CINXE.COM
(PDF) Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans | Ngozi Emmanuel - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="BBcU5WU6Dq/+VsMYNsn064GcB5cwiRGW//ab/j+msK1oJcTITDYK5CzkhLauI1DNnuBY7/uvA+xwKLRwdgsZfw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ngozi Emmanuel" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="It is possible to suggest that negative narratives about Africa ware coterminous with the occasion of Western civilization. Europeans‘ idea of superiority created an image of Africa which was the perverse opposite of Europe‘s. The slave trade," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/5908814/2519486/2925078/s200_ngozi.emmanuel.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="It is possible to suggest that negative narratives about Africa ware coterminous with the occasion of Western civilization. Europeans‘ idea of superiority created an image of Africa which was the perverse opposite of Europe‘s. The slave trade," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unizikedu.academia.edu/NgoziEmmanuel" /> <meta name="description" content="It is possible to suggest that negative narratives about Africa ware coterminous with the occasion of Western civilization. Europeans‘ idea of superiority created an image of Africa which was the perverse opposite of Europe‘s. The slave trade," /> <title>(PDF) Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans | Ngozi Emmanuel - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732798855000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732798855000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"It is possible to suggest that negative narratives about Africa ware coterminous with the occasion of Western civilization. Europeans‘ idea of superiority created an image of Africa which was the perverse opposite of Europe‘s. The slave trade, colonialism and racism helped to fuel negative narratives about Africa in Western discourses. Whereas slave trade abolitionists saw Africa as a place of suffering because of war, disease, famine and poverty provoked by slave trade, anti-abolitionists opined that Africa was so forbidding, making slavery in foreign countries a positive escape. The perception of Africa as a land of beasts and cannibals was justified as the reason for colonialism which brought light – Christianity, Civilization and Commerce; according to Livingstone‘s dictum – to the Continent. The racial dimension supposedly explains African \u0026amp;amp;quot;backwardnes\u0026amp;amp;quot; and \u0026amp;amp;#39;savagery‘ as biologically predetermined. These lines of thinking have often influenced Western media Africa...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ngozi Emmanuel"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-03-30","dateModified":"2022-03-30","datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Sociology"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"unizikedu"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "967de300772ca409053b894e5ba6361e0fcceffd6b38e3358c30d95bc1b81d00", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="xgR2ox25rMD5GxlEa0V08jtKVsCxLg3hZgNq6Wsm+sWqNqaONLWoiyupXurzr9DUJDYJuHoIH5vp3UVnIotTFw==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="LUCvZiW0VGWZj4GfjN22flO3rXHSgTmLTFIaFweeeWVBcn9LDLhQLks9xjEUNxJYTMvyCRmnK/HDjDWZTjPQtw==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-5a6217ebba1e3e193cb1032ca4e3bea5eb426dd3928dd536d7bf14b642b1cd3a.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 5908814; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F74991110%2FTowards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F74991110%2FTowards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":82941668,"identifier":"Attachment_82941668","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":74991110,"created_at":"2022-03-30T09:55:57.651-07:00","from_world_paper_id":200036273,"updated_at":"2022-08-03T19:52:49.973-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"It is possible to suggest that negative narratives about Africa ware coterminous with the occasion of Western civilization. Europeans‘ idea of superiority created an image of Africa which was the perverse opposite of Europe‘s. The slave trade, colonialism and racism helped to fuel negative narratives about Africa in Western discourses. Whereas slave trade abolitionists saw Africa as a place of suffering because of war, disease, famine and poverty provoked by slave trade, anti-abolitionists opined that Africa was so forbidding, making slavery in foreign countries a positive escape. The perception of Africa as a land of beasts and cannibals was justified as the reason for colonialism which brought light – Christianity, Civilization and Commerce; according to Livingstone‘s dictum – to the Continent. The racial dimension supposedly explains African \u0026quot;backwardnes\u0026quot; and \u0026#39;savagery‘ as biologically predetermined. These lines of thinking have often influenced Western media Africa...","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [5908814]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":82941668,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/82941668/mini_magick20220330-9404-zbp8hx.png?1648659393" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Towards media of Africa by Africans and for Africans</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5908814" href="https://unizikedu.academia.edu/NgoziEmmanuel"><img alt="Profile image of Ngozi Emmanuel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5908814/2519486/2925078/s65_ngozi.emmanuel.jpg" />Ngozi Emmanuel</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">It is possible to suggest that negative narratives about Africa ware coterminous with the occasion of Western civilization. Europeans‘ idea of superiority created an image of Africa which was the perverse opposite of Europe‘s. The slave trade, colonialism and racism helped to fuel negative narratives about Africa in Western discourses. Whereas slave trade abolitionists saw Africa as a place of suffering because of war, disease, famine and poverty provoked by slave trade, anti-abolitionists opined that Africa was so forbidding, making slavery in foreign countries a positive escape. The perception of Africa as a land of beasts and cannibals was justified as the reason for colonialism which brought light – Christianity, Civilization and Commerce; according to Livingstone‘s dictum – to the Continent. The racial dimension supposedly explains African &quot;backwardnes&quot; and &#39;savagery‘ as biologically predetermined. These lines of thinking have often influenced Western media Africa...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":82941668,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":82941668,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="82941668" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/74991110/Towards_media_of_Africa_by_Africans_and_for_Africans" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="72612653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72612653/The_Westernization_and_Colonization_of_the_African_Mind_through_the_Media">The Westernization and Colonization of the African Mind through the Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62279450" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GlorijaMavrinac">Glorija Mavrinac</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The presentation deals with the issue of media imperialism and racism in the novel Americanah (2013) by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Nigerian novelist and writer. The paper starts from the position of electronic colonialism theory about danger of seductive media content. Violent media propaganda and transcription of western media content in Nigerian mass media affects the abandonment of African cultural patterns and forcibly changing behaviors of domicile population. Characters in the Adichie’s novel are great example of the mind colonization and westernization that is followed through the media. In the presentation we will show how media imperialism led to racial fetishism and losing pre-colonial values in african society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Westernization and Colonization of the African Mind through the Media","attachmentId":81472636,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72612653/The_Westernization_and_Colonization_of_the_African_Mind_through_the_Media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72612653/The_Westernization_and_Colonization_of_the_African_Mind_through_the_Media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="28821259" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28821259/The_historical_and_contemporary_representation_of_Africa_in_global_media_flows_Can_the_continent_speak_back_for_itself_on_its_own_terms">The historical and contemporary representation of Africa in global media flows: Can the continent speak back for itself on its own terms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="275022" href="https://valdosta.academia.edu/ProsperYaoTsikata">Prosper Yao Tsikata</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For decades (perhaps, centuries) global media outlets have framed and represented Africa in a negative light. These media representations have tended to overlook the diverse political, economic, social and cultural experiences of individual African countries – a situation that has led to the uncritical lumping together of African nations under the appellation of ‘Africa’. When this happens, the specific and unique conditions of her 55 nations are squeezed into a one-size-fits-all media frame. Historical and ideological forces, both from within and outside the continent, have conspired to impose this fate on Africa. The philosophies of negritude and the Organisation of African Unity were among the complicit internal forces helping to sustain such views. To evaluate this phenomenon, this essay examines the underpinnings of the framing and representation of ‘Africa’ in global media through a review of the literature, and seeks to answer the question of whether the continent can speak for itself, using four country-specific examples. Current media practices within the African continent, enabled by local media policies and infrastructure, have tended to rhetorically position countries primarily in accordance with their national identities, while attributing the African appellation as a secondary frame of representation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The historical and contemporary representation of Africa in global media flows: Can the continent speak back for itself on its own terms","attachmentId":49241242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28821259/The_historical_and_contemporary_representation_of_Africa_in_global_media_flows_Can_the_continent_speak_back_for_itself_on_its_own_terms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28821259/The_historical_and_contemporary_representation_of_Africa_in_global_media_flows_Can_the_continent_speak_back_for_itself_on_its_own_terms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="73426467" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73426467/_Interrogating_Fallacies_Stereotypes_and_Denigrations_of_Africa_in_Eurocentric_Discourse_">“Interrogating Fallacies, Stereotypes and Denigrations of Africa in Eurocentric Discourse”</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="122300791" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlexOvieDLeone">Alex Ovie-D'Leone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Greener Journal of World Peace, Security and Development, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Interrogating Fallacies, Stereotypes and Denigrations of Africa in Eurocentric Discourse”","attachmentId":81952567,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73426467/_Interrogating_Fallacies_Stereotypes_and_Denigrations_of_Africa_in_Eurocentric_Discourse_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73426467/_Interrogating_Fallacies_Stereotypes_and_Denigrations_of_Africa_in_Eurocentric_Discourse_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10121602" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10121602/How_Western_Media_Taylor_Africa">How Western Media Taylor Africa?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23253476" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SalimSahidKamara">Salim Sahid Kamara</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A short essay that examines how western media has been reporting Africa, and how these reports have largely given westerners a mind-set about Africa. And what impact these have on African overseas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How Western Media Taylor Africa?","attachmentId":36237178,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10121602/How_Western_Media_Taylor_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10121602/How_Western_Media_Taylor_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="11144000" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11144000/The_Persistence_of_Western_Negative_Perceptions_about_Africa_Factoring_in_the_Role_of_Africans">The Persistence of Western Negative Perceptions about Africa: Factoring in the Role of Africans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2205835" href="https://muce.academia.edu/JaphacePoncian">Japhace Poncian</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Persistence of Western Negative Perceptions about Africa: Factoring in the Role of Africans","attachmentId":36795299,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11144000/The_Persistence_of_Western_Negative_Perceptions_about_Africa_Factoring_in_the_Role_of_Africans","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11144000/The_Persistence_of_Western_Negative_Perceptions_about_Africa_Factoring_in_the_Role_of_Africans"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="38388540" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38388540/Africa_the_Land_of_Poverty_The_Medias_Distorted_View_on_the_Continent">Africa - the Land of Poverty. The Media's Distorted View on the Continent</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="102491288" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/JakubKo%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82ek">Jakub Kościółek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Images (II). Images of the Poor, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Africa - the Land of Poverty. The Media's Distorted View on the Continent","attachmentId":58444899,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38388540/Africa_the_Land_of_Poverty_The_Medias_Distorted_View_on_the_Continent","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38388540/Africa_the_Land_of_Poverty_The_Medias_Distorted_View_on_the_Continent"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="43239750" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43239750/The_Image_of_Pre_Colonial_Africa_in_European_Circles">The Image of Pre-Colonial Africa in European Circles</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54110108" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ADJEIADJEPONG">ADJEI ADJEPONG</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cultural relativism denotes the suspension of personal and moral or value judgements about other peoples and their ways. This is very essential for a successful and objective study of the past. It also enhances successful living in the modern, multi-cultural or racial world. It teaches that before forming an opinion, one should critically examine and understand the situation. It does not emphasise any requirement of embracing the beliefs or value systems of foreigners or giving up one's own values. Contrarily, it preaches the granting of respect to a society, people, or country, trying to see their world and behaviour from their own perspectives, rather than simply rejecting all viewpoints but one's own. European scholars who attempted to reconstruct the past of Africa did not take into consideration the tenets of the historical profession and wrote about Africa from their point of view. The result was that a whole lot of wrong impressions were created about Africa and its peoples. This study, using the multidisciplinary approach, examines some of the wrong impressions Eurocentric scholars have created about Africa and Africans.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Image of Pre-Colonial Africa in European Circles","attachmentId":63509479,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43239750/The_Image_of_Pre_Colonial_Africa_in_European_Circles","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43239750/The_Image_of_Pre_Colonial_Africa_in_European_Circles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8152456" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8152456/African_History_in_the_Western_Narrative">African History in the Western Narrative</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15495145" href="https://uct.academia.edu/MsakhaMona">Msakha Mona</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"African History in the Western Narrative","attachmentId":34591365,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8152456/African_History_in_the_Western_Narrative","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8152456/African_History_in_the_Western_Narrative"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="105371795" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105371795/Stereotypes_and_the_Cinema_of_Africa">Stereotypes and the Cinema of Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="185180863" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrAllisonQiu">American Journals Publishing Center- Publish Articles in the United States</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of American Academic Research (JAAR), 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Published by American Journals Publishing Center, USA (Website: https://www.american-journals.com/americanjournals). The agitation for “Africanness” of the African Cinema came promptly; so did the resolve to launch counteractive actions towards the stereotypical impressions of the African peoples, which was eminent in the imperialist rules across the continent. It is in this same manner, that image reclamation and reconstruction of the negative stereotypes about Africa—as presented through the Colonial Film Unit in Nigeria and other colonial enterprises in West Africa became a concern for the pioneer filmmakers and scholars in various regions of the continent. Obviously, the concept of colonialism was to control or enslave the entire territory, gain access to their languages and cultures and then change them to suit their aim. This work is aimed at undoing the negative stereotypes created about West Africa. Haven used a qualitative research approach, the paper finds that the colonial governments in West Africa and other parts of the continent targeted the minds of the people, played a “mental supremacy game” on them and consequently altered their cultures, projecting and determining how they see themselves and how they relate to the rest of the world. Frowning at the foregoing, the paper makes salient recommendations, key of which is the need for institutions and professional guilds and associations within Nollywood to enact required reforms towards changing the negative impressions about Africa.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stereotypes and the Cinema of Africa","attachmentId":104843513,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105371795/Stereotypes_and_the_Cinema_of_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105371795/Stereotypes_and_the_Cinema_of_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="30788073" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30788073/Africas_Media_Image_in_the_21st_Century_From_the_Heart_of_Darkness_to_Africa_Rising_Introduction_chapter_">Africa's Media Image in the 21st Century: From the "Heart of Darkness" to "Africa Rising" (Introduction chapter)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="515349" href="https://city.academia.edu/MelBunce">Dr Mel Bunce</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="933309" href="https://city.academia.edu/SuzanneFranks">Suzanne Franks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising” is the first book in a generation to assess in detail and from multiple perspectives the way that sub-Saharan Africa is reported in the international media. This excerpt includes the book's foreword, introduction, table of contents and list of contributing authors.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Africa's Media Image in the 21st Century: From the \"Heart of Darkness\" to \"Africa Rising\" (Introduction chapter)","attachmentId":51221726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30788073/Africas_Media_Image_in_the_21st_Century_From_the_Heart_of_Darkness_to_Africa_Rising_Introduction_chapter_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30788073/Africas_Media_Image_in_the_21st_Century_From_the_Heart_of_Darkness_to_Africa_Rising_Introduction_chapter_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":82941668,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":82941668,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_82941668" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="9889027" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9889027/THE_EFFECTS_OF_WESTERN_CIVILISATION_AND_CULTURE_ON_AFRICA">THE EFFECTS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION AND CULTURE ON AFRICA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23998102" href="https://uprait.academia.edu/ObadaJoe">Obada Joe</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE EFFECTS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION AND CULTURE ON AFRICA","attachmentId":36047790,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9889027/THE_EFFECTS_OF_WESTERN_CIVILISATION_AND_CULTURE_ON_AFRICA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9889027/THE_EFFECTS_OF_WESTERN_CIVILISATION_AND_CULTURE_ON_AFRICA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="6190912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6190912/An_Alternative_Model_for_Reporting_Africa_in_the_Western_media">An Alternative Model for Reporting Africa in the Western media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2199970" href="https://lancaster.academia.edu/MagdaleneBuckley">Magdalene Buckley</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Alternative Model for Reporting Africa in the Western media","attachmentId":33070198,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6190912/An_Alternative_Model_for_Reporting_Africa_in_the_Western_media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6190912/An_Alternative_Model_for_Reporting_Africa_in_the_Western_media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="28984140" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28984140/IF_WESTERN_MEDIA_GOT_AFRICA_WRONG_HOW_RIGHT_IS_AFRICAN_MEDIA_REPORTING_AFRICA_IF_WESTERN_MEDIA_GET_AFRICA_WRONG_HOW_RIGHT_IS_AFRICAN_MEDIA_REPORTING_AFRICA">IF WESTERN MEDIA GOT AFRICA WRONG, HOW RIGHT IS AFRICAN MEDIA REPORTING AFRICA? IF WESTERN MEDIA GET AFRICA WRONG, HOW RIGHT IS AFRICAN MEDIA REPORTING AFRICA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4907133" href="https://ibadan.academia.edu/BisiOlawuyi">Bisi Olawuyi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"IF WESTERN MEDIA GOT AFRICA WRONG, HOW RIGHT IS AFRICAN MEDIA REPORTING AFRICA? IF WESTERN MEDIA GET AFRICA WRONG, HOW RIGHT IS AFRICAN MEDIA REPORTING AFRICA","attachmentId":49429094,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28984140/IF_WESTERN_MEDIA_GOT_AFRICA_WRONG_HOW_RIGHT_IS_AFRICAN_MEDIA_REPORTING_AFRICA_IF_WESTERN_MEDIA_GET_AFRICA_WRONG_HOW_RIGHT_IS_AFRICAN_MEDIA_REPORTING_AFRICA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28984140/IF_WESTERN_MEDIA_GOT_AFRICA_WRONG_HOW_RIGHT_IS_AFRICAN_MEDIA_REPORTING_AFRICA_IF_WESTERN_MEDIA_GET_AFRICA_WRONG_HOW_RIGHT_IS_AFRICAN_MEDIA_REPORTING_AFRICA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5505326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5505326/An_Image_of_Africa">An Image of Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7770020" href="https://usek.academia.edu/RTakla">Roger Takla</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Image of Africa","attachmentId":32610811,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5505326/An_Image_of_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5505326/An_Image_of_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="67215480" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67215480/Media_s_role_in_curbing_contemporary_slavery_in_Africa">Media’s role in curbing contemporary slavery in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="133783709" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IfeyinwaNsude">Ifeyinwa Nsude</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Media’s role in curbing contemporary slavery in Africa","attachmentId":78115980,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67215480/Media_s_role_in_curbing_contemporary_slavery_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67215480/Media_s_role_in_curbing_contemporary_slavery_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="87725844" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87725844/Afrocentrism_A_Desirable_Pathway_of_Demystifying_Misperceptions_about_Africa">Afrocentrism: A Desirable Pathway of Demystifying Misperceptions about Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30851840" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GetyeAbneh">Getye Abneh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Article, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Afrocentrism: A Desirable Pathway of Demystifying Misperceptions about Africa","attachmentId":91858905,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87725844/Afrocentrism_A_Desirable_Pathway_of_Demystifying_Misperceptions_about_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87725844/Afrocentrism_A_Desirable_Pathway_of_Demystifying_Misperceptions_about_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="11673676" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11673676/The_Misrepresentation_of_Africa_in_the_American_Media">The Misrepresentation of Africa in the American Media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="321720" href="https://asu.academia.edu/ChoukiElHamel">Chouki El Hamel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Misrepresentation of Africa in the American Media","attachmentId":37124900,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11673676/The_Misrepresentation_of_Africa_in_the_American_Media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11673676/The_Misrepresentation_of_Africa_in_the_American_Media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="9397559" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9397559/Redefining_Africa_What_people_need_to_know_about_the_African_Condition">Redefining Africa: What people need to know about the African Condition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16553778" href="https://lasalle.academia.edu/BabaJallow">Baba Jallow</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Redefining Africa: What people need to know about the African Condition","attachmentId":35645552,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9397559/Redefining_Africa_What_people_need_to_know_about_the_African_Condition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9397559/Redefining_Africa_What_people_need_to_know_about_the_African_Condition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="104356072" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104356072/Media_and_Communication_Theory_in_Africa">Media and Communication Theory in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26867704" href="https://uniport.academia.edu/MOSESASAK">MOSES O F O M E ASAK, PhD</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Palgrave Macmillan: Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Media and Communication Theory in Africa","attachmentId":104108923,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104356072/Media_and_Communication_Theory_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104356072/Media_and_Communication_Theory_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="71180527" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71180527/Africas_global_media_image_in_a_digital_world_as_an_exclusive_western_preserve">Africa's global media image in a digital world as an exclusive western preserve?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="76013205" href="https://lboro.academia.edu/ChikaireEzeru">Chikaire Ezeru</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Communication Gazette</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Africa's global media image in a digital world as an exclusive western preserve?","attachmentId":80638931,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71180527/Africas_global_media_image_in_a_digital_world_as_an_exclusive_western_preserve","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71180527/Africas_global_media_image_in_a_digital_world_as_an_exclusive_western_preserve"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="110599339" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110599339/Media_and_Identity_in_Africa">Media and Identity in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61115780" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KimaniNjogu2">Kimani Njogu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Edinburgh University Press eBooks, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Media and Identity in Africa","attachmentId":108367180,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110599339/Media_and_Identity_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110599339/Media_and_Identity_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="80726549" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80726549/The_media_and_neo_colonisation_examining_the_relevance_of_African_thought_and_philosophy_in_the_discourse_of_decolonisation">The media and neo-colonisation: examining the relevance of African thought and philosophy in the discourse of decolonisation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="157477281" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YaoLadzekpo">Yao Ladzekpo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The media and neo-colonisation: examining the relevance of African thought and philosophy in the discourse of decolonisation","attachmentId":87013192,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80726549/The_media_and_neo_colonisation_examining_the_relevance_of_African_thought_and_philosophy_in_the_discourse_of_decolonisation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80726549/The_media_and_neo_colonisation_examining_the_relevance_of_African_thought_and_philosophy_in_the_discourse_of_decolonisation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="83258682" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83258682/The_roots_of_western_influence_in_Africa_An_analysis_of_the_conditioning_process">The roots of western influence in Africa: An analysis of the conditioning process</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="761649" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgeKieh">George Kieh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Social Science Journal, 1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The roots of western influence in Africa: An analysis of the conditioning process","attachmentId":88664897,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83258682/The_roots_of_western_influence_in_Africa_An_analysis_of_the_conditioning_process","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83258682/The_roots_of_western_influence_in_Africa_An_analysis_of_the_conditioning_process"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="62730183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62730183/U_S_Media_Coverage_of_Africa_A_Media_Source_Guide_Issues_for_the_80s">U.S. Media Coverage of Africa. A Media Source Guide, Issues for the '80s</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4458196" href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/DavidWiley">David S . Wiley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1983</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"U.S. Media Coverage of Africa. A Media Source Guide, Issues for the '80s","attachmentId":75401253,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62730183/U_S_Media_Coverage_of_Africa_A_Media_Source_Guide_Issues_for_the_80s","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62730183/U_S_Media_Coverage_of_Africa_A_Media_Source_Guide_Issues_for_the_80s"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="49058579" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49058579/Descriptions_of_Africa_from_the_West_must_always_be_wrong_for_Africa">Descriptions of Africa from the West, must always be wrong for Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1177878" href="https://wciu.academia.edu/JimHarries">Jim Harries</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">academia.edu, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Descriptions of Africa from the West, must always be wrong for Africa","attachmentId":107138663,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49058579/Descriptions_of_Africa_from_the_West_must_always_be_wrong_for_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49058579/Descriptions_of_Africa_from_the_West_must_always_be_wrong_for_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="70708968" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70708968/INTRODUCTION_A_New_Africa_s_Media_Image">INTRODUCTION: A New Africa’s Media Image?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="933309" href="https://city.academia.edu/SuzanneFranks">Suzanne Franks</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INTRODUCTION: A New Africa’s Media Image?","attachmentId":80345425,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70708968/INTRODUCTION_A_New_Africa_s_Media_Image","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70708968/INTRODUCTION_A_New_Africa_s_Media_Image"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="1411938" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1411938/European_Stereotypes_African_Societies_and_the_Mfecane">European Stereotypes, African Societies and the Mfecane</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1206647" href="https://sheffield.academia.edu/TomHartley">Tom Hartley</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"European Stereotypes, African Societies and the Mfecane","attachmentId":30045342,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1411938/European_Stereotypes_African_Societies_and_the_Mfecane","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1411938/European_Stereotypes_African_Societies_and_the_Mfecane"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="6724836" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6724836/Was_Africa_a_Land_of_Savages">Was Africa a Land of Savages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4297961" href="https://hb.academia.edu/AmoniKitooke">Amoni Kitooke</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Was Africa a Land of Savages","attachmentId":33443826,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6724836/Was_Africa_a_Land_of_Savages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6724836/Was_Africa_a_Land_of_Savages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="30863275" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30863275/Images_of_Africa_and_the_Resilience_of_Ignorance">Images of Africa and the Resilience of Ignorance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6263299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SesanAina">RAYMOND O L U S E S A N AINA</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Images of Africa and the Resilience of Ignorance","attachmentId":51288628,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30863275/Images_of_Africa_and_the_Resilience_of_Ignorance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30863275/Images_of_Africa_and_the_Resilience_of_Ignorance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="57595532" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57595532/Literary_Perspectives_on_Afro_European_Relationship_Terrorism_and_Global_Media_Reportage_in_Africa">Literary Perspectives on Afro- European Relationship, Terrorism and Global Media Reportage in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5045491" href="https://osunstateuniversity.academia.edu/AzeezAkinwumiSESAN">Azeez Akinwumi SESAN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Literary Perspectives on Afro- European Relationship, Terrorism and Global Media Reportage in Africa","attachmentId":72420790,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57595532/Literary_Perspectives_on_Afro_European_Relationship_Terrorism_and_Global_Media_Reportage_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57595532/Literary_Perspectives_on_Afro_European_Relationship_Terrorism_and_Global_Media_Reportage_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="100881805" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100881805/Africa_and_the_Wider_World">Africa and the Wider World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117658383" href="https://kogistateuniversity.academia.edu/EzekielAbbah">Ezekiel O N U C H E O J O Abbah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Abbah Ezekiel Onucheojo , 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Africa and the Wider World","attachmentId":101577418,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100881805/Africa_and_the_Wider_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100881805/Africa_and_the_Wider_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="108983131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108983131/Encounter_images_in_the_meetings_between_Africa_and_Europe">Encounter images in the meetings between Africa and Europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2975578" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaiPalmberg">Mai Palmberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nordiska Afrikainstitutet eBooks, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Encounter images in the meetings between Africa and Europe","attachmentId":107233128,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108983131/Encounter_images_in_the_meetings_between_Africa_and_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108983131/Encounter_images_in_the_meetings_between_Africa_and_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="43977704" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43977704/Africa_as_an_Idea_An_undergraduate_course_syllabus_William_and_Mary_Williamsburg_Spring_2023">Africa as an Idea - An undergraduate course syllabus. William & Mary, Williamsburg, Spring 2023.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="382928" href="https://wm.academia.edu/GerardLFChouin">Gérard L. F. Chouin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Africa as an Idea - An undergraduate course syllabus. William \u0026 Mary, Williamsburg, Spring 2023.","attachmentId":97714986,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43977704/Africa_as_an_Idea_An_undergraduate_course_syllabus_William_and_Mary_Williamsburg_Spring_2023","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43977704/Africa_as_an_Idea_An_undergraduate_course_syllabus_William_and_Mary_Williamsburg_Spring_2023"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="4535686" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4535686/When_Satiety_and_Avarice_Marry_Hunger_is_Born_African_Voices_of_the_Colonial_Era_ca_1896_1945">When Satiety and Avarice Marry, Hunger is Born: African Voices of the Colonial Era, ca. 1896-1945</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="297346" href="https://cofc.academia.edu/TimCarmichael">Tim Carmichael</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">African Voices of the Global Past: 1500 to the Present, ed. by Trevor R. Getz, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"When Satiety and Avarice Marry, Hunger is Born: African Voices of the Colonial Era, ca. 1896-1945","attachmentId":33761436,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4535686/When_Satiety_and_Avarice_Marry_Hunger_is_Born_African_Voices_of_the_Colonial_Era_ca_1896_1945","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4535686/When_Satiety_and_Avarice_Marry_Hunger_is_Born_African_Voices_of_the_Colonial_Era_ca_1896_1945"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="93796601" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93796601/Europe_s_Representation_of_Africa_and_Africans_African_Americans_and_Asians_in_Its_Imperialistic_Explorations_and_Colonization_as_It_Appears_in_Literary_Texts">Europe’s Representation of Africa and Africans, African- Americans and Asians in Its Imperialistic Explorations and Colonization as It Appears in Literary Texts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41282531" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MoussaTraore7">Moussa Traore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Abibisem: Journal of African Culture and Civilization</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Europe’s Representation of Africa and Africans, African- Americans and Asians in Its Imperialistic Explorations and Colonization as It Appears in Literary Texts","attachmentId":96435345,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93796601/Europe_s_Representation_of_Africa_and_Africans_African_Americans_and_Asians_in_Its_Imperialistic_Explorations_and_Colonization_as_It_Appears_in_Literary_Texts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93796601/Europe_s_Representation_of_Africa_and_Africans_African_Americans_and_Asians_in_Its_Imperialistic_Explorations_and_Colonization_as_It_Appears_in_Literary_Texts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>