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id="toc-Errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Converting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VisualEditor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VisualEditor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>VisualEditor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VisualEditor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">List-defined references</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:List-defined_references" title="උදවු:List-defined references – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උදවු:List-defined references" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8" title="Help:列表定義式引用 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:列表定義式引用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8615581#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:List-defined_references"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Help:List-defined_references" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Help:List-defined_references" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&oldid=1229131097" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3AList-defined_references"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3AList-defined_references"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Help%3AList-defined_references&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page 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id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:LDRHOW"></span><span id="WP:LDRHTG"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:LDRHOW&redirect=no">WP:LDRHOW</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:LDRHTG&redirect=no">WP:LDRHTG</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>List-defined references</b> (LDR) are references that are defined in the reference list markup, as opposed to being defined in the body of the article. LDR was <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-09-21/News_and_notes#Reference_system_updated" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-09-21/News and notes">implemented in September 2009</a> as a way to make referencing articles easier and with less clutter. </p><p>This page is a continuation from a <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#List-defined_references" title="Help:Footnotes">section</a> of <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a>. This guide assumes you are familiar with the tools explained there, such as the features of <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>...</ref></code> tags, and the <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name=<var>"REFNAME"</var> /></code> parameter. </p><p>LDR makes viewing and editing references more difficult for users of <a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a>. You may wish to consider this before implementing it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Overview" data-mw-thread-id="h-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Overview"></span>Overview<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Overview"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LDR uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFNAME">named references</a> where each individual reference has a unique name and is defined within the reference list markup: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"name1"</span><span class="p">></span>reference<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"name2"</span><span class="p">></span>reference2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <dl><dd>Or; using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">refs</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"name1"</span><span class="p">></span>reference<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"name2"</span><span class="p">></span>reference2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>Alternatively, references can be defined using the 'referencing' wrapper template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (for brevity the parameter names <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|name=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> can be abbreviated to <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|n=</code> and <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|r=</code>): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">r</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">name</span><span class="o">=</span>"name1"<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span>reference<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">r</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">name</span><span class="o">=</span>"name2"<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span>reference2<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">references</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <dl><dd>Or; with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">refs</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">r</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">name</span><span class="o">=</span>"name1"<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span>reference<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">r</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">name</span><span class="o">=</span>"name2"<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span>reference2<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>Each reference is invoked in the body of the text using <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="name1" /></code> or <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">r</a>|name}}</code>. </p><p>Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules: </p> <ul><li>Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.</li> <li>Names <strong>must not</strong> be purely numeric; the software will accept something like <code>":31337"</code> (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore <code>"31337"</code> (purely numeric).</li> <li>Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like <code>"Nguyen 2010"</code> are preferred to names like <code>":31337"</code>.</li> <li>Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as <code>":0"</code> or <code>"NYT"</code>.</li> <li>Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant: <ul><li>Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters <code>A–Z</code>, <code>a–z</code>, digits <code>0–9</code>, and the symbols <code style="word-break: break-all;">!$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~</code>. That is, all printable ASCII characters except <code style="word-break: break-all;">#"'/=<>?\</code> and space.</li> <li>Inclusion of any other characters, <em>including spaces</em>, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, <code>name="John Smith"</code>. But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<code><</code>) or a double straight quote symbol (<code>"</code>), which may however be included by <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escaping</a> as <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&quot;</code> respectively.</li> <li>The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (<code>"</code>); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.</li></ul></li> <li>You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guidelines"></span>Guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guidelines"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>All list-defined references must be named</b>. Any name complying with the technical limitations above may be used; however, they should be consistent so that they can be edited by other users. A well-used practice is author-date, author-title or publication-date.</li> <li>Additionally, <b>any unused references will generate an error</b>. All list-defined references must be used in the body and vice versa, all <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="ABC">...</ref></code> tags must have defining information.</li> <li>List-defined references and references defined in the body of the article may be mixed on a page—this is not a technical limitation of the template. However, this may be confusing to ongoing editors, and should be normalized to a single style, per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">WP:CITEVAR</a>.</li> <li>Reference lists may be ordered in any manner (e.g. alphabetical by reference name), but the generated list will be in the order in which the references are invoked.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples"></span>Examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>The Sun is pretty big.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot01"</span><span class="p">/></span> But the Moon<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot02"</span><span class="p">/></span> is not so big.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot03"</span><span class="p">/></span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot04"</span><span class="p">/></span> <span class="gu">==Notes==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">refs</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot01"</span><span class="p">></span>Miller, <span class="ge">''The Sun''</span>, Oxford, 2005, p. 23.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot02"</span><span class="p">></span>Jones, <span class="ge">''The Solar System''</span>, MacMillan, 2005, p 623.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot03"</span><span class="p">></span>Brown, <span class="ge">''The Moon''</span>, 2006, Penguin, p. 46.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot04"</span><span class="p">></span>Smith, <span class="ge">''The Universe''</span>, Random House, 2005, p. 334.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-Foot02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot03_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot04_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot04-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Foot01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford, 2005, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, <i>The Solar System</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot03-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot03_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>The Moon</i>, 2006, Penguin, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot04-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot04_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>The Universe</i>, Random House, 2005, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br/> </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <caption><b>List-defined references with explanatory footnotes using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFGROUP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFGROUP">a separate reference group</a>.</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>The Sun is pretty big.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot01"</span><span class="p">/><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">group</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note01"</span><span class="p">/></span> But the Moon<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">group</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note02"</span><span class="p">/></span> is not so big.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot02"</span><span class="p">/><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">group</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note03"</span><span class="p">/></span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot03"</span><span class="p">/></span> <span class="gu">==Notes==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">group</span><span class="o">=</span>Note<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">refs</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note01"</span><span class="p">></span>But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note02"</span><span class="p">></span>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Note03"</span><span class="p">></span>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">==References==</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">refs</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot01"</span><span class="p">></span>Miller, <span class="ge">''The Sun''</span>, Oxford, 2005, p. 23.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot02"</span><span class="p">></span>Brown, <span class="ge">''The Moon''</span>, 2006, Penguin, p. 46.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Foot03"</span><span class="p">></span>Smith, <span class="ge">''The Universe''</span>, Random House, 2005, p. 334.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Note01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-Note02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Note03_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot03_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note01-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note01_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note02_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note03-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note03_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Foot01-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot01_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford, 2005, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot02_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>The Moon</i>, 2006, Penguin, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot03-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot03_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>The Universe</i>, Random House, 2005, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Usage_notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Usage_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Usage_notes"></span>Usage notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Usage_notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of list-defined references means that while editing, the references and footnotes formatted this way are all inserted in the source section where the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>|refs= }}</code> is located. This is primarily a change in the source code and does not affect the display of the article to a reader. The primary effects are for editors, as described below. </p><p>The LDR method removes any citation details or notes that could disrupt the edit window while editing the body of the text, which is especially useful if they are vertical or otherwise span multiple lines. Additionally, this centralised reference list section can be opened by itself if any of the citation entries need modification, which can be especially helpful if attempting to modify a reference that is used multiple times—avoiding any need to search the entire source for it. </p><p>A drawback of the approach is that these references can be harder to insert into the source, because they are separated from the text. The editor must either open the entire document to see the source for both the text and the reference list, or alternatively use a two-step procedure, first entering the identifier <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>" /></code> in the main text and then opening the reference listing section to enter the source or footnote as <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>"><var>content</var></ref></code>. Another overhead of this approach is that the list at the end of the article must be organised so that they can be found easily by an editor—most likely arranged alphabetically in the edit window by refname as this is most likely to retain source integrity and usefulness, even if the sections of the text are changed. </p><p>While it is often tidier to remove all citations from the source text, an acceptable compromise (especially for small articles) could be to only use LDR for citations used multiple times. This is because they already use the refname code so that they can be in multiple places—a simple move of the reference's source code from its first appearance to the reflist is a minor change. Additionally, these citations are more likely to need reviewing or modification, because they are more important to the article and contain more details, and making them easier to find and modify can be very helpful. Finally, this also maintains source integrity if the first instance of the reference changes, as noted above. </p><p>Additionally, a user-made script <a href="/wiki/User:PleaseStand/References_segregator" title="User:PleaseStand/References segregator">User:PleaseStand/References segregator</a> allows you to automatically separate citations from the edit window, and temporarily collect them in a separated "inline citation" window. In this format the citations can be manually inserted into the reference list. This can have some of the benefits of permanent LDRs where their use is not practical or is against consensus. However, please note that before saving the page, any contents of this window will be replaced into the main text source at the first matching <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>" /></code> tag unless it is manually emptied. As outlined on its page and below, it has an automatic conversion script that can process existing citations into a reference list by itself, but it is uncertain whether it can do this migration while editing. </p><p>Finally, there are some misconceptions about list-defined footnotes: </p> <ol><li>One of these is that the creation of separated footnote lists requires the use of list-defined footnotes. However, using a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFLIST#Grouped_references" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFLIST">'group' name</a> to differentiate various kinds of footnotes, is available regardless of whether list-defined or in-line footnotes are used. For example, in both cases one can designate notes as a group called "Note", and separate them from simple citations by using the in-line label <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref group="Note" name="<var>name</var>" /></code> (The complete explanation of the use of group names is illustrated in the second example in the <a href="#Examples">section immediately above</a>.)</li> <li>Another misconception is that there is an "either-or" choice between use of list-defined footnotes and in-line footnotes, and that all citations in an article must follow only one of the styles. In fact, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>|refs= }}</code> is entirely compatible with the use of in-line footnotes in the form <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref><var>content</var></ref></code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>"><var>content</var></ref></code>. Although use of both systems in the same article might appear confusing or undesirable, it is a fact that the two systems can be mixed indiscriminately with the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>|refs= }}</code>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Errors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Errors"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Errors"></span>Errors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Errors"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Errors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes referencing can produce errors that show up in red text. Please refer to <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Help:Cite errors</a> to help diagnose and solve these errors. Alternatively, check your code against the <a href="#Examples">example</a> above or the reflist documentation at <a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist#List-defined_references" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist § List-defined references</a>. Notably, errors at <i>either</i> the named ref tag or the reflist code can cause issues, as an entries must be defined and used in both for a LDR to work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Converting" data-mw-thread-id="h-Converting"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Converting"></span>Converting<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Converting"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Converting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Help:Converting between references formats</a></div> <p>Reference styles may be converted from or to list-defined references, following the same rules for other major changes to citation style, at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">WP:CITEVAR</a>. <a href="/wiki/User:PleaseStand/segregate-refs.js" title="User:PleaseStand/segregate-refs.js">User:PleaseStand/segregate-refs.js</a> has an option to assist conversion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="VisualEditor" data-mw-thread-id="h-VisualEditor"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-VisualEditor"></span>VisualEditor<span data-mw-comment-end="h-VisualEditor"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: VisualEditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>You can re-use existing list-defined references in VisualEditor for additional citations, but you cannot add or remove list-defined references. It also does not support modifying list-defined references inside <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, only <references/>. This will hamper users of the Visual Editor, and you may wish to consider these limitations if you are interested in adding list-defined references. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:R" title="Template:R">Template:R</a> – this template reduces the text needed to define and invoke named refs, <ref name="foo"/> becomes {{r|foo}}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_list-defined_references" title="Template:Use list-defined references">Template:Use list-defined references</a> – this optional template can be used to indicate to editors and tools that an article uses LDRs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Cumbril/Reference_Organizer" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Cumbril/Reference Organizer">Reference Organizer</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(<a href="/wiki/User:Cumbril/RefConsolidate_start.js" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Cumbril/RefConsolidate start.js">source</a>)</small><span id="User:Cumbril/RefConsolidate_start.js" class="scriptInstallerLink"></span> – is a tool that presents all references in graphical user interface, where you can choose whether the references should be defined in the body of article or in the reference list template(s) (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">list-defined format</a>). The choice can be applied to all references, to all references with a certain number of uses (citations), or by ticking references individually. You can also sort references in various ways (and keep the sort order in reference list template) and rename them. Use only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">if there is consensus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:List-defined_references&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copy the following code, <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Special:MyPage/common.js" title="Special:EditPage/Special:MyPage/common.js"><b>edit your user JavaScript</b></a>, then paste:<br/><code>{{subst:lusc|1=User:Cumbril/RefConsolidate_start.js}} </code> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br/>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" 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