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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raw_animal_food_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_animal_food_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Raw animal food diets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_animal_food_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Diet examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_veganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_veganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Raw veganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_veganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сыраядзеньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сыраядзеньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudivorisme" title="Crudivorisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crudivorisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitari%C3%A1nstv%C3%AD" title="Vitariánství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitariánství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toortoitlus" title="Toortoitlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toortoitlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ωμοφαγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωμοφαγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudismo_(alimentaci%C3%B3n)" title="Crudismo (alimentación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crudismo (alimentación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زنده‌خواری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنده‌خواری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudivorisme" title="Crudivorisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crudivorisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="생식주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생식주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="कच्चा भोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कच्चा भोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirovojedstvo" title="Sirovojedstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sirovojedstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan_mentah" title="Makanan mentah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makanan mentah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudismo" title="Crudismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crudismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panganan_mentah" title="Panganan mentah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panganan mentah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw-foodisme" title="Raw-foodisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raw-foodisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ローフード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローフード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witarianizm" title="Witarianizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witarianizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudismo" title="Crudismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crudismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raw foodism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сыроедение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сыроедение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_veganism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diet of uncooked and unprocessed food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about raw food consumption in humans. For a raw diet for cats or dogs, see <a href="/wiki/Raw_feeding" title="Raw feeding">Raw feeding</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg/220px-Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg/330px-Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg/440px-Kotohira-kadan23n4500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> is a raw dish, usually consisting of fresh raw fish.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg/220px-Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg/330px-Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg/440px-Raw_Vegan_Meatless_Thanks-Giving_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>A raw vegan simulation of <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving</a> Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Raw foodism</b>, also known as <b>rawism</b> or a <b>raw food diet</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">dietary practice</a> of eating only or mostly food that is <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">uncooked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Processed_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Processed food">unprocessed</a>. Depending on the philosophy, or type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selection of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, eggs, fish, meat, and dairy products. The diet may also include simply processed foods, such as various types of <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouted seeds</a>, cheese, and <a href="/wiki/Fermented" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented">fermented</a> foods such as <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">kombucha</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, but generally not foods that have been <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurized</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">homogenized</a>, or produced with the use of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_additives" class="mw-redirect" title="Food additives">food additives</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Dietetic_Association" title="British Dietetic Association">British Dietetic Association</a> has described raw foodism as a <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">fad diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bda_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw food diets, specifically raw veganism, may diminish intake of essential minerals and nutrients, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bda_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-koebnick_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koebnick-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wanjek_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wanjek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims made by raw food proponents are <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw food diets are diets composed entirely or mostly of food that is uncooked or that is cooked at low temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-koebnick_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koebnick-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wanjek_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wanjek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithKraig2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithKraig2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_animal_food_diets">Raw animal food diets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Raw animal food diets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tatar-1.jpg/220px-Tatar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tatar-1.jpg/330px-Tatar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tatar-1.jpg/440px-Tatar-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2867" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Steak tartare</a> with raw egg, capers and onions</figcaption></figure> <p>Raw animal food diets include any animal that can be eaten raw, such as uncooked, unprocessed raw muscle meats, organ meats, eggs, raw dairy, and aged, raw animal foods such as <a href="/wiki/Century_egg" title="Century egg">century eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> meat/fish/shellfish/<a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">kefir</a>, as well as vegetables, fruits, nuts, and sprouts, but in general <i>not</i> raw grains, raw beans, and raw soy. Raw foods included in such diets have not been heated above 40 °C (104 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-wanjek_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wanjek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Raw Animal Foodists" believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost much of their nutritional value and are harmful to the body. <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoked</a> meats are frowned upon by many Raw-Omnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some distinguish between hot-smoked and cold-smoked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet_examples">Diet examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diet examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The "People's Primal Potluck",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vueweekly1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vueweekly1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> anopsology (otherwise known as "instinctive eating"), and the "Raw Paleolithic Diet"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rvaf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rvaf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> (otherwise known as the "raw meat diet").<sup id="cite_ref-independent1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The "primal diet" consists of fatty meats, organ meats, dairy, honey, minimal fruit and vegetable juices, and coconut products, all raw.<sup id="cite_ref-meatals_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meatals-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The "raw Paleolithic diet",<sup id="cite_ref-rvaf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rvaf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a raw version of the (cooked) <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic diet">Palaeolithic diet</a>, incorporating large amounts of raw animal foods such as meats/organ-meats, seafood, eggs, and some raw plant-foods, but usually avoiding non-Paleo foods such as raw dairy, grains, and legumes.<sup id="cite_ref-rvaf_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rvaf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The founder of the Primal Diet is <a href="/wiki/Aajonus_Vonderplanitz" title="Aajonus Vonderplanitz">Aajonus Vonderplanitz</a>, a resident of Malibu, California. It has been estimated by Aajonus Vonderplanitz that there are 20,000 followers of his raw-meat-heavy Primal Diet in North America, alone.<sup id="cite_ref-meatals_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meatals-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Aboriginal</a> diets consisted of large quantities of raw meats, organ meats, and berries, including the traditional diet of the <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a> tribe of Siberia,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a> is the traditional North American travel food, prepared from dried meat, fat, and berries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kefir-insieme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kefir preparation"><img alt="Kefir preparation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kefir-insieme.jpg/200px-Kefir-insieme.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kefir-insieme.jpg/300px-Kefir-insieme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Kefir-insieme.jpg/400px-Kefir-insieme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a> preparation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sashimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sashimi dinner set"><img alt="A sashimi dinner set" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sashimi.jpg/200px-Sashimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sashimi.jpg/300px-Sashimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sashimi.jpg/400px-Sashimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> dinner set</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raw horse meat set"><img alt="Raw horse meat set" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg/200px-Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg/300px-Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg/400px-Raw_Horse_meat_with_labels_Oct_23_2020_07-11PM.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4023" data-file-height="3015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raw <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a> set</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_veganism">Raw veganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Raw veganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg/220px-Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg/330px-Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg/440px-Raw_Vegan_Apple_Pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Raw vegan apple pie</figcaption></figure> <p>Raw veganism has rarely been practised in history,<sup id="cite_ref-fontana_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fontana-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it became a fad in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A raw vegan diet consists of unprocessed, raw plant foods that have not been heated above 40–49 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (104–120 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). Typical foods included in raw food diets are fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouted grains and legumes. </p><p>Among raw vegans are subgroups, such as <a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">"fruitarians"</a>, "juicearians", or "sproutarians". Fruitarians eat primarily or exclusively fruits, berries, seeds, and nuts. Juicearians process their raw plant foods into juice.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Dietetic_Association" title="British Dietetic Association">British Dietetic Association</a> named the raw vegan diet one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018", raising a concern that it could compromise long-term health.<sup id="cite_ref-bda-2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bda-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Christian_1904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eugene Christian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eugene_Christian_1904.png/150px-Eugene_Christian_1904.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eugene_Christian_1904.png/225px-Eugene_Christian_1904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eugene_Christian_1904.png/300px-Eugene_Christian_1904.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_J._Drews.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="George J. Drews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/George_J._Drews.png/140px-George_J._Drews.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/George_J._Drews.png/210px-George_J._Drews.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/George_J._Drews.png/280px-George_J._Drews.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Christian" title="Eugene Christian">Eugene Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_J._Drews" title="George J. Drews">George J. Drews</a>, founders of the American raw food movement</div></div></div></div> <p>Early documentation of raw food dieting has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> practising <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Egypt" title="John of Egypt">John of Egypt</a>, a hermit from the <a href="/wiki/Nitrian_Desert" title="Nitrian Desert">Nitrian Desert</a> in the 4th Century, reportedly lived on a diet of dried fruit and vegetables for fifty years; he never ate anything cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documented evidence of a commitment to raw food was by the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> Qozmos, who in the late 1300s CE committed to the ascetic discipline of eating only uncooked food.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This posed a problem for his <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> because he refused to eat the bread of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, which is cooked. As a result, he fled the church and went to live with the Jewish community of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary raw food diets were first developed in Switzerland by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner" title="Maximilian Bircher-Benner">Maximilian Bircher-Benner</a> (1867–1939), who was influenced as a young man by the German <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a></i> movement, which saw civilization as corrupt and sought to go "back to nature"; it embraced <a href="/wiki/Holistic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic medicine">holistic medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudism">nudism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>, regular exercise and other outdoors activity, and foods that it judged were more "natural".<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–43">: 41–43 </span></sup> Bircher-Benner eventually adopted a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> diet, but took that further and decided that raw food was what humans were really meant to eat; he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s ideas that humans were just another kind of animal and Bircher-Benner noted that other animals do not cook their food.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–43">: 41–43 </span></sup> In 1904 he opened a sanatorium in the mountains outside of Zurich called "Lebendinge Kraft" or "Vital Force", a technical term in the Lebensreform movement that referred especially to sunlight; he and others believed that this <a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">energy</a> was more "concentrated" in plants than in meat, and was diminished by cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–43">: 41–43 </span></sup> Patients in the clinic were fed raw foods, including <a href="/wiki/Muesli" title="Muesli">muesli</a>, which was created there.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–43">: 41–43 </span></sup> These ideas were influential to <a href="/wiki/Ann_Wigmore" title="Ann Wigmore">Ann Wigmore</a>, a notable raw food advocate, but were dismissed by scientists and the medical profession as quackery.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–43">: 41–43 </span></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest books to advocate raw foodism was <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Christian" title="Eugene Christian">Eugene Christian</a>'s <i>Uncooked Foods and How to Use Them</i>, 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proponents from the early part of the twentieth century include Californian fruit grower <a href="/wiki/Otto_Carque" title="Otto Carque">Otto Carque</a> (author of <i>The Foundation of All Reform</i>, 1904), <a href="/wiki/George_Julius_Drews" class="mw-redirect" title="George Julius Drews">George Julius Drews</a> (author of <i>Unfired Food and Trophotherapy</i>, 1912), <a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Shelton" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Shelton">Herbert Shelton</a>. Drews influenced <a href="/wiki/John_and_Vera_Richter" title="John and Vera Richter">John and Vera Richter</a> to open America's first raw food restaurant "The Eutropheon" in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_2007_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shelton was arrested, jailed, and fined numerous times for practising medicine without a license during his career as an advocate of rawism and other alternative health and diet philosophies. Shelton's legacy, as popularized by books like <i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> by Harvey and <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Diamond" title="Marilyn Diamond">Marilyn Diamond</a>, has been deemed "pseudonutrition" by the National Council Against Health Fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Norman_W._Walker" title="Norman W. Walker">Norman W. Walker</a> (inventor of the Norwalk Juicing Press) popularized raw food dieting.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Kenton" title="Leslie Kenton">Leslie Kenton</a>'s book <i>Raw Energy – Eat Your Way to Radiant Health</i>, published in 1984, added popularity to foods such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food, which it claims will prevent <a href="/wiki/Degenerative_disease" title="Degenerative disease">degenerative diseases</a>, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance; it cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-lived <a href="/wiki/Hunza_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunza people">Hunza people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerson_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerson therapy">Gerson therapy</a>, an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, raw food diets (particularly those focused on <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">raw milk</a>, raw eggs, and raw meat) have been popularized and politicized as part of a broader "<a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> bodybuilder" movement centered around <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculinity" title="Hypermasculinity">hypermasculinity</a>, physical fitness, fascination with ancient civilizations and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and mainstream modern culture.<sup id="cite_ref-rwbb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwbb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims">Claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cooking#Food_safety" title="Cooking">Cooking § Food safety</a></div> <p>Claims held by raw food proponents include: </p> <ul><li>That heating food above 104–118 °F (40–48 °C) degrades <a href="/wiki/Enzymes#Biological_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> in raw food that aid digestion. Enzymes in food play no significant role in the digestive process, before being digested themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-wanjek_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wanjek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That raw foods have higher <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> values than foods that have been cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-fitz_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> In fact, cooking has widely variable results on nutritional content, depending on the plant source and cooking method, and may increase the availability of fat-based nutrients, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wanjek_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wanjek-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That foods cooked at high temperatures, especially meat, may contain harmful toxins, including <a href="/wiki/Trans_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans fatty acids">trans fatty acids</a> produced by heating oil, <a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a> produced by frying, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced glycation end product">advanced glycation end products</a> (AGEs), and <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nci_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nci-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all cooked food contains harmful chemicals, and a diet containing a mix of cooked and raw food is normal.<sup id="cite_ref-nci_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nci-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, it is not clear as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> whether acrylamide consumption affects the risk of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-acs_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public health authorities recommend reducing consumption of overly-cooked starchy foods or meats.<sup id="cite_ref-nci_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nci-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acs_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acs-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cruk_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruk-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Raw_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A close-up of a raw food dish</div></figcaption></figure> <p>A raw food diet may impair the development of children and infants.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15389429_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15389429-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Careful planning is essential for a raw vegan diet, particularly for children,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as there may not be enough vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, and calories for a growing child on a totally raw vegan diet.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">Food poisoning</a> is a health risk for anyone consuming raw foods, and the increased demand for raw foods is associated with greater incidence of <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8942264_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8942264-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially for raw meat, fish, and shellfish.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16102769_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16102769-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15620559_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15620559-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> among consumers of raw and undercooked animal products (including smoked, pickled or dried animal products<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16102769_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16102769-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are well-documented, and include raw meat,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16102769_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16102769-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18032847_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18032847-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15058817_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15058817-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raw organ meat,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18032847_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18032847-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raw fish (whether ocean-going or freshwater),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16102769_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16102769-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15620559_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15620559-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15058817_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15058817-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shellfish,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17418305_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17418305-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raw milk and products made from raw milk,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2200814_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2200814-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1854598_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1854598-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raw eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7611983_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7611983-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One review stated that "Many raw foods are toxic and only become safe after they have been cooked. Some raw foods contain <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">substances that affect the absorption of nutrients</a>, interfere with digestive enzymes, or damage the walls of the intestine. Additionally, raw meat can be contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> which would be destroyed by cooking; raw fish can contain substances that interfere with vitamin B1 (anti-thiaminases)".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_de_Sousa" title="Amílcar de Sousa">Amílcar de Sousa</a>, 20th century raw foodist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bics%C3%A9rdy" title="Béla Bicsérdy">Béla Bicsérdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernando_LaPallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernando LaPallo">Bernando LaPallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_smoothie" class="mw-redirect" title="Green smoothie">Green smoothie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Raw_foodists" title="Category:Raw foodists">Category:Raw foodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvelac" title="Rejuvelac">Rejuvelac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">Taboo food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerophagy" title="Xerophagy">Xerophagy</a>, a form of fasting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_King" title="Liver King">Liver King</a>, an internet influencer known for eating raw meat and organs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_water" title="Raw water">Raw water</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raw_foodism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raw_foodism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bda-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bda_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bda_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/fad-diets.html">"Fad diets"</a>. <i>British Dietetic Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Dietetic+Association&rft.atitle=Fad+diets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bda.uk.com%2Fresource%2Ffad-diets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+foodism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koebnick-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koebnick_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koebnick_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoebnickGarciaDagnelieStrassner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Koebnick, Corinna; Garcia, Ada L.; Dagnelie, Pieter C.; Strassner, Carola; Lindemans, Jan; Katz, Norbert; Leitzmann, Claus; Hoffmann, Ingrid (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F135.10.2372">"Long-Term Consumption of a Raw Food Diet Is Associated with Favorable Serum LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides but Also with Elevated Plasma Homocysteine and Low Serum HDL Cholesterol in Humans2"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>135</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2372–</span>2378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F135.10.2372">10.1093/jn/135.10.2372</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16177198">16177198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Consumption+of+a+Raw+Food+Diet+Is+Associated+with+Favorable+Serum+LDL+Cholesterol+and+Triglycerides+but+Also+with+Elevated+Plasma+Homocysteine+and+Low+Serum+HDL+Cholesterol+in+Humans2&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2372-%3C%2Fspan%3E2378&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F135.10.2372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16177198&rft.aulast=Koebnick&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Ada+L.&rft.au=Dagnelie%2C+Pieter+C.&rft.au=Strassner%2C+Carola&rft.au=Lindemans%2C+Jan&rft.au=Katz%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Leitzmann%2C+Claus&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F135.10.2372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+foodism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wanjek-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wanjek_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wanjek_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wanjek_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wanjek_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wanjek_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanjek2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wanjek" title="Christopher Wanjek">Wanjek, Christopher</a> (16 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reality-check-5-risks-of/">"Reality Check: 5 Risks of a Raw Vegan Diet"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Reality+Check%3A+5+Risks+of+a+Raw+Vegan+Diet&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Wanjek&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Freality-check-5-risks-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+foodism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fitz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fitz_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2014" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Matt (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dietcultssurpris0000fitz"><i>Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide to Healthy Eating for the Rest of US</i></a></span>. 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"Salmonella enteritidis: the egg and I". <i>Australian Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>72</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-0813.1995.tb15022.x">10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb15022.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7611983">7611983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=Salmonella+enteritidis%3A+the+egg+and+I&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-0813.1995.tb15022.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7611983&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaw+foodism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, Arnold E. (1986). <i>Health or Hoax?: The Truth About Health Foods and Diets</i>. Sphere Books. p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7221-1557-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7221-1557-1">0-7221-1557-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_nutrition_and_healthy_diets870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Main articles</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_diet" title="Atlantic diet"> Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">Meat analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">Milk substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Ovo-lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplement diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_food" title="Therapeutic food">Therapeutic food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-solid diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-calorie_diet" title="Very-low-calorie diet">Very-low-calorie diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">Calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_diet" title="Cardiac diet">Cardiac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic diet">Diabetic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">Elimination diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_restriction_diet" title="Fluid restriction diet">Fluid restriction diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free,_casein-free_diet" title="Gluten-free, casein-free diet">Gluten-free and casein-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Intermittent fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet" title="Low sodium diet">Low-sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-FODMAP_diet" title="Low-FODMAP diet">Low-FODMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">Low-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-fiber/low-residue_diet" title="Low-fiber/low-residue diet">Low-fiber/low-residue diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-protein_diet" title="Low-protein diet">Low-protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_by_mouth" title="Nothing by mouth">NPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_diet" title="Renal diet">Renal diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_diet" title="Soft diet">Soft diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_carbohydrate_diet" title="Specific carbohydrate diet">Specific carbohydrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_ball_diet" title="Cotton ball diet">Cotton ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_fasting" title="Intermittent fasting">Time Restricted Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_diet" title="Liquid diet">Liquid diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_nutrition_in_the_United_States" title="History of military nutrition in the United States">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Diet" title="The Cambridge Diet">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Cleanse" title="Master Cleanse">Master Cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">Slow-Carb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diets" title="List of diets">List of diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diet_food" title="Diet food">Diet food</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Nutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">Selenocysteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Vitamin B<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Vitamin B<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Vitamin B<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Vitamin B<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Nutritional <br />advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_A_Day" title="5 A Day">5 A Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Council_of_California" title="Dairy Council of California">Dairy Council of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_pyramid_(nutrition)" title="Food pyramid (nutrition)">Food pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_%26_Veggies_%E2%80%93_More_Matters" title="Fruits & Veggies – More Matters">Fruits & Veggies – More Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid" title="Healthy eating pyramid">Healthy eating pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Diet_Pyramid" title="Latin American Diet Pyramid">Latin American Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Diet_Pyramid" title="Mediterranean Diet Pyramid">Mediterranean Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPlate" title="MyPlate">MyPlate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyPyramid" title="MyPyramid">MyPyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diets" title="Category:Diets">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diet">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Diets" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Diets">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal,</a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Categories/Health_and_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Categories/Health and fitness">Health and fitness portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fad_diets443" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fad_diets" title="Template:Fad diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fad_diets" title="Template talk:Fad diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fad_diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fad diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fad_diets443" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food-specific diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_and_skimmed_milk_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana and skimmed milk diet">Banana and skimmed milk diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_soup_diet" title="Cabbage soup diet">Cabbage soup diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_eating" title="Clean eating">Clean eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_diet" title="Cookie diet">Cookie diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_and_wine_diet" title="Egg and wine diet">Egg and wine diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_combining" title="Food combining">Food combining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Diet" title="Beverly Hills Diet">Beverly Hills Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay_diet" title="Hay diet">Hay diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_therapy" title="Grape therapy">Grape diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_diet" title="Grapefruit diet">Grapefruit diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-protein_diet" title="High-protein diet">High-protein diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_chop_and_pineapple_diet" title="Lamb chop and pineapple diet">Lamb chop and pineapple diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectin-free_diet" title="Lectin-free diet">Lectin-free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk diet">Milk diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotrophic_diet" title="Monotrophic diet">Monotrophic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_banana_diet" title="Morning banana diet">Morning banana diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucusless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucusless Diet">Mucusless Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_diet" title="Mushroom diet">Mushroom diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-Aging_Diet" title="No-Aging Diet">No-Aging Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_diet" title="Paleolithic diet">Paleolithic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegan_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegan diet">Pegan diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Potato diet">Potato diet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raw foodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhubarb diet">Rhubarb diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">Superfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uric-acid_free_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uric-acid free diet">Uric-acid free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole30" title="Whole30">Whole30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate</a> / high-fat diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atkins_diet" title="Atkins diet">Atkins diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Banting diet">Banting diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calories_Don%27t_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories Don't Count">Calories Don't Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_Man%27s_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking Man's Diet">Drinking Man's Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukan_Diet" title="Dukan Diet">Dukan Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_and_Grow_Thin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eat and Grow Thin">Eat and Grow Thin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Huggins_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hal Huggins diet">Hal Huggins diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamptons_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamptons Diet">Hamptons Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimkins" title="Kimkins">Kimkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordel_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kordel diet">Kordel diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montignac_diet" title="Montignac diet">Montignac diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury diet">Salisbury diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarsdale_diet" title="Scarsdale diet">Scarsdale diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slimming_for_the_Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Slimming for the Million">Slimming for the Million</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Beach_Diet" title="South Beach Diet">South Beach Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioppi_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioppi Diet">Pioppi Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_Power" title="Protein Power">Protein Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedale_diet" title="Rosedale diet">Rosedale diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillman_diet" title="Stillman diet">Stillman diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Medicine_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Medicine (book)">Strong Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Busters!" title="Sugar Busters!">Sugar Busters!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body" title="The 4-Hour Body">The 4-Hour Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cruise_Control_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cruise Control Diet">The Cruise Control Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahls_Protocol_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahls Protocol Diet">Wahls Protocol Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Belly_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat Belly diet">Wheat Belly diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_diet" title="Zone diet">Zone diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High-carbohydrate / <a href="/wiki/Low-fat_diet" title="Low-fat diet">low-fat diets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_2_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine 2 Diet">Engine 2 Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-plan" class="mw-redirect" title="F-plan">F-plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDougall_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="McDougall diet">McDougall diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornish_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornish diet">Ornish diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritarian_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritarian diet">Nutritarian diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritikin_diet" title="Pritikin diet">Pritikin diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_diet" title="Rice diet">Rice diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Carbohydrate_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good Carbohydrate Revolution">The Good Carbohydrate Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thrive_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thrive Diet">The Thrive Diet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5:2_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="5:2 diet">5:2 diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Activated charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breatharianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Breatharianism">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breuss_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuss diet">Breuss diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_juice_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Celery juice diet">Celery juice diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Dietary_Method" title="Chase Dietary Method">Chase Dietary Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detox_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Detox diet">Detox diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrow_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubrow Diet">Dubrow Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminating_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliminating Diet">Eliminating Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme-Catalyst_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme-Catalyst Diet">Enzyme-Catalyst Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_mimicking_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting mimicking diet">Fasting mimicking diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Flush_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat Flush Plan">Fat Flush Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocrates Diet">Hippocrates Diet</a></li> 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