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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer" title="Dulcimer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dulcimer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer" title="Dulcimer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dulcimer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulc%C3%A9mele_martillado" title="Dulcémele martillado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dulcémele martillado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="دولسیمر چکشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولسیمر چکشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hammered dulcimer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer_martellato" title="Dulcimer martellato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dulcimer martellato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hammered dulcimer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="शततन्त्री – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शततन्त्री" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ダルシマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダルシマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer" title="Dulcimer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dulcimer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcimer" title="Dulcimer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dulcimer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_(cholg%CA%BBu_asbobi)" title="Chang (cholgʻu asbobi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chang (cholgʻu asbobi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymba%C5%82y" title="Cymbały – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cymbały" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Percussion-stringed instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hammered dulcimer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammered_dulcimer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hammered_dulcimer.JPG/250px-Hammered_dulcimer.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hammered_dulcimer.JPG/500px-Hammered_dulcimer.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A musician playing a diatonic hammered dulcimer</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">Cimbalom</a><br />Dulcimer<br />Four-hammer dulcimer<br />Hammer dulcimer<br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">de</a>: Hackbrett<br /><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">gr</a>: Σαντούρι<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">it</a>: Salterio<br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">es</a>: Dulcémele<br /><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">uk</a>: Tsymbaly<br /><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">ro</a>: Țambal<br /><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">cs</a>: Cimbál<br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">pl</a>: Cymbały<br /><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">fa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santur</a><br /><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a>: Tympanon<br /><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">zh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">Yangqin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">ko</a>: Yanggeum<br /> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">kh</a>: ឃឹម <a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">Khim</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">vi</a>: Tam Thập Lục<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">th</a>: ขิม Khim<br /><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">tt</a>: чимбал çimbal<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instrument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a>), <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">314.122-4<br />(Simple <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> sounded by hammers)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Antiquity</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Alpine zither</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">Appalachian dulcimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoharp" title="Autoharp">autoharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_zither" class="mw-redirect" title="Board zither">board zither</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">concert zither</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine_de_Bearn" title="Tambourine de Bearn">Tambourine de Bearn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santur</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Payvar-Dehlavi-Concertino_for_Santur.ogg" title="File:Payvar-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur.ogg">Concertino for Santur and Orchestra, by Faramarz Payvar and Hossein Dehlavi.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="Payvar-Dehlavi-Concertino_for_Santur.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Payvar-Dehlavi-Concertino_for_Santur.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Payvar-Dehlavi-Concertino_for_Santur.ogg/Payvar-Dehlavi-Concertino_for_Santur.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>hammered dulcimer</b> (also called the <b>hammer dulcimer</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussion</a>-<a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">stringed instrument</a> which consists of <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a> typically stretched over a <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoidal</a> resonant <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">sound board</a>. The hammered dulcimer is set before the musician, who in more traditional styles may sit cross-legged on the floor, or in a more modern style may stand or sit at a wooden support with legs. The player holds a small spoon-shaped <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a> hammer in each hand to strike the strings. The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Graeco-Roman</a> word <i>dulcimer</i> ("sweet song") derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>dulcis</i> (sweet) and the Greek <i>melos</i> (song). The dulcimer, in which the strings are beaten with small hammers, originated from the <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">psaltery</a>, in which the strings are plucked.<sup id="cite_ref-merr-web_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merr-web-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammered dulcimers and other similar instruments are traditionally played in Iraq, India, Iran, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>, China, Korea, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> (Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland [particularly <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a>], Austria and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>), the Balkans, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> (Ukraine and Belarus), and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. The instrument is also played in the United Kingdom (Wales, <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where its traditional use in <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> saw a revival in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">santur</a>, a type of hammered dulcimer, originates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The earliest evidence comes from <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> stone carvings dated to 669 BC, showing the instrument being played while hanging from the player's neck. This instrument was traded and travelled to different parts of the Middle East. Musicians modified the original design over the centuries, yielding a wide array of musical scales and tunings. The original santur was likely made with wood and stone and strung with goat intestines. The Babylonian santur was the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">yangqin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">qanun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">cimbalom</a> and hammered dulcimers.<sup id="cite_ref-Touma_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Touma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western Europe, a hammered dulcimer first appears in textual and iconographic sources from the early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hammered dulcimer was extensively used during the Middle Ages in England, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strings_and_tuning">Strings and tuning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strings and tuning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HDulcimerScale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HDulcimerScale.png/330px-HDulcimerScale.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/HDulcimerScale.png 1.5x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Major scale pattern on a diatonic hammered dulcimer tuned in 5ths</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dulcimer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dulcimer.png/250px-Dulcimer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dulcimer.png/330px-Dulcimer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dulcimer.png/500px-Dulcimer.png 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An early version of the hammered dulcimer accompanied by lute, tambourine and bagpipe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hackbrett_(photozou_168404790).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hackbrett_%28photozou_168404790%29.jpg/220px-Hackbrett_%28photozou_168404790%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hackbrett_%28photozou_168404790%29.jpg/330px-Hackbrett_%28photozou_168404790%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hackbrett_%28photozou_168404790%29.jpg/440px-Hackbrett_%28photozou_168404790%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Salzburger hackbrett</i>, a chromatic version</figcaption></figure> <p>A dulcimer usually has two <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridges</a>, a bass bridge near the right and a treble bridge on the left side. The bass bridge holds up bass strings, which are played to the left of the bridge. The treble strings can be played on either side of the treble bridge. In the usual construction, playing them on the left side gives a note a fifth higher than playing them on the right of the bridge. </p><p>The dulcimer comes in various sizes, identified by the number of strings that cross each of the bridges. A 15/14, for example, has 15 strings crossing the treble bridge and 14 crossing the bass bridge, and can span three <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>. The strings of a hammered dulcimer are usually found in pairs, two strings for each note (though some instruments have three or four strings per note). Each set of strings is tuned in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> and is called a <a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">course</a>. As with a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, the purpose of using multiple strings per course is to make the instrument louder, although as the courses are rarely in perfect unison, a <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus effect</a> usually results like a <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>. A hammered dulcimer, like an <a href="/wiki/Autoharp" title="Autoharp">autoharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, or piano, requires a <a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">tuning wrench</a> for tuning, since the dulcimer's strings are wound around tuning pins with square heads. (Ordinarily, 5 mm "zither pins" are used, similar to, but smaller in diameter than piano tuning pins, which come in various sizes ranging upwards from "1/0" or 7 mm.) </p><p>The strings of the hammered dulcimer are often tuned according to a <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the lowest note (often a G or D) is struck at the lower right-hand of the instrument, just to the left of the right-hand (bass) bridge. As a player strikes the courses above in sequence, they ascend following a repeating sequence of two whole steps and a half step. With this tuning, a <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">diatonic scale</a> is broken into two <a href="/wiki/Tetrachord" title="Tetrachord">tetrachords</a>, or groups of four notes. For example, on an instrument with D as the lowest note, the D <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a> is played starting in the lower-right corner and ascending the bass bridge: D – E – F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> – G. This is the lower tetrachord of the D major scale. At this point the player returns to the bottom of the instrument and shifts to the treble strings to the right of the treble bridge to play the higher tetrachord: A – B – C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> – D. The player can continue up the scale on the right side of the treble bridge with E – F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> – G – A – B, but the next note will be C, not C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>, so he or she must switch to the left side of the treble bridge (and closer to the player) to continue the D major scale. See the drawing on the left above, in which "DO" would correspond to D (see <a href="/wiki/Movable_do_solf%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Movable do solfège">Movable do solfège</a>). </p><p>The shift from the bass bridge to the treble bridge is required because the bass bridge's fourth string G is the start of the lower tetrachord of the G scale. The player could go on up a couple notes (G – A – B), but the next note will be a flatted seventh (C natural in this case), because this note is drawn from the G tetrachord. This D major scale with a flatted seventh is the <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">mixolydian mode</a> in D. </p><p>The same thing happens as the player goes up the treble bridge – after getting to <a href="/wiki/Movable_do_solf%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Movable do solfège">La</a> (B in this case), one has to go to the left of the treble bridge. Moving from the left side of the bass bridge to the right side of the treble bridge is analogous to moving from the right side of the treble bridge to the left side of the treble bridge. </p><p>The whole pattern can be shifted up by three courses, so that instead of a D-major scale one would have a G-major scale, and so on. This transposes one <a href="/wiki/Equally_tempered" class="mw-redirect" title="Equally tempered">equally tempered</a> scale to another. Shifting down three courses transposes the D-major scale to A-major, but of course the first Do-Re-Mi would be shifted off the instrument. </p><p>This tuning results in most, but not all, notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> being available. To fill in the gaps, many modern dulcimer builders include extra short bridges at the top and bottom of the soundboard, where extra strings are tuned to some or all of the missing pitches. Such instruments are often called "chromatic dulcimers" as opposed to the more traditional "diatonic dulcimers". </p><p>The tetrachord markers found on the bridges of most hammered dulcimers in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> were introduced by the American player and maker <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rizzetta" title="Sam Rizzetta">Sam Rizzetta</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> there are also chromatic dulcimers with crossed strings, which are in a whole tone distance in every row. This chromatic <i>Salzburger hackbrett</i> was developed in the mid 1930s from the diatonic hammered dulcimer by Tobi Reizer and his son along with Franz Peyer and Heinrich Bandzauner. In the postwar period it was one of the instruments taught in state-sponsored music schools.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammered dulcimers of non-European descent may have other tuning patterns, and builders of European-style dulcimers sometimes experiment with alternate tuning patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hammers">Hammers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hammers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrument is referred to as "hammered" in reference to the small <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">mallets</a> (referred to as <i>hammers</i>) that players use to strike the strings. Hammers are usually made of wood (most likely <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a> such as maple, cherry, padauk, oak, walnut, or any other hardwood), but can also be made from any material, including metal and plastic. In the Western hemisphere, hammers are usually stiff, but in Asia, flexible hammers are often used. The head of the hammer can be left bare for a sharp <a href="/wiki/Attack_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (music)">attack</a> sound, or can be covered with adhesive tape, leather, or fabric for a softer sound. Two-sided hammers are also available. The heads of two sided hammers are usually oval or round. Most of the time, one side is left as bare wood while the other side may be covered in leather or a softer material such as <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">piano felt</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several traditional players have used hammers that differ substantially from those in common use today. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Van_Arsdale" title="Paul Van Arsdale">Paul Van Arsdale</a> (1920–2018), a player from upstate <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, used flexible hammers made from <a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">hacksaw</a> blades, with leather-covered wooden blocks attached to the ends (these were modeled after the hammers used by his grandfather, Jesse Martin). The Irish player <a href="/wiki/John_Rea_(musician)" title="John Rea (musician)">John Rea</a> (1915–1983) used hammers made of thick steel wire, which he made himself from old bicycle <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spokes</a> wrapped with wool. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bennington" title="Billy Bennington">Billy Bennington</a> (1900–1986), a player from <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk, England">Norfolk, England</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">cane</a> hammers bound with wool. </p><p> The piano, like the dulcimer, uses a hammering action to strike the strings.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg/250px-Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg/330px-Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg/500px-Th._Steinweg_Nachf._Braunschweig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>A piano hammering action</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants_and_adaptations">Variants and adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variants and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg/250px-Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg/330px-Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg/500px-Oprekelj_-_ugla%C5%A1evanje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tuning of a hammered dulcimer (southeastern Slovenia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Versions of the hammered dulcimer, each of which has its own distinct manner of construction and playing style, are used throughout the world: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippino_Lippi,_Carafa_Chapel,_Assumption_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Filippino_Lippi%2C_Carafa_Chapel%2C_Assumption_05.jpg/250px-Filippino_Lippi%2C_Carafa_Chapel%2C_Assumption_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Filippino_Lippi%2C_Carafa_Chapel%2C_Assumption_05.jpg/500px-Filippino_Lippi%2C_Carafa_Chapel%2C_Assumption_05.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Angel playing a dulcimer and pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a fresco at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Santa Maria sopra Minerva</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li>Afghanistan – <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">santur</a></li> <li>Austria – <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackbrett" class="extiw" title="de:Hackbrett">Hackbrett</a></li> <li>Bangladesh – <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a></li> <li>Belarus – <a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="be:цымбалы">tsymbaly/цымбал</a></li> <li>Belgium – hakkebord</li> <li>Brazil – <a href="/wiki/Salt%C3%A9rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltério">saltério</a></li> <li>Cambodia – <a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">khim</a></li> <li>Canada – hammered dulcimer</li> <li>China – <a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">yangqin</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E7%90%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:扬琴">扬琴</a>, formerly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E7%90%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:洋琴">洋琴</a>)</li> <li>Croatian – cimbal, cimbale, cimbule</li> <li>Czech Republic – <a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">cimbál</a></li> <li>Denmark – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakkebr%C3%A6t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakkebræt (page does not exist)">hakkebræt</a></li> <li>France – tympanon</li> <li>Germany – <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymbal" class="extiw" title="de:Zymbal">Zymbal</a>, Hackbrett</li> <li>Greece – <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="el:Σαντούρι">Σαντούρι</a></li> <li>Hungary – <a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">cimbalom</a></li> <li>India – <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a></li> <li>Iran – <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">santur</a></li> <li>Iraq – <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">santur</a></li> <li>Ireland – <a href="/wiki/Tiompan" title="Tiompan">tiompan</a></li> <li>Israel – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="דולצימר פטישים (page does not exist)">דולצימר פטישים</a></li> <li>Italy – <a href="/wiki/Salterio" title="Salterio">salterio</a></li> <li>Japan – darushimaa (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ダルシマー">ダルシマー</a>)</li> <li>Korea – <a href="/wiki/Yanggeum" title="Yanggeum">yanggeum</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EA%B8%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:양금">양금</a>)</li> <li>Laos – <a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">khim</a></li> <li>Latgalia (Latvia) – cymbala</li> <li>Latvia – cimbole</li> <li>Lithuania – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimbalai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimbalai (page does not exist)">cimbalai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimbolai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimbolai (page does not exist)">cimbolai</a></li> <li>Mexico – <a href="/wiki/Salterio" title="Salterio">salterio</a></li> <li>Mongolia – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoochin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoochin (page does not exist)">yoochin</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%91%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ёочин">ёочин</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%91%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ёчин">ёчин</a>)</li> <li>Netherlands – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakkebord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakkebord (page does not exist)">hakkebord</a></li> <li>Norway – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakkebrett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakkebrett (page does not exist)">hakkebrett</a></li> <li>Pakistan – <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a></li> <li>Poland – cymbały</li> <li>Portugal – <a href="/wiki/Salt%C3%A9rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltério">saltério</a></li> <li>Romania – <a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">ţambal</a></li> <li>Russia – <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:цимбалы">цимбалы</a>, dultsimer (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:дульцимер">дульцимер</a>)</li> <li>Serbia – цимбал (tsimbal)</li> <li>Slovakia – <a href="/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">cimbal</a></li> <li>Slovenia – cimbale, oprekelj</li> <li>Spain (and Spanish-speaking countries) – <a href="/wiki/Salterio" title="Salterio">salterio</a>, dulcémele</li> <li>Sweden – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hackbr%C3%A4de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hackbräde (page does not exist)">hackbräde</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammarharpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammarharpa (page does not exist)">hammarharpa</a></li> <li>Switzerland – Hackbrett</li> <li>Thailand – <a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">khim</a></li> <li>Turkey – <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">santur</a></li> <li>Tibet - rgyud-mang or yangzi</li></ul> <p>(རྒྱུད་མང་, literally "many strings") </p> <ul><li>Ukraine – <a href="/wiki/Tsymbaly" title="Tsymbaly">tsymbaly</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:цимбали">цимбали</a>)</li> <li>United Kingdom – hammered dulcimer</li> <li>United States – hammered dulcimer</li> <li>Uzbekistan – chang</li> <li>Vietnam – <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tam_th%E1%BA%ADp_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đàn tam thập lục">đàn tam thập lục</a> (lit. "36 strings")</li> <li>Yiddish – <a href="/wiki/Tsimbl" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsimbl">tsimbl</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hammered_dulcimer_players" title="List of hammered dulcimer players">List of hammered dulcimer players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a> – India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santur#From_around_the_world" title="Santur">Santur§Santurs from around the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">Yangqin</a> – China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a> – Greece</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-merr-web-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merr-web_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dulcimer?show=0&t=1343588430">"Definition of DULCIMER"</a>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+DULCIMER&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdulcimer%3Fshow%3D0%26t%3D1343588430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groce, Nancy. <i>The Hammered Dulcimer in America</i>. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1983, pp. 72-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Touma-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Touma_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTouma1996" class="citation book cs1">Touma, Habib Hasan (1996). <i>The Music of the Arabs</i>. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-88-8"><bdi>0-931340-88-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+Arabs&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-931340-88-8&rft.aulast=Touma&rft.aufirst=Habib+Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGifford2001" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, Paul M. (2001-06-13). <i>The Hammered Dulcimer</i> (First ed.). Lanham, Md. London: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3943-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-3943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hammered+Dulcimer&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.+London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001-06-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3943-4&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRizzetta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rizzetta, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_Si/nmah/hdhist.htm">"Hammer Dulcimer: History and Playing"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Smithsonian</i>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hammer+Dulcimer%3A+History+and+Playing&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Smithsonian&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.aulast=Rizzetta&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2FEncyclopedia_Si%2Fnmah%2Fhdhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manufacturing.dustystrings.com/hammered-dulcimers/about-hammered-dulcimers/strings-tuning-schemes">"Traditional or Fifth-Interval Tuning"</a>. Dusty Strings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+or+Fifth-Interval+Tuning&rft.pub=Dusty+Strings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanufacturing.dustystrings.com%2Fhammered-dulcimers%2Fabout-hammered-dulcimers%2Fstrings-tuning-schemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRizzetta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rizzetta, Sam. "Luthier Spotlight Sam Rizzetta and Music, Dulcimer Sessions". <i>Encyclopedia Smithsonian</i>. Mel Bay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luthier+Spotlight+Sam+Rizzetta+and+Music%2C+Dulcimer+Sessions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Smithsonian&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.aulast=Rizzetta&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gifford, Paul M., <i>The Hammered Dulcimer: A History</i>, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2001. Page 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grove_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadie1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Trombone". <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. Vol. 3. p. 631. <q>[caption on painting] Angels with trombone, dulcimer and pipe; detail from the fresco 'The Assumption of the Virgin' (late 15th century) by Filippino Lippi in the church of S. Maria sopra Minerva...Rome</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trombone&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=631&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammered+dulcimer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gifford, Paul M. (2001), <i>The Hammered Dulcimer: A History</i>, The Scarecrow Press, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3943-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3943-1">0-8108-3943-1</a>. A comprehensive history of the hammered dulcimer and its variants.</li> <li>Kettlewell, David (1976), <i>The Dulcimer</i>, PhD thesis. History and playing traditions around the world; web-version at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071302/http://www.new-renaissance.net/dulcimer">https://web.archive.org/web/20110717071302/http://www.new-renaissance.net/dulcimer</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammered_dulcimer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hammered_dulcimers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hammered dulcimers">Hammered dulcimers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nay-nava.blogfa.com/post-2.aspx">Santur</a> on <i>Nay-Nava</i>, the encyclopedia of Persian music instruments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227133639/http://www.tsimbl.com/">Pete Rushefsky, "Jewish Strings: An Introduction to the Klezmer Tsimbl" (Related to the Hammered Dulcimer)</a> (archive from 27 December 2009).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/hdhist.htm">Smithsonian Institution booklet on hammered dulcimer history and playing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/hdmake.htm">Smithsonian Institution booklet on making a hammered dulcimer (by Sam Rizzetta)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/319">Hammered dulcimers from polish collections (<i>Polish folk musical instruments</i>)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastangliandulcimers.org.uk">East Anglian Dulcimers</a>(ongoing historic research by John & Katie Howson about dulcimer players and makers from Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Essex, UK.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Streichmelodion">Streichmelodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine_de_Bearn" title="Tambourine de Bearn">Tambourine de Bearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsymbaly" title="Tsymbaly">Tsymbaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violinzither" title="Violinzither">Violinzither</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">Appalachian dulcimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salterio_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salterio (Mexico)">Mexican salterio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremoloa" title="Tremoloa">Tremoloa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Factory_of_Riga" title="Musical Instrument Factory of Riga">Musical Instrument Factory of Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt_Inc." title="Oscar Schmidt Inc.">Oscar Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_Gakki" title="Tōkai Gakki">Tōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_Polish_musical_instruments84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeezebox" title="Squeezebox">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_(bagpipe)" title="Koza (bagpipe)">Koza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozio%C5%82_(bagpipe)" title="Kozioł (bagpipe)">Kozioł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basolia" title="Basolia">Basy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanki" title="Mazanki">Mazanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suka_(string_instrument)" title="Suka (string instrument)">Suka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trembita" title="Trembita">Trombita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cymbały</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575950">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011892">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/9cbe04a2-0014-474c-b530-b0d4f4b73413">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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