CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Politics of Nepal - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c113756b-014c-4bc7-bac8-e24b96f8e014","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Politics_of_Nepal","wgTitle":"Politics of Nepal","wgCurRevisionId":1252749342,"wgRevisionId":1252749342,"wgArticleId":21326,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from April 2020","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Democracy Index rating template users with comma","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024", "All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Outdated Democracy Index rating template users","Democracy Index rating template users","Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles needing additional references from February 2010","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Politics of Nepal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Politics_of_Nepal","wgRelevantArticleId":21326,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1155916","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/1200px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1122"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/800px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="748"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/640px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="598"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Politics of Nepal - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Politics_of_Nepal rootpage-Politics_of_Nepal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Politics+of+Nepal" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Politics+of+Nepal" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Politics+of+Nepal" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Politics+of+Nepal" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic/socialist_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic/socialist_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Democratic/socialist camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic/socialist_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Communist camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2001:_Royal_Massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001:_Royal_Massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2001: Royal Massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001:_Royal_Massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002–2007:_suspension_of_parliament_and_Loktantra_Andolan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002–2007:_suspension_of_parliament_and_Loktantra_Andolan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2002–2007: suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002–2007:_suspension_of_parliament_and_Loktantra_Andolan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_2007_to_May_2008:_abolition_of_the_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_2007_to_May_2008:_abolition_of_the_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>December 2007 to May 2008: abolition of the monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_2007_to_May_2008:_abolition_of_the_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Since 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madhes_Movement_(2007–2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madhes_Movement_(2007–2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Madhes Movement (2007–2016)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madhes_Movement_(2007–2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_2017_to_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_2017_to_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>From 2017 to 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_2017_to_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020:_political_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020:_political_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>2020: political crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020:_political_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_(2021–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_(2021–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Present (2021–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_(2021–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislative branch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_2006_democratic_movement_to_the_Constituent_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_2006_democratic_movement_to_the_Constituent_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>From the 2006 democratic movement to the Constituent Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_2006_democratic_movement_to_the_Constituent_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_elections_after_becoming_a_Republic:_the_Constituent_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_elections_after_becoming_a_Republic:_the_Constituent_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The first elections after becoming a Republic: the Constituent Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_elections_after_becoming_a_Republic:_the_Constituent_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_levels_of_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_levels_of_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Different levels of governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_levels_of_governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different levels of governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_levels_of_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Provincial government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal/Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal/Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Municipal/Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal/Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organisation_participation_of_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organisation_participation_of_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International organisation participation of Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organisation_participation_of_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Nepal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سياسة نيبال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة نيبال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="नेपाल के राजनीति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेपाल के राजनीति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Държавно устройство на Непал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Непал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_y_pol%C3%ADtica_de_Nepal" title="Gobierno y política de Nepal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno y política de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_au_N%C3%A9pal" title="Politique au Népal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique au Népal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="네팔의 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네팔의 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="नेपाल की राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपाल की राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Nepal" title="Politik Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_del_Nepal" title="Politica del Nepal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica del Nepal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ნეპალის პოლიტიკური სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეპალის პოლიტიკური სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="नेपालक राजनीति – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नेपालक राजनीति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="नेपालको राजनीति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपालको राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="ネパールの政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネパールの政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepals_politiske_system" title="Nepals politiske system – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nepals politiske system" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_do_Nepal" title="Política do Nepal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política do Nepal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1155916#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Politics_of_Nepal" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Politics_of_Nepal" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Politics_of_Nepal" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&oldid=1252749342" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Politics_of_Nepal&id=1252749342&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolitics_of_Nepal"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolitics_of_Nepal"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Politics_of_Nepal&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Nepal" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1155916" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Nepal_(alternative).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/125px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/188px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal"><span style="color:#FFF;">Constitution</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_and_Duties_in_Nepal" title="Fundamental Rights and Duties in Nepal">Fundamental Rights and Duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal"><span style="color:#FFF;">Government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ram_Sahaya_Yadav" title="Ram Sahaya Yadav">Ram Sahaya Yadav</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Executive:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal">list</a>)</span>: <b><a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Oli_cabinet" title="Fourth Oli cabinet">Oli IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Nepal)" title="Public Service Commission (Nepal)">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Nepal" title="Chief Secretary of Nepal">Cabinet Secretary</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliament_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal parliament of Nepal">Federal Parliament</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">House of Representatives</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg/50px-Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg/75px-Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg/100px-Svgfiles_2024-05-06-14-54-55-266959-14011746942458791892.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap">Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Dev_Raj_Ghimire" title="Dev Raj Ghimire">Dev Raj Ghimire</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">Deputy Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Indira_Ranamagar" title="Indira Ranamagar">Indira Ranamagar</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">House Leader: <a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">Opposition Leader: <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">National Assembly</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg/50px-Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg/75px-Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg/100px-Nepal_NationalAssembly_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Prasad_Timilsina" title="Ganesh Prasad Timilsina">Ganesh Prasad Timilsina</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">House Leader: <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prasad_Sitaula" title="Krishna Prasad Sitaula">Krishna Prasad Sitaula</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap">Opposition Leader: <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Kaji_Shrestha" title="Narayan Kaji Shrestha">Narayan Kaji Shrestha</a></span></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Judiciary:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice of Nepal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bishowambhar_Prasad_Shrestha" title="Bishowambhar Prasad Shrestha">Bishowambhar Prasad Shrestha</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Nepal" title="District Courts of Nepal">District Courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal"><span style="color:#FFF;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Commission of Nepal">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2015_Nepalese_presidential_election" title="2015 Nepalese presidential election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nepalese_presidential_election" title="2018 Nepalese presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nepalese_presidential_election" title="2023 Nepalese presidential election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Nepalese legislative election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nepalese_general_election" title="2022 Nepalese general election">2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Nepalese_general_election" title="Next Nepalese general election"><i>next</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Provincial: <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_provincial_elections" title="2017 Nepalese provincial elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nepalese_provincial_elections" title="2022 Nepalese provincial elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_local_elections" title="2017 Nepalese local elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nepalese_local_elections" title="2022 Nepalese local elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Nepal" title="Federalism in Nepal"><span style="color:#FFF;">Federalism</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Administrative divisions</a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Provincial_governments_of_Nepal" title="Provincial governments of Nepal">Provincial governments</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradesh Sabha">Provincial Assemblies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Governor_(Nepal)" title="Governor (Nepal)">Governors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(Nepal)" title="Chief minister (Nepal)">Chief Ministers</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_self-government_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Local self-government in Nepal">Local governments</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal"><span style="color:#FFF;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Nepal)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Nepal)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arzu_Rana_Deuba" title="Arzu Rana Deuba">Arzu Rana Deuba</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Nepal" title="List of diplomatic missions of Nepal">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Nepal" title="List of diplomatic missions in Nepal">in Nepal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_passport" title="Nepalese passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Nepalese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Nepalese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Nepal" title="Visa policy of Nepal">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:#FFF;">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_democracy_movement" title="Nepalese democracy movement">Democracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Nepal" title="Template:Politics of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Politics of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Politics of Nepal</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">नेपाली राजनीति</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Nepal_(alternative).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="475" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of Nepal">National Emblem of Nepal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of india">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Centre,_Nepal" title="International Convention Centre, Nepal">Sansad Bhavan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastriya Sabha">Rastriya Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Prasad_Timilsina" title="Ganesh Prasad Timilsina">Ganesh Prasad Timilsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Electoral College</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pratinidhi_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratinidhi Sabha">Pratinidhi Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dev_Raj_Ghimire" title="Dev Raj Ghimire">Dev Raj Ghimire</a>, Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Pratinidhi_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratinidhi Sabha">Pratinidhi Sabha</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Electoral College</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data">KP Sharma Oli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers of Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data">Oli Cabinet 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Prime Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Deputy Prime Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Singha_Durbar" title="Singha Durbar">Singha Durbar</a>, Kathmandu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministries</th><td class="infobox-data">Oli Cabinet 2024</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data">Judiciary</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data">Ram Shah Path, Kathmandu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">High Courts of Nepal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data">7 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Province of Nepal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">District Courts of Nepal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seat</th><td class="infobox-data">77 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Nepal">Districts of Nepal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of Nepal</b> functions within the framework of a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the Prime Minister and their cabinet, while <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a>. </p><p>The Governing <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (UML)</a> have been the main rivals of each other since the early 1990s, with each party defeating the other in successive elections.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are seven major political parties in the federal parliament: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress (NC)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">CPN (Maoist-centre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)">CPN (Unified Socialist)</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Party,_Nepal_(2020)" title="People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)">People's Socialist Party, Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Samajwadi_Party,_Nepal" title="Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal">Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party_(Nepal)" title="People's Progressive Party (Nepal)">People's Progressive Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all major parties officially espouse democratic socialism, UML, Unified Socialist and Maoist-centre are considered leftist while the Nepali Congress, Democratic Socialist Party and People's Progressive Party are considered centrist, with most considering them center-left and some center-right.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party PSP-N is center-left to left-wing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During most of the brief periods of democratic exercise in the 1950s and 1990s, Nepali Congress held a majority in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a ten-year <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">civil war</a>, the Nepalese parliament voted to abolish the monarchy in June 2006, and Nepal became a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> on 28 May 2008. A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">new constitution</a> was adopted in 2015, and in 2017 Nepal held its <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_general_election" title="2017 Nepalese general election">first general election</a> since the end of the civil war, in which the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a> (a short-lived merger of the UML and Maoist-centre) won a majority at the federal level as well as in six of the seven provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Nepal a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">hybrid regime</a>" in 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-democracy-index_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-index-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> while the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Polity_data_series" title="Polity data series">Polity data series</a> considers it to be a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Nepal was the 7th most electoral <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">democratic country in Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_politics">Family politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande"><img alt="Damodar Pande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Damodar_Pande.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Pande" title="Damodar Pande">Damodar Pande</a>, Mulkaji of Nepal from aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Pande_family" title="Pande family">Pande family</a> (1799–1804)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa"><img alt="Bhimsen Thapa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bhimsen_Thapa_from_Art_et_Civilisation.jpg/185px-Bhimsen_Thapa_from_Art_et_Civilisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Bhimsen_Thapa_from_Art_et_Civilisation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="261" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>, Mukhtiyar of Nepal from aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Thapa_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Thapa family">Thapa family</a> (1806–1837)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200588_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200588-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The four noble families to be involved in the active politics of the Kingdom of Nepal before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basnyat_family" title="Basnyat family">Basnyat family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 18th century, the Thapas and the Pandes had extreme dominance over Nepalese Darbar politics, alternatively contesting for central power with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early politics in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> was characterised by factionalism, conspiracies and murders, including two major massacres.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After almost a century of power-wrangling among the Basnyat, Pande and Thapa families, the military leader <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Bir Narsingh Kunwar</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emerged on top in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> in 1846, which consolidated powers of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">the king</a> and prime minister and would reign for another century with a policy of oppression and isolationism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_1950s">Post 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Main office holders</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ram Chandra Poudel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Ram_Chandra_Poudel_during_oath_taking_ceremony_of_President_of_Nepal.jpeg/150px-Ram_Chandra_Poudel_during_oath_taking_ceremony_of_President_of_Nepal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Ram_Chandra_Poudel_during_oath_taking_ceremony_of_President_of_Nepal.jpeg/225px-Ram_Chandra_Poudel_during_oath_taking_ceremony_of_President_of_Nepal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Ram_Chandra_Poudel_during_oath_taking_ceremony_of_President_of_Nepal.jpeg/300px-Ram_Chandra_Poudel_during_oath_taking_ceremony_of_President_of_Nepal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ram Chandra Poudel,President of Nepal since 13 March 2023</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" title="KP Sharma Oli"><img alt="KP Sharma Oli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/KP_Sharma_Oli.png/122px-KP_Sharma_Oli.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/KP_Sharma_Oli.png/183px-KP_Sharma_Oli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/KP_Sharma_Oli.png/244px-KP_Sharma_Oli.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">KP Sharma Oli, Prime Minister of Nepal since 14 July 2024</div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the 1930s, Nepali expatriates in India had started smuggling in writings on political philosophies, which gave birth to a vibrant underground political movement in the capital, birthing <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Praja_Parishad" title="Nepal Praja Parishad">Nepal Praja Parishad</a> in 1939, which was dissolved only two years later, following the execution of the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Nepal" title="Martyrs of Nepal">four great martyrs</a>. Around the same time, Nepalis involved in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian Independence Movement</a> started organising into political parties, leading to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal" title="Communist Party of Nepal">Communist Party of Nepal</a>. Following Indian independence, Nepali Congress was successful in overthrowing the Rana regime with support from the Indian government and cooperation from <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">the king</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ram00_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ram00-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While communism was still trying to find its footing, Nepali Congress enjoyed overwhelming support of the electorate. Following a brief ten-year exercise in democracy, the autocratic <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a> was initiated, this time by <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">the King</a>, who deposed the democratically elected government of Nepali Congress, imprisoned or exiled prominent leaders and issued a ban on party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-ram00_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ram00-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mr2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jst_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many political parties and their leaders remained underground or in exile for the next 30 years of "partyless" politics in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BP Koirala was released from prison in 1968 and went into exile in Benaras, returning in 1976 only to immediately be put in house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-ram00_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ram00-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an armed insurgency launched by the major communist faction called the Jhapa movement had failed comprehensively by 1971, it formed the foundation for the dominant communist power, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(1978)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)">CPN (ML)</a>, that was officially launched in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general referendum was held in 1980, which saw the CPN ML campaign for the option of multi-party democracy, along with Nepali Congress, but the Panchayat System was declared the winner to significant controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panchayat rule saw governments led by a group of monarchy loyalists taking turns, with <a href="/wiki/Surya_Bahadur_Thapa" title="Surya Bahadur Thapa">Surya Bahadur Thapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Giri" title="Tulsi Giri">Tulsi Giri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirti_Nidhi_Bista" title="Kirti Nidhi Bista">Kirti Nidhi Bista</a> becoming prime minister three times each, among others. It introduced a number of reforms, built infrastructures and modernised the country, while significantly curtailing political freedom, imposing the Nepali language and Khas culture to the oppression of all others, and spreading Indophobic propaganda, the effects of which are experienced to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-ram00_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ram00-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the joint civil resistance launched by the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_1990)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)">United Left front</a> and Nepali Congress was successful in overthrowing the Panchayat, and the country became a constitutional monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-ram00_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ram00-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Left Front became <a href="/wiki/CPN_UML" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN UML">CPN UML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panchayat loyalists formed <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">National Democratic Party</a>, which emerged as the third major party. While Nepali Congress ran the government for most of the next ten years of democracy that followed, democracy was mostly a disappointment owing to the immature democratic culture and political infighting in the capital, as well as the civil war that followed the guerrilla insurgency launched by <a href="/wiki/CPN_Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN Maoist">the Maoist Party</a>. Following a four-year autocratic rule by <a href="/wiki/King_Gyanendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Gyanendra">King Gyanendra</a> that failed to defeat the Maoists, a mass civil protest was launched by a coalition of the Maoists and the political parties in 2006, which forced the king to stepped down, brought the Maoists to the peace process, and established a democratic republic by 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Telegraph_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prachanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Prachanda.jpg/220px-Prachanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Prachanda.jpg/330px-Prachanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Prachanda.jpg/440px-Prachanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Prachanda speaking at a rally in Pokhara</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the political consensus to draft the new constitution of the Republic via a constituent assembly, Nepali politics saw a rise of nationalist groups and ideologies. While the political power-wrangling caused continuous instability, maintaining the established average of nine months per government, this period saw two constituent assembly elections and the rise of Madhesi nationalist parties, especially in the Eastern Terai region.<sup id="cite_ref-mao_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mao-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the new constitution had been promulgated and Nepal became "a federal democratic republic striving towards democratic socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a series of elections were held according to the new constitution, which established <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party_(NCP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Communist Party (NCP)">Nepal Communist Party (NCP)</a> (formally united after the election) as the ruling party at the federal level as well as six of the seven provinces, Nepali Congress as the only significant opposition in federal and provincial levels, while the Madhesi coalition formed the provincial government in Province No. 2, but boasts negligible presence in the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">political parties in Nepal</a> can be mainly divided into the Democratic camp and the Communist camp. Still, these parties at times form alliances with each other and among them as per the situation and demand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic/socialist_camp"><span id="Democratic.2Fsocialist_camp"></span>Democratic/socialist camp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic/socialist camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This camp is led by <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a>, the opposition party in Nepal. Numerous parties in Nepal claim to endorse democratic ideology but few are active which are listed below. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th rowspan="2">Political position </th> <th rowspan="2">Foundation Year </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliament_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal parliament of Nepal">Federal Parliament of Nepal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradesh Sabha">Provincial Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">House of Representatives</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">National Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> <p>नेपाली काँग्रेस<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>88 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>175 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Swatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Swatantra Party">Rastriya Swatantra Party</a>राष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Lamichhane" title="Rabi Lamichhane">Rabi Lamichhane</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>National Democratic Party</i>) <p>राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Lingden" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Lingden">Rajendra Lingden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Party_(Nepal,_2024)" title="People's Socialist Party (Nepal, 2024)">People's Socialist Party</a></span> <p><span title="Nepali-language text"><span lang="ne">जनता समाजवादी पार्टी</span></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Rai" title="Ashok Rai">Ashok Rai</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></span> <p>to <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a></span> </p> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janamat_Party" title="Janamat Party">Janamat Party</a></span> <p><span title="Nepali-language text"><span lang="ne">जनमत पार्टी</span></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CK_Raut" title="CK Raut">CK Raut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Party,_Nepal_(2020)" title="People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)">People's Socialist Party, Nepal</a> <p>जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Yadav" title="Upendra Yadav">Upendra Yadav</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Samajwadi_Party,_Nepal" title="Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal">Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal</a> <p>लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahantha_Thakur" title="Mahantha Thakur">Mahantha Thakur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagrik_Unmukti_Party" title="Nagrik Unmukti Party">Nagrik Unmukti Party</a> <p>नागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resham_Lal_Chaudhary" title="Resham Lal Chaudhary">Resham Lal Chaudhary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre left</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_camp">Communist camp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communist camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020-2021_split_in_Nepalese_Communist_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-2021 split in Nepalese Communist Parties">2020-2021 split in Nepalese Communist Parties</a></div> <p>Majorly, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN(UML)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">CPN(Maoist Centre)</a> carry the communist legacy in Nepal while there are other few parties which claim to endorse communist ideology. Some of them are given below. They currently make up the ruling coalition. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th rowspan="2">Foundation Year </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliament_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal parliament of Nepal">Federal Parliament of Nepal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradesh Sabha">Provincial Assembly</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">House of Representatives</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">National Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (UML)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khadga_Prasad_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadga Prasad Oli">Khadga Prasad Oli</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>161 </td> <td rowspan="2">Re-founded after split of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal" title="Madhav Kumar Nepal">Madhav Kumar Nepal</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>founded by split from <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Janamorcha" title="Rastriya Janamorcha">Rastriya Janamorcha</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Bahadur_K.C." title="Chitra Bahadur K.C.">Chitra Bahadur K.C.</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Split from <a href="/wiki/Janamorcha_Nepal" title="Janamorcha Nepal">Janamorcha Nepal</a> <p>Electoral front of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Masal)_(2006)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (2006)">Communist Party of Nepal (Masal)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Man_Bijukchhe" title="Narayan Man Bijukchhe">Narayan Man Bijukchhe</a> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Split from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Pushpa_Lal)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal)">Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal)</a> <p>Originally founded as Nepal Workers and Peasants Organization </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_conditions">Political conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001:_Royal_Massacre">2001: Royal Massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2001: Royal Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_royal_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali royal massacre">Nepali royal massacre</a></div> <p>The Royal Massacre (राजदरबार हत्याकाण्ड) happened on 1 June 2001, in which members of the royal family, King <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">Birendra</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Aishwarya_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishwarya of Nepal">Aishwarya</a>, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Nirajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirajan">Nirajan</a>, as well as many others, were killed. However, after the massacre, the Crown Prince survived for a short while in a coma. </p><p>Although the prince never regained consciousness before dying, Crown Prince Dipendra was the monarch under the law of Nepali royal succession. Two days later after his death, the late King's surviving brother <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyanendra">Gyanendra</a> was proclaimed as a king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002–2007:_suspension_of_parliament_and_Loktantra_Andolan"><span id="2002.E2.80.932007:_suspension_of_parliament_and_Loktantra_Andolan"></span>2002–2007: suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2002–2007: suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_democracy_movement_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 democracy movement in Nepal">2006 democracy movement in Nepal</a></div> <p>On 22 May 2002 <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">King Gyanendra</a> suspended the Parliament, appointed a government led by himself, and enforced <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. The King argued that civil politicians were unfit to handle the Maoist insurgency. Telephone lines were cut and several high-profile political leaders were detained. Other opposition leaders fled to India and regrouped there. A broad coalition called the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) was formed in opposition to the royal takeover, encompassing the seven parliamentary parties who held about 90% of the seats in the old, dissolved parliament. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, in response to events in Nepal, set up a monitoring program in 2005 to assess and observe the human rights situation there.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 November 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Party_Alliance" title="Seven Party Alliance">Seven Party Alliance</a> (SPA) of parliamentary parties and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) agreed on a historic and unprecedented 12-point memorandum of understanding (MOU) for peace and democracy. Nepali people from various walks of life and the international community regarded the MOU as an appropriate political response to the crisis that was developing in Nepal. Against the backdrop of the historical sufferings of the Nepali people and the enormous human cost of the last ten years of violent conflict, the MOU, which proposes a peaceful transition through an elected constituent assembly, created an acceptable formula for a united movement for democracy. As per the 12-point MOU, the SPA called for a protest movement, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) supported it. This led to a countrywide uprising called the <a href="/wiki/Loktantra_Andolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Loktantra Andolan">Loktantra Andolan</a> that started in April 2006. All political forces including civil society and professional organisations actively galvanised the people. This resulted in massive and spontaneous demonstrations and rallies held across Nepal against King Gyanendra's autocratic rule. </p><p>On 21 April 2006, King Gyanendra declared that "power would be returned to the people". This had little effect on the people, who continued to occupy the streets of Kathmandu and other towns, openly defying the daytime curfew. Finally, King Gyanendra announced the reinstatement of the House of Representatives, thereby conceding one of the major demands of the SPA, at midnight on 24 April 2006. Following this action, the coalition of political forces decided to call off the protests. </p><p>At least 14 died during the 19 days of protests.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 May 2006, the parliament assumed total legislative power and gave executive power to the Government of Nepal (previously known as His Majesty's Government). Names of many institutions (including the army) were stripped of the "royal" adjective and the Raj Parishad (a council of the King's advisers) was abolished, with his duties assigned to the Parliament itself. The activities of the King became subject to parliamentary scrutiny and the King's properties were subjected to taxation. Moreover, Nepal was declared a secular state abrogating the previous status of a Hindu Kingdom. However, most of the changes have, as yet, not been implemented. On 19 July 2006, the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala" title="Girija Prasad Koirala">G. P. Koirala</a>, sent a letter to the United Nations announcing the intention of the Nepali government to hold elections to a constituent assembly by April 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2007_to_May_2008:_abolition_of_the_monarchy">December 2007 to May 2008: abolition of the monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: December 2007 to May 2008: abolition of the monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 December 2007, an agreement was made for the monarchy to be abolished and the country to become a federal <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with the Prime Minister becoming <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_20071224_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_20071224-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the largest party amidst a general atmosphere of fear and intimidation from all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A federal republic was established in May 2008, with only four members of the 601-seat Constituent Assembly voting against the change,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ended 240 years of royal rule in Nepal. The government announced a public holiday for three days, (28 – 30 May), to celebrate the country becoming a federal republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2008">Since 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Since 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Politics of Nepal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Politics+of+Nepal%22">"Politics of Nepal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Politics+of+Nepal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Politics+of+Nepal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Politics+of+Nepal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Politics+of+Nepal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Politics+of+Nepal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Major parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)">Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)</a> (CPN UML) and the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> agreed to write a constitution to replace the interim constitution<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within 2 years. </p><p>The Maoists, as the largest party of the country, took power right after the elections and named Pushpa Kamal Dahal (<a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a>) as the prime minister of Nepal. CPN UML also joined this government, but the Nepali Congress took the part of the main opposition party. Prachanda soon fell into a dispute with the then army chief Rookmanda Katwal and decided to sack him. But the <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Baran_Yadav" title="Ram Baran Yadav">Ram Baran Yadav</a>, as the supreme head of military power in the country, revoked this decision and gave the army chief additional time in office. An angry Prachanda and his party quit the government, majorly citing this reason and decided to operate as the main opposition to the government headed by CPN UML and its co-partner Nepali Congress afterward. <a href="/wiki/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal" title="Madhav Kumar Nepal">Madhav Kumar Nepal</a> was named the Prime Minister. </p><p>The Maoists demanded <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian supremacy over the army</a>. </p><p>The Maoists forced closures – commonly known as <i>bandhs</i> – in the country, and also declared autonomous states for almost all the ethnic groups in Nepal. </p><p>In May 2012 the constitutional assembly was dissolved and another election to select the new constitutional assembly members were declared by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madhes_Movement_(2007–2016)"><span id="Madhes_Movement_.282007.E2.80.932016.29"></span>Madhes Movement (2007–2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Madhes Movement (2007–2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Madhes_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhes Movement">Madhes Movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: मधेस अान्दोलन) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> launched by various political parties, especially those based in <a href="/wiki/Madhesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhesh">Madhes</a>, for equal rights, dignity and identity of <a href="/wiki/Madhesi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhesi people">Madhesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> and Janjati groups in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. In nearly a decade, Nepal witnessed three Madhes Movements<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - the first Madhes Movement erupted in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second Madhes Movement in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third Madhes Movement in 2015. About the origin of the first Madhes Movement, Journalist Amarendra Yadav writes in <a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Nepal" title="The Rising Nepal">The Rising Nepal</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "When the then seven-party alliance of the mainstream political parties and the CPN-Maoist jointly announced the Interim Constitution in 2007, it totally ignored the concept of federalism, the most desired political agenda of Madhesis and other marginalised communities. A day after the promulgation of the interim statute, a group of Madhesi activists under the <a href="/wiki/Upendra_Yadav" title="Upendra Yadav">Upendra Yadav</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Madheshi_Jana_Adhikar_Forum,_Nepal" title="Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal">Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum-Nepal</a> (then a socio-intellectual NGO) burnt copies of the interim constitution at Maitighar Mandala, Kathmandu." This triggered the Madhes movement I. </p><p>The second Madhes Movement took place in 2008, jointly launched by <a href="/wiki/Madheshi_Jana_Adhikar_Forum,_Nepal" title="Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal">Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum-Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terai_Madhesh_Loktantrik_Party_(2007)" title="Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007)">Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadbhavana_Party" title="Sadbhavana Party">Sadbhawana Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Mahato" title="Rajendra Mahato">Rajendra Mahato</a> with three key agenda: federalism, proportional representation and population-based election constituency, which were later ensured in the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2008. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Nepal 2015">The Constitution of Nepal 2015</a> backtracked from those issues, that were already ensured by the Interim <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a> 2008. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court of Nepal</a> Advocate <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_Jha" title="Dipendra Jha">Dipendra Jha</a> writes in The <a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">Kathmandu Post:</a> "many other aspects of the new constitution are more regressive than the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007. Out of all its deficiencies, the most notable one concerns the issue proportional representation or inclusion in all organs of the state."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This triggered the third Madhes Movement by Madhesis<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Nepal. Although the first amendment to the constitution was done, the resistance over the document by Madhesi and Tharus in Nepal still continues.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_2017_to_2019">From 2017 to 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From 2017 to 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2017, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> was elected the 40th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister of Nepal</a>, succeeding prime minister and chairman of <a href="/wiki/CPN_(Maoist_Centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN (Maoist Centre)">CPN (Maoist Centre)</a> <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a>. Deuba had been previously prime minister from 1995 to 1997, from 2001 to 2002, and from 2004 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017, Nepal had its first general <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_general_election" title="2017 Nepalese general election">election</a> since the civil war ended and the monarchy was abolished. The main alternatives were centrist Nepali Congress Party and the alliance of former Maoist rebels and the Communist <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">UML</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance of communists won the election, and UML leader <a href="/wiki/Khadga_Prasad_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli">Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli</a> was sworn in February 2018 as the new prime minister. He had previously been prime minister since 2015 until 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020:_political_crisis">2020: political crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2020: political crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020-2021_split_in_Nepalese_Communist_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-2021 split in Nepalese Communist Parties">2020-2021 split in Nepalese Communist Parties</a></div> <p>Since the inception of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">NCP</a>, the struggle for power between the two leaders: <a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> started. The internal crisis led to dissolution of parliament (both house of representative and lower house of parliament) by <a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">Khadga Prasad Oli</a> twice within six months. It was approved by the president but <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme court</a> denied the legality of such decision by Oli. After the supreme court's historic decision, both the parliaments were reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After facing the vote for confidence in parliament, Oli lost the vote for confidence. As per the 72(6) of Constitution of Nepal, the opposition was given the opportunity to form a new government by President <a href="/wiki/Bidya_Devi_Bhandari" title="Bidya Devi Bhandari">Bidya Devi Bhandari</a>. The opposition and they could not construct the new government as they lacked support of one faction from <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Party,_Nepal_(2020)" title="People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)">Janata Samajbadi Party</a>. As a result, the party got divide and <a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Samajwadi_Party,_Nepal" title="Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal">Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal</a> was formed after nearly a month.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Khadga Prasad Oli was sworn in again as the prime minister of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dissolved the parliament on 22 May 2021 for second time rather than taking vote of confidence. This time as well, it was approved by president unanimously against the signatures submitted claiming majority to <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">NC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, 146 of the total 275 sitting members of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">HOR</a> filed a case in supreme court against the decision and approval of president. Previously, they had submitted majority signatures to president asking to appoint <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> as the next prime minister of Nepal. </p><p>On 4 June 2021, a major cabinet re-shuffle took place when so called Madhesbani leader Rajendra Mahato led faction of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Party,_Nepal_(2020)" title="People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)">PSP-N</a> joined the government with eight cabinet ministers and two state ministers while other five from <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a>. Bishnu Prasad Paudel, Raghubir Mahasheth and Rajendra Mahato were made Deputy Prime-minister.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the previous expansion was yet to be clarified by the Supreme Court, Oli made yet another re-shuffle and included seven ministers from UML and one from PSP-N.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 June, Supreme Court delivered a fresh blow to embattled Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli 20 removing recently appointed ministers. It revealed a care-taker prime-minister cannot make such change as per article 77(3) of Constitution of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  By the end, only five ministers are present in Council of ministers including sitting PM Oli while deputy prime minister post of Bishnu Prasad Paudel was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_(2021–)"><span id="Present_.282021.E2.80.93.29"></span>Present (2021–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Present (2021–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_split_in_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)">2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)</a></div> <p>On 12 July 2021, the Supreme Court stated the decision to dissolve parliament was unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, it ordered the appointment Deuba as the next <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister of Nepal</a> citing article 76(5) of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a> within 28 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stated that the decision made by the president was against the norms of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was celebrated by the then opposition alliance led by the Nepali Congress including allies <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">CPN (Maoist-Centre)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Samajbadi_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata Samajbadi Party">Janata Samajbadi Party</a>. On 13 July 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Bidya_Devi_Bhandari" title="Bidya Devi Bhandari">Bidya Devi Bhandari</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> as the Prime Minister without including any article of Constitution and stating as per the order of Court. This created cold dispute and people alleged President Bhandari of forgetting her limits and being tilted to <a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">ex-PM Oli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Deuba declined to take the oath as per the appointment letter, the letter was changed and stated that Deuba was made PM in accordance with article 76(5), marking Deuba's fifth term as PM. On 13 July 2021, Sher Bahadur Deuba was sworn in as Nepal’s prime minister for fifth time.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022, former Maoist guerilla chief, <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a>, became the new prime minister after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Nepalese_general_election" title="2022 Nepalese general election">2022 Nepalese general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2023, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Paudel</a> of Nepali Congress was <a href="/wiki/2023_Nepalese_presidential_election" title="2023 Nepalese presidential election">elected</a> as Nepal’s third president to succeed Bidya Devi Bhandari.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 2024, <a href="/wiki/K._P._Sharma_Oli" title="K. P. Sharma Oli">K. P. Sharma Oli</a> was sworn in as Nepali prime minister for fourth time. New coalition was formed between Nepali Congress, led by <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a>, and UML, led by Oli. The party leaders will take turns as prime ministers for 18 months each until the next general elections in 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, the <b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a></b> (<i>Sansad</i>) has two <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">chambers</a>. The <b>House of Representatives</b> (<i>Pratinidhi Sabha</i>) has 275 members elected for five-year term in single-seat <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a>. The <b>National Council</b> (<i>Rashtriya Sabha</i>) has 59 members, 8 from each state and the remaining 3 from the private concern of the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_2006_democratic_movement_to_the_Constituent_Assembly">From the 2006 democratic movement to the Constituent Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: From the 2006 democratic movement to the Constituent Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the victory of the democratic movement in the spring of 2006, a unicameral <a href="/wiki/Interim_legislature_of_Nepal" title="Interim legislature of Nepal">interim legislature</a> replaced the previous parliament. The new body consists both of members of the old parliament as well as nominated members. As of December 2007, the legislature had the following composition.<sup id="cite_ref-A_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Party</b> </th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> </td> <td>133 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)">Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a> </td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)</a> </td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Prajatantra_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Prajatantra Party">Rashtriya Prajatantra Party</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sadbhavana_Party_(Anandi_Devi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandi Devi)">Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandi Devi)</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janamorcha_Nepal" title="Janamorcha Nepal">Janamorcha Nepal</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">Nepal Workers Peasants Party</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Jana_Morcha_(2006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Jana Morcha (2006)">Rashtriya Jana Morcha</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal)_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Left Front (Nepal) (2002)">United Left Front</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified)</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janashakti_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Janashakti Party">Rashtriya Janashakti Party</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_elections_after_becoming_a_Republic:_the_Constituent_Assembly">The first elections after becoming a Republic: the Constituent Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The first elections after becoming a Republic: the Constituent Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2008 the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">elections for the Constituent Assembly</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)">Communist Party of Nepal</a> as the largest party in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_Constituent_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali Constituent Assembly (page does not exist)">Constituent Assembly</a>, which will have a term of two years. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Party</b> </th> <th><b>Seats</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)">Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a> </td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> </td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)</a> </td> <td>103 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_Jana_Adhikar_Forum,_Nepal" title="Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal">Madeshi Jana Adhikar Forum Nepal</a> </td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terai_Madhesh_Loktantrik_Party_(2007)" title="Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007)">Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party</a> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadbhavana_Party" title="Sadbhavana Party">Sadbhavana Party</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Prajatantra_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Prajatantra Party">Rashtriya Prajatantra Party</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist-Leninist)_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) (2002)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janamorcha_Nepal" title="Janamorcha Nepal">Janamorcha Nepal</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(United)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (United)">Communist Party of Nepal (United)</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Janamorcha" title="Rastriya Janamorcha">Rastriya Janamorcha</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">Nepal Workers Peasants Party</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Janshakti_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastriya Janshakti Party">Rastriya Janshakti Party</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanghiya_Loktantrik_Rastriya_Manch" title="Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch">Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sadbhavana_Party_(Anandidevi)" title="Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandidevi)">Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandidevi)</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Janamukti_Party" title="Rastriya Janamukti Party">Rastriya Janamukti Party</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Janata_Dal" title="Nepali Janata Dal">Nepali Janata Dal</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified)</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Janajati_Party" title="Dalit Janajati Party">Dalit Janajati Party</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepa_Rastriya_Party" title="Nepa Rastriya Party">Nepa Rastriya Party</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samajbadi_Prajatantrik_Janata_Party,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party, Nepal">Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party, Nepal</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chure_Bhawar_Rastriya_Ekta_Party_Nepal" title="Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekta Party Nepal">Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekta Party, Nepal</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Loktantrik_Samajbadi_Dal" title="Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal">Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Parivar_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Parivar Dal">Nepal Parivar Dal</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Independents </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Not yet determined</i> </td> <td>26 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judiciary is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court (सर्बोच्च अदालत)</a>, Appellate courts, and various District courts. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges were appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepal's judiciary is legally separate from the executive and legislative and has increasingly shown the will to be independent of political influence. The judiciary has the right of judicial review under the constitution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_levels_of_governments">Different levels of governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Different levels of governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Federal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Government of Nepal</a></div> <p>The executive is headed by prime minister while president remains head of state. Nepal has provision for executive prime minister per the present Constitution of Nepal. The role of president is largely ceremonial as the functioning of the government is managed entirely by the prime minister who is appointed by the Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_government">Provincial government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Provincial government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provincial_governments_of_Nepal" title="Provincial governments of Nepal">Provincial governments of Nepal</a></div> <p>As per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a>, there are 7 provinces in Nepal with their own provincial government and assemblies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal/Local_government"><span id="Municipal.2FLocal_government"></span>Municipal/Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Municipal/Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Nepal" title="Local government in Nepal">Local government in Nepal</a></div> <p>as per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a>, there are 753 local levels, Rual municipalities and municipalities which are referred to as the village executive and municipal executive respectively. The district assembly is governed by the <a href="/wiki/District_Coordination_Committee" title="District Coordination Committee">District Coordination Committee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_organisation_participation_of_Nepal">International organisation participation of Nepal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: International organisation participation of Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/AsDB" class="mw-redirect" title="AsDB">AsDB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stichting_Mina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stichting Mina (page does not exist)">MINA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customs_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Cooperation Council">CCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ESCAP">ESCAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBRD" class="mw-redirect" title="IBRD">IBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICFTU" class="mw-redirect" title="ICFTU">ICFTU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Clinical_Research_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Clinical Research Management (page does not exist)">ICRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IFAD">IFAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFRCS" class="mw-redirect" title="IFRCS">IFRCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpol (organization)">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (correspondent), <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a>, <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPCW" class="mw-redirect" title="OPCW">OPCW</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNCTAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIDO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIDO">UNIDO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIFIL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIFIL">UNIFIL</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNMIBH" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIBH">UNMIBH</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNMIK" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIK">UNMIK</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNMOP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMOP">UNMOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNMOT" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMOT">UNMOT</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNTAET" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAET">UNTAET</a>, <a href="/wiki/UPU" class="mw-redirect" title="UPU">UPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMO" class="mw-redirect" title="WMO">WMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WToO" class="mw-redirect" title="WToO">WToO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTrO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTrO">WTrO</a> CPC Nepal (applicant)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/1806_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1806 Bhandarkhal massacre">Bhandarkhal massacre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">later known as Janga Bahadur Rana</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/11/nepal-elections-2017-explained-171126103009857.html">"Nepal elections explained"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814220351/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/11/nepal-elections-2017-explained-171126103009857.html">archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Nepal+elections+explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F11%2Fnepal-elections-2017-explained-171126103009857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cpn-uml-nc-in-close-fight-in-nepal-elections/articleshow/26200245.cms?from=mdr">"CPN-UML, NC in close fight in Nepal elections"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=CPN-UML%2C+NC+in+close+fight+in+Nepal+elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fcpn-uml-nc-in-close-fight-in-nepal-elections%2Farticleshow%2F26200245.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSureis2017" class="citation web cs1">Sureis (18 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/cpn-uml-nepali-congress-pitted-tough-electoral-battle">"UML, Congress pitted in tough electoral battle"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=UML%2C+Congress+pitted+in+tough+electoral+battle&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.au=Sureis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fcpn-uml-nepali-congress-pitted-tough-electoral-battle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSureis2017" class="citation web cs1">Sureis (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-congress-cpn-uml-stiff-fight-province-7">"NC, UML in stiff fight in Province 7"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=NC%2C+UML+in+stiff+fight+in+Province+7&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.au=Sureis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fnepali-congress-cpn-uml-stiff-fight-province-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2017/10/nepal-headed-communist-state-171014095129113.html">"Is Nepal headed towards a communist state?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726113406/https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2017/10/nepal-headed-communist-state-171014095129113.html">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Is+Nepal+headed+towards+a+communist+state%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fblogs%2Fasia%2F2017%2F10%2Fnepal-headed-communist-state-171014095129113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/asia/political-polarisation-in-nepal-ahead-of-major-elections-2048046.html">"Political polarisation in Nepal ahead of major elections"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zee_News" title="Zee News">Zee News</a></i>, 5 October 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817005139/https://zeenews.india.com/asia/political-polarisation-in-nepal-ahead-of-major-elections-2048046.html">archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=Political+polarisation+in+Nepal+ahead+of+major+elections&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fasia%2Fpolitical-polarisation-in-nepal-ahead-of-major-elections-2048046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadka1993" class="citation cs2">Khadka, Narayan (1993), "Democracy and Development in Nepal: Prospects and Challenges", <i>Pacific Affairs</i>, <b>66</b> (1): 44–71, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2760015">10.2307/2760015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-851X">0030-851X</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2760015">2760015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+Development+in+Nepal%3A+Prospects+and+Challenges&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-71&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0030-851X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2760015%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2760015&rft.aulast=Khadka&rft.aufirst=Narayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130160107/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/17/c_134631066.htm">"Nepal's new constitution endorsed through Constituent Assembly — Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/17/c_134631066.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+new+constitution+endorsed+through+Constituent+Assembly+%E2%80%94+Xinhua+%7C+English.news.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2015-09%2F17%2Fc_134631066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/ncp-to-announce-party-department-chiefs-today/">"NCP to announce party department chiefs today"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Times" title="The Himalayan Times">The Himalayan Times</a></i>, 21 July 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818100446/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/ncp-to-announce-party-department-chiefs-today/">archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=NCP+to+announce+party+department+chiefs+today&rft.date=2019-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fkathmandu%2Fncp-to-announce-party-department-chiefs-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-democracy-index-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-democracy-index_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf">Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a></i> (Report). 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240609152810/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Democracy+Index+2023%3A+Age+of+Conflict&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDemocracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4v2018.xls">"Polity IV Annual Time-Series, 1800-2018"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polity+IV+Annual+Time-Series%2C+1800-2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemicpeace.org%2Finscr%2Fp4v2018.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nepal/10.htm">Nepal:The Struggle for Power</a> (Sourced to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Library of Congress">U.S. Library of Congress</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2013" class="citation book cs1">Acharya, Baburam (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWQtAAAAQBAJ&dq=Damodar+Pande+kill&pg=PT216"><i>The Bloodstained Throne Struggles for Power in Nepal (1775-1914) - Baburam Acharya</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351182047" title="Special:BookSources/9789351182047"><bdi>9789351182047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloodstained+Throne+Struggles+for+Power+in+Nepal+%281775-1914%29+-+Baburam+Acharya&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.isbn=9789351182047&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Baburam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWQtAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDamodar%2BPande%2Bkill%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200588-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarmacharya200588_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarmacharya2005">Karmacharya 2005</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoshiRose1966">Joshi & Rose 1966</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com.np/news/2018-09-15/the-misunderstood-queen.html">"The misunderstood queen"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821072837/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com.np/news/2018-09-15/the-misunderstood-queen.html">archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=The+misunderstood+queen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com.np%2Fnews%2F2018-09-15%2Fthe-misunderstood-queen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasnyat" class="citation cs2">Basnyat, Prem Singh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/70006/">"War changed everything"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republica_(newspaper)" title="Republica (newspaper)">Republica</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821072835/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/70006/">archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republica&rft.atitle=War+changed+everything&rft.aulast=Basnyat&rft.aufirst=Prem+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2F70006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ram00-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ram00_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ram00_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ram00_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ram00_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ram00_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandran2003" class="citation cs2">Ramachandran, Shastri (2003), "Nepal as Seen from India", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=India_International_Centre_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India International Centre Quarterly (page does not exist)">India International Centre Quarterly</a></i>, <b>30</b> (2): 81–98, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-9771">0376-9771</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006108">23006108</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+International+Centre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nepal+as+Seen+from+India&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-98&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23006108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0376-9771&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Shastri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mr2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mr2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari" class="citation cs2">Adhikari, Dipendra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/2513/">"Recalling Pushpa Lal"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republica_(newspaper)" title="Republica (newspaper)">Republica</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726082950/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/2513/">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republica&rft.atitle=Recalling+Pushpa+Lal&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=Dipendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2513%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jst-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jst_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jst_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._D._Gurung1977" class="citation cs2">M. D. Gurung (1977), "Communist Movement in Nepal", <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>, <b>12</b> (44): 1849–1852, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4366057">4366057</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Communist+Movement+in+Nepal&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=1849-1852&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4366057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=M.+D.+Gurung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1980" class="citation news cs1">Pandey, Ashok R. (15 May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19800515-panchayat-system-or-multiparty-system-of-govt-nepal-in-throes-of-political-crisis-806650-2014-01-30">"Panchayat system or multiparty system of govt: Nepal in throes of political crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821072841/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19800515-panchayat-system-or-multiparty-system-of-govt-nepal-in-throes-of-political-crisis-806650-2014-01-30">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Panchayat+system+or+multiparty+system+of+govt%3A+Nepal+in+throes+of+political+crisis&rft.date=1980-05-15&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Ashok+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fneighbours%2Fstory%2F19800515-panchayat-system-or-multiparty-system-of-govt-nepal-in-throes-of-political-crisis-806650-2014-01-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2015/03/01/rk-mainali-rejoins-uml/">"Nepali Times | The Brief » Blog Archive » RK Mainali rejoins UML"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Times" title="Nepali Times">Nepali Times</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121212807/http://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2015/03/01/rk-mainali-rejoins-uml/">archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nepali+Times&rft.atitle=Nepali+Times+%7C+The+Brief+%C2%BB+Blog+Archive+%C2%BB+RK+Mainali+rejoins+UML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalitimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fthebrief%2F2015%2F03%2F01%2Frk-mainali-rejoins-uml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawal, Bhim Bahadur. <i>Nepalma samyabadi andolan: udbhab ra vikas</i>. Kathmandu: Pairavi Prakashan. p. 83-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Telegraph-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Telegraph_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2008" class="citation cs2">Bell, Thomas (28 May 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/2044579/Nepal-abolishes-monarchy-as-King-Gyanendra-given-fortnight-to-vacate-palace.html">"Nepal abolishes monarchy as King Gyanendra given fortnight to vacate palace"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416134742/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/nepal/2044579/Nepal-abolishes-monarchy-as-King-Gyanendra-given-fortnight-to-vacate-palace.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nepal+abolishes+monarchy+as+King+Gyanendra+given+fortnight+to+vacate+palace&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnepal%2F2044579%2FNepal-abolishes-monarchy-as-King-Gyanendra-given-fortnight-to-vacate-palace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2017/10/nepal-headed-communist-state-171014095129113.html">"Is Nepal headed towards a communist state?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726113406/https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2017/10/nepal-headed-communist-state-171014095129113.html">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Is+Nepal+headed+towards+a+communist+state%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fblogs%2Fasia%2F2017%2F10%2Fnepal-headed-communist-state-171014095129113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mao-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mao_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaphle2010" class="citation cs2">Kaphle, Anup (7 July 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070605214.html">"Long stalemate after Maoist victory disrupts life in Nepal"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104015054/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070605214.html">archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Long+stalemate+after+Maoist+victory+disrupts+life+in+Nepal&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.aulast=Kaphle&rft.aufirst=Anup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F06%2FAR2010070605214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl">"Nepal's election The Maoists triumph"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 17 April 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214103506/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl">archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+election+The+Maoists+triumph&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11057207%26fsrc%3Dnwl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14700892">"Baburam Bhattarai elected prime minister of Nepal"</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, 28 August 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010024052/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14700892">archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Baburam+Bhattarai+elected+prime+minister+of+Nepal&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-14700892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nepal-pm-calls-new-elections-after-constitution-failure-1.1251219">"Nepal PM calls new elections after constitution failure"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>, 28 May 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528045008/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/05/27/nepal-elections.html">archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+PM+calls+new+elections+after+constitution+failure&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fnepal-pm-calls-new-elections-after-constitution-failure-1.1251219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-26/uml-wins-mayor-deputy-mayor-in-pokhara-lekhnath-metropolis.html">"UML wins mayor, deputy mayor in Pokhara Lekhnath metropolis"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092943/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-05-26/uml-wins-mayor-deputy-mayor-in-pokhara-lekhnath-metropolis.html">archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=UML+wins+mayor%2C+deputy+mayor+in+Pokhara+Lekhnath+metropolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com%2Fnews%2F2017-05-26%2Fuml-wins-mayor-deputy-mayor-in-pokhara-lekhnath-metropolis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/nepali-communists-win-landslide-face-big-obstacles-win-change">"Nepali Communists win landslide, but face big obstacles to win change"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Left_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Left Weekly">Green Left Weekly</a></i>, 5 January 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726113413/https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/nepali-communists-win-landslide-face-big-obstacles-win-change">archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Left+Weekly&rft.atitle=Nepali+Communists+win+landslide%2C+but+face+big+obstacles+to+win+change&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fcontent%2Fnepali-communists-win-landslide-face-big-obstacles-win-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-29/uml-to-get-4-chief-ministers-maoist-centre-2.html">"UML to get 4 chief ministers, Maoist Centre 2"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092959/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-01-29/uml-to-get-4-chief-ministers-maoist-centre-2.html">archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=UML+to+get+4+chief+ministers%2C+Maoist+Centre+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com%2Fnews%2F2018-01-29%2Fuml-to-get-4-chief-ministers-maoist-centre-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepalicongress.org/introduction">"Nepali Congress"</a>. <i>www.nepalicongress.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nepalicongress.org&rft.atitle=Nepali+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalicongress.org%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepali-congress-to-lead-democratic-alliance-to-counter-leftist-grouping/story-Apu3AOHhsm3y3N0Qr7AF5K.html">"Nepali Congress to lead 'democratic alliance' to counter leftist grouping"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 5 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Nepali+Congress+to+lead+%27democratic+alliance%27+to+counter+leftist+grouping&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fnepali-congress-to-lead-democratic-alliance-to-counter-leftist-grouping%2Fstory-Apu3AOHhsm3y3N0Qr7AF5K.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/major-political-parties-of-nepal/story-SYlGMWltRylLwwXDdiSG0N.html">"Major political parties of Nepal"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 20 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Major+political+parties+of+Nepal&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fmajor-political-parties-of-nepal%2Fstory-SYlGMWltRylLwwXDdiSG0N.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/12/1227209">"स्वतन्त्र पार्टीमा दुई धार : दायाँ जाने कि बायाँ ?"</a>. <i>Online Khabar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Khabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%3A+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinekhabar.com%2F2022%2F12%2F1227209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617014146/http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1">"Regional Unions"</a>. <i>IDU : <a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></i>. 17 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idu.org/regional_list.aspx?id=1">the original</a> on 17 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDU+%3A+International+Democrat+Union&rft.atitle=Regional+Unions&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idu.org%2Fregional_list.aspx%3Fid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswasdip" class="citation web cs1">Biswasdip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplesocialist.org/?p=78">"जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपालको घोषणा–पत्र – PSPN"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E2%80%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E2%80%93+PSPN&rft.au=Biswasdip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeoplesocialist.org%2F%3Fp%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/world/nepal-top-court-quashes-2018-formation-of-ruling-nepal-communist-party-7218809/">"Nepal top court quashes 2018 formation of ruling Nepal Communist Party"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Nepal+top+court+quashes+2018+formation+of+ruling+Nepal+Communist+Party&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fnepal-top-court-quashes-2018-formation-of-ruling-nepal-communist-party-7218809%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rajamo.org">"राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा, Rashtriya Janamorcha - RAJAMO, National Peoples' Front"</a>. <i>www.rajamo.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rajamo.org&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%2C+Rashtriya+Janamorcha+-+RAJAMO%2C+National+Peoples%27+Front&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajamo.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwpp.org.np/nwpponline/">"नेपाल मजदुर किसान पार्टी – नेपाल मजदुर किसान पार्टी"</a>. <i>nwpp.org.np</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nwpp.org.np&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E2%80%93+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnwpp.org.np%2Fnwpponline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/english/countries/np/summary.htm">Nepal Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717103319/http://www.ohchr.org/english/countries/np/summary.htm">Archived</a> 17 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, OHCHR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/04/23/nepal.protests/">"Gunbattles, curfew wrack Nepal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 23 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gunbattles%2C+curfew+wrack+Nepal&rft.date=2006-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F04%2F23%2Fnepal.protests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_20071224-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_20071224_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurubacharya2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Gurubacharya, Binaj (24 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225150425/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1698161%2C00.html">"Nepal to Abolish Monarchy"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698161,00.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nepal+to+Abolish+Monarchy&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.aulast=Gurubacharya&rft.aufirst=Binaj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1698161%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl">"The Maoists triumph"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 17 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Maoists+triumph&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11057207%26amp%3Bfsrc%3Dnwl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7424302.stm">Nepal votes to abolish monarchy</a> BBC News, 28 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nepal_Interim_Constitution2007.pdf">http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nepal_Interim_Constitution2007.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/tag/madhes-movement/">"Madhes movement - The Himalayan Times"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Madhes+movement+-+The+Himalayan+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Ftag%2Fmadhes-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/01/19/394146.html">"Madhesh Movement: Then n now (Part I of III) – OnlineKhabar"</a>. <i>english.onlinekhabar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.onlinekhabar.com&rft.atitle=Madhesh+Movement%3A+Then+n+now+%28Part+I+of+III%29+%E2%80%93+OnlineKhabar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.onlinekhabar.com%2F2017%2F01%2F19%2F394146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.onlinekhabar.com/2017/01/22/394312.html">"Madhesh Movement: Then n now (Part II of III) – OnlineKhabar"</a>. <i>english.onlinekhabar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.onlinekhabar.com&rft.atitle=Madhesh+Movement%3A+Then+n+now+%28Part+II+of+III%29+%E2%80%93+OnlineKhabar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.onlinekhabar.com%2F2017%2F01%2F22%2F394312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=16725#.WerVi2iCxdg">"Three years later - Nepali Times"</a>. <i>nepalitimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nepalitimes.com&rft.atitle=Three+years+later+-+Nepali+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepalitimes.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D16725%23.WerVi2iCxdg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=16725#.WerTpWiCxdg">"Three years later - Nepali Times"</a>. <i>nepalitimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nepalitimes.com&rft.atitle=Three+years+later+-+Nepali+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepalitimes.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D16725%23.WerTpWiCxdg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/17417">"The Rising Nepal: Ten Years On, Madhes Still In Unrest"</a>. <i>therisingnepal.org.np</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=therisingnepal.org.np&rft.atitle=The+Rising+Nepal%3A+Ten+Years+On%2C+Madhes+Still+In+Unrest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherisingnepal.org.np%2Fnews%2F17417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-09-20/talk-to-the-tarai.html">"Talk to the Tarai"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Talk+to+the+Tarai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.ekantipur.com%2Fnews%2F2015-09-20%2Ftalk-to-the-tarai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-the-madhesis-why-are-they-angry/">"Who are the Madhesis, why are they angry?"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 5 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Madhesis%2C+why+are+they+angry%3F&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fwho-are-the-madhesis-why-are-they-angry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaNajar2015" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Bhadra; Najar, Nida (28 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/world/asia/nepal-rations-fuel-as-political-crisis-with-india-worsens.html">"Nepal Rations Fuel as Political Crisis With India Worsens"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nepal+Rations+Fuel+as+Political+Crisis+With+India+Worsens&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Bhadra&rft.au=Najar%2C+Nida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fnepal-rations-fuel-as-political-crisis-with-india-worsens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madhesiyouth.com/opinion/secret-to-resolving-madhes-andolan/">"The Secret to Resolving Madhes Andolan III Demands"</a>. <i>Madhesi Youth</i>. 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madhesi+Youth&rft.atitle=The+Secret+to+Resolving+Madhes+Andolan+III+Demands&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madhesiyouth.com%2Fopinion%2Fsecret-to-resolving-madhes-andolan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav" class="citation news cs1">Yadav, Anumeha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/802560/interview-for-madhesis-the-first-amendments-to-nepals-new-constitution-are-a-disappointment">"Interview: 'For Madhesis, the first amendments to Nepal's new Constitution are a disappointment'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+%27For+Madhesis%2C+the+first+amendments+to+Nepal%27s+new+Constitution+are+a+disappointment%27&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Anumeha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F802560%2Finterview-for-madhesis-the-first-amendments-to-nepals-new-constitution-are-a-disappointment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thrda.org/resistance-continues-nepal-observes-2nd-anniversary-constitution-promulgation/">"THRD Alliance Resistance Continues as Nepal Observes the 2nd Anniversary of Constitution Promulgation"</a>. <i>thrda.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thrda.org&rft.atitle=THRD+Alliance+Resistance+Continues+as+Nepal+Observes+the+2nd+Anniversary+of+Constitution+Promulgation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthrda.org%2Fresistance-continues-nepal-observes-2nd-anniversary-constitution-promulgation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/06/06/sher-bahadur-deuba-elected-new-pm-of-nepal">"Sher Bahadur Deuba elected 40th PM of Nepal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sher+Bahadur+Deuba+elected+40th+PM+of+Nepal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fnational%2F2017%2F06%2F06%2Fsher-bahadur-deuba-elected-new-pm-of-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42126210">"Nepal election: First poll since civil war ended"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+election%3A+First+poll+since+civil+war+ended&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42126210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12511455">"Nepal country profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+country+profile&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12511455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/decoding-tectonic-shifts-nepal-politics/">"Observer Research Foundation"</a>. <i>ORF</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORF&rft.atitle=Observer+Research+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fexpert-speak%2Fdecoding-tectonic-shifts-nepal-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/23/nepal-supreme-court-parliament">"Nepal's Supreme Court orders reinstatement of Parliament"</a>. <i>Aljazeera</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+Supreme+Court+orders+reinstatement+of+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F2%2F23%2Fnepal-supreme-court-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/05/11/nepal-prime-minister-oli-loses-vote-of-confidence-in-parliament">"Nepal Prime Minister Oli loses vote of confidence in Parliament"</a>. <i>The Kathmandu Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kathmandu+Post&rft.atitle=Nepal+Prime+Minister+Oli+loses+vote+of+confidence+in+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F05%2F11%2Fnepal-prime-minister-oli-loses-vote-of-confidence-in-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-olis-floor-test-ends-winsloses-vote-of-confidence">"PM Oli loses confidence vote"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=PM+Oli+loses+confidence+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fkathmandu%2Fpm-olis-floor-test-ends-winsloses-vote-of-confidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/kp-oli-sworn-in-as-nepals-pm-days-after-losing-vote-of-confidence-in-parliament-retains-cabinet-9622441.html">"KP Oli sworn in as Nepal's PM days after losing vote of confidence in Parliament; retains Cabinet"</a>. <i>First Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Post&rft.atitle=KP+Oli+sworn+in+as+Nepal%27s+PM+days+after+losing+vote+of+confidence+in+Parliament%3B+retains+Cabinet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Fkp-oli-sworn-in-as-nepals-pm-days-after-losing-vote-of-confidence-in-parliament-retains-cabinet-9622441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/nepals-parliament-dissolved-president-calls-for-fresh-elections/a-57628429">"Nepal's parliament dissolved, president calls for fresh elections"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+parliament+dissolved%2C+president+calls+for+fresh+elections&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fnepals-parliament-dissolved-president-calls-for-fresh-elections%2Fa-57628429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-new-ministers-to-be-sworn-in-today-as-pm-oli-will-reshuffle-cabinet20210604194642/">"Nepal: New ministers to be sworn in today as PM Oli will reshuffle cabinet"</a>. <i>ANI News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=Nepal%3A+New+ministers+to+be+sworn+in+today+as+PM+Oli+will+reshuffle+cabinet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fnepal-new-ministers-to-be-sworn-in-today-as-pm-oli-will-reshuffle-cabinet20210604194642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/06/11/while-he-has-yet-to-clarify-his-june-4-cabinet-expansion-oli-does-it-again">"While he has yet to clarify his June 4 Cabinet expansion, Oli does it again"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=While+he+has+yet+to+clarify+his+June+4+Cabinet+expansion%2C+Oli+does+it+again&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F06%2F11%2Fwhile-he-has-yet-to-clarify-his-june-4-cabinet-expansion-oli-does-it-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annapurnapost.com/news/181802">"मन्त्रिपरिषद् विस्तारविरुद्ध सर्वोच्चको अन्तरिम आदेश : २० मन्त्री जिम्मेवारीमुक्त (आदेशको पूर्णपाठ)"</a>. <i>मन्त्रिपरिषद् विस्तारविरुद्ध सर्वोच्चको अन्तरिम आदेश : २० मन्त्री जिम्मेवारीमुक्त (आदेशको पूर्णपाठ)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%3A+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%28%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%29&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%3A+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%28%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fannapurnapost.com%2Fnews%2F181802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nepalpage.com/2021/06/cabinet-has-only-five-members-while-bishnu-poudel-is-still-the-deputy-prime-minister/">"Cabinet has only five members, while Bishnu Poudel is only Minister"</a>. <i>Nepal Page English</i>. 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepal+Page+English&rft.atitle=Cabinet+has+only+five+members%2C+while+Bishnu+Poudel+is+only+Minister&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nepalpage.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fcabinet-has-only-five-members-while-bishnu-poudel-is-still-the-deputy-prime-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepals-supreme-court-reinstates-dissolved-house-of-representatives/articleshow/84338530.cms">"Sher Bahadur Deuba: Nepal's Supreme Court orders appointment of Sher Bahadur Deuba as Prime Minister"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sher+Bahadur+Deuba%3A+Nepal%27s+Supreme+Court+orders+appointment+of+Sher+Bahadur+Deuba+as+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fsouth-asia%2Fnepals-supreme-court-reinstates-dissolved-house-of-representatives%2Farticleshow%2F84338530.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepal-sc-orders-to-appoint-sher-bahadur-deuba-as-pm-within-next-28-hours-101626077841170.html">"Nepal SC orders to appoint Sher Bahadur Deuba as PM within next 28 hours"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Nepal+SC+orders+to+appoint+Sher+Bahadur+Deuba+as+PM+within+next+28+hours&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fnepal-sc-orders-to-appoint-sher-bahadur-deuba-as-pm-within-next-28-hours-101626077841170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFरातोपाटी" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">रातोपाटी. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratopati.com/story/189446/2021/7/12/suprem-court">"संवैधानिक इजलासले भन्यो- राष्ट्रपतिको निर्णय संविधान र ऐन प्रतिकुल"</a>. <i>RatoPati</i> (in Nepali)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RatoPati&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B-+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2&rft.au=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratopati.com%2Fstory%2F189446%2F2021%2F7%2F12%2Fsuprem-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-newly-appointed-pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-refuses-to-take-oath-demands-correction-in-appointment-letter-101626185026637.html">"After brief delay, Sher Bahadur Deuba takes oath as Nepal's PM for fifth time"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=After+brief+delay%2C+Sher+Bahadur+Deuba+takes+oath+as+Nepal%27s+PM+for+fifth+time&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fnepals-newly-appointed-pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-refuses-to-take-oath-demands-correction-in-appointment-letter-101626185026637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2021/07/13/sher-bahadur-deuba-sworn-in-as-nepal-prime-minister-for-fifth-time">"Sher Bahadur Deuba sworn in as Nepal prime minister, for fifth time"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=Sher+Bahadur+Deuba+sworn+in+as+Nepal+prime+minister%2C+for+fifth+time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F07%2F13%2Fsher-bahadur-deuba-sworn-in-as-nepal-prime-minister-for-fifth-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/former-rebel-leader-becomes-nepal-s-new-pm-/6890926.html">"Former Rebel Leader Becomes Nepal's New PM"</a>. <i>VOA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Former+Rebel+Leader+Becomes+Nepal%27s+New+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fformer-rebel-leader-becomes-nepal-s-new-pm-%2F6890926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/9/nepal-elects-its-new-president-ram-chandra-paudel">"Nepal elects new president amid split in the governing coalition"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nepal+elects+new+president+amid+split+in+the+governing+coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F9%2Fnepal-elects-its-new-president-ram-chandra-paudel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/14/president-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister">"Oli becomes prime minister for fourth time, swearing-in today"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=Oli+becomes+prime+minister+for+fourth+time%2C+swearing-in+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fnational%2F2024%2F07%2F14%2Fpresident-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/jan/jan15/news17.php">"Interim parliament endorses Interim Constitution-2063"</a>. NepalNews.com. 15 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interim+parliament+endorses+Interim+Constitution-2063&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalnews.com%2Farchive%2F2007%2Fjan%2Fjan15%2Fnews17.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/882">"Part-11 Judiciary – Nepal Law Commission"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part-11+Judiciary+%E2%80%93+Nepal+Law+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawcommission.gov.np%2Fen%2Farchives%2F882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiRose1966" class="citation cs2">Joshi, Bhuwan Lal; Rose, Leo E. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MX22o4PJ3Q0C"><i>Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 551</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Innovations+in+Nepal%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Political+Acculturation&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Bhuwan+Lal&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMX22o4PJ3Q0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmacharya2005" class="citation cs2">Karmacharya, Ganga (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775-1846</i></a>, Nepal: Educational Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994633937" title="Special:BookSources/9789994633937"><bdi>9789994633937</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queens+in+Nepalese+Politics%3A+an+account+of+roles+of+Nepalese+queens+in+state+affairs%2C+1775-1846&rft.place=Nepal&rft.pub=Educational+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789994633937&rft.aulast=Karmacharya&rft.aufirst=Ganga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6G5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation cs2">Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC"><i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i></a>, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Devendra, Jonathan (2013). <i>Massacre at the Palace: The Doomed Royal Dynasty of Nepal</i>. New York: Hyperion. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6878-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6878-3">0-7868-6878-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nepal_Interim_Constitution2007.pdf">The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012230717/http://nepalgov.gov.np/constitution.php">The Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 (1990)</a> (terminated by the Interim Constitution)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155916#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95007331">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558748305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&oldid=1252749342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&oldid=1252749342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Nepal" title="Category:Politics of Nepal">Politics of Nepal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Nepali-language_sources_(ne)" title="Category:CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)">CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_April_2020" title="Category:EngvarB from April 2020">EngvarB from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democracy_Index_rating_template_users_with_comma" title="Category:Democracy Index rating template users with comma">Democracy Index rating template users with comma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Outdated_Democracy_Index_rating_template_users" title="Category:Outdated Democracy Index rating template users">Outdated Democracy Index rating template users</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democracy_Index_rating_template_users" title="Category:Democracy Index rating template users">Democracy Index rating template users</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nepali_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2010">Articles needing additional references from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 19:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Nepal&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-68pwz","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.269","walltime":"1.493","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19801,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":236211,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12528,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":332969,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1298.176 1 -total"," 33.67% 437.069 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.95% 168.087 24 Template:Citation"," 12.90% 167.484 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 12.63% 163.961 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.72% 126.188 1 Template:Politics_of_Nepal"," 9.55% 124.035 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.01% 116.979 56 Template:Iso2country"," 8.22% 106.749 32 Template:Cite_web"," 7.78% 101.039 2 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.743","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20726841,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcharya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdhikari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasnyat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiswasdip\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurubacharya2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshiRose1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaphle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmacharya2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadka1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._D._Gurung1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamachandran2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaNajar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSureis2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFरातोपाटी\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 24,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Nepal\"] = 1,\n [\"Democracy Index rating\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political system\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Politics of Nepal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6fgbm","timestamp":"20241122142807","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Politics of Nepal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Nepal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1155916","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1155916","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T19:53:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Emblem_of_Nepal_%28alternative%29.svg","headline":"political system of Nepal"}</script> </body> </html>