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expedition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Montgomery's_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approach_to_St._Johns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach_to_St._Johns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Approach to St. Johns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approach_to_St._Johns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Montreal_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Montreal_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Occupation of Montreal begins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Montreal_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arnold's_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnold's_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arnold's expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnold's_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_and_siege_of_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_and_siege_of_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Battle and siege of Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_and_siege_of_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontent_in_Montreal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontent_in_Montreal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Discontent in Montreal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discontent_in_Montreal-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcements_arrive_at_Quebec_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reinforcements arrive at Quebec City</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reinforcements_arrive_at_Quebec_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reinforcements arrive at Quebec City subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reinforcements_arrive_at_Quebec_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>American troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>British troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carleton's_counteroffensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carleton's_counteroffensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Carleton's counteroffensive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carleton's_counteroffensive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carleton's counteroffensive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carleton's_counteroffensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trois-Rivières" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trois-Rivières"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Trois-Rivières</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trois-Rivières-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_to_Crown_Point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_to_Crown_Point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Retreat to Crown Point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_to_Crown_Point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipbuilding_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipbuilding_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Shipbuilding and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipbuilding_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valcour_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valcour_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Valcour Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valcour_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Invasion of Quebec (1775)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83_(1775)" title="غزو كيبيك (1775) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غزو كيبيك (1775)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_del_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasió del Quebec (1775) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió del Quebec (1775)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasionen_af_Canada_(1775)" title="Invasionen af Canada (1775) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Invasionen af Canada (1775)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_von_Kanada_(1775)" title="Invasion von Kanada (1775) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Invasion von Kanada (1775)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_de_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasión de Quebec (1775) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión de Quebec (1775)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Invasion du Québec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Invasion du Québec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%98%EB%B2%A1_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5_(1775%EB%85%84)" title="퀘벡 침공 (1775년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀘벡 침공 (1775년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasi Quebec (1775) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Quebec (1775)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasione_del_Canada_(1775)" title="Invasione del Canada (1775) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasione del Canada (1775)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iebrukums_Kan%C4%81d%C4%81" title="Iebrukums Kanādā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iebrukums Kanādā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="カナダ侵攻作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ侵攻作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasjonen_av_Canada_(1775)" title="Invasjonen av Canada (1775) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Invasjonen av Canada (1775)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Invasão do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Вторжение в Канаду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторжение в Канаду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_invasion_av_Kanada" title="USA:s invasion av Kanada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s invasion av Kanada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Вторгнення у Квебек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вторгнення у Квебек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="加拿大戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q952774#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Continental Army campaign during the American Revolutionary War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the resulting battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec (1775)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other Revolutionary War incursions into Quebec, see <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater of the American Revolutionary War</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Invasion of Quebec, 1775</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg/300px-The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg/450px-The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg/600px-The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec_December_31_1775.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Montgomery_in_the_Attack_on_Quebec,_December_31,_1775" title="The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775">The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec, December 31, 1775</a></i>, a 1786 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 1775 – October 1776</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> valleys</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CONGRESSOWN.jpg/23px-CONGRESSOWN.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CONGRESSOWN.jpg/35px-CONGRESSOWN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CONGRESSOWN.jpg/46px-CONGRESSOWN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="138" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Regiment" title="1st Canadian Regiment">Canadian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Green Mountain Boys">Green Mountain Boys</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Loyalists"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian troops</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Richard Montgomery</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thomas (general)">John Thomas</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(general)" title="William Thompson (general)">William Thompson</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_Wooster" title="David Wooster">David Wooster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Sir Guy Carleton</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanStrength_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanStrength-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 700–10,000+<sup id="cite_ref-BritishForceCount_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishForceCount-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>400 killed</li> <li>650 wounded</li> <li>1,500 captured</li> <li>5,000 infected by smallpox<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>100 killed</li> <li>about 230 wounded</li> <li>600 captured<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_WarCampaigns_and_theaters1967" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American <br /> Revolutionary War</a><br />Campaigns and theaters</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">Gulf Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_War_of_Independence:_West_Indies" title="Template:Campaignbox American War of Independence: West Indies">(West Indies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_between_Canada_and_the_United_States1307" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Canada-US" title="Template:Campaignbox Canada-US"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Canada-US" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Canada-US"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Canada-US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Canada-US"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_between_Canada_and_the_United_States1307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations"><span class="wrap">Conflicts between Canada and the United States</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair">Chesapeake Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Current Border Disputes</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Invasion of Quebec</b> (June 1775 – October 1776, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Invasion du Québec</i>) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. The objective of the campaign was to seize the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> (part of modern-day Canada) from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and persuade French-speaking <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadiens</a></i></span> to join the revolution on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. One expedition left <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Richard Montgomery</a>, besieged and captured <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Quebec)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)">Fort Saint-Jean</a>, and very nearly captured British General <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> when taking <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. The other expedition, under <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. The two forces joined there, but they were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a> in December 1775. </p><p>Montgomery's expedition set out from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> in late August, and in mid-September began <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Jean" title="Siege of Fort St. Jean">besieging Fort St. Johns</a>, the main defensive point south of Montreal. After the fort was captured in November, Carleton abandoned Montreal, fleeing to Quebec City, and Montgomery took control of Montreal before heading for Quebec with an army much reduced in size by expiring enlistments. There he joined Arnold, who had left Cambridge in early September on an arduous trek through the wilderness that left his surviving troops starving and lacking in many supplies and equipment. </p><p>These forces joined before Quebec City in December, and they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">assaulted the city</a> in a snowstorm on the last day of the year. The battle was a disastrous defeat for the Continental Army; Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded, while the city's defenders suffered few casualties. Arnold then conducted an ineffectual siege on the city, during which successful propaganda campaigns boosted <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> sentiments, and General <a href="/wiki/David_Wooster" title="David Wooster">David Wooster</a>'s blunt administration of Montreal served to annoy both supporters and detractors of the Americans. </p><p>The British sent several thousand troops under General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian auxiliaries</a>, to reinforce the province in May 1776. General Carleton then launched a counter-offensive, ultimately driving the smallpox-weakened and disorganized Continental forces back to Fort Ticonderoga. The Continental Army, under Arnold's command, hindered the British advance sufficiently that an attack could not be mounted on Fort Ticonderoga in 1776. The end of the campaign set the stage for <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Burgoyne's 1777 campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> valley. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/220px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/330px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/440px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Province of Quebec in 1775</figcaption></figure> <p>The objective of the American military campaign, control of the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">province of Quebec</a>, was frequently referred to as "Canada" in 1775. For example, the authorization by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> to General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a> for the campaign included language that, if it was "not disagreeable to the Canadians", to "immediately take possession of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Quebec)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)">St. John's</a>, Montreal, and any other parts of the Country", and to "pursue any other measures in Canada" that might "promote peace and security" of the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I_242_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I_242-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even relatively modern history books covering the campaign in detail refer to it as Canada in their titles (see references). The territory that Britain called Quebec was in large part <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French Canada</a> until 1763, when France ceded it to Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, which formally ended the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. (French leaders had <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Campaign">surrendered the province</a> to the British military in 1760.)<sup id="cite_ref-KingsfordV1_10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingsfordV1_10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Quebec" is used in this article, except in quotations that specifically mention "Canada", to avoid confusion between this historic usage, and usage with respect to the modern nation of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1775, the American Revolutionary War began with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. The conflict was then at a standstill, with the British Army surrounded by colonial militia in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>. In May 1775, aware of the light defenses and presence of heavy weapons at the British <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> led a force of <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">colonial militia</a> that <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">captured Fort Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crown_Point" title="Fort Crown Point">Fort Crown Point</a>, and raided <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Quebec)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)">Fort St. Johns</a>, all of which were only lightly defended at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-KingsfordV391_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingsfordV391-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ticonderoga and Crown Point were garrisoned by 1,000 Connecticut militia under the command of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hinman" title="Benjamin Hinman">Benjamin Hinman</a> in June.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I_182_3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I_182_3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_authorization">Congressional authorization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congressional authorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schuyler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Schuyler.jpg/170px-Schuyler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Schuyler.jpg/255px-Schuyler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Schuyler.jpg/340px-Schuyler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>, meeting in 1774, had previously invited the <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadians</a> to join in a second meeting of the Congress to be held in May 1775, in a <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">public letter dated October 26</a>, 1774. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> sent a second such letter in May 1775, but there was no substantive response to either one.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden195_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden195-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the capture of Ticonderoga, Arnold and Allen noted that it was necessary to hold Ticonderoga as a defense against attempts by the British to militarily divide the colonies, and also noted that Quebec was poorly defended. They each separately proposed expeditions against Quebec, suggesting that a force as small as 1200–1500 men would be sufficient to drive the British military from the province. Congress at first ordered the forts to be abandoned,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I_178_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I_178-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting New York and Connecticut to provide troops and material for purposes that were essentially defensive in nature. Public outcries from across <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and New York challenged the Congress to change its position. When it became clear that Guy Carleton, the governor of Quebec, was fortifying Fort St. Johns, and was also attempting to involve the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> in upstate New York in the conflict, Congress decided that a more active position was needed. On June 27, 1775, Congress authorized General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a> to investigate, and, if it seemed appropriate, begin an invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I_179_242_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I_179_242-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict Arnold, passed over for its command, went to Boston and convinced General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to send a supporting force to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> under his command.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden202_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden202-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensive_preparations">Defensive preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defensive preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the raid on Fort St. Johns, General Carleton was keenly aware of the danger of invasion from the south, and requested, without immediate relief, reinforcements from General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> in Boston. He set about raising local militias to aid in the defense of Montreal and Quebec City, which met with only limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffin496_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffin496-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the capture of Ticonderoga and the raid on Fort St. Johns, he sent 700 troops to hold that fort on the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a> south of Montreal, ordered construction of vessels for use on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Alden199_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden199-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recruited about one hundred <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> to assist in its defense. He himself oversaw the defense of Montreal, leading only 150 regulars, since he relied on Fort St. Johns for the main defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden202_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden202-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defense of Quebec City he left under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor">Lieutenant-Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hector_Theophilus_de_Cramah%C3%A9" title="Hector Theophilus de Cramahé">Cramahé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot53_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot53-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_for_Indian_support">Negotiations for Indian support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Negotiations for Indian support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Guy_Johnson.jpg/170px-Guy_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Guy_Johnson.jpg/255px-Guy_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Guy_Johnson.jpg/340px-Guy_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>This painting by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> is usually identified as a portrait of Guy Johnson, although a recent biography of <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Johnson">Sir William Johnson</a> claims that it actually depicts Sir William, Guy's uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guy_Johnson" title="Guy Johnson">Guy Johnson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> and British Indian agent living in the Mohawk Valley in New York, was on quite friendly terms with the Iroquois of New York, and was concerned for the safety of himself and his family after it became clear that Patriot sentiment had taken hold in New York. Apparently convinced that he could no longer safely conduct Crown business, he left his estate in New York with about 200 Loyalist and Mohawk supporters. He first went to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ontario" title="Fort Ontario">Fort Ontario</a>, where, on June 17, he extracted from indigenous tribal leaders (mostly Iroquois and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>) promises to assist in keeping supply and communication lines open in the area, and to support the British in "the annoyance of the enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I_293_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I_293-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there he went to Montreal, where, in a meeting with General Carleton and more than 1,500 indigenous peoples, negotiated similar agreements, and delivered war belts "to be held ready for service".<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar91_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of those involved in these agreements were Mohawks; the other tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy largely avoided these conferences, seeking to stay neutral. Many of the Mohawks remained in the Montreal area after the conference; however, when it seemed uncertain whether the Americans would actually launch an invasion in 1775, most of them had returned home by the middle of August.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14I_295_6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14I_295_6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Continental Congress sought to keep the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Six Nations</a> out of the war. In July 1775, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kirkland" title="Samuel Kirkland">Samuel Kirkland</a>, a missionary who was influential with the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneidas</a>, brought to them a statement from Congress: "we desire you to remain at home, and not join either side, but to keep the hatchet buried deep."<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar91_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Oneidas and <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscaroras</a> remained formally neutral, many individual Oneidas expressed sympathy with the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar91_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of Johnson's Montreal meeting prompted General Schuyler, who also had influence with the Oneidas, to call for a conference in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, to be held in mid-August. Attended by about 400 indigenous (primarily Oneidas and Tuscaroras, and only a few Mohawk), Schuyler and other Indian commissioners explained the issues dividing the colonies from Britain, emphasizing that the colonists were at war to preserve their rights, and were not attempting conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar91_3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar91_3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembled chiefs agreed to remain neutral, with one Mohawk chief saying, "It is a family affair" and that they would "sit still and see you fight ... out".<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar93_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did, however, extract concessions from the Americans, including promises to address ongoing grievances like the encroachment of white settlers on their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar94_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar94-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Montgomery's_expedition"><span id="Montgomery.27s_expedition"></span>Montgomery's expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Montgomery's expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the actions in this expedition: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longue-Pointe" title="Battle of Longue-Pointe">Battle of Longue-Pointe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Jean" title="Siege of Fort St. Jean">Siege of Fort St. Jean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Montgomery_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Richard_Montgomery_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg/170px-Richard_Montgomery_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Richard_Montgomery_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20110.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Richard Montgomery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The primary thrust of the invasion was to be led by General Schuyler, going up Lake Champlain to assault Montreal and then Quebec City. The expedition was to be composed of forces from New York, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Green Mountain Boys">Green Mountain Boys</a> under <a href="/wiki/Seth_Warner" title="Seth Warner">Seth Warner</a>, with provisions supplied by New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Lossing227_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lossing227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Schuyler was overcautious, and by mid-August the colonists were receiving reports that General Carleton was fortifying defensive positions outside Montreal,<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen309_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen309-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that some Native tribes had joined with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen291_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen291-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approach_to_St._Johns">Approach to St. Johns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Approach to St. Johns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg/170px-EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg/255px-EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg/340px-EthanAllenBeforePrescott1775.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Artist's depiction of <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> after his capture</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 25, while Schuyler was at the indigenous peoples conference, Montgomery received word that ships under construction at Fort St. Johns were nearing completion. Montgomery, taking advantage of Schuyler's absence (and in the absence of orders authorizing movement), led 1,200 troops that had mustered at Ticonderoga up to a forward position at <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_aux_Noix" title="Île aux Noix">Île aux Noix</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a>, arriving September 4.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen317_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen317-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schuyler, who was falling ill, caught up with the troops en route. He dispatched a letter to <a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston</a>, a Canadian prepared to raise local militia forces in support of the American effort, to circulate in the area south of Montreal. The next day, the forces went down the river to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Quebec)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)">Fort St. Johns</a>, where, after seeing the defenses and a brief skirmish in which both sides suffered casualties, they withdrew to Île aux Noix. The skirmish, which involved mostly indigenous people on the British side, was not supported from the fort, prompting the Indians to withdraw from the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen357_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen357-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any additional indigenous support for the British was further halted by the timely arrival of Oneidas in the area, who intercepted a Mohawk war party on the move from <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake">Caughnawaga</a> toward St. John's. The Oneidas convinced the party to return to their village, where Guy Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Claus" title="Daniel Claus">Daniel Claus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> had arrived in an attempt to gain the Mohawks' assistance. Refusing to meet directly with Johnson and Claus, the Oneidas explained to Brant and the Mohawks the terms of the Albany agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar97_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar97-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brant and the British agents left without any promises of support. (In a more formal snub of the British, the war belt that Guy Johnson gave to the Iroquois in July was turned over to the American Indian commissioners in December 1775.)<sup id="cite_ref-Glatthaar98_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glatthaar98-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this first skirmish, General Schuyler became too ill to continue, so he turned command over to Montgomery. Schuyler left for Fort Ticonderoga several days later.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen335_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen335-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After another false start, and the arrival of another 800–1000 men from Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York, as well as some of the Green Mountain Boys,<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen361_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen361-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montgomery finally began <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Jean" title="Siege of Fort St. Jean">besieging Fort St. Jean</a> on September 17, cutting off its communications with <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and capturing supplies intended for the fort. Ethan Allen was captured the following week in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longue-Pointe" title="Battle of Longue-Pointe">Battle of Longue-Pointe</a>, when, overstepping instructions to merely raise local militia, he attempted to take Montreal with a small force of men.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen384_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen384-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event resulted in a brief upturn in militia support for the British; but the effects were relatively short-lived, with many deserting again in the following days.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen388_410_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen388_410-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an attempt by General Carleton to relieve the siege failed on October 30, the fort finally surrendered on November 3.<sup id="cite_ref-Lossing229_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lossing229-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation_of_Montreal_begins">Occupation of Montreal begins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Occupation of Montreal begins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_attack_on_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/American_attack_on_Quebec.svg/170px-American_attack_on_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/American_attack_on_Quebec.svg/255px-American_attack_on_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/American_attack_on_Quebec.svg/340px-American_attack_on_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>American attack on Quebec: routes of the Arnold and Montgomery expeditions</figcaption></figure> <p>Montgomery then led his troops north and occupied <a href="/wiki/Nuns%27_Island" title="Nuns' Island">Saint Paul's Island</a> in the Saint Lawrence River on November 8, crossing to <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Saint-Charles" title="Pointe-Saint-Charles">Pointe-Saint-Charles</a> on the following day, where he was greeted as a liberator.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen474_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen474-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montreal fell without any significant fighting on November 13, as Carleton, deciding that the city was indefensible (and having suffered significant militia desertion upon the news of the fall of St. Johns), withdrew. He barely escaped capture, as some Americans had crossed the river downstream of the city, and winds prevented his fleet from departing right away. When his fleet neared <a href="/wiki/Sorel,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorel, Quebec">Sorel</a>, it was approached by a boat carrying a truce flag. The boat carried a demand for surrender, claiming that gun batteries downstream would otherwise destroy the convoy. Based on uncertain knowledge of how real these batteries were, Carleton elected to sneak off the ship, after ordering the dumping of powder and ammunition if surrender was deemed necessary. (There were batteries in place, but not nearly as powerful as those claimed.)<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley67_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley67-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 19, the British fleet surrendered; Carleton, disguised as a common man,<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourtheen487_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourtheen487-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made his way to Quebec City. The captured ships included prisoners that the British had taken; among these was <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hazen" title="Moses Hazen">Moses Hazen</a>, a Massachusetts-born expatriate with property near Fort St. Jean whose poor treatment by the British turned him against them. Hazen, who had combat experience in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> and went on to lead the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Regiment" title="2nd Canadian Regiment">2nd Canadian Regiment</a> throughout the war, joined Montgomery's army.<sup id="cite_ref-Everest31_3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everest31_3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before departing Montreal for Quebec City, Montgomery published messages to the inhabitants that the Congress wanted Quebec to join them, and entered into discussions with American sympathizers with the aim of holding a provincial convention for the purpose of electing delegates to Congress. He also wrote to General Schuyler, requesting that a Congressional delegation be sent to take up diplomatic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel141_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel141-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Montgomery's army departed due to expiring enlistments after the fall of Montreal. He then used some of the captured boats to move towards Quebec City with about 300 troops on November 28, leaving about 200 in Montreal under the command of General <a href="/wiki/David_Wooster" title="David Wooster">David Wooster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shelton122_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelton122-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the way, he picked up <a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston</a>'s newly created <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Regiment" title="1st Canadian Regiment">1st Canadian Regiment</a> of about 200 men.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteenII86_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteenII86-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arnold's_expedition"><span id="Arnold.27s_expedition"></span>Arnold's expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arnold's expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" title="Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec">Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec</a></div> <p>Benedict Arnold, who had been rejected for leadership of the Champlain Valley expedition, returned to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, and approached George Washington with the idea of a supporting eastern invasion force aimed at Quebec City.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen398_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen398-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington approved the idea, and gave Arnold 1,100 men, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>'s riflemen, for the effort.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteen515_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteen515-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnold's force sailed from Newburyport, Massachusetts to the mouth of the Kennebec River and then upriver to Fort Western (present day Augusta, Maine). </p><p>Arnold's expedition was a success in that he was able to bring a body of troops to the gates of Quebec City. However, the expedition was beset by troubles as soon as it left the last significant outposts of civilization in present-day Maine. There were numerous difficult <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portages</a> as the troops moved up the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a>, and the boats they were using frequently leaked, spoiling gunpowder and food supplies. The <a href="/wiki/Height_of_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Height of land">height of land</a> between the Kennebec and the <a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re_River" title="Chaudière River">Chaudière River</a> was a swampy tangle of lakes and streams, where the traversal was complicated by bad weather, resulting in one quarter of the troops turning back. The descent down the Chaudière resulted in the destruction of more boats and supplies as the inexperienced troops were unable to control the boats in the fast-moving waters.<sup id="cite_ref-ArnoldExp_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArnoldExp-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Arnold reached the outskirts of civilization along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> in November, his force was reduced to 600 starving men. They had traveled almost 400 miles through untracked wilderness. When Arnold and his troops finally reached the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a> on November 14, Arnold sent a negotiator with a white flag to demand their surrender, but to no avail. The Americans, with no cannons, and barely fit for action, faced a fortified city. Arnold, after hearing of a planned <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> from the city, decided on November 19 to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Neuville,_Quebec" title="Neuville, Quebec">Pointe-aux-Trembles</a> to wait for Montgomery, who had recently captured Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-SimeonXIV_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimeonXIV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he headed upriver, Carleton returned to Quebec by river following his defeat at Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-KingsfordV463_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingsfordV463-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 2, Montgomery finally came down the river from Montreal with 500 troops, bringing captured British supplies and winter clothing. The two forces united, and plans were made for an attack on the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Alden206_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alden206-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later the Continental Army again stood on the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a> and began to besiege the city of Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteenII98_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteenII98-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_and_siege_of_Quebec">Battle and siege of Quebec</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle and siege of Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the actions in and around Quebec City: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec (1775)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Pierre" title="Battle of Saint-Pierre">Battle of Saint-Pierre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg/170px-Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg/255px-Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg/340px-Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> was injured in the battle of Quebec.</figcaption></figure> <p>While planning the attack on the city, <a href="/wiki/Christophe_P%C3%A9lissier_(businessman)" title="Christophe Pélissier (businessman)">Christophe Pélissier</a>, a Frenchman living near Trois-Rivières, came to meet with Montgomery. Pélissier, who was politically supportive of the American cause, operated <a href="/wiki/Forges_du_Saint-Maurice" title="Forges du Saint-Maurice">an ironworks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maurice,_Quebec" title="Saint-Maurice, Quebec">Saint-Maurice</a>. Montgomery discussed the idea of holding the provincial convention with him. Pélissier recommended against holding a convention until after Quebec City had been taken, as the habitants would not feel free to act in that way until their security was better assured.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel185_186_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel185_186-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two did agree to have Pélissier's ironworks provide munitions for the siege, which he did until the Americans retreated in May 1776 (at which time Pélissier also fled, eventually returning to France).<sup id="cite_ref-ProcRSC1886_1_4_85_86_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcRSC1886_1_4_85_86-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montgomery joined Arnold and James Livingston in an assault on Quebec City during a snowstorm on December 31, 1775. Outnumbered and lacking any sort of tactical advantage, the Americans were soundly defeated by Carleton. Montgomery was killed, Arnold was wounded, and many men were taken prisoner, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteenII111_47_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteenII111_47-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the battle, Arnold sent Moses Hazen and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Antill_(soldier)" title="Edward Antill (soldier)">Edward Antill</a>, another expatriate American, to report the defeat and request support to Wooster in Montreal, and also to the Congress in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Everest35_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everest35-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_of_Quebec.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Invasion_of_Quebec.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Invasion_of_Quebec.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Invasion_of_Quebec.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Invasion_of_Quebec.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Invasion_of_Quebec.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Invasion_of_Quebec.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Defending Quebec from an American attack, December 1775</figcaption></figure> <p>Carleton chose not to pursue the Americans, opting instead to stay within the fortifications of the city, and await reinforcements that might be expected to arrive when the river thawed in the spring. Arnold maintained a somewhat ineffectual siege over the city, until March 1776, when he was ordered to Montreal and replaced by General Wooster. During these months, the besieging army suffered from difficult winter conditions, and smallpox began to travel more significantly through the camp. These losses were offset by the arrival each month of small companies of reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot126_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot126-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 14, Jean-Baptiste Chasseur, a miller living downstream from the city, entered Quebec and informed Carleton that there were 200 men on the south side of the river ready to act against the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot130_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot130-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men and more were mobilized, but an advance force was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Pierre" title="Battle of Saint-Pierre">Battle of Saint-Pierre</a> by a detachment of pro-American local militia that were stationed on the south side of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot131_132_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot131_132-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress, even before it learned of the defeat at Quebec, had authorized as many as 6,500 additional troops for service there.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson167_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson167-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the winter, troops trickled into Montreal and the camp outside Quebec City. By the end of March, the besieging army had grown to almost 3,000, although almost one quarter of these were unfit for service, mainly due to smallpox. An American veteran of the invasion, <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Henry" title="John Joseph Henry">John Joseph Henry</a>, later recalled that American troops inoculated themselves against smallpox during the campaign "by laceration under the finger nails by means of pins or needles." This practice continued ever after military officials attempted to prohibit it, as it was reducing the invasion force's combat efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, James Livingston and Moses Hazen, commanding the 500 Canadians in the army, were pessimistic about the loyalty of their men and the cooperation of the population due to persistent Loyalist propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot133_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot133-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress was conflicted about requests that Arnold made for a more experienced general officer to lead the siege effort. They first chose <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a>, a major general with experience in the British Army, to lead the troops in Quebec in January. One week later, they retracted the step, and instead sent Lee into the southern states to direct efforts against an anticipated British attack there.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson173_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson173-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The British attempt was thwarted in the June 1776 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">Battle of Sullivan's Island</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They finally settled in March 1776 on Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thomas (general)">John Thomas</a>, who had served in the army besieging Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson173_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson173-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discontent_in_Montreal">Discontent in Montreal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Discontent in Montreal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the action near Montreal: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cedars" title="Battle of the Cedars">Battle of the Cedars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg/220px-Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg/330px-Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg/440px-Map_of_Montreal_1744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1744</figcaption></figure> <p>When General Montgomery left Montreal for Quebec City, he left the administration of the city in the hands of Connecticut's Brigadier General David Wooster. While Wooster at first had decent relations with the community, he took a number of steps that caused the local population to come to dislike the American military presence. After promising American ideals to the population, he began arresting Loyalists and threatening arrest and punishment of anyone opposed to the American cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley110_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley110-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also disarmed several communities, and attempted to force local militia members to surrender their Crown commissions. Those who refused were arrested and imprisoned at Fort Chambly.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley111_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and similar acts, combined with the fact that the Americans were paying for supplies and services with paper money rather than coin, served to disillusion the local population about the entire American enterprise. On March 20, Wooster left to take command of the forces at Quebec City, leaving Moses Hazen, who had raised the 2nd Canadian Regiment, in command of Montreal until Arnold arrived on April 19.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley112_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley112-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 29, a delegation consisting of three members of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, along with an American Jesuit priest, <a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carroll (bishop)">John Carroll</a> (later the first Catholic bishop in the United States) and a French printer from Philadelphia, arrived in Montreal. The Continental Congress had assigned this delegation the tasks of assessing the situation in Quebec and attempting to sway public opinion to their cause. This delegation, which included <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, was largely unsuccessful in its efforts, as relations were already significantly damaged. The delegation had not brought any hard currency to alleviate debts to the population that were accumulating. Efforts to turn the Catholic clergy to their cause failed, as the local priests pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> had given them what they wanted. <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Mesplet" title="Fleury Mesplet">Fleury Mesplet</a>, the printer, while he had set up his press, did not have time to produce anything before events began to overtake the delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley115_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley115-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin and Carroll left Montreal on May 11, following news that the American forces at Quebec City were in panicked retreat,<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot141_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot141-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to return to Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll</a>, the other two delegates, analyzed the military situation in the area south and east of Montreal, finding it a good place to set up a defense. On May 27, they wrote a report to Congress on the situation, and left for the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley116_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley116-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cedars">The Cedars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Cedars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornplanter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cornplanter.jpg/170px-Cornplanter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cornplanter.jpg/255px-Cornplanter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cornplanter.jpg/340px-Cornplanter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornplanter" title="Cornplanter">Cornplanter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca</a> chief, supported the British side, and may have fought in this campaign.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upriver from Montreal were a series of small British garrisons that the Americans had not concerned themselves with during the occupation. As spring approached, bands of <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuga nation">Cayuga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississauga</a> warriors began to gather at <a href="/wiki/Oswegatchie,_New_York" title="Oswegatchie, New York">Oswegatchie</a>, one of these garrisons, giving the commander there, Captain George Forster, a force with which to cause trouble for the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley117_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley117-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forster had recruited them on the recommendation of a Loyalist who had escaped from Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot141_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot141-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while General Wooster, much to the annoyance of both Patriot and Loyalist merchants, had refused to permit trade with the Indians upriver out of fear that supplies sent in that direction would be used by the British forces there, the congressional delegation reversed his decision and supplies began flowing out of the city up the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley118_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley118-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent the flow of supplies to the British forces upriver, and in response to rumours of indigenous peoples gathering, Moses Hazen detached Colonel <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bedel" title="Timothy Bedel">Timothy Bedel</a> and 390 men to a position 40 miles (64 km) upriver at <a href="/wiki/Les_C%C3%A8dres,_Quebec" title="Les Cèdres, Quebec">Les Cèdres</a> (English: <i>The Cedars</i>), where they built a stockaded defense works.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley118_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley118-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Forster was made aware of these movements by Indian spies and Loyalists, and on May 15 began to move downriver with a mixed force of about 250 Natives, militia, and regulars. In an odd series of encounters known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cedars" title="Battle of the Cedars">Battle of the Cedars</a>, Bedel's lieutenant Isaac Butterfield surrendered this entire force without a fight on the 18th, and another 100 men brought as reinforcements also surrendered after a brief skirmish on the 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley119_121_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley119_121-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quinze-Chênes"><span id="Quinze-Ch.C3.AAnes"></span>Quinze-Chênes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quinze-Chênes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On receiving news of Butterfield's capture, Arnold immediately began assembling a force to recover them, which he entrenched in a position at <a href="/wiki/Lachine,_Quebec" title="Lachine, Quebec">Lachine</a>, just upriver from Montreal. Forster, who had left the captives in the stockade at Les Cèdres, moved closer to Montreal with a force now numbering around 500, until May 24 when he received intelligence of Arnold's location, and that Arnold was expecting additional forces which would significantly outnumber his. Since his force was dwindling in size, he negotiated an agreement with his captives to exchange them for British prisoners taken during the Siege of Fort St. Jean. After a brief exchange of cannon fire at <a href="/wiki/Vaudreuil-Dorion,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudreuil-Dorion, Quebec">Quinze-Chênes</a>, Arnold also agreed to the exchange, which took place between May 27 and 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley121_123_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley121_123-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reinforcements_arrive_at_Quebec_City">Reinforcements arrive at Quebec City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reinforcements arrive at Quebec City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg/170px-BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg/255px-BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg/340px-BurgoyneByReynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_John_Burgoyne" title="Portrait of John Burgoyne">Portrait of John Burgoyne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, 1766. Burgoyne arrived with the reinforcements</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_troops">American troops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American troops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General John Thomas was unable to move north until late April, due to the icy conditions on Lake Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson184_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson184-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned about reports of troop readiness and sickness, he made requests to Washington for additional men to follow him while he waited for conditions to improve. Upon his arrival in Montreal, he learned that many men had promised to stay only until April 15, and most of these were insistent on returning home. This was compounded by relatively low enrollments in regiments actually raised for service in Quebec. One regiment with an authorized strength of 750, sailed north with but 75 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson187_8_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson187_8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deficiencies prompted Congress to order Washington to send more troops north. In late April, Washington ordered ten regiments, led by Generals <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(general)" title="William Thompson (general)">William Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a>, to go north from New York. This significantly reduced Washington's forces that were preparing for a British attack there.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson188_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson188-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also exposed transport problems: there were insufficient sailing hands on Lakes George and Champlain to easily move all of these men. Furthermore, there was also a shortage of supplies in Quebec, and much of the shipping was needed to move provisions instead of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson189_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson189-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Sullivan's men were held up at Ticonderoga, and Sullivan did not reach <a href="/wiki/Sorel,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorel, Quebec">Sorel</a> until the beginning of June.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson210_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson210-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Wooster arrived in the American camp outside Quebec City in early April with reinforcements. Reinforcements continued to arrive from the south in modest numbers, until General Thomas arrived at the end of April and assumed command of a force that was nominally over 2,000 strong, but in reality was significantly diminished by the effects of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and the hardships of the Canadian winter. Rumors began circulating on May 2 that British ships were coming up the river. Thomas decided on May 5 to evacuate the sick to <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, with the rest of the forces to withdraw as soon as practical. Late on that day he received intelligence that 15 ships were 40 leagues below the city, awaiting favorable conditions to come up the river. The pace of camp evacuation took on a sense of urgency early the next day when ship's masts were spotted; the wind had changed, and 3 ships of the fleet had reached the city.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteenII294_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteenII294-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_troops">British troops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: British troops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After news of Lexington and Concord reached London, the government of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a>, realizing it would require the support of foreign troops to combat the rebellion, began negotiating with European allies for the use of their troops in North America. Requests to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> troops were refused, but a number of <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German principalities were prepared to offer theirs</a>. Of the 50,000 troops that Britain raised in 1776, nearly one third came from a handful of these principalities; the number of troops from <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Cassel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Hanau" title="Hesse-Hanau">Hesse-Hanau</a> caused them to be widely referred to as <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N46_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N46-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these 50,000, about 11,000 were destined for service in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-N92_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N92-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops from Hesse-Hanau and <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> sailed in February 1776 for <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, where they joined a convoy carrying British troops that sailed in early April.<sup id="cite_ref-K89_96_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K89_96-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carleton, having been informed of pace of activity in the American camp, rapidly unloaded reinforcements from the arrived ships, and around noon marched with a force of about 900 troops to test the Americans. The American response was essentially panic; a disorganized retreat began that might have ended even more disastrously for the Americans had Carleton pressed his advantage. Hoping to win over the rebels with a lenient attitude,<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot139_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot139-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was content to send ships up the river to harass the Americans, and to possibly cut them off. He also captured a number of Americans, mostly sick and wounded, but also a detachment of troops that had been abandoned on the south side of the St. Lawrence. The Americans, in their hurry to get away, left numerous valuable military effects, including cannon and gunpowder, in their wake.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanctot139_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanctot139-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regrouped on the 7th at <a href="/wiki/Deschambault,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Deschambault, Quebec">Deschambault</a>, about 40 miles upriver from Quebec City. Thomas held a war council there, in which most of the leadership favored retreat. Thomas opted to retain 500 men at Deschambault while sending the rest to Sorel, and also sent word to Montreal for assistance, since many of the troops had little more than the clothes on their backs and a few days rations.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteenII345_6_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteenII345_6-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congressional delegation in Montreal, upon hearing this news, determined that holding the Saint Lawrence would no longer be possible, and dispatched only a small number of troops toward Deschambault. Thomas, after waiting for six days for word from Montreal and hearing none, began to withdraw toward Trois-Rivières, but not before having to fight off skirmishers from forces landed from British ships on the river. They reached Trois-Rivières on May 15, where they left the sick, and a detachment of New Jersey troops to defend them. By the 18th, the remaining troops joined reinforcements under General Thompson at Sorel, where on the 21st, a council was held with the Congressional delegates. Thomas contracted smallpox that same day, and died on June 2. He was replaced by Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley125_126_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley125_126-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carleton's_counteroffensive"><span id="Carleton.27s_counteroffensive"></span>Carleton's counteroffensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Carleton's counteroffensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the actions in this offensive: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Trois-Rivières">Battle of Trois-Rivières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg/170px-General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg/255px-General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg/340px-General-Sir-Guy-Carleton_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Guy Carleton</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trois-Rivières"><span id="Trois-Rivi.C3.A8res"></span>Trois-Rivières</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trois-Rivières"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 6, 1776, a small squadron of British ships under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Douglas,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet">Captain Charles Douglas</a> had arrived to relieve Quebec with supplies and 3,000 troops, precipitating the Americans' retreat to Sorel.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithFourteenII294_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithFourteenII294-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, General Carleton did not take significant offensive measures until May 22, when he sailed to Trois-Rivières with the 47th and 29th regiments. While hearing news of Forster's success at Les Cèdres, instead of pushing ahead he returned to Quebec City, leaving Allen Maclean in command at Trois-Rivières. There he met Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, who had arrived on June 1 with a large force of mostly Irish recruits, <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessian allies</a>, and a war chest of money.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley125_126_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley125_126-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans at Sorel, on receiving word that a force of "only 300 men" was at Trois-Rivières, thought that they should be able to send a force from Sorel to take Trois-Rivières back. Unaware that major British reinforcements had arrived, and ignorant of the geography around the town, General Thompson led 2,000 men first into a swamp, and then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Trois-Rivières">into the teeth of a reinforced, entrenched British army</a>. This disaster included the capture of Thompson and many of his senior officers, as well as 200 men and most of the ships used for the expedition, and forecast the end of the American occupation of Quebec. The American forces at Sorel, now under the command of General Sullivan, retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley127_128_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley127_128-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carleton once again did not press his advantage, even going so far as to eventually return the captives to New York, in great comfort, in August.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley128_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley128-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_to_Crown_Point">Retreat to Crown Point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Retreat to Crown Point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early on June 14, Carleton finally sailed his army up the river to Sorel. Arriving late in the day, they discovered that the Americans had abandoned Sorel just that morning, and were retreating up the Richelieu River valley toward Chambly and St. Johns. Unlike the departure from Quebec City, the Americans left in a somewhat orderly manner, although some units were separated from the main force by the arrival of Carleton's fleet, and were forced to march to Montreal to join Arnold's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley129_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley129-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carleton directed General Burgoyne and 4,000 troops to move up the Richelieu after the retreating Americans, while Carleton continued sailing toward Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley130_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley130-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Montreal, Arnold was ignorant of the events taking place downriver, having recently finished dealing with Forster. A messenger he sent downriver toward Sorel on June 15 for news from General Sullivan spotted Carleton's fleet, escaped to shore, and returned with the news to Montreal on a stolen horse.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley130_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley130-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within four hours, Arnold and the American forces garrisoned around Montreal had abandoned the city (but not before trying to burn it down), leaving it in the hands of the local militia. Carleton's fleet arrived in Montreal on June 17.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley131_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley131-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arnold's troops caught up with the main army near St. Jean on the 17th.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley131_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley131-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sullivan's army was in no condition to fight, and after a brief council, the decision was made to retreat to Crown Point. The army reportedly got away from St. Jean almost literally moments before the vanguard of Burgoyne's army arrived on the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley132_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley132-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remains of the American army arrived at Crown Point in early July, ending a campaign that was described as "a heterogeneal concatenation of the most peculiar and unparalleled rebuffs and sufferings that are perhaps to be found in the annals of any nation", by Isaac Senter, a doctor who experienced much of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley132_133_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley132_133-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for the Americans, the campaign was not quite ended, since the British were still on the move. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipbuilding_and_politics">Shipbuilding and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shipbuilding and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Americans had been careful at every step of the retreat up the Richelieu and across Lake Champlain to deny the British of any significant shipping, burning or sinking any boats they did not take with them. This forced the British to spend several months building ships. Carleton reported to London on September 28 that "I expect our Fleet will soon sail with hopes of success should they come to action".<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley134_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley134-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Arnold, when he and Ethan Allen captured Fort Ticonderoga, had established a small navy that was still patrolling Lake Champlain. </p><p>While the British assembled a navy to counteract Arnold's, Carleton dealt with matters in Montreal. Even before the Americans retreated from Quebec City, he formed committees to look into the roles played by local Patriot sympathizers, sending them out into the countryside to arrest active participants in the American action, including those who had detained Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley124_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley124-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he arrived in Montreal, similar commissions were set up.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley134_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley134-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valcour_Island">Valcour Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Valcour Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg/170px-ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg/255px-ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg/340px-ValcourIslandMap1776Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>A map detail showing the formations at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> was given command of the Continental Army's northern forces in early July. He promptly moved the bulk of the army to Ticonderoga, leaving a force of about 300 at Crown Point. The army was busied improving the defenses at Ticonderoga, while Arnold was given the task of building up the American fleet at Crown Point. Throughout the summer, reinforcements poured into Ticonderoga, until the army was estimated to be 10,000 strong.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley136_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley136-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller army of shipwrights labored at Skenesborough (present-day <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_(village),_New_York" title="Whitehall (village), New York">Whitehall</a>) to build the ships needed to defend the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson228_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson228-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg/220px-GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg/330px-GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg/440px-GunboatPhiladelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1776)" title="USS Philadelphia (1776)">USS <i>Philadelphia</i></a> saw action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carleton began to move on October 7. By October 9, the British fleet was on Lake Champlain. In a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">naval action between Valcour Island and the western shore</a>, beginning on October 11, the British inflicted heavy damage to Arnold's fleet, forcing him to withdraw to Crown Point. Feeling that Crown Point would be inadequate protection against a sustained British attack, he then withdrew to Ticonderoga. British forces occupied Crown Point on October 17.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley137_143_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley137_143-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carleton's troops remained at Crown Point for two weeks, with some troops advancing to within three miles of Ticonderoga, apparently in an attempt to draw Gates' army out. On November 2, they pulled out of Crown Point and withdrew to winter quarters in Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley144_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley144-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invasion of Quebec ended as a disaster for the Americans, but Arnold's actions on the retreat from Quebec and his improvised navy on Lake Champlain were widely credited with delaying a full-scale British counter thrust until 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-M87_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M87-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous factors were put forward as reasons for the invasion's failure, including the high rate of smallpox among American troops.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carleton was heavily criticized by Burgoyne for not pursuing the American retreat from Quebec more aggressively.<sup id="cite_ref-N71_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N71-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these criticisms and the fact that Carleton was disliked by <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Lord George Germain</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> and the official in King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George</a>'s government responsible for directing the war, command of the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">1777 offensive</a> was given to General Burgoyne instead (an action that prompted Carleton to tender his resignation as Governor of Quebec).<sup id="cite_ref-N102_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N102-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant portion of the Continental forces at Fort Ticonderoga were sent south with Generals Gates and Arnold in November to bolster Washington's faltering defense of New Jersey. (He had already lost New York City, and by early December had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, leaving the British free to operate in New Jersey.)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conquering Quebec and other British colonies remained an objective of Congress throughout the war. However, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who had supported this invasion, considered any further expeditions a low priority that would divert too many men and resources away from the main war in the Thirteen Colonies, so further attempts at expeditions to Quebec were never fully realized.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith14II_459_552_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith14II_459_552-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several hundred men of British and French descent continued to serve in the ranks of the Continental Army following the retreat of 1776. Under Livingston and Hazen, they served in various theaters of the war, including the siege of Yorktown. Being unable to recover the property they lost in the Province of Quebec, many remained in the army out of necessity and continually pushed American political and military authorities to live up to their financial pledges. At war's end, <i>Canadiens</i> reunited with women and children who had survived on rations in Albany and Fishkill, New York; some accepted the opportunity to settle a northern New York tract designated for "refugees" from Canada and Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Paris peace talks</a>, American negotiators, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, unsuccessfully demanded all of Quebec as part of the war spoils. In the end, only <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">portions of southwestern Quebec</a> were ceded by Britain to the new United States.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> the Americans launched another invasion of British North America, and again expected the local populace to support them. That failed invasion is now regarded as a significant event in Canadian history; it has even been claimed as the birth of modern <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale8_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale8-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Early_engagements" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War#Early engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">List of American Revolutionary War battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavies1951" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Blodwen (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_MUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Quebec: Portrait of a Province</i></a>. Greenberg. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec%3A+Portrait+of+a+Province&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Greenberg&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Blodwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_MUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span><i>Carleton's men had won a quick and decisive victory</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmericanStrength-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmericanStrength_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Continental Army strength is difficult to count, owing to the number of times reinforcements were sent, and the number of sick that were sent home or died. As of May 1776, the army was estimated to be 5,000, with a significant percentage unfit for duty (Smith, Vol 2, p. 351), but this does not include forces that went home because of sickness or ending enlistments, were killed or captured in previous action, or turned back on Arnold's expedition. In June 1776, John Sullivan arrived at Sorel with over 3,000 men (Smith, Vol 2, p. 390). Given that <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" title="Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec">Arnold's expedition</a> lost 500 men (Smith, Vol 1, p 152), and over 400 were captured in the Battle of Quebec, and at least 900 men were sent home sick during the Siege of Fort St. Jean, 10,000 is a reasonable estimated of the number of troops sent to Quebec. The number of effective troops at any one time was generally much lower.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishForceCount-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishForceCount_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British forces at the beginning of the invasion were 700 regulars according to <a href="#Simeon">Simeon</a>, p. vii. These were augmented by militia support at Fort St. Johns and Quebec, raising total force to 1,800 for the major actions (<a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 342–3 and <a href="#Alden">Alden</a>, p. 209). Reinforcements arriving by June 1776 under Charles Douglas and John Burgoyne raised total troops to 10,000, plus militia and Indians (<a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), vol 2</a>, p. 430).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I_242-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I_242_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingsfordV1_10-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingsfordV1_10_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KingsfordV">Kingsford (vol 5)</a>, pp. 1–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingsfordV391-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingsfordV391_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KingsfordV">Kingsford (vol 5)</a>, p. 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I_182_3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I_182_3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 182–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alden195-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alden195_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Alden">Alden</a>, pp. 195–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I_178-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I_178_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I_179_242-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I_179_242_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 179–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alden202-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alden202_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alden202_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Alden">Alden</a>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffin496-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffin496_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Coffin">Coffin</a>, pp. 496–497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alden199-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alden199_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Alden">Alden</a>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot53-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot53_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Toole, 240, 374n2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I_293-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I_293_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glatthaar91-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar91_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar91_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar91_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glatthaar">Glatthaar (2006)</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14I_295_6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14I_295_6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 295–296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glatthaar91_3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar91_3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glatthaar">Glatthaar (2006)</a>, pp. 91–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glatthaar93-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar93_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glatthaar">Glatthaar (2006)</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glatthaar94-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar94_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glatthaar">Glatthaar (2006)</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lossing227-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lossing227_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lossing">Lossing</a>, pp. 227–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen309-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen309_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 309–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen291-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen291_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 291–292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen317-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen317_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 317–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen357-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen357_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glatthaar97-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar97_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glatthaar">Glatthaar (2006)</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glatthaar98-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glatthaar98_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glatthaar">Glatthaar (2006)</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen335-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen335_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen361-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen361_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 361–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen384-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen384_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen388_410-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen388_410_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 388, 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lossing229-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lossing229_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lossing">Lossing</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen474-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen474_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley67-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley67_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 67–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourtheen487-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourtheen487_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 487–490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everest31_3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everest31_3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Everest">Everest</a>, pp. 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel141-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel141_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shelton122-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shelton122_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shelton">Shelton</a>, pp. 122–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteenII86-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteenII86_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), vol 2</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen398-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen398_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, pp. 398–399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteen515-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteen515_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteen">Smith (1907), vol 1</a>, p. 515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnoldExp-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArnoldExp_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold's expedition is described in detail in e.g. <a href="#SmithMarch">Smith (1903)</a> and Desjardins (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimeonXIV-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimeonXIV_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Simeon">Simeon</a>, p. xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingsfordV463-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingsfordV463_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KingsfordV">Kingsford (vol 5)</a>, p. 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alden206-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alden206_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Alden">Alden</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteenII98-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteenII98_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), vol 2</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel185_186-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel185_186_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, pp. 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProcRSC1886_1_4_85_86-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProcRSC1886_1_4_85_86_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ProcRSC1886_1_4">Proc. RSC 1886</a>, pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteenII111_47-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteenII111_47_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), vol 2</a>, pp. 111–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everest35-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everest35_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Everest">Everest</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot126-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot126_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot130-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot130_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot131_132-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot131_132_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, pp. 131–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson167-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson167_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fenn" class="citation book cs1">Fenn, Elizabeth A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnauK2PI_9sC"><i>Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46680-804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46680-804-1"><bdi>978-1-46680-804-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pox+Americana%3A+The+Great+Smallpox+Epidemic+of+1775-82&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-46680-804-1&rft.aulast=Fenn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnauK2PI_9sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot133-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot133_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson173-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson173_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson173_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winsor, pp. 168–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley110-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley110_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley111-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley111_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley112-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley112_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 112–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley115-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley115_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot141-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot141_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot141_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley116-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley116_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley117-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley117_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley118-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley118_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley118_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley119_121-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley119_121_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 119–121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley121_123-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley121_123_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 121–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson184-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson184_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson187_8-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson187_8_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, pp. 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson188-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson188_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson189-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson189_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson210-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson210_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteenII294-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteenII294_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteenII294_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), vol 2</a>, pp. 294–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N46-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N46_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nickerson">Nickerson</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N92-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N92_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nickerson">Nickerson</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K89_96-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K89_96_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ketchum">Ketchum</a>, pp. 89–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanctot139-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot139_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lanctot139_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lanctot">Lanctot</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithFourteenII345_6-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithFourteenII345_6_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), volume 2</a>, pp. 345–346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley125_126-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley125_126_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley125_126_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 126–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley127_128-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley127_128_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley128-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley128_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley129-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley129_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley130-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley130_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley130_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley131-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley131_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley131_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley132-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley132_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley132_133-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley132_133_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley134-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley134_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley134_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley124-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley124_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley136-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley136_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson228-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson228_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley137_143-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley137_143_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, pp. 137–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley144-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley144_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stanley">Stanley</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M87-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M87_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Morrissey">Morrissey</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=4">"Gen. George Washington - A Threat of Bioterrorism, 1775"</a>. <i>EYEWITNESS</i>, US National Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debora Mackenzie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830494-400-17th-century-plot-to-use-plague-hats-as-bioweapons-revealed/">"17th century plot to use plague hats as bioweapons revealed"</a> <i>New Scientist</i>, 25 November 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/smallpox/">"Smallpox"</a>. The Washington Library at Mount Vernon. Retrieved 10 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N71-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N71_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nickerson">Nickerson</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N102-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N102_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nickerson">Nickerson</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winsor, pp. 367–373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith14II_459_552-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith14II_459_552_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SmithFourteenII">Smith (1907), volume 2</a>, pp. 459–552</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix, Patrick (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/abstract/journals/jeah/9/1/article-p59_59.xml">"Promises to Keep: French Canadians as Revolutionaries and Refugees, 1775–1800"</a>. <i>Journal of Early American History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18770703-00901004">10.1163/18770703-00901004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159066318">159066318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+American+History&rft.atitle=Promises+to+Keep%3A+French+Canadians+as+Revolutionaries+and+Refugees%2C+1775%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18770703-00901004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159066318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fabstract%2Fjournals%2Fjeah%2F9%2F1%2Farticle-p59_59.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRideau" class="citation book cs1">Rideau, Roger. <i>A Brief History of Canada</i>. Facts on File. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.aulast=Rideau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale8-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dale8_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Dale">Dale</a>, p. 8</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Alden" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John R (1989) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tV6skkasmpMC&q=A%20history%20of%20the%20American%20Revolution%20%22Alden%2C%20John%22&pg=PP1"><i>A history of the American Revolution</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80366-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80366-6"><bdi>0-306-80366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-306-80366-6&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtV6skkasmpMC%26q%3DA%2520history%2520of%2520the%2520American%2520Revolution%2520%2522Alden%252C%2520John%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Coffin" class="citation book cs1">Coffin, Victor (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provinceofquebec00coffuoft"><i>The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolution</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Province+of+Quebec+and+the+Early+American+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Coffin&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovinceofquebec00coffuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dale" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Ronald J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqbeE0N119kC&q=The%20Invasion%20of%20Canada%3A%20Battles%20of%20the%20War%20of%201812&pg=PP1"><i>The Invasion of Canada: Battles of the War of 1812</i></a>. James Lorimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-738-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-738-7"><bdi>978-1-55028-738-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Canada%3A+Battles+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=James+Lorimer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55028-738-7&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqbeE0N119kC%26q%3DThe%2520Invasion%2520of%2520Canada%253A%2520Battles%2520of%2520the%2520War%2520of%25201812%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Everest" class="citation book cs1">Everest, Allan Seymour (1977). <i>Moses Hazen and the Canadian Refugees in the American Revolution</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0129-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-0129-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+Hazen+and+the+Canadian+Refugees+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0129-6&rft.aulast=Everest&rft.aufirst=Allan+Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gabriel" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Michael P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1x2neu9sFNEC&q=Major%20General%20Richard%20Montgomery%3A%20The%20Making%20of%20an%20American%20Hero&pg=PP1"><i>Major General Richard Montgomery: The Making of an American Hero</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3931-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3931-3"><bdi>978-0-8386-3931-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+General+Richard+Montgomery%3A+The+Making+of+an+American+Hero&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3931-3&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1x2neu9sFNEC%26q%3DMajor%2520General%2520Richard%2520Montgomery%253A%2520The%2520Making%2520of%2520an%2520American%2520Hero%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Glatthaar" class="citation book cs1">Glatthaar, Joseph T; Martin, James Kirby (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenallieso00jose"><i>Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4601-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4601-0"><bdi>978-0-8090-4601-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63178983">63178983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Allies%3A+The+Oneida+Indians+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63178983&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-4601-0&rft.aulast=Glatthaar&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T&rft.au=Martin%2C+James+Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenallieso00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ketchum" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saratogaturningp00ketc"><i>Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War</i></a></span>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6123-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6123-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41397623">41397623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saratoga%3A+Turning+Point+of+America%27s+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41397623&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6123-9&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaratogaturningp00ketc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="KingsfordV" class="citation book cs1">Kingsford, William (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XspYAAAAMAAJ"><i>The History of Canada, Volume 5</i></a>. Roswell & Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Canada%2C+Volume+5&rft.pub=Roswell+%26+Hutchinson&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Kingsford&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXspYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix, Patrick (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/abstract/journals/jeah/9/1/article-p59_59.xml">"Promises to Keep: French Canadians as Revolutionaries and Refugees, 1775–1800"</a>. <i>Journal of Early American History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18770703-00901004">10.1163/18770703-00901004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159066318">159066318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+American+History&rft.atitle=Promises+to+Keep%3A+French+Canadians+as+Revolutionaries+and+Refugees%2C+1775%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18770703-00901004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159066318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fabstract%2Fjournals%2Fjeah%2F9%2F1%2Farticle-p59_59.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lanctot" class="citation book cs1">Lanctot, Gustave (1967). <i>Canada and the American Revolution 1774–1783</i>. Translated by Cameron, Margaret M. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+American+Revolution+1774%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Lanctot&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lossing" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson John (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirestateacom01lossgoog"><i>The Empire State: A Compendious History of the Commonwealth of New York</i></a>. Funk & Wagnalls. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871520500" title="Special:BookSources/9780871520500"><bdi>9780871520500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+State%3A+A+Compendious+History+of+the+Commonwealth+of+New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1888&rft.isbn=9780871520500&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempirestateacom01lossgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Morrissey" class="citation book cs1">Morrissey, Brendan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZG1Bisnwi8C&q=Quebec%201775%3A%20The%20American%20Invasion%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Quebec 1775: The American Invasion of Canada</i></a>. Translated by Hook, Adam. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-681-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-681-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec+1775%3A+The+American+Invasion+of+Canada&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-681-2&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZG1Bisnwi8C%26q%3DQuebec%25201775%253A%2520The%2520American%2520Invasion%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nelson" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, James L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzaMzmqa10cC&q=Benedict%20Arnold's%20Navy&pg=PP1"><i>Benedict Arnold's Navy</i></a>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146806-0"><bdi>978-0-07-146806-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255396879">255396879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%27s+Navy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255396879&rft.isbn=978-0-07-146806-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=James+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzaMzmqa10cC%26q%3DBenedict%2520Arnold%27s%2520Navy%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Nickerson" class="citation book cs1">Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) [1928]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpointof01nick"><i>The Turning Point of the Revolution</i></a></span>. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/549809">549809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turning+Point+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=Port+Washington%2C+NY&rft.pub=Kennikat&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F549809&rft.aulast=Nickerson&rft.aufirst=Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturningpointof01nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Porter" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Joseph Whitcomb (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoircoljonath00portgoog"><i>Memoir of Col. Jonathan Eddy of Eddington, Me: With Some Account of the Eddy Family, and of the Early Settlers on Penobscot River</i></a>. Sprague, Owen & Nash.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+Col.+Jonathan+Eddy+of+Eddington%2C+Me%3A+With+Some+Account+of+the+Eddy+Family%2C+and+of+the+Early+Settlers+on+Penobscot+River&rft.pub=Sprague%2C+Owen+%26+Nash&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Whitcomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoircoljonath00portgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ProcRSC1886_1_4" class="citation book cs1">Royal Society of Canada (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzMoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada: Délibérations Et Mémoires de la Société Royale Du Canada, 1886, Series 1, Volume 4</i></a>. Royal Society of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+and+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Canada%3A+D%C3%A9lib%C3%A9rations+Et+M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Royale+Du+Canada%2C+1886%2C+Series+1%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Canada&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Royal+Society+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzMoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shelton" class="citation book cs1">Shelton, Hal T (1996). <i>General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution: From Redcoat to Rebel</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8039-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8039-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-8039-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Richard+Montgomery+and+the+American+Revolution%3A+From+Redcoat+to+Rebel&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8039-8&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Hal+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SmithMarch" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arnoldsmarchfro02smitgoog"><i>Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec</i></a>. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnold%27s+March+from+Cambridge+to+Quebec&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnams+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farnoldsmarchfro02smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span> This book includes a reprint of Arnold's diary of his march.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SmithFourteen" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ls9BAAAAIAAJ"><i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony, Vol. 1</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Struggle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Ls9BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SmithFourteenII" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourstruggleforf03smitgoog"><i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony, Vol. 2</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Struggle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourstruggleforf03smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stanley" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, George (1973). <i>Canada Invaded 1775–1776</i>. Hakkert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Invaded+1775%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Simeon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Thayer" title="Simeon Thayer">Thayer, Simeon</a>; Stone, Edwin Martin; <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Historical_Society" title="Rhode Island Historical Society">Rhode Island Historical Society</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invasioncanadai00stongoog"><i>The Invasion of Canada in 1775: Including the Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer, Describing the Perils and Sufferings of the Army Under Colonel Benedict Arnold, in Its March Through the Wilderness to Quebec</i></a>. Providence, RI: Knowles, Anthony & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Canada+in+1775%3A+Including+the+Journal+of+Captain+Simeon+Thayer%2C+Describing+the+Perils+and+Sufferings+of+the+Army+Under+Colonel+Benedict+Arnold%2C+in+Its+March+Through+the+Wilderness+to+Quebec&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=Knowles%2C+Anthony+%26+Co&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft.au=Stone%2C+Edwin+Martin&rft.au=Rhode+Island+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvasioncanadai00stongoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Winsor" class="citation book cs1">Winsor, Justin (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8kp1AAAAMAAJ"><i>Narrative and Critical History of America: The United States of North America</i></a>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1390579">1390579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+and+Critical+History+of+America%3A+The+United+States+of+North+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1390579&rft.aulast=Winsor&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8kp1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Mark R (2013). <i>Battle for the Fourteenth Colony: America's War of Liberation in Canada, 1774–1776</i>. Hanover: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611684971" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611684971"><bdi>978-1611684971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%3A+America%27s+War+of+Liberation+in+Canada%2C+1774%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Hanover&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1611684971&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Mark+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1968" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Harrison (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/attackonquebecam0000bird"><i>Attack on Quebec</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attack+on+Quebec&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fattackonquebecam0000bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodman1902" class="citation book cs1">Codman, John 2nd (1902). William Abbatt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arnoldsexpediti00chapgoog"><i>Arnold's Expedition to Quebec</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1287849333">1287849333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnold%27s+Expedition+to+Quebec&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1287849333&rft.aulast=Codman&rft.aufirst=John+2nd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farnoldsexpediti00chapgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Desjardin" class="citation book cs1">Desjardin, Thomas A (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughhowlingwi0000desj"><i>Through a Howling Wilderness: Benedict Arnold's March to Quebec, 1775</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33904-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-33904-6"><bdi>0-312-33904-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+a+Howling+Wilderness%3A+Benedict+Arnold%27s+March+to+Quebec%2C+1775&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-312-33904-6&rft.aulast=Desjardin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthroughhowlingwi0000desj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch1979" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Robert McConnell (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thrustforcanadaa0000hatc"><i>Thrust for Canada: The American Attempt on Quebec in 1775–1776</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-27612-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-27612-8"><bdi>0-395-27612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thrust+for+Canada%3A+The+American+Attempt+on+Quebec+in+1775%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-395-27612-8&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Robert+McConnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthrustforcanadaa0000hatc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1980" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Kenneth Lewis (1980). <i><a href="/wiki/March_to_Quebec" title="March to Quebec">March to Quebec: Journals of the Members of Arnold's Expedition</a></i>. Down East Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-083-5"><bdi>978-0-89272-083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March+to+Quebec%3A+Journals+of+the+Members+of+Arnold%27s+Expedition&rft.pub=Down+East+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-89272-083-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumilly1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rumilly, Robert (1970). <i>Histoire de Montréal</i> (in French). Vol. 2. Montreal: Fides.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Fides&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rumilly&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInvasion+of+Quebec+%281775%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution2678" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution2678" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)#Revolution" title="History of New York (state)">New York in the American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1765</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_pole" title="Liberty pole">First Liberty poles erected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1770</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golden_Hill" title="Battle of Golden Hill">Battle of Golden Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1775</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1776</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Ship_Martyrs%27_Monument" title="Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument">New York Prison Ships begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="American Turtle">Submarine attack in New York Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Landing at Kip's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)" title="Great Fire of New York (1776)">Great Fire of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Execution of Nathan Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Battle of Pell's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1777</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_Raid" title="Meigs Raid">Meigs Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Anne" title="Battle of Fort Anne">Battle of Fort Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Setauket" title="Battle of Setauket">Battle of Setauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staten_Island" title="Battle of Staten Island">Battle of Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#First_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Freeman's_Farm_(Sept._19)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery" title="Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery">Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#Second_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Bemis_Heights_(Oct._7)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1778</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Setauket Spy Ring launched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cobleskill" title="Battle of Cobleskill">Battle of Cobleskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy#History" title="United States Military Academy">West Point established</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1778)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1778)">Attack on German Flatts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Unadilla_and_Onaquaga" title="Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga">Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Raid" title="Carleton's Raid">Carleton's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre" title="Cherry Valley massacre">Cherry Valley massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1779</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Battle of Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minisink" title="Battle of Minisink">Battle of Minisink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown" title="Battle of Newtown">Battle of Newtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_and_Parker_ambush" title="Boyd and Parker ambush">Boyd and Parker ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1780</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Young%27s_House" title="Battle of Young's House">Battle of Young's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Churchill" title="Elijah Churchill">First Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">André</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot%27s_Park" title="Patriot's Park">conspiracy exposed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klock%27s_Field" title="Battle of Klock's Field">Battle of Klock's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George" title="Battle of Fort St. George">Battle of Fort St. George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1781</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)" title="HMS Culloden (1776)">HMS <i>Culloden</i> runs aground at Montauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Washington calls off invasion of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Slongo" title="Battle of Fort Slongo">Battle of Fort Slongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johnstown" title="Battle of Johnstown">Battle of Johnstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1782</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1783</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuate New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Washington's Farewell to His Officers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Canada523" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Canada523" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">18000 BCE–1500 CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">1534–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule_(1763%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule (1763–1867)">1763–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">1867–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">1914–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> - (<a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)">Events of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of Chinese immigration to Canada">Chinese immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations"> Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_sports" title="History of Canadian sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manitoba" title="History of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario" title="History of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="History of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatchewan" title="History of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yukon" title="History of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brampton" title="History of Brampton">Brampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charlottetown" title="History of Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fredericton" title="History of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="History of Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lethbridge" title="History of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Markham,_Ontario" title="History of Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moncton" title="History of Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities" title="History of Northwest Territories capital cities">Northwest Territories capital cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="History of Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="History of Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="History of Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatoon" title="History of Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vancouver" title="History of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg" title="History of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Origins_of_names_of_cities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of names of cities in Canada">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_North_America162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template talk:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_North_America162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anguilla" title="History of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="History of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montserrat" 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