%3A+A+Cellular+And+Molecular+Approaoch&rft.pages=743&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2328-9&rft.aulast=Boron&rft.aufirst=WF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellSharma2009" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell B, Sharma R (2009). <i>Embriology</i> (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embriology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone+Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Sharma%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30455427-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30455427_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuro-O2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kuro-O M (January 2019). "The Klotho proteins in health and disease". <i>Nature Reviews. Nephrology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 27–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41581-018-0078-3">10.1038/s41581-018-0078-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30455427">30455427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53872296">53872296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Nephrology&rft.atitle=The+Klotho+proteins+in+health+and+disease&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-44&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53872296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30455427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41581-018-0078-3&rft.aulast=Kuro-O&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_urinary_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urinary_system_anatomy" title="Template:Urinary system anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urinary_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Urinary system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_urinary_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidneys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_fascia" title="Renal fascia">Fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_capsule" title="Renal capsule">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cortex" title="Renal cortex">Cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_column" title="Renal column">column</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">Medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal pyramids">pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_interstitium" class="mw-redirect" title="Medullary interstitium">medullary interstitium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_sinus" title="Renal sinus">Sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_lobe" title="Renal lobe">Lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_lobule" title="Cortical lobule">Cortical lobule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_ray_(anatomy)" title="Medullary ray (anatomy)">Medullary ray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nephron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renal_circulation" title="Renal circulation">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery" title="Renal artery">Renal artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmental_arteries_of_kidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmental arteries of kidney">segmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlobar_arteries" title="Interlobar arteries">interlobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_arteries_of_the_kidney" title="Arcuate arteries of the kidney">arcuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlobular_arteries" title="Interlobular arteries">interlobular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afferent_arterioles" title="Afferent arterioles">afferent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_vein" title="Renal vein">Renal vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritubular_capillaries" title="Peritubular capillaries">Peritubular capillaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_arterioles_of_kidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight arterioles of kidney">Vasa recta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_vein" title="Arcuate vein">arcuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlobar_veins" title="Interlobar veins">interlobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efferent_arteriole" title="Efferent arteriole">efferent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nephron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renal_corpuscle" title="Renal corpuscle">Renal corpuscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">Glomerulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule" title="Bowman's capsule">Bowman's capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomerular_basement_membrane" title="Glomerular basement membrane">Glomerular basement membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocyte" title="Podocyte">Podocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration_slits" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtration slits">Filtration slits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesangium">Mesangium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraglomerular_mesangial_cell" title="Intraglomerular mesangial cell">Intraglomerular mesangial cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renal_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tubule">Renal tubule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal convoluted tubule">Proximal convoluted tubule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">Loop of Henle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Descending limb of loop of Henle">Descending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Ascending limb of loop of Henle">Thin ascending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle" title="Ascending limb of loop of Henle">Thick ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">Distal convoluted tubule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting_duct_system" title="Collecting duct system">Collecting duct system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_tubule" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecting tubule">Connecting tubule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary duct">Papillary duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_fluid" title="Tubular fluid">Tubular fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal papilla">Renal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_calyx" title="Renal calyx">Minor calyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_calyx" title="Renal calyx">Major calyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_pelvis" title="Renal pelvis">Renal pelvis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" title="Juxtaglomerular apparatus">Juxtaglomerular apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_densa" title="Macula densa">Macula densa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_cell" title="Juxtaglomerular cell">Juxtaglomerular cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesangium">Mesangium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraglomerular_mesangial_cell" title="Extraglomerular mesangial cell">Extraglomerular mesangial cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureteropelvic_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureteropelvic junction">Ureteropelvic junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Circulation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_arteries" title="Vesical arteries">Vesical arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_veins" title="Vesical veins">Vesical veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">Vaginal artery</a> (female)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detrusor_muscle" title="Detrusor muscle">Detrusor muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_umbilical_ligament" title="Median umbilical ligament">Median umbilical ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigone_of_the_urinary_bladder" title="Trigone of the urinary bladder">Trigone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_urethral_orifice" title="Internal urethral orifice">Internal urethral orifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sphincters" title="Urethral sphincters">Urethral sphincters</a> <ul><li>External <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra" title="External sphincter muscle of male urethra">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra" title="External sphincter muscle of female urethra">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_urethral_sphincter" title="Internal urethral sphincter">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Male urethra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-prostatic_urethra" title="Pre-prostatic urethra">pre-prostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_urethra" title="Prostatic urethra">prostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_urethra" title="Membranous urethra">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spongy_urethra" title="Spongy urethra">spongy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicular_fossa_of_male_urethra" title="Navicular fossa of male urethra">navicular fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacunae_of_Morgagni" title="Lacunae of Morgagni">Lacunae of Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_gland" title="Urethral gland">urethral gland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">Urinary meatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_the_kidneys_and_acid–base_physiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renal_physiology" title="Template:Renal physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renal_physiology" title="Template talk:Renal physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renal_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renal physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_kidneys_and_acid–base_physiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology" title="Renal physiology">Physiology of the kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">acid–base physiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creating <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_secreted_in_the_kidney" title="Drugs secreted in the kidney">Clearance of medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_flow_rate" title="Urine flow rate">Urine flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reabsorption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_drag" title="Solvent drag">Solvent drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_sodium_reabsorption" title="Renal sodium reabsorption">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_chloride_reabsorption" title="Renal chloride reabsorption">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_urea_handling" title="Renal urea handling">Urea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_glucose_reabsorption" title="Renal glucose reabsorption">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_oligopeptide_reabsorption" title="Renal oligopeptide reabsorption">Oligopeptides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_protein_reabsorption" title="Renal protein reabsorption">Protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_blood_flow" title="Renal blood flow">Renal blood flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(kidney)" title="Ultrafiltration (kidney)">Ultrafiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">Countercurrent exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration_fraction" title="Filtration fraction">Filtration fraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hormones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Antidiuretic hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">Atrial natriuretic peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_balance" title="Fluid balance">Fluid balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Body_water" title="Body water">Body water</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">Intracellular fluid/Cytosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">Extracellular fluid</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">Interstitial fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcellular_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcellular fluid">Transcellular fluid</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid–base balance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrow_Yannet_diagram" title="Darrow Yannet diagram">Darrow Yannet diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_excess" title="Base excess">Base excess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_diagram" title="Davenport diagram">Davenport diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anion_gap" title="Anion gap">Anion gap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delta_ratio" title="Delta ratio">Delta ratio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winters%27s_formula" title="Winters's formula">Winters's formula</a></li> <li>Buffering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system" title="Bicarbonate buffer system">Bicarbonate buffer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_compensation" title="Respiratory compensation">Respiratory compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_compensation" title="Renal compensation">Renal compensation</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">Assessment and measurement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">Glomerular filtration rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">Creatinine clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_renal_clearance" title="Augmented renal clearance">Augmented renal clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_clearance_ratio" title="Renal clearance ratio">Renal clearance ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_reduction_ratio" title="Urea reduction ratio">Urea reduction ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kt/V" title="Kt/V">Kt/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_Kt/V" title="Standardized Kt/V">Standardized Kt/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_adequacy" title="Dialysis adequacy">Dialysis adequacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis_product" title="Hemodialysis product">Hemodialysis product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_clearance" title="PAH clearance">PAH clearance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Effective_renal_plasma_flow" title="Effective renal plasma flow">Effective renal plasma flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_ratio" title="Extraction ratio">Extraction ratio</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_excretion_of_sodium" title="Fractional excretion of sodium">Fractional excretion of sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea-to-creatinine_ratio" title="Urea-to-creatinine ratio">BUN-to-creatinine ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natriuresis" title="Natriuresis">Natriuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58184#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Néphron"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13194541j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Néphron"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13194541j">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nephron&oldid=1257949538">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nephron&oldid=1257949538</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kidney_anatomy" title="Category:Kidney anatomy">Kidney anatomy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 10:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nephron&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sscwj","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.617","walltime":"0.799","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6682,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":94867,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3275,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":82159,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 682.094 1 -total"," 23.80% 162.325 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.07% 116.413 9 Template:Cite_book"," 14.74% 100.551 17 Template:Rp"," 14.62% 99.711 6 Template:Navbox"," 13.72% 93.583 17 Template:R/superscript"," 13.20% 90.010 1 Template:Urinary_system_anatomy"," 13.03% 88.878 1 Template:Infobox_anatomy"," 12.22% 83.354 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.92% 81.304 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.337","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7587846,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ckrcl","timestamp":"20241122140652","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nephron","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nephron","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58184","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58184","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-24T03:34:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T10:37:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1c\/Kidney_Nephron.svg","headline":"microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney"}</script> </body> </html>