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class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>研究方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究方法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-观察法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#观察法"> <div 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究偏差子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究偏差-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-选樣偏差(selection_bias)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#选樣偏差(selection_bias)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>选樣偏差(selection bias)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-选樣偏差(selection_bias)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-資訊偏差(information_bias)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#資訊偏差(information_bias)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>資訊偏差(information bias)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-資訊偏差(information_bias)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-干擾因子(confounding)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#干擾因子(confounding)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>干擾因子(confounding)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-干擾因子(confounding)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>用途</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">流行病学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。80种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Epidemiologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وبائيات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وبائيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايبيديميولوجيا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايبيديميولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologiya" title="Epidemiologiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Epidemiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemyolohiya" title="Epidemyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Epidemyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эпідэміялогія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эпідэміялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эпідэміялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эпідэміялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Епидемиология – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епидемиология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রোগবিস্তার বিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোগবিস্তার বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Epidemiologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epidemiologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epidemiologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epidemiologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Επιδημιολογία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιδημιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Epidemiology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologio" title="Epidemiologio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epidemiologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiolog%C3%ADa" title="Epidemiología – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epidemiología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemioloogia" title="Epidemioloogia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Epidemioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="همه‌گیرشناسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همه‌گیرشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pid%C3%A9miologie" title="Épidémiologie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épidémiologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eipid%C3%A9imeola%C3%ADocht" title="Eipidéimeolaíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eipidéimeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiolox%C3%ADa" title="Epidemioloxía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epidemioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אפידמיולוגיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפידמיולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महामारी विज्ञान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महामारी विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Epidemiologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rv%C3%A1nytan" title="Járványtan – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Járványtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համաճարակաբանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաճարակաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Epidemiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="疫学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疫学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეპიდემიოლოგია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეპიდემიოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasensakrart" title="Tasensakrart – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasensakrart" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эпидемиология – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эпидемиология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸಾಂಕ್ರಾಮಿಕ ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಂಕ್ರಾಮಿಕ ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_(%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99)" title="역학 (의학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역학 (의학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%AEdem%C3%AEoloj%C3%AE" title="Epîdemîolojî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Epîdemîolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эпидемиология – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эпидемиология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epidemiologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiolo%C4%A3ija" title="Epidemioloģija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Epidemioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Epidemiologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Епидемиологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Епидемиологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സാംക്രമികരോഗവിജ്ഞാനീയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാംക്രമികരോഗവിജ്ഞാനീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epidemiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="महामारी विज्ञान – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महामारी विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epidemiologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Epidemiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="اپيډيمولوژي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپيډيمولوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologia" title="Epidemiologia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epidemiologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epidemiologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эпидемиология – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпидемиология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रोगशास्त्रम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रोगशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="ايپيڊيميولوجي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايپيڊيميولوجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epidemiologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="වසංගතවේදය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වසංගතවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epidemiology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiol%C3%B3gia" title="Epidemiológia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Epidemiológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologija" title="Epidemiologija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Epidemiologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologjia" title="Epidemiologjia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Epidemiologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Епидемиологија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епидемиологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epidemiologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நோய்ப்பரவலியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோய்ப்பரவலியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="วิทยาการระบาด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาการระบาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiyolohiya" title="Epidemiyolohiya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Epidemiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiyoloji" title="Epidemiyoloji – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epidemiyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эпидемиология – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эпидемиология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Епідеміологія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епідеміологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologiya" title="Epidemiologiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Epidemiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemio%C5%82ozia" title="Epidemiołozia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Epidemiołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_t%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Dịch tễ học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dịch tễ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%AAyolodjince" title="Minêyolodjince – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Minêyolodjince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiyolohiya" title="Epidemiyolohiya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Epidemiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="流行病学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cm%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%A0j%C3%A0k%C3%A1l%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A0r%C3%B9n" title="Ìmọ̀ àjàkálẹ̀-àrùn – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìmọ̀ àjàkálẹ̀-àrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB-h%C3%AAng-p%C4%93%E2%81%BF-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liû-hêng-pēⁿ-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="流行病學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流行病學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:流行病学">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照外語維基百科相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目已<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:列明來源">列出參考文獻</a>，但<b>因為沒有<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="Help:脚注">文內引註</a>而使來源仍然不明</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年12月8日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请加上合适的文內引註来<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年6月17日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="Talk:流行病学">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要医学专家关注的页面">需要医学專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容<b>仅供参考</b>，並<b>不能</b>視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a></b>。</div> <p><b>流行病學</b>是探討人類群體<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">疾病</a>的分布，並藉由族群間分布差異來探索影響健康及疾病的影響因子，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公共衛生">公共衛生</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a>研究的基礎<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="方法論">方法論</a>，同時在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="實證醫學">實證醫學</a>中做為辨別疾病因素和最佳臨床治療途徑的科學理論。 </p><p>在研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">傳染病</a>及非傳染性疾病時，流行病學家從事眾多事項，包含疫情調查、研究設計、數據蒐集及分析（如創建<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="統計">統計</a>模組）等。流行病學家須跨足並使用不同領域的知識，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物計量學">生物計量學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地理信息系统">地理信息系統</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>。 </p><p>流行病學不僅研究傳染病，其他如<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85" title="慢性病">慢性病</a>（像<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟病">心臟病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病">糖尿病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93" title="高血壓">高血壓</a>等等）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85" class="mw-disambig" title="精神病">精神疾病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺">自殺</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="意外">意外</a>事件等等健康議題，甚至各種疾病的危險因子（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸菸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96" class="mw-redirect" title="肥胖">肥胖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="營養素">營養</a>攝取狀態、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%85%8B" title="生活型態">生活型態</a>等），都可成為流行病學研究的主題。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1854年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>爆发<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="霍乱">霍乱</a>，10天内夺去了500多人的生命。根据当时流行的观点，霍乱是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经空气传播（页面不存在）">经空气传播</a>的。但是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="约翰·斯诺">约翰·斯诺</a>（John Snow）医师并不相信这种说法，他认为霍乱是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B0%B4%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经水传播（页面不存在）">经水传播</a>的。斯诺用标点地图的方法研究了当地水井分布和霍乱患者分布之间的关系，发现在宽街（Broad Street，或译作布劳德大街）的一口水井供水范围内霍乱<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%B9%E6%82%A3%E7%8E%87" title="罹患率">罹患率</a>明显较高，最终凭此线索找到该次霍乱爆发的原因：一个已污染的水泵。人们把水泵的把手卸掉后不久，霍乱的发病明显下降。约翰·斯诺在这次事件中的工作被认为是流行病学的开端。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow-cholera-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Snow-cholera-map.jpg/200px-Snow-cholera-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Snow-cholera-map.jpg/300px-Snow-cholera-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Snow-cholera-map.jpg/400px-Snow-cholera-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>1854倫敦</figcaption></figure> <p>1948年－1952年期间，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="理查·多爾">理查·多爾</a>（Richard Doll）和布拉德福·希尔（Bradford Hill）合作进行了一项<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B-%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="病例-对照研究">病例-对照研究</a>（Case-Control Study），通过对癌症患者吸烟史的调查，他们宣布<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="吸烟">吸烟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>之间有因果联系。其后20多年，他们进行的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="队列研究">队列研究</a>（Cohort Study）进一步加强了这一结论。他们的成果为控烟行动提供了科学依据。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方法"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>研究方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：研究方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>流行病学研究方法分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="观察法（页面不存在）">观察法</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="实验法（页面不存在）">实验法</a>两大类： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="观察法"><span id=".E8.A7.82.E5.AF.9F.E6.B3.95"></span>观察法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：观察法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>描述性研究</li></ul> <p>通过调查，了解疾病和健康状况在时间、空间和人群间的分布情况，为研究和控制疾病提供线索，为制定卫生政策提供参考。 </p> <ul><li>分析性研究</li></ul> <p>通过观察和询问，对可能的疾病相关因素进行检验。分析性研究主要包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B-%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="病例-对照研究">病例-对照研究</a>（case-control study）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世代研究">世代研究</a>（cohort study，也叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="定群研究">定群研究</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="队列研究">队列研究</a>） </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B-%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="病例-对照研究">病例-对照研究</a>選取一組患某病的人（病例），再選取另一組沒有患某病的另一組人（對照），收集兩個組人中某一或某幾個因素存在的情況，再以統計學方法來確定某一因素是否和該疾病有關及其關聯的程度如何。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世代研究">世代研究</a>則是選取一組曝露於某種因素的人和另一組不曝露於於該因素的人，再經過一段時間後以統計學方法比較兩組人患某病的情況（如肺癌），以確定某因素是否和某病有關。 </p><p>一般來說，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世代研究">世代研究</a>比<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B-%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="病例-对照研究">病例-对照研究</a>的結論較可靠，但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世代研究">世代研究</a>耗時很長（如研究吸煙和肺癌的關係要數十年的時間），需要更多的資源。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="实验法"><span id=".E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C.E6.B3.95"></span>实验法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：实验法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>将研究对象分为实验组和对照组后，在实验组实施干预措施，在对照组中不采取措施或者应用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%85%B0%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="安慰剂">安慰剂</a>，通过一段时间的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E8%AE%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随访（页面不存在）">随访</a>后，观察各组实验结果的差异，以此评估该干预措施的效果。根据研究对象的不同，该方法分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临床实验（页面不存在）">临床实验</a>（clinical trial）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社区实验（页面不存在）">社区实验</a>（community trial）两种。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="案例對照研究"><span id=".E6.A1.88.E4.BE.8B.E5.B0.8D.E7.85.A7.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>案例對照研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：案例對照研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="案例對照研究">Case-control studies</a>將由疾病的狀態選擇研究例子，是一種回溯型研究。一群是實驗組(有發病者)，一組是對照組(無發病者)，兩組人應盡量找相同母群體的人來研究。接下來對照兩組間過去所受到的危險因子暴露程度，如下方表格所顯示。 </p><p>(A)暴露實驗組 (B)暴露對照組 (C)無暴露實驗組 (D)無暴露對照組 </p><p>這些統計數字可以用基本的對比值(odds ratio)，比較(A/C)及(B/D) 來了解有無暴露造成的增加風險，i.e. OR = (AD/BC)因子 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>實驗組 </th> <th>對照組 </th></tr> <tr> <td>暴露 </td> <td>A </td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>未暴露 </td> <td>C </td> <td>D </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>如果OR 大於1 則"可得這些疾病很可能跟暴露危險有關"，反之如果接近 1 則兩者可能沒有相關，如果小於 1 則可能是保護因子(暴露後可以降低發病率) </p><p>案例對照的研究，比起案例比起<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世代研究">世代研究</a>更具經濟效益，但容易受到誤差(bias)影響(回想誤差、選擇性誤差)。另一個挑戰是選擇適當的控制組，母群體的例子應該平均的分配在控制組和實驗組中以降低誤差(the distribution of exposure among the control group should be representative of the distribution in the population that gave rise to the cases. )，這可以以隨機抽樣的方式從母群體抽樣比，有一個爭論是如果控制組包含了正在發病的案例。則這個疾病就有可能比算出的值其實有更高的侵襲率。 </p><p>另一個挑戰是，為了統計數據的正確，最起碼的案例數，必須符合95% 區間相對於對比值，詳細如下列方程式 </p><p>total cases = (a+c) = (1.96)^2×(1+N)×(1÷ln(OR))^2×((OR+2√OR+1)÷√OR)≈15.5×(1+N)×(1÷ln(OR))^2 </p><p>N = 控制組的案例比率 </p><p>當對比值接近1或是0 ，對照研究就會產生出極低的對比值，舉例，一個對比值 1.5 的案例，而且對照組及實驗組的人數接近，其數據如下所示 </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>對照組 </th> <th>控制組 </th></tr> <tr> <td>暴露 </td> <td>103 </td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>未暴露 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>103 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For an odds ratio of 1.1: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>對照組 </th> <th>控制組 </th></tr> <tr> <td>暴露 </td> <td>1732 </td> <td>1652 </td></tr> <tr> <td>未暴露 </td> <td>1652 </td> <td>1732 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究偏差"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.81.8F.E5.B7.AE"></span>研究偏差</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：研究偏差"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>只要是無法經過隨機分派且完美控制的研究，都有可能因方法設計、研究執行不良等原因，導致觀察結果與真實情形有差。這個觀察與真實之間的差距，稱為偏差或偏誤。為了促進觀察結果趨近真實，流行病學致力於利用研究設計的方法來降低這些偏差問題。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="选樣偏差(selection_bias)"><span id=".E9.80.89.E6.A8.A3.E5.81.8F.E5.B7.AE.28selection_bias.29"></span>选樣偏差(selection bias)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：选樣偏差(selection bias)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因觀察研究過程中，選樣過程受到研究關注的因子所影響，所導致的偏差。這多半來自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="偏差樣本">偏差樣本</a>所致，特別是當研究目的是分布描述的時候。當研究目的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="风险因子">危險因子</a>與疾病之間的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="因果推論">因果推論</a>，有時會因標的族群設定不佳，導致即便是選到具有代表性的樣本，仍舊發生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E6%A8%A3%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="選樣偏差（页面不存在）">選樣偏差</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="資訊偏差(information_bias)"><span id=".E8.B3.87.E8.A8.8A.E5.81.8F.E5.B7.AE.28information_bias.29"></span>資訊偏差(information bias)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：資訊偏差(information bias)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>觀察研究過程中，當測量誤差不平均的發生在樣本中，會造成資訊偏差。當研究目的是分布描述的時候，若樣本的測量誤差程度與母群體不同，則會造成觀察到的分布與母群體會有偏差。當研究目的是危險因子與疾病間的因果推論，當危險因子與疾病狀態二者皆影響測量誤差，則會造成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="資訊偏差（页面不存在）">資訊偏差</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="干擾因子(confounding)"><span id=".E5.B9.B2.E6.93.BE.E5.9B.A0.E5.AD.90.28confounding.29"></span>干擾因子(confounding)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：干擾因子(confounding)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>選樣偏差與資訊偏差都與研究設計或執行不良有關。但干擾因子則是疾病機轉中的因素。當病理機轉中，某因子本身也會影響到危險因子的暴露程度，則該因子需要藉由研究設計進行控制，若沒有控制，則會造成研究結果觀察到危險因子與疾病之間的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="偽關係">假相關</a>性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>用途</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：用途"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>描述疾病和健康状况的分布</li> <li>研究疾病的病因及危险因素</li> <li>评估治疗方法和预防措施的效果</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li 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class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Porta M, editor. Greenland S, Hernán M, dos Santos Silva I, Last JM, associate editors (2014). "A dictionary of epidemiology", 6th. edition. New York: Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170711233713/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-dictionary-of-epidemiology-9780199976737?cc=us&lang=en">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199976737" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780199976737</a></li> <li>流行病學第7版黃彬芳、陳美伶新文京股份公司</li> <li>流行病學概論（第二版）作者：陳品玲出版社：華杏</li> <li>公共衛生學(中) 陳拱北基金會</li> <li>流行病學原理修訂版作者：史麗珠出版社：雙葉書廊</li> <li>流行病學：原理與方法作者：陳建仁出版社：聯經出版公司</li> <li>奈米微粒作業人員健康危害流行病學研究作者：徐儆暉、劉紹興出版社：行政院勞委會勞工安全衛生研究所</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Template talk:公共卫生"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:公共卫生"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="公共卫生" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">通科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3" title="生物性危害">生物性危害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="首席医疗官" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chief medical officer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="首席医疗官（页面不存在）">首席医疗官</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_medical_officer" class="extiw" title="en:Chief medical officer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chief medical officer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫療縮寫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of medical abbreviations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療縮寫（页面不存在）">醫療縮寫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations" class="extiw" title="en:List of medical abbreviations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of medical abbreviations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="人体解剖学">人体解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="性教育">性教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E8%BD%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="越轨社会学">越轨社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环境健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环境健康（页面不存在）">环境健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A2%83%E5%AD%B8" title="優境學">優境學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="全民健康保險">全民健康保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="長期照護">長期照護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">风险管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">醫用微生物及免疫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="医学社会学">医学社会学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康影響評估" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health impact assessment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康影響評估（页面不存在）">健康影響評估</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" class="extiw" title="en:Health impact assessment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health impact assessment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="健康素養">健康素養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="衛生政策">衛生政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="心理健康">心理健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="全球化與疾病">全球化與疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="生殖健康">生殖健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社会心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康与疾病社会学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sociology of health and illness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康与疾病社会学（页面不存在）">健康与疾病社会学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of health and illness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sociology of health and illness</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境衛生（页面不存在）">環境衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B" title="健康促进">健康促进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0" title="风险评估">风险评估</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="卫生学">卫生学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">食品安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E6%89%8B" title="洗手">洗手</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染预防与控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infection prevention and control"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染预防与控制（页面不存在）">感染预防与控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection prevention and control"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infection prevention and control</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="口腔衛生">口腔衛生</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="毒理學測試" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toxicology testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒理學測試（页面不存在）">毒理學測試</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Toxicology testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toxicology testing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="職業安全健康">職業安全健康</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业卫生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational hygiene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="職業衛生">职业卫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational hygiene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational hygiene</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">职业医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业健康护理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health nursing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业健康护理（页面不存在）">职业健康护理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health nursing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health nursing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="病人安全">病人安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="安全性行為">安全性行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="卫生设施">卫生设施</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84" title="粪口路径">粪口路径</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="露天排便">露天排便</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E5%A1%AB" title="堆填">垃圾掩埋場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">風險溝通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%83%9F" title="戒烟">戒烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人口健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口健康（页面不存在）">人口健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health" class="extiw" title="en:Population health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population health</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">儿童死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="社區衛生">社區衛生</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">流行病学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球健康（页面不存在）">全球健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health" class="extiw" title="en:Global health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="醫療系統">醫療系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开源健康软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of open-source health software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开源健康软件列表（页面不存在）">开源健康软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of open-source health software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of open-source health software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="健康的社会决定因素">健康的社会决定因素</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康平等" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health equity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康平等（页面不存在）">健康平等</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity" class="extiw" title="en:Health equity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health equity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="种族与健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Race and health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种族与健康（页面不存在）">种族与健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health" class="extiw" title="en:Race and health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Race and health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康不平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人口老化">人口老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="少子化">少子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会医学（页面不存在）">社会医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Social medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生物&<br />流行病統計</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">統計學假說</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析(ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="ROC曲线">ROC曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生<i>t</i>检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z检验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="临床流行病学">临床流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="統計軟體列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of statistical software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統計軟體列表（页面不存在）">統計軟體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of statistical software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of statistical software</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="統計分析系統">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">傳染病流行病<br />的疾病防治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性傳染病">性傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗管制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定傳染病">法定傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="流行病列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">疫情監測</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="檢疫">檢疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="健康经济学">醫療經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="保持社交距離">保持社交距離</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tropical disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶病（页面不存在）">熱帶病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tropical disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="食品卫生">食品卫生</a><br />及安全管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>食品 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食品添加劑">添加劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食品微生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物学（页面不存在）">微生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food microbiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="Category:黑心食品">食品安全丑闻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="食品加工">食品加工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%84%AA%E8%89%AF%E8%BE%B2%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E6%A8%99%E7%AB%A0" title="台灣優良農產品證明標章">CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好生产规范">良好生产规范</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%BB%9E" title="危害分析重要管制點">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好农业规范">良好农业规范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" class="mw-redirect" title="Halal">Halal</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F" title="清真">清真認證</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="轉基因">基因改造</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康行為科學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="創新擴散理論">創新擴散理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="健康信念模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Health belief model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康信念模式（页面不存在）">健康信念模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_belief_model" class="extiw" title="en:Health belief model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Health belief model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性行為模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性行為模式（页面不存在）">理性行為模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rational emotive behavior therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計畫行為理論">計畫行為理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="階段變化模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transtheoretical model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階段變化模式（页面不存在）">階段變化模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheoretical model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transtheoretical model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會認知理論">社會認知理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會支持理論">社會支持理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="健康传播">健康传播</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="precede porceed模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precede_porceed%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precede porceed模式（页面不存在）">precede porceed模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE-PROCEED" class="extiw" title="en:PRECEDE-PROCEED"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PRECEDE-PROCEED</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社區健康營造" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Community health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社區健康營造（页面不存在）">社區健康營造</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health" class="extiw" title="en:Community health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Community health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態模式（页面不存在）">生態模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織，<br />教育，<br />和歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%BB%81%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界廁所組織">世界廁所組織</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加勒比公共卫生局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比公共卫生局（页面不存在）">加勒比公共卫生局</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" class="extiw" title="en:Caribbean Public Health Agency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caribbean Public Health Agency</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>中华人民共和国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B1%80" title="国家疾病预防控制局">国家疾病预防控制局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国疾病预防控制中心">中国疾病预防控制中心（CCDC）</a></li></ul></li> <li>歐洲 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="歐洲疾病預防控制中心">歐洲疾病預防控制中心（ECDC）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会（页面不存在）">欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" class="extiw" title="en:European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>美国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心">美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80" title="美國公共衛生局">美國公共衛生局</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生教育委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Council on Education for Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生教育委员会（页面不存在）">公共卫生教育委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Council on Education for Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Council on Education for Public Health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>印度<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卫生和家庭福利部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卫生和家庭福利部（页面不存在）">卫生和家庭福利部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" class="extiw" title="en:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="健康教育">健康教育</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共卫生理学学士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生理学学士（页面不存在）">公共卫生理学学士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Science in Public Health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="公共卫生博士">公共卫生博士</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%8D" title="瑪格麗特·山額">山額夫人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">约翰·斯诺</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sara Josephine Baker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克（页面不存在）">薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="en:Sara Josephine Baker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sara Josephine Baker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%BE%8D" title="瑪莉·馬龍">傷寒瑪莉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="鐳女郎">鐳女郎</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疾病的細菌理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germ theory of disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的細菌理論（页面不存在）">疾病的細菌理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Germ theory of disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germ theory of disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會衛生運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social hygiene movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會衛生運動（页面不存在）">社會衛生運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Social hygiene movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social hygiene movement</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="Category:公共卫生">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">维基共享</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:生物学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物学史">生物学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物学史（页面不存在）">植物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="解剖学史">解剖学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (through 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之前)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之前)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(through_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (through 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (through 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (since 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之后)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之后)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(since_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (since 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (since 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of plant systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类学史（页面不存在）">植物分类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" class="extiw" title="en:History of plant systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of plant systematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学史（页面不存在）">生态学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:History of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式生物史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of model organisms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式生物史（页面不存在）">模式生物史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" class="extiw" title="en:History of model organisms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of model organisms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藻类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of phycology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻类学史（页面不存在）">藻类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" class="extiw" title="en:History of phycology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of phycology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of genetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学史（页面不存在）">遗传学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of genetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学的历史">生物化学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RNA生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of RNA biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA生物学史（页面不存在）">RNA生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" class="extiw" title="en:History of RNA biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of RNA biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化学史（页面不存在）">分子演化学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of immunology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫学史（页面不存在）">免疫学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of immunology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of immunology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物技术史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of biotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of biotechnology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">主領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="糖生物学">糖生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="脂类组学">脂类组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="代谢物组学">代谢物组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">動物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人体生理学">人体生理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物資訊學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞遗传学">细胞遗传学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="真菌學">真菌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">流行病学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">數理生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="低温生物学">低温生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物繁殖方式" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q130077803"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物繁殖方式（页面不存在）">生物繁殖方式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130077803" class="extiw" title="d:Q130077803"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q130077803</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:生物学">分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:生物學">專題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物醫學研究：臨床研究設計_/_试验设计" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_research_studies" title="Template:Medical research studies"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_research_studies" title="Template talk:Medical research studies"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Medical_research_studies" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Medical research studies"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物醫學研究：臨床研究設計_/_试验设计" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="医学研究">生物醫學研究</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="臨床研究">臨床研究</a>設計 / <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">试验设计</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clinical trial protocol" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical trial protocol"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical trial protocol（页面不存在）">Trial protocols</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial_protocol" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical trial protocol"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical trial protocol</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Academic clinical trials" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Academic clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_clinical_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic clinical trials（页面不存在）">Academic clinical trials</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:Academic clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Academic clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Clinical study design" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical study design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_study_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical study design（页面不存在）">Clinical study design</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_study_design" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical study design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical study design</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="對照實驗">對照實驗</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AF%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="循证医学">EBM I to II-1; A to B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="盲法试验">盲法</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放标签试验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open-label trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放标签试验（页面不存在）">开放标签试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-label_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Open-label trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open-label trial</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="观察性研究">觀察性研究</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E8%AF%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="循证医学">EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cross-sectional study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cross-sectional study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-sectional_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-sectional study（页面不存在）">Cross-sectional study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" class="extiw" title="en:Cross-sectional study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cross-sectional study</span></a></span>）</span></span> vs. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B5%E5%90%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="纵向研究">纵向研究</a>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ecological study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecological study（页面不存在）">Ecological study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_study" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="队列研究">队列研究</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Retrospective cohort study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Retrospective cohort study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrospective_cohort_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrospective cohort study（页面不存在）">Retrospective</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospective_cohort_study" class="extiw" title="en:Retrospective cohort study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Retrospective cohort study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%9E%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="前瞻性研究">前瞻性研究</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nested case-control study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nested case-control study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nested_case-control_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nested case-control study（页面不存在）">Nested case-control study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_case-control_study" class="extiw" title="en:Nested case-control study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nested case-control study</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Case series" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Case series"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case series（页面不存在）">Case series</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_series" class="extiw" title="en:Case series"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Case series</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="案例研究">案例研究</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Case report" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Case report"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case report（页面不存在）">Case report</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_report" class="extiw" title="en:Case report"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Case report</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">流行病学</a>/<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流行病學研究法（页面不存在）">研究法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidemiological_methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidemiological methods（页面不存在）">occurrence</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence" class="extiw" title="en:Epidemiological methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epidemiological_methods#Measures_of_occurrence</span></a></span>）</span></span>： <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="发病率">發病率</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AF%E7%A7%AF%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="累积发病率">累积发病率</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">期間</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>：</i> <i>絕對關係</i>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Absolute risk reduction" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute risk reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_risk_reduction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute risk reduction（页面不存在）">Absolute risk reduction</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_risk_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute risk reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute risk reduction</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attributable risk" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attributable risk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributable_risk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attributable risk（页面不存在）">Attributable risk</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk" class="extiw" title="en:Attributable risk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attributable risk</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Attributable risk percent" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attributable risk percent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attributable_risk_percent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attributable risk percent（页面不存在）">Attributable risk percent</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk_percent" class="extiw" title="en:Attributable risk percent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attributable risk percent</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><i>相對關係</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Odds ratio" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Odds ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odds_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odds ratio（页面不存在）">Odds ratio</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Odds ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Odds ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E6%AF%94" title="风险比">风险比</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidemiological_methods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidemiological methods（页面不存在）">其它</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures" class="extiw" title="en:Epidemiological methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epidemiological_methods#Other_measures</span></a></span>）</span></span>：</i> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="End point of clinical trials" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="End point of clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_point_of_clinical_trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="End point of clinical trials（页面不存在）">End point of clinical trials</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_point_of_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:End point of clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">End point of clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%8A%9B" title="毒力">病毒性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="死亡率">死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">病發率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E7%8E%87" title="致死率">病死率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing（页面不存在）">Likelihood-ratios</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pre- and post-test probability" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre- and post-test probability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-_and_post-test_probability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre- and post-test probability（页面不存在）">Pre/post-test probability</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-_and_post-test_probability" class="extiw" title="en:Pre- and post-test probability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre- and post-test probability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">試驗/測試類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="動物試驗">Animal testing</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Animal testing on non-human primates" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Animal testing on non-human primates"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal testing on non-human primates（页面不存在）">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" class="extiw" title="en:Animal testing on non-human primates"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Animal testing on non-human primates</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="First-in-man study" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First-in-man study"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First-in-man_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-in-man study（页面不存在）">First-in-man study</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-in-man_study" class="extiw" title="en:First-in-man study"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First-in-man study</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Multicenter trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multicenter trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multicenter_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multicenter trial（页面不存在）">Multicenter trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicenter_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Multicenter trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multicenter trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Seeding trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Seeding trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seeding_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seeding trial（页面不存在）">Seeding trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeding_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Seeding trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Seeding trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vaccine trial" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccine_trial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaccine trial（页面不存在）">Vaccine trial</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床試驗分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analysis of clinical trials"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床試驗分析（页面不存在）">臨床試驗分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_clinical_trials" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of clinical trials"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analysis of clinical trials</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Risk–benefit ratio" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Risk–benefit ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risk–benefit ratio（页面不存在）">Risk–benefit ratio</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Risk–benefit ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Risk–benefit ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可再现性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproducibility"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%8E%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可再现性（页面不存在）">可再现性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility" class="extiw" title="en:Reproducibility"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproducibility</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" title="治療意向分析法">治療意向分析法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">對結果的解釋</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="选择性偏差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Selection bias"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="选择性偏差（页面不存在）">选择性偏差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias" class="extiw" title="en:Selection bias"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Selection bias</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%96%E5%AD%98%E8%80%85%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="倖存者偏差">倖存者偏差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%8D%E8%98%8A%E6%B6%B5%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" title="相關不蘊涵因果">相關不蘊涵因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C" title="零结果">零结果</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Category:临床研究">臨床研究分類</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床研究詞彙（页面不存在）">詞彙</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床研究主題列表（页面不存在）">主題列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="人工诱导免疫力（英语：-&#123;Artificial_induction_of_immunity&#125;-）_/_免疫：疫苗、疫苗接種、感染、接种（J07）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="Template:疫苗"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="Template talk:疫苗"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:疫苗"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="人工诱导免疫力（英语：-&#123;Artificial_induction_of_immunity&#125;-）_/_免疫：疫苗、疫苗接種、感染、接种（J07）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人工诱导免疫力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Artificial induction of immunity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%AF%B1%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工诱导免疫力（页面不存在）">人工诱导免疫力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" class="extiw" title="en:Artificial induction of immunity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Artificial induction of immunity</span></a></span>）</span></span> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E7%A7%8D" title="接种">接种</a>（<a href="/wiki/ATC%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(J07)" title="ATC代码 (J07)">J07</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">发展</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E4%BD%90%E5%89%82" title="免疫佐剂">佐剂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗成分列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of vaccine ingredients"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗成分列表（页面不存在）">疫苗成分列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vaccine_ingredients" class="extiw" title="en:List of vaccine ingredients"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of vaccine ingredients</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗数学建模" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematical modelling of infectious disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗数学建模（页面不存在）">数学建模</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mathematical modelling of infectious disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗时间线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of vaccines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗时间线（页面不存在）">时间线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_vaccines" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of vaccines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of vaccines</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗试验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine trial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗试验（页面不存在）">试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine trial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine trial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="结合疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conjugate vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结合疫苗（页面不存在）">结合疫苗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Conjugate vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conjugate vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="DNA疫苗">DNA疫苗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="RNA疫苗">RNA疫苗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E6%B4%BB%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="灭活疫苗">灭活疫苗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="活载体疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Live vector vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%BB%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="活载体疫苗（页面不存在）">活载体疫苗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_vector_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Live vector vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Live vector vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="減毒疫苗">減毒疫苗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="异种疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heterologous vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E7%A7%8D%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异种疫苗（页面不存在）">异种疫苗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Heterologous vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heterologous vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="亞單位疫苗">亞單位疫苗</a> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多肽疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peptide vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多肽疫苗（页面不存在）">多肽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Peptide vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peptide vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%A0%B7%E9%A2%97%E7%B2%92" title="病毒样颗粒">病毒样颗粒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="類毒素">類毒素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>全球： <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球疫苗免疫联盟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="GAVI Alliance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球疫苗免疫联盟（页面不存在）">全球疫苗免疫联盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI_Alliance" class="extiw" title="en:GAVI Alliance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">GAVI Alliance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗接种政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccination policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A7%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗接种政策（页面不存在）">政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccination policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccination policy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗接种时间表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccination schedule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗接种时间表（页面不存在）">时间表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccination schedule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccination schedule</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗致伤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine injury"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E8%87%B4%E4%BC%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗致伤（页面不存在）">疫苗致伤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_injury" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine injury"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine injury</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>美國： <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫实践咨询委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E5%92%A8%E8%AF%A2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫实践咨询委员会（页面不存在）">ACIP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" class="extiw" title="en:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗法庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine court"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗法庭（页面不存在）">疫苗法庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_court" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine court"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine court</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="儿童疫苗计划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccines for Children Program"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="儿童疫苗计划（页面不存在）">儿童疫苗计划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccines for Children Program"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccines for Children Program</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗不良事件报告系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗不良事件报告系统（页面不存在）">VAERS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗安全数据链接" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vaccine Safety Datalink"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗安全数据链接（页面不存在）">VSD</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" class="extiw" title="en:Vaccine Safety Datalink"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vaccine Safety Datalink</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疫苗</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">细菌</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="炭疽疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anthrax vaccines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%82%AD%E7%96%BD%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="炭疽疫苗（页面不存在）">炭疽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_vaccines" class="extiw" title="en:Anthrax vaccines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anthrax vaccines</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布鲁氏杆菌病疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brucellosis vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%B0%8F%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布鲁氏杆菌病疫苗（页面不存在）">布鲁氏杆菌病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Brucellosis vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brucellosis vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="霍亂疫苗">霍亂</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%96%89%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="白喉疫苗">白喉</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%97%9C%E8%A1%80%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="流感嗜血桿菌疫苗">流感嗜血桿菌</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E7%AB%AF%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E9%AB%94%E7%97%85" title="鉤端螺旋體病">鉤端螺旋體病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%A7%86%E7%97%85" title="莱姆病">莱姆病</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E%E9%9B%99%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="腦膜炎雙球菌疫苗">腦膜炎雙球菌</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="MeNZB" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="MeNZB"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeNZB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeNZB（页面不存在）">MeNZB</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeNZB" class="extiw" title="en:MeNZB"><span lang="en" dir="auto">MeNZB</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135（页面不存在）">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" class="extiw" title="en:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%97%A5%E5%92%B3%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="百日咳疫苗">百日咳</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="鼠疫疫苗">鼠疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E9%8F%88%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="肺炎鏈球菌疫苗">肺炎球菌</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺炎球菌结合疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺炎球菌结合疫苗（页面不存在）">PCV</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="肺炎球菌多糖疫苗">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%E5%9E%8B%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F" title="Q型流感">Q熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%82%B7%E9%A2%A8%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="破傷風疫苗">破傷風</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺結核疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tuberculosis vaccines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%B5%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺結核疫苗（页面不存在）">肺結核</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" class="extiw" title="en:Tuberculosis vaccines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tuberculosis vaccines</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%BB%8B%E8%8B%97" title="卡介苗">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="傷寒疫苗">傷寒</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ty21a" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ty21a"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ty21a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ty21a（页面不存在）">Ty21a</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty21a" class="extiw" title="en:Ty21a"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ty21a</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine（页面不存在）">ViCPS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斑疹傷寒疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Typhus vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%91%E7%96%B9%E5%82%B7%E5%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斑疹傷寒疫苗（页面不存在）">斑疹傷寒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Typhus vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Typhus vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>多價疫苗：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%99%BD%E7%A0%B4%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="百白破疫苗">百白破疫苗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92%E3%80%81%E5%89%AF%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92%E7%94%B2%E3%80%81%E4%B9%99%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E8%8F%8C%E8%8B%97" title="伤寒、副伤寒甲、乙三联菌苗">伤寒、副伤寒甲、乙三联菌苗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">病毒</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腺病毒疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="adenovirus vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BA%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腺病毒疫苗（页面不存在）">腺病毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adenovirus_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:adenovirus vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">adenovirus vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%AF%80%E6%80%A7%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="季節性流感疫苗">季節性流感</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2009猪流感疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2009 flu pandemic vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009%E7%8C%AA%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009猪流感疫苗（页面不存在）">H1N1</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:2009 flu pandemic vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">2009 flu pandemic vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pandemrix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pandemrix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandemrix（页面不存在）">Pandemrix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemrix" class="extiw" title="en:Pandemrix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pandemrix</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="减毒流感疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%8F%E6%AF%92%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="减毒流感疫苗（页面不存在）">减毒流感疫苗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Live attenuated influenza vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Live attenuated influenza vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汉坦病毒疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hantavirus_vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E5%9D%A6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉坦病毒疫苗（页面不存在）">汉坦病毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Hantavirus vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hantavirus_vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="A型肝炎疫苗">A型肝炎</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="乙型肝炎疫苗">B型肝炎</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="戊型肝炎">E型肝炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%98%A4%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="人类乳头瘤病毒疫苗">HPV</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cervarix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cervarix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cervarix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cervarix（页面不存在）">Cervarix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervarix" class="extiw" title="en:Cervarix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cervarix</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%A1%9B%E8%8B%97" title="加衛苗">加衛苗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%85%A6%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="日本腦炎疫苗">日本腦炎</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="麻疹疫苗">麻疹</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AE%E8%85%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="流行性腮腺炎疫苗">流行性腮腺炎</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Mumpsvax" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mumpsvax"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumpsvax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mumpsvax（页面不存在）">Mumpsvax</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumpsvax" class="extiw" title="en:Mumpsvax"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mumpsvax</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="脊髓灰質炎疫苗">脊髓灰質炎</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="脊髓灰質炎疫苗">沙賓疫苗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="脊髓灰質炎疫苗">沙克疫苗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="狂犬病疫苗">狂犬病</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="輪狀病毒疫苗">輪狀病毒</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="德國麻疹疫苗">德國麻疹</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="2019冠状病毒病疫苗">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%BE%9B" title="科瓦克辛">科瓦克辛</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%81%E8%8E%8E2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="克威莎2019冠状病毒病疫苗">克威莎</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%88%88%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E4%BE%86%E7%A6%8F%E3%80%8D2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="科興生物「克爾來福」2019冠狀病毒病疫苗">克爾來福</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="EpiVacCorona" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="EpiVacCorona"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=EpiVacCorona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EpiVacCorona（页面不存在）">EpiVacCorona</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona" class="extiw" title="en:EpiVacCorona"><span lang="en" dir="auto">EpiVacCorona</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%94%9F2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="強生2019冠狀病毒病疫苗">強生</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B32019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="莫德纳2019冠状病毒病疫苗">莫德納</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5-%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%B72019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="牛津-阿斯利康2019冠状病毒病疫苗">牛津－阿斯利康</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E7%91%9E-BioNTech_2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="辉瑞-BioNTech 2019冠状病毒病疫苗">辉瑞－BioNTech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賽諾菲-GSK 2019冠狀病毒病疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%BD%E8%AB%BE%E8%8F%B2-GSK_2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賽諾菲-GSK 2019冠狀病毒病疫苗（页面不存在）">賽諾菲-GSK</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%84%9B%E5%8F%AF%E7%B6%AD2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="眾愛可維2019冠狀病毒病疫苗">眾愛可維</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%97%E4%BA%9A2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="加马列亚2019冠状病毒病疫苗">衛星V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AB%AF%E6%96%B0%E5%86%A0%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="高端新冠肺炎疫苗">高端疫苗</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="天花疫苗">天花</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Dryvax" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dryvax"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dryvax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryvax（页面不存在）">Dryvax</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryvax" class="extiw" title="en:Dryvax"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dryvax</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%B1%E5%82%B3%E8%85%A6%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="蜱傳腦炎疫苗">蜱傳腦炎</a></li> <li>水痘—带状疱疹 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%97%98%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="水痘疫苗">水痘</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E7%8B%80%E7%9A%B0%E7%96%B9%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="帶狀皰疹疫苗">带状疱疹</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%86%B1%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="黃熱病疫苗">黃熱病</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>组合疫苗： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E8%85%AE%E9%A3%8E%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="麻腮风三联疫苗">MMR</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麻疹腮腺炎德國麻疹水痘混合疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="MMRV vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E8%85%AE%E8%85%BA%E7%82%8E%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%97%98%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麻疹腮腺炎德國麻疹水痘混合疫苗（页面不存在）">MMRV</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:MMRV vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">MMRV vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>研究： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%94%E8%82%AF%E9%9B%85%E7%86%B1" title="基孔肯雅熱">屈公熱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巨细胞病毒疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="cytomegalovirus vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巨细胞病毒疫苗（页面不存在）">巨细胞病毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cytomegalovirus_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:cytomegalovirus vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">cytomegalovirus vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E9%9D%A9%E7%86%B1%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="登革熱疫苗">登革熱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊波拉疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ebola vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊波拉疫苗（页面不存在）">伊波拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Ebola vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ebola vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴氏病毒疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴氏病毒疫苗（页面不存在）">巴氏病毒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Epstein–Barr virus vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epstein–Barr virus vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丙肝疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hepatitis C vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%99%E8%82%9D%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丙肝疫苗（页面不存在）">丙肝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Hepatitis C vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hepatitis C vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85#防治艾滋病" title="艾滋病">HIV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">原蟲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疟疾疫苗">瘧疾</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>研究: <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="锥虫病疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="trypanosomiasis vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%A5%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="锥虫病疫苗（页面不存在）">锥虫病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trypanosomiasis_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:trypanosomiasis vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">trypanosomiasis vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%95%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="蠕虫病">蠕虫病</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>研究： <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="钩虫疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hookworm vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%A9%E8%99%AB%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钩虫疫苗（页面不存在）">钩虫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hookworm_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:hookworm vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hookworm vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血吸虫病疫苗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Schistosomiasis vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血吸虫病疫苗（页面不存在）">血吸虫病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:Schistosomiasis vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Schistosomiasis vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="癌症疫苗">癌症疫苗</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALVAC-CEA_vaccine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine（页面不存在）">ALVAC-CEA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" class="extiw" title="en:ALVAC-CEA vaccine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ALVAC-CEA vaccine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="乙型肝炎疫苗">乙型肝炎</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%98%A4%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="人类乳头瘤病毒疫苗">HPV</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cervarix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cervarix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cervarix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cervarix（页面不存在）">Cervarix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervarix" class="extiw" title="en:Cervarix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cervarix</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%A1%9B%E8%8B%97" title="加衛苗">加衛苗</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NicVAX" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NicVAX"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NicVAX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NicVAX（页面不存在）">NicVAX</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NicVAX" class="extiw" title="en:NicVAX"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NicVAX</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TA-CD" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TA-CD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TA-CD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TA-CD（页面不存在）">TA-CD</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA-CD" class="extiw" title="en:TA-CD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">TA-CD</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TA-NIC" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TA-NIC"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TA-NIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TA-NIC（页面不存在）">TA-NIC</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA-NIC" class="extiw" title="en:TA-NIC"><span lang="en" dir="auto">TA-NIC</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">争议</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E7%8C%B6%E8%B1%AB" title="疫苗猶豫">普遍争议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E8%85%AE%E8%85%BA%E7%82%8E%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" title="麻疹腮腺炎德國麻疹混合疫苗爭議">MMR疫苗爭議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="邻乙汞硫基苯酸钠儿童疫苗伤害法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%BB%E4%B9%99%E6%B1%9E%E7%A1%AB%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E4%BC%A4%E5%AE%B3%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邻乙汞硫基苯酸钠儿童疫苗伤害法（页面不存在）">NCVIA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" class="extiw" title="en:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%97%98%E6%B4%BE%E5%B0%8D" title="水痘派對">水痘派對</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E6%9F%B3%E6%B1%9E%E5%92%8C%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="硫柳汞和疫苗">硫柳汞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德鲁·韦克菲尔德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andrew Wakefield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德鲁·韦克菲尔德（页面不存在）">安德鲁·韦克菲尔德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Wakefield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andrew Wakefield</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Service" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Service"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Service（页面不存在）">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Service</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Service" class="extiw" title="en:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Service"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Service</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="其他疫苗接种时间表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alternative vaccination schedule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="其他疫苗接种时间表（页面不存在）">其他疫苗接种时间表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" class="extiw" title="en:Alternative vaccination schedule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alternative vaccination schedule</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">流行病学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="消灭传染病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eradication of infectious diseases"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%BB%85%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="消滅傳染病">消灭传染病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" class="extiw" title="en:Eradication of infectious diseases"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eradication of infectious diseases</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疫苗主题列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of vaccine topics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疫苗主题列表（页面不存在）">疫苗主题列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" class="extiw" title="en:List of vaccine topics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of vaccine topics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%95" title="世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单">世卫基本药物（WHO-EM）</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup>从市场<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E5%9B%9E%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="撤回药品列表">撤回</a></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅲ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">第三階段</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>臨床試驗<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅱ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">未到第三階段</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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