CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Upanishad - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )nlwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","maart","april","mei","juni","juli","augustus","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"2e3c0efa-c93c-4293-a36e-959ada5475ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Upanishad","wgTitle":"Upanishad","wgCurRevisionId":68333758,"wgRevisionId":68333758,"wgArticleId":71032,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia:Commonscat zonder link op Wikidata","Hindoeïstische mythologie","Hindoeïsme","Veda's"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Upanishad","wgRelevantArticleId":71032,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"nl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"nl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6113985","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Direct-link-to-Commons","ext.gadget.ProtectionTemplates","ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks","ext.gadget.hoofdbetekenis-titelwijziging","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMapFrame","ext.gadget.subpages","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging" ,"ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/1200px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="496"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/800px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="331"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/640px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="265"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Upanishad - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Bewerken" href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (nl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Upanishad rootpage-Upanishad skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Naar inhoud springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofdmenu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofdmenu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofdmenu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Naar de hoofdpagina gaan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/25_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Upanishad" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Upanishad" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Upanishad" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Upanishad" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ontstaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontstaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ontstaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontstaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicaties_(selectie_van_Nederlandse_vertalingen)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicaties_(selectie_van_Nederlandse_vertalingen)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publicaties (selectie van Nederlandse vertalingen)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicaties_(selectie_van_Nederlandse_vertalingen)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Upanishad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 92 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="الأبانيشاد – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأبانيشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6" title="উপনিষদ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উপনিষদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fadlar" title="Upanişadlar – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Upanişadlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанішады – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Упанішады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанишади – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Упанишади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C" title="উপনিষদ্‌ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপনিষদ্‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixad" title="Upanixad – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Upanixad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadau" title="Upanishadau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Upanishadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderne" title="Upanishaderne – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Upanishaderne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaden" title="Upanishaden – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Upanishaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ουπανισάδες – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουπανισάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Dadoj" title="Upaniŝadoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Upaniŝadoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adid" title="Upanišadid – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Upanišadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اوپانیشادها – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشادها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adiq" title="Upanišadiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Upanišadiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Upanishads" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Goa Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A6" title="ઉપનિષદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉપનિષદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אופנישדות – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופנישדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisadok" title="Upanisadok – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Upanisadok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուպանիշադներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուպանիշադներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Upaniṣad – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="ウパニシャッド – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisad" title="Upanisad – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Upanisad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უპანიშადები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишадтар – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Упанишадтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%83%A4%EB%93%9C" title="우파니샤드 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우파니샤드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Упанишаддар – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Упанишаддар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ados" title="Upanišados – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Upanišados" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1adas" title="Upanišadas – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Upanišadas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉപനിഷത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപനിഷത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%97" title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ – Meitei" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯄꯅꯤꯁꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Meitei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اوپانیشتاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوپانیشتاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanischaden" title="Upanischaden – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Upanischaden" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanisjad" title="Upanisjad – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Upanisjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadene" title="Upanishadene – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Upanishadene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D" title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉପନିଷଦ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D" title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪਨਿਸ਼ਦ੍" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="उपनिषद – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उपनिषद" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upaniszady" title="Upaniszady – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upaniszady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanixade" title="Upanixade – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Upanixade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C8%99ade" title="Upanișade – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Upanișade" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Упанишады – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упанишады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="उपनिषद् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उपनिषद्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اپنشد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اپنشد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ady" title="Upanišady – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Upanišady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%A1ade" title="Upanišade – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Upanišade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadet" title="Upanishadet – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Upanishadet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Упанишаде – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Упанишаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishaderna" title="Upanishaderna – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Upanishaderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உபநிடதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உபநிடதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81" title="ఉపనిషత్తు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపనిషత్తు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="อุปนิษัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปนิษัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upani%C5%9Fad" title="Upanişad – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Upanişad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Упанішади – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Упанішади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B4%D8%AF" title="اُپنِشد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اُپنِشد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadlar" title="Upanishadlar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Upanishadlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o_ngh%C4%A9a_th%C6%B0" title="Áo nghĩa thư – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áo nghĩa thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥义书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უპანიშადეფი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უპანიშადეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥义书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Upanishad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%A9%E6%9B%B8" title="奧義書 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧義書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6113985#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upanishad" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overleg:Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Overleg over deze pagina (de pagina bestaat niet) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upanishad"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upanishad"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Upanishad" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Upanishad" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&oldid=68333758" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Upanishad&id=68333758&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUpanishad"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUpanishad"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Upanishad"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Upanishad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Upanishads" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6113985" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:MS_Indic_37,_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/260px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/390px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg/520px-MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Isa upanisad</figcaption></figure> <p>De <i><b>Upanishads</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskriet" title="Sanskriet">Sanskriet</a>: <i>Upanişad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a>: उपनिषद्) zijn <a href="/wiki/Esoterie" title="Esoterie">esoterische</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofische</a> verhandelingen die binnen het <a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme">hindoeïsme</a> als heilig beschouwd worden. De <i>Upanishads</i> behoren tot de <i><a href="/wiki/Shruti" title="Shruti">shruti</a></i>, op directe goddelijke inspiratie gebaseerd zonder fouten. De <i>Upanishads</i> beschrijven de <a href="/wiki/Mystiek" title="Mystiek">mystieke</a> en <a href="/wiki/Metafysica" title="Metafysica">metafysische</a> betekenis en waarde van de hymnen en voorschriften in de vier <i><a href="/wiki/Veda%27s" title="Veda's">Veda's</a></i>. De oudste <i>Upanishads</i> zijn ontstaan in de <a href="/wiki/Vedische_tijd" title="Vedische tijd">vedische tijd</a>. </p><p>Het woord <i>upanishad</i> betekent letterlijk "neerzitten bij" en duidt op het zitten van de <a href="/wiki/Leerling" title="Leerling">leerling</a> aan de voeten van de meester. De <i>Upanishads</i> zijn dan ook voor onderrichting bedoeld. De onderrichtingen van de <i>Upanishads</i> zijn uitgewerkt in de <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">vedanta</a>-filosofie. </p><p>De voornaamste <i>Upanishads</i> zijn die welke <a href="/wiki/Shankara" title="Shankara">Shankara</a> (788-820, schatting) uitkoos om van verklarende aantekeningen te voorzien. Deze <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukhya_Upanishads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukhya Upanishads (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mukhya Upanishads</a></i> telden er vroeger tien en de Indische traditie noemt ze in deze volgorde: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isa_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isa Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Isa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kena_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kena Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kena</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katha Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Katha</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasna_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasna Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Prasna</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mundaka</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandukya Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mandukya</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taittiriya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taittiriya Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Taittiriya</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aitareya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aitareya Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Aitareya</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandogya_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandogya Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chandogya</a></i> en <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Brhadaranyaka</a></i>. Volgens sommige geleerden schreef Sankara ook een commentaar op een elfde <i>Upanishad</i>, de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svetasvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svetasvatara Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Svetasvatara</a></i>. In zijn commentaar op de <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmasoetra%27s" title="Brahmasoetra's">Brahmasoetra's</a></i> verwijst hij naar nog vier andere, namelijk: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kausitaki_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kausitaki Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kausitaki</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabala Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jabala</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahanarayana_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mahanarayana</a></i> en <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paingala_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paingala Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Paingala</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontstaan">Ontstaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontstaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontstaan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Upanishads</i> ontstonden als reactie tegen de vedische rituelen, zoals de offers of <i><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna's</a></i>. In deze periode was het vedische gebied ondertussen uitgebreid tot de <a href="/wiki/Ganges_(rivier)" title="Ganges (rivier)">Ganges</a> en ontwikkelden zich voor het eerst sinds de <a href="/wiki/Indusbeschaving" title="Indusbeschaving">Indusbeschaving</a> weer steden. In deze steden werd de onderlinge solidariteit de <a href="/wiki/Familie_(verwanten)" title="Familie (verwanten)">familiebanden</a> ten dele vervangen door een solidariteit tussen de klassen. </p><p>De <i><a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">janapada</a>'s</i>, kleinere stamgebieden waarin leiders voortkwamen uit stam- en familieverbanden, vormden zich tot grote (<i>maha</i>) gebieden, de <i><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" title="Mahajanapada">mahajanapada</a>'s</i>, elk geleid door een koning met elk een eigen hoofdstad. Deze <a href="/wiki/Centralisatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralisatie">centralisatie</a> ging gepaard met een toenemende handel waardoor een handelaarsklasse kon ontstaan. De verschuiving van de macht van een raad van stamhoofden naar een koning, de <a href="/wiki/Verstedelijking" title="Verstedelijking">urbanisatie</a> en het ontstaan van een koopmansklasse bracht een <a href="/wiki/Individualisering" title="Individualisering">individualisering</a> teweeg die ook gevolgen had voor de religieuze beleving. Het leven als <a href="/wiki/Lijden" title="Lijden">lijden</a> kreeg een belangrijke plaats, terwijl het <a href="/wiki/Polythe%C3%AFsme" title="Polytheïsme">polytheïsme</a> in belang afnam. </p><p>Eerder lag de nadruk op de natuurlijke omstandigheden waarin de mens moest zien te overleven, maar in een steeds meer <a href="/wiki/Sociale_stratificatie" title="Sociale stratificatie">gestratificeerde</a> (gelaagde) samenleving groeide de <a href="/wiki/Sociale_ongelijkheid" title="Sociale ongelijkheid">ongelijkheid</a>. In andere samenlevingen ontstonden in gelijke omstandigheden religies die hier een <a href="/wiki/Rechtvaardigheid" title="Rechtvaardigheid">rechtvaardiging</a> voor boden in het <a href="/wiki/Hiernamaals" title="Hiernamaals">hiernamaals</a>. De brahmanen konden hier maar een beperkt antwoord op vinden. Zij vormden een gesloten groep die hun kennis en daarmee macht over de geestelijke wereld voor zichzelf hielden en vooral mondeling overbrachten. Dit systeem verkreeg een zekere starheid en gerichtheid op uiterlijke rituelen die onvoldoende voorzag in de eisen van de nieuwe samenleving. Zo ontstond een <a href="/wiki/Mystiek" title="Mystiek">mystieke</a> tegenbeweging van <a href="/wiki/Ascese" title="Ascese">ascese</a> op zoek naar het innerlijk en de verlossing van deze cyclus. Dat betekende overigens niet dat er sprake was van een volledige overgang. Buiten de stedelijke gebieden waar de nieuwe onzekerheden geen rol speelden, bleef er behoefte aan de oude vormen. Dit kon spanningen veroorzaken tussen de stedelijke elite en de landelijke bevolking. </p><p>Zo ontstonden de meer filosofisch getinte <i>Upanishads</i>. Hoewel eerder al <i>Upanishads</i> gevormd waren, ontstonden de belangrijkste in deze periode. In deze geheime teksten is een vroege filosofische bespiegeling te vinden over de aard van de wereld en de mensen en over wat er na de dood gebeurt. De aard van de wereld komt naar voren in de begrippen <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman_(filosofisch_concept)" title="Brahman (filosofisch concept)">Brahman</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Atman_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Atman (hindoeïsme)">Atman</a></i>. Het begrip <i>Brahman</i> had zich ontwikkeld tot het onpersoonlijke Absolute waaruit alles ontstaat, niet gebonden aan tijd (<i>kala</i>), ruimte (<i>desa</i>) en causaliteit (<i>nimitta</i>), dit in tegenstelling tot de goden. Atman had zich ondertussen ontwikkeld tot het diepste zelf. Waar deze ontwikkeling al eerder was begonnen, werd in de <i>Upanishads</i> de conclusie getrokken dat beiden één waren. Elke persoon heeft wel een eigen vorm, maar heeft dezelfde essentie als anderen. De echte overkoepelende werkelijkheid is <i>Brahman</i> die zich in personen als <i>Atman</i> manifesteert. Dit overkoepelende komt ook naar voren in de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Maha Upanishad</a></i>. Onder meer wordt hierin verkondigd <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasudhaiva_Kutumbakam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (de pagina bestaat niet)">Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam</a></i>, de wereld is één familie: </p> <dl><dd><i>Alleen kleingeestigen zeggen 'de ene is een familielid, de andere vreemdeling' </i></dd> <dd><i>Voor hen die grootmoedig leven, is de hele wereld een familie</i>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Maha Upanishad</a></i>, VI-71-72</dd></dl> <p>Een belangrijke revolutie in religieus denken die voortkomt uit de <i>Upanishads</i> is dat wat er na de dood gebeurt. Vanaf deze tijd zijn <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksa</a></i> centrale begrippen in de Indische filosofie en religie. <i>Samsara</i> is daarbij de eeuwigdurende cyclus van dood en wedergeboorte. Aangezien er sprake is van <a href="/wiki/Re%C3%AFncarnatie" title="Reïncarnatie">zielsverhuizing</a> bij de wedergeboorte, is men afhankelijk van <i>karma</i> – hoe men zich gedragen heeft in het eerdere leven. Het loont dus om een goed leven te leiden, want dan wordt men in betere omstandigheden opnieuw geboren. Dit betekende echter niet dat men hiermee direct geholpen was, aangezien de <i>Upanishads</i> het leven vooral als <a href="/wiki/Lijden" title="Lijden">lijdensweg</a> zien. De <i>moksa</i> of verlossing uit de eeuwigdurende cyclus geldt daarom als belangrijkste doel van goed leven. Daarbij verdwijnt de individuele ziel in de <a href="/wiki/Wereldziel" title="Wereldziel">universele ziel</a> zoals een rivier verdwijnt als deze in zee uitmondt. De uitbreiding van de doelen van het leven met <i>moksa</i> maakte van de <i>trivarga</i> (drie doelen) de <i>caturvarga</i> (vier doelen) of <i><a href="/wiki/Purusartha" class="mw-redirect" title="Purusartha">purusartha</a></i>. </p><p>In de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mundaka Upanishad</a></i> werden de vier <i>Veda's</i> neergezet als <i>apara</i>, de lagere vorm van de twee wijsheden tegenover <i>para</i>, de hogere wijsheid.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De <i>Upanishads</i> verwierpen de <i>Veda's</i> niet zoals de niet-orthodoxe scholen later zouden doen, maar plaatsten deze wel op een duidelijk lager plan dan de wijsheid van het weten van <i>Atman</i> en <i>Brahman</i>. Een radicale verandering is die tussen de waardering voor het dorpsleven (<i>grama</i>) tegenover de wildernis (<i>aranya</i>). In de vedische wereld bestond er van de laatste een negatief beeld, terwijl onder meer de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasna_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasna Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Prasna Upanishad</a></i> en de <i>Mundaka Upanishad</i> stellen dat dit de enige weg naar <i>moksa</i> is, terwijl bij het dorpsleven de cyclus van <i>samsara</i> in stand blijft. De verwarring is terug te vinden in de <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, waar de zieners, de <i><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rsi's</a></i> aan <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Brahma (hindoeïsme)">Brahma</a> vragen welke <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> nu gevolgd moet worden.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zo vormde de vedische offerreligie zich om, waarbij het offer en het verkrijgen van zonen niet meer de weg naar verlossing waren. Daarmee veranderde ook de status van het gezinshoofd, de <i><a href="/wiki/Grhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhastha">grhastha</a></i>. Aangezien dit de enige was die de <a href="/wiki/Drievoudige_schuld" title="Drievoudige schuld">drievoudige schuld</a> (<i>rna-traya</i>) in kon lossen, was dit de centrale figuur in het vedische leven geweest. Nu verschoof de voorkeur naar een celibate levensvorm, wat niet zonder slag of stoot ging. Als reactie hierop ontstond het <i><a href="/wiki/Asrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Asrama">asrama</a></i>-systeem, waarbij de verschillende levensvormen als gelijkwaardig worden gezien. Binnen dit systeem kregen de vijf grote dagelijkse offers (<i><a href="/wiki/Yajna#Mahayajna" title="Yajna">panca mahayajna</a></i>) een centrale rol. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 85%;"> <caption><big>Vergelijking wereldbeelden</big><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Vroege <i><a href="/wiki/Veda%27s" title="Veda's">Veda's</a></i> </th> <th><i>Upanishads</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Teksten </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Veda%27s" title="Veda's">Veda's</a></i> met <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmana%27s_(geschriften)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmana's (geschriften)">Brahmana's</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranyaka's">Aranyaka's</a></i> </td> <td><i>Upanishads</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">Geloof</a> </th> <td>Vele goden </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Brahman_(filosofisch_concept)" title="Brahman (filosofisch concept)">Brahman</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Focus </th> <td>Deze wereld </td> <td>Spirituele wereld </td></tr> <tr> <th>Primaire waarden </th> <td>Deugd, succes en plezier </td> <td>Verlossing (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksa</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nadruk op </th> <td>Gemeenschap </td> <td>Individuele zoekende </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Belangrijk </th> <td>Rituelen </td> <td>Kennis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gebed" title="Gebed">Gebed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meditatie" title="Meditatie">Meditatie</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">Samsara</a></i> </th> <td>Niet genoemd </td> <td>Fundamenteel probleem </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></i> </th> <td>Niet belangrijk </td> <td>Essentieel </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Bestaan </th> <td>Nadruk op <a href="/wiki/Pluralisme_(filosofie)" title="Pluralisme (filosofie)">pluralisme</a> </td> <td>Nadruk op <a href="/wiki/Non-dualisme" title="Non-dualisme">non-dualisme</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leven is een strijd </td> <td>Geweldloosheid (<i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Persoonsidentiteit" title="Persoonsidentiteit">Zelf</a> </th> <td>Dit lichaam en deze geest </td> <td>De <i><a href="/wiki/Atman_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Atman (hindoeïsme)">Atman</a></i> die <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman_(filosofisch_concept)" title="Brahman (filosofisch concept)">Brahman</a></i> is </td></tr> <tr> <th>Goddelijkheid </th> <td>Delen in goddelijkheid </td> <td>Goddelijk zijn </td></tr> <tr> <th>Universele orde </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rtam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rtam">Rtam</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Dharma (hindoeïsme)">Dharma</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astika_en_nastika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astika en nastika (de pagina bestaat niet)"><i>Astika</i>-school</a> </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indische_filosofie" title="Indische filosofie">Indische filosofie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFstische_filosofie" title="Hindoeïstische filosofie">Hindoeïstische filosofie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bron">Bron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bron"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Frauwalner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Frauwalner (de pagina bestaat niet)">Frauwalner, E.</a></span> <i>History of Indian Philosophy</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicaties_(selectie_van_Nederlandse_vertalingen)"><span id="Publicaties_.28selectie_van_Nederlandse_vertalingen.29"></span>Publicaties (selectie van Nederlandse vertalingen)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Publicaties (selectie van Nederlandse vertalingen)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Publicaties (selectie van Nederlandse vertalingen)"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Oepanisjads,</i> vertaald door <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Assuerus_Blok" title="Johannes Assuerus Blok">Ir. J.A. Blok</a>, 1926, Kluwer, Deventer</li> <li><i>De Upanishads</i>. Vertaald & toegelicht door Wim van de Laar, voorwoord door Philip Renard. Uitgeverij Nachtwind, 2015</li> <li><i>De elf grote Upanishaden</i>. Red.: Douwe Tiemersma. Vert. deels uit het Engels. Leusden, Advaita Centrum, 2004</li> <li><i>Tien upanishads</i>. Vert. uit het Sanskriet door de Stichting School voor Filosofie, gebaseerd op de Engelse vert. en de eerdere Nederl. uitg. (1975 en 1983). Ars Floreat, 1994</li> <li><i>De Upaniṣads</i>. Nederl. vertaling (vanuit het Engels) door Clara Streubel. Amsterdam, Theosophische Uitgeversmaatschappij, 1908</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arsfloreat.nl/documents/7Up.pdf">Zeven Upaniṣads</a></i> (pdf, met uitleg door Sri Sankaracarya), Ferit Arav/Ars Floreat, 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Noten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Lower knowledge is the knowledge of the Rg Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, the Atharva Veda, and also the knowledge of Phonetics, Ritual, Grammar, Etymology, Metrics and Astronomy.</i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanishad (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mundaka Upanishad</a></i> (1.1.4-6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>To which, indeed, of the </i>dharmas<i> should a person here most closely adhere? What do they have to say about this? Tell us, for the course of </i>dharma<i> appears to us to be diverse and contradictory.<br />Some claim that there is life after death, while others maintain that there is not. Some express doubt about everything, while others claim certainty.<br />Things are impermanent according to some and permanent according to others, unreal according to some and real according to others. Some believe that the one reality appears as dual, while others think that it is mixed; some teach unity, others separateness, and yet others multiplicity.<br />Thus do Brahmins who are wise and perceive the truth argue. Some wear matted hair and deer skin, others shave their heads, and still others go naked.<br />Some say that one should not bathe, while others insist on bathing. Some favor eating, while others are given to fasting.<br />Some praise rites and others the cessation from them. Some assert the influence of both place and time, while others deny it. Some extol liberation and others diverse pleasures.<br />Some desire wealth, while others strive after poverty. Some maintain the efficacy of worship, while others deny it.<br />Some are devoted to non-injury (</i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a><i>) and others to injury.</i>[Mogelijk wordt hier aan offers gerefereerd]<i> Some claim that one attains glory through good deeds, while others deny it.<br />Some delight in certainty as to the truth, while others adhere to skepticism. Suffering is the motive for some and pleasure for others.<br />Some assert the primacy of meditation, other wise men that of sacrifice, and still others that of giving gifts. Some assert the existence of everything, while others deny that anything exists.<br />Some praise austerity, while other people extol vedic study. Some assert that knowledge comes from renunciation, while nature philosophers claim that it comes from nature.<br />With so much disagreement regarding </i>dharma<i> leading in so many directions, we become bewildered, O god supreme, unable to reach any certainty.<br />"This is ultimate bliss," "No, that is ultimate bliss": so thinking, people charge on, for one always praises the </i>dharma<i> that one loves.<br />In this regard our judgment is confounded and our minds bewildered. This we want you to tell us, O lord: what is ultimate bliss?</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> (14.49)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Koller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Koller (de pagina bestaat niet)">Koller</a></span> (2016), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Laumakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Laumakis (de pagina bestaat niet)">Laumakis</a></span> (2008), p. 29</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katinkahesselink.net/india/upanishaden-filosofie.html">Filosofie van de Upanishaden</a></li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Upanishad#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Upanishad">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Upanishads#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Hindoeïsme"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie hindoeïsme"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Overleg_sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Overleg sjabloon"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoe%C3%AFsme&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Hindoeïsme" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme">Hindoeïsme</a></div> <div class="navigatie-afb-groot noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:DevanagariAum.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindoeïstisch symbool"><img alt="Hindoeïstisch symbool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DevanagariAum.svg/40px-DevanagariAum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DevanagariAum.svg/60px-DevanagariAum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DevanagariAum.svg/80px-DevanagariAum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Shruti" title="Shruti">Shruti</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts">Vier <i><a href="/wiki/Veda%27s" title="Veda's">Veda's</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yajoerveda" title="Yajoerveda">Yajoerveda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i>), elk onderverdeeld in <i><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhita's</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmana_(geschrift)" title="Brahmana (geschrift)">brahmana's</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">aranyaka's</a></i> en <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">upanishads</a></i></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Smriti" title="Smriti">Smriti</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga's</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Purana%27s" title="Purana's">Purana's</a></i> · <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavya (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kavya</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya's</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmasoetra" title="Dharmasoetra">Dharmasoetra's</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i> · <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibandha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nibandha (de pagina bestaat niet)">Nibandha's</a></i></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Concepten:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Varna_(groep)" title="Varna (groep)">Varna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ashrama" title="Ashrama">Ashrama</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brahman_(filosofisch_concept)" title="Brahman (filosofisch concept)">Brahman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atman_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Atman (hindoeïsme)">Atman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">Samsara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> · <a href="/wiki/Purushartha" title="Purushartha">Purushartha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dharma_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Dharma (hindoeïsme)">dharma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artha (de pagina bestaat niet)">artha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama_(filosofie)" title="Kama (filosofie)">kama</a> en <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksa</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Purusa" title="Purusa">Purusa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Prakrti" title="Prakrti">Prakrti</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFstische_filosofie" title="Hindoeïstische filosofie">Filosofische scholen</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Stromingen:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavisme" title="Vaishnavisme">Vaishnavisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shaivisme" title="Shaivisme">Shaivisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shaktisme" title="Shaktisme">Shaktisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Smartisme" title="Smartisme">Smartisme</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Godheden_en_teksten_binnen_het_hindoeïsme"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoe%C3%AFstische_goden_en_teksten" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie hindoeïstische goden en teksten"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoe%C3%AFstische_goden_en_teksten&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Godheden_en_teksten_binnen_het_hindoeïsme" class="navigatie-titel">Godheden en teksten binnen het <a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme">hindoeïsme</a></div> <div class="navigatie-afb-groot noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="HindoeSwastika"><img alt="HindoeSwastika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/30px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/45px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/60px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Godin" title="Godin">Godinnen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Danu_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Danu (hindoeïsme)">Danu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dakshayani" title="Dakshayani">Dakshayani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Devi_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Devi (hindoeïsme)">Devi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(godin)" title="Ganga (godin)">Ganga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kali_(godin)" title="Kali (godin)">Kali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Mariamman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Minakshi" title="Minakshi">Minakshi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> · <a href="/wiki/Saptamatrika" title="Saptamatrika">Saptamatrika</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_(godin)" title="Sarasvati (godin)">Sarasvati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sita_(godin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sita (godin)">Sita</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/God_(algemeen)" title="God (algemeen)">Goden</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Aditya" title="Aditya">Aditya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Brahma (hindoeïsme)">Brahma</a> · <a href="/wiki/Deva_(godheid)" title="Deva (godheid)">Deva</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hanoeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoeman">Hanoeman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Indra_(mythologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indra (mythologie)">Indra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kalkin_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkin (hindoeïsme)">Kalkin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kasyapa_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Kasyapa (hindoeïsme)">Kashyapa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Krishna_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna (god)">Krishna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marichi" title="Marichi">Marichi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mithra_(god)" title="Mithra (god)">Mitra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Murugan" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> · <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varuna_(god)" title="Varuna (god)">Varuna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overig:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Asura_(hindoe%C3%AFsme)" title="Asura (hindoeïsme)">Asura</a> · <a href="/wiki/Garoeda" title="Garoeda">Garoeda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koerma" title="Koerma">Koerma</a> · <a href="/wiki/Manu_(mythologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu (mythologie)">Manu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Naga_(bovennatuurlijk_wezen)" title="Naga (bovennatuurlijk wezen)">Naga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Purusa" title="Purusa">Purusha</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vim%C4%81na" title="Vimāna">Vimāna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vishvarupa" title="Vishvarupa">Vishvarupa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Yaksha_(god)" title="Yaksha (god)">Yaksha</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Teksten:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> · <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig-Veda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Purana%27s" title="Purana's">Purana's</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upanishads</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veda%27s" title="Veda's">Veda's</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&oldid=68333758">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&oldid=68333758</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Hindoe%C3%AFstische_mythologie" title="Categorie:Hindoeïstische mythologie">Hindoeïstische mythologie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Categorie:Hindoeïsme">Hindoeïsme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Veda%27s" title="Categorie:Veda's">Veda's</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Commonscat_zonder_link_op_Wikidata" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Commonscat zonder link op Wikidata">Wikipedia:Commonscat zonder link op Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 3 nov 2024 om 15:03.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. Zie de <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/nl">gebruiksvoorwaarden</a> voor meer informatie.<br /> Wikipedia® is een geregistreerd handelsmerk van de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, een organisatie zonder winstoogmerk.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacybeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia">Over Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Algemeen_voorbehoud">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragscode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/nl.wikipedia.org">Statistieken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//nl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upanishad&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobiele weergave</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5ddd465f49-jnv54","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.153","walltime":"0.477","ppvisitednodes":{"value":995,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":22278,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8784,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":8024,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 155.674 1 -total"," 33.27% 51.789 1 Sjabloon:Commonscat"," 31.21% 48.579 2 Sjabloon:Navigatie"," 30.89% 48.090 1 Sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoeïsme"," 30.29% 47.148 1 Sjabloon:Zusterproject_box"," 26.32% 40.970 2 Sjabloon:First_non_empty"," 14.23% 22.153 2 Sjabloon:Navigatie/Tabel"," 14.09% 21.927 1 Sjabloon:References"," 9.83% 15.306 1 Sjabloon:Navigatie_hindoeïstische_mythologie"," 9.54% 14.848 3 Sjabloon:Aut"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.016","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":697502,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6b6c9bdc8b-dsjw4","timestamp":"20241103140555","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Upanishad","url":"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upanishad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6113985","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6113985","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-08T22:17:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T14:03:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/MS_Indic_37%2C_Isa_upanisad._Wellcome_L0027330.jpg","headline":"religieuze en filosofische teksten van het hindoe\u00efsme"}</script> </body> </html>