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<span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strings,_tuning,_and_soundboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings,_tuning,_and_soundboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Strings, tuning, and soundboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings,_tuning,_and_soundboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_manuals_and_choirs_of_strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_manuals_and_choirs_of_strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Multiple manuals and choirs of strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_manuals_and_choirs_of_strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virginals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Virginals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virginals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Spinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clavicytherium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clavicytherium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Clavicytherium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clavicytherium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottavino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottavino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ottavino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottavino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedal_harpsichord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedal_harpsichord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Pedal harpsichord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedal_harpsichord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Other variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compass_and_pitch_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compass_and_pitch_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Compass and pitch range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compass_and_pitch_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Baroque era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_of_the_harpsichord_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_the_harpsichord_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Music of the harpsichord revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_of_the_harpsichord_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harpsichord</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavesimbel" title="Klavesimbel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klavesimbel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="هاربسكورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاربسكورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavec%C3%ADn" title="Clavecín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clavecín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavesin" title="Klavesin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klavesin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Клавесін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клавесін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Клявэсын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клявэсын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cembalo" title="Čembalo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čembalo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klav-kerdin" title="Klav-kerdin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Klav-kerdin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavic%C3%A8mbal" title="Clavicèmbal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clavicèmbal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavessiin" title="Klavessiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klavessiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Τσέμπαλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσέμπαλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavec%C3%ADn" title="Clavecín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clavecín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaviceno" title="Klaviceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klaviceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klabizenbalo" title="Klabizenbalo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klabizenbalo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="هارپسیکورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارپسیکورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavecin" title="Clavecin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clavecin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavesimbel" title="Klavesimbel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klavesimbel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicembal" title="Clavicembal – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Clavicembal" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruitchorda" title="Cruitchorda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruitchorda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruit-ch%C3%B2rda" title="Cruit-chòrda – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruit-chòrda" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavic%C3%A9mbalo" title="Clavicémbalo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clavicémbalo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%94%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="하프시코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하프시코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կլավեսին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլավեսին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cembalo" title="Čembalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čembalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavikordo" title="Klavikordo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klavikordo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harpsichord" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semball" title="Semball – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Semball" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicembalo" title="Clavicembalo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clavicembalo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95" title="צ'מבלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'מבלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Harpsichord" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კლავესინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლავესინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicymbalum" title="Clavicymbalum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clavicymbalum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaves%C4%ABns" title="Klavesīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klavesīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavesinas" title="Klavesinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klavesinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csembal%C3%B3" title="Csembaló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csembaló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Чембало – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чембало" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="هاربسكورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاربسكورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harpsichord" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ဟာ့ပ်ဆီကော့ဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟာ့ပ်ဆီကော့ဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavecimbel" title="Klavecimbel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klavecimbel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavecimbel" title="Klavecimbel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Klavecimbel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD" title="チェンバロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェンバロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavecin" title="Clavecin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clavecin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavesin" title="Klavesin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Klavesin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klawesyn" title="Klawesyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klawesyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravo_(instrumento_musical)" title="Cravo (instrumento musical) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cravo (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavecin" title="Clavecin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clavecin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Чембало – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чембало" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasveni" title="Klasveni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klasveni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavic%C3%ACmmalu" title="Clavicìmmalu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Clavicìmmalu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harpsichord" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cembalo" title="Čembalo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čembalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cembalo" title="Čembalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čembalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ھارپسیکۆرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھارپسیکۆرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Чембало – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чембало" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cembalo" title="Čembalo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čembalo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Harpsichord" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cembalo" title="Cembalo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cembalo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிளாவேசீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளாவேசீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ฮาร์ปซิคอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาร์ปซิคอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavsen" title="Klavsen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klavsen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клавесин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клавесин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harpsichord" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavecimbel" title="Klavecimbel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Klavecimbel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%94%AE%E7%90%B4" title="大键琴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大键琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%8D%B5%E7%90%B4" title="古鍵琴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古鍵琴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%8D%B5%E7%90%B4" title="大鍵琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大鍵琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plucked-string keyboard instrument</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klavecimbel,_BK-2017-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Klavecimbel%2C_BK-2017-42.jpg/300px-Klavecimbel%2C_BK-2017-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Klavecimbel%2C_BK-2017-42.jpg/450px-Klavecimbel%2C_BK-2017-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Klavecimbel%2C_BK-2017-42.jpg/600px-Klavecimbel%2C_BK-2017-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption>Harpsichord with double keyboard. The inside of the lid is decorated with two original paintings depicting the battle between Apollo and Pan based on <i>The Judgment of Midas</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Goltzius" title="Hendrick Goltzius">Hendrick Goltzius</a> (1590). The front cover shows Apollo and the Muses on Mount Helicon. The exterior was repainted with red chinoiserie decoration in the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>harpsichord</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> played by means of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a>. Depressing a key raises its back end within the instrument, which in turn raises a mechanism with a small <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> made from quill or plastic that plucks one or more strings. The strings are under tension on a <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a>, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it. Like a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manual</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even a <a href="#Pedal_harpsichord">pedal board</a>. Harpsichords may also have <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stop</a> levers which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a buff stop, which brings a strip of buff leather or other material in contact with the strings, muting their sound to simulate the sound of a plucked <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term denotes the whole family of similar plucked-keyboard instruments, including the smaller <a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">virginals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginals#Muselars" title="Virginals">muselar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>. The harpsichord was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a>, both as an <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> instrument and as a soloing instrument. During the Baroque era, the harpsichord was a standard part of the <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo group</a>. The basso continuo part acted as the foundation for many musical pieces in this era. During the late 18th century, with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> (and then the increasing use of the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> in the 19th century) the harpsichord gradually disappeared from the musical scene (except in opera, where it continued to be used to accompany <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>). In the 20th century, it made a resurgence, being used in <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performances</a> of older music, in new compositions, and, in rare cases, in certain styles of popular music (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg/170px-Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg/255px-Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg/340px-Ms_7295_f_128_Henri_Arnault_de_Zwolle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="4771" /></a><figcaption>An early diagram of a vertical harpsichord (clavicytherium) by <a href="/wiki/Arnault_de_Zwolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnault de Zwolle">Arnault de Zwolle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430</span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Equal.ogg" title="File:Bach C Major Prelude Equal.ogg">Johann Sebastian Bach – Prelude in C major, BWV 846</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="122" data-mwtitle="Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Equal.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Equal.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Equal.ogg/Bach_C_Major_Prelude_Equal.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Robert Schröter on a French harpsichord</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Scarlatti_-_Allegretto_-_D_minor.ogg" title="File:Domenico Scarlatti - Allegretto - D minor.ogg">Domenico Scarlatti – Sonata in D minor K. 9, Allegretto</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="264" data-mwtitle="Domenico_Scarlatti_-_Allegretto_-_D_minor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Domenico_Scarlatti_-_Allegretto_-_D_minor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Domenico_Scarlatti_-_Allegretto_-_D_minor.ogg/Domenico_Scarlatti_-_Allegretto_-_D_minor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Goldstein" title="Martha Goldstein">Martha Goldstein</a> on an Italian harpsichord</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_The_English_Suite_-1_-_12EPrelude.ogg" title="File:Johann Sebastian Bach - The English Suite -1 - 12EPrelude.ogg">Johann Sebastian Bach – English Suite No. 1 in A major, BWV 806 – prelude</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_The_English_Suite_-1_-_12EPrelude.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_The_English_Suite_-1_-_12EPrelude.ogg/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_The_English_Suite_-1_-_12EPrelude.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_The_English_Suite_-1_-_12EPrelude.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Martha Goldstein on a Flemish harpsichord</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriano_Banchieri_-_The_Battle.ogg" title="File:Adriano Banchieri - The Battle.ogg">Adriano Banchieri – The Battle</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="153" data-mwtitle="Adriano_Banchieri_-_The_Battle.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Adriano_Banchieri_-_The_Battle.ogg/Adriano_Banchieri_-_The_Battle.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Adriano_Banchieri_-_The_Battle.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Sylvia Kind on a harpsichord of the type made in the early 20th century</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The harpsichord was most likely invented in the late Middle Ages. By the 16th century, harpsichord makers in Italy were making lightweight instruments with low tension brass stringing. A different approach was taken in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> starting in the late 16th century, notably by the <a href="/wiki/Ruckers" title="Ruckers">Ruckers</a> family. Their harpsichords used a heavier construction and produced a more powerful and distinctive tone with higher tension steel treble stringing. These included the first harpsichords with two keyboards, used for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">transposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottick,_Edward_L_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottick,_Edward_L-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Flemish instruments served as the model for 18th-century harpsichord construction in other nations. In France, the double keyboards were adapted to control different choirs of strings, making a more musically flexible instrument (so-called 'expressive doubles'). Instruments from the peak of the French tradition, by makers such as the <a href="/wiki/Blanchet_(harpsichord_makers)" title="Blanchet (harpsichord makers)">Blanchet family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Taskin" title="Pascal Taskin">Pascal Taskin</a>, are among the most widely admired of all harpsichords, and are frequently used as models for the construction of modern instruments. In England, the <a href="/wiki/Kirkman_(harpsichord_makers)" title="Kirkman (harpsichord makers)">Kirkman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkat_Shudi" title="Burkat Shudi">Shudi</a> firms produced sophisticated harpsichords of great power and sonority. German builders such as <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Albrecht_Hass" title="Hieronymus Albrecht Hass">Hieronymus Albrecht Hass</a> extended the sound repertoire of the instrument by adding <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">sixteen-foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">two-foot</a> choirs; these instruments have recently served as models for modern builders.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottick,_Edward_L_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottick,_Edward_L-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the year 1700 the first <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> uses percussion, the strings being struck with leathered paper hammers instead of being plucked. Unlike the harpsichord, the fortepiano is capable of changes in dynamic volume, giving it its name.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 18th century the harpsichord was supplanted by the piano and almost disappeared from view for most of the 19th century: an exception was its continued use in opera for accompanying <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>, but the piano sometimes displaced it even there. </p><p>Twentieth-century efforts to revive the harpsichord began with instruments that used piano technology, with heavy strings and metal frames. Starting in the middle of the 20th century, ideas about harpsichord making underwent a major change, when builders such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hubbard" title="Frank Hubbard">Frank Hubbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dowd" title="William Dowd">William Dowd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Skowroneck" title="Martin Skowroneck">Martin Skowroneck</a> sought to re-establish the building traditions of the Baroque period. Harpsichords of this type of historically informed building practice dominate the current scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MDMB_418,_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal,_Christian_Zell,_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MDMB_418%2C_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal%2C_Christian_Zell%2C_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg/220px-MDMB_418%2C_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal%2C_Christian_Zell%2C_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MDMB_418%2C_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal%2C_Christian_Zell%2C_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg/330px-MDMB_418%2C_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal%2C_Christian_Zell%2C_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MDMB_418%2C_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal%2C_Christian_Zell%2C_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg/440px-MDMB_418%2C_detall_de_clavic%C3%A8mbal%2C_Christian_Zell%2C_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the mechanism of the Harpsichord by Christian Zell, at <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Harpsichords vary in size and shape, but all have the same basic mechanism. The player depresses a key that rocks over a pivot in the middle of its length. The other end of the key lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> (a wedge-shaped piece of <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>, often made of plastic in the 21st century), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the far end returns to its rest position, and the jack falls back; the plectrum, mounted on a tongue mechanism that can swivel backwards away from the string, passes the string without plucking it again. As the key reaches its rest position, a felt damper atop the jack stops the string's vibrations. These basic principles are explained in detail below. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg/800px-HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg/1200px-HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg/1600px-HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1: schematic view of a 2 × 8' single manual harpsichord</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i>keylever</i> is a simple pivot, which rocks on a <i>balance pin</i> that passes through a hole drilled through the keylever.</li> <li>The <i>jack</i> is a thin, rectangular piece of wood that sits upright on the end of the keylever. The jacks are held in place by the <i>registers</i>. These are two long strips of wood (the upper movable, the lower fixed), which run in the gap between pinblock and bellyrail. The registers have rectangular mortises (holes) through which the jacks pass as they can move up and down. The registers hold the jacks in the precise location needed to pluck the string.<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_diagram-EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jack_diagram-EN.svg/300px-Jack_diagram-EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jack_diagram-EN.svg/450px-Jack_diagram-EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jack_diagram-EN.svg/600px-Jack_diagram-EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2: upper part of a jack</figcaption></figure></li> <li>In the jack, a <i><a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a></i> juts out almost horizontally (normally the plectrum is angled upwards a tiny amount) and passes just under the string. Historically, plectra were made of bird quill or leather; many modern harpsichords have plastic (<a href="/wiki/Delrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Delrin">delrin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Celcon">celcon</a>) plectra.</li> <li>When the front of the key is pressed, the back of the key rises, the jack is lifted, and the plectrum plucks the string.</li> <li>The vertical motion of the jack is then stopped by the <i>jackrail</i> (also called the <i>upper rail</i>), which is covered with soft felt to muffle the impact.<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpsichord_jack_action.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Harpsichord_jack_action.svg/700px-Harpsichord_jack_action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Harpsichord_jack_action.svg/1050px-Harpsichord_jack_action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Harpsichord_jack_action.svg/1400px-Harpsichord_jack_action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Figure 3: how the harpsichord action works</figcaption></figure></li> <li>When the key is released, the jack falls back down under its own weight, and the plectrum passes back under the string. This is made possible by having the plectrum held in a tongue attached with a pivot and a spring to the body of the jack. The bottom surface of the plectrum is cut at a slant; thus when the descending plectrum touches the string from above, the angled lower surface provides enough force to push the tongue backward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottick198719_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottick198719-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When the jack arrives in fully lowered position, the felt damper touches the string, causing the note to cease.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strings,_tuning,_and_soundboard"><span id="Strings.2C_tuning.2C_and_soundboard"></span>Strings, tuning, and soundboard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strings, tuning, and soundboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg/220px-Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg/330px-Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg/440px-Resonance_Chladni_Soundboard_Harpsichord_Clavecin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sound board of a harpsichord with <a href="/wiki/Chladni" class="mw-redirect" title="Chladni">Chladni</a> patterns</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/220px-035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/330px-035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg/440px-035_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the harpsichord by Karl Conrad Fleischer; Hamburg, 1720 in <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a>. A decorative rose descends below the soundboard in which it is mounted; the soundboard itself is adorned with floral painting around the rose. The bridge is at lower right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each string is wound around a <i>tuning pin</i> (also known as a <i>wrest pin</i>) at the end nearest the player. When rotated with a wrench or tuning hammer, the tuning pin adjusts the tension so that the string sounds the correct pitch. Tuning pins are held tightly in holes drilled in the <i>pinblock</i> or <i>wrestplank</i>, an oblong hardwood plank. Proceeding from the tuning pin, a string next passes over the <i>nut</i>, a sharp edge that is made of hardwood and is normally attached to the wrestplank. The section of the string beyond the nut forms its <i>vibrating length</i>, which is plucked and creates sound. </p><p>At the other end of its vibrating length, the string passes over the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a>, another sharp edge made of <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>. As with the nut, the horizontal position of the string along the bridge is determined by a vertical metal pin inserted into the bridge, against which the string rests. The bridge itself rests on a <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a></i>, a thin panel of wood usually made of <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> or—in some Italian harpsichords—<a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">cypress</a>. The soundboard efficiently transmits the vibrations of the strings into vibrations in the air; without a soundboard, the strings would produce only a very feeble sound. A string is attached at its far end by a loop to a <i>hitchpin</i> that secures it to the case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_manuals_and_choirs_of_strings">Multiple manuals and choirs of strings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multiple manuals and choirs of strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klikli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Klikli.jpg/200px-Klikli.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Klikli.jpg/300px-Klikli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Klikli.jpg/400px-Klikli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A two-manual harpsichord</figcaption></figure> <p>While many harpsichords have one string per note, more elaborate harpsichords can have two or more strings for each note. When there are multiple strings for each note, these additional strings are called "choirs" of strings. This provides two advantages: the ability to vary volume and ability to vary tonal quality. Volume is increased when the mechanism of the instrument is set up by the player (see below) so that the press of a single key plucks more than one string. Tonal quality can be varied in two ways. First, different choirs of strings can be designed to have distinct tonal qualities, usually by having one set of strings plucked closer to the nut, which emphasizes the higher <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a>, and produces a "nasal" sound quality. The mechanism of the instrument, called "stops" (following the use of the term in <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organs</a>) permits the player to select one choir or the other. Second, having one key pluck two strings at once changes not just volume but also tonal quality; for instance, when two strings tuned to the same pitch are plucked simultaneously, the note is not just louder but also richer and more complex. </p><p>A particularly vivid effect is obtained when the strings plucked simultaneously are an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> apart. This is normally heard by the ear not as two pitches but as one: the sound of the higher string is blended with that of the lower one, and the ear hears the lower pitch, enriched in tonal quality by the additional strength in the upper harmonics of the note sounded by the higher string. </p><p>When describing a harpsichord it is customary to specify its choirs of strings, often called its <a href="/wiki/Disposition_(harpsichord)" title="Disposition (harpsichord)">disposition</a>. To describe the pitch of the choirs of strings, pipe organ terminology is used. Strings at <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">eight-foot pitch</a> (8') sound at the normal expected pitch, strings at four-foot pitch (4') sound an octave higher. Harpsichords occasionally include a sixteen-foot (16') choir (one octave lower than eight-foot) or a two-foot (2') choir (two octaves higher; quite rare). When there are multiple choirs of strings, the player is often able to control which choirs sound. This is usually done by having a set of jacks for each choir, and a mechanism for "turning off" each set, often by moving the upper register (through which the jacks slide) sideways a short distance, so that their plectra miss the strings. In simpler instruments this is done by manually moving the registers, but as the harpsichord evolved, builders invented levers, knee levers and pedal mechanisms to make it easier to change registration. </p><p>Harpsichords with more than one keyboard (this usually means two keyboards, stacked one on top of the other in a step-wise fashion, as with pipe organs) provide flexibility in selecting which strings play, since each manual can be set to control the plucking of a different set of strings. This means that a player can have, for instance, an 8' manual and a 4' manual ready for use, making it possible to switch between them to obtain higher (or lower) pitches or different tone. In addition, such harpsichords often have a mechanism (the "coupler") that couples manuals together, so that a single manual plays both sets of strings. </p><p>The most flexible system is the French "shove coupler", in which the lower manual slides forward and backward. In the backward position, "dogs" attached to the upper surface of the lower manual engage the lower surface of the upper manual's keys. Depending on choice of keyboard and coupler position, the player can select any of the sets of jacks labeled in "figure 4" as A, or B and C, or all three. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shove_Coupler.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shove_Coupler.svg/800px-Shove_Coupler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shove_Coupler.svg/1200px-Shove_Coupler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shove_Coupler.svg/1600px-Shove_Coupler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Figure 4. French shove coupler. To the left: uncoupled keyboards. The depressed upper key lifts the jack A upwards. The depressed lower key lifts jacks B and C. To the right: The upper keyboard is coupled to the lower one by pulling the latter. The depressed upper key lifts the jack A upwards. The depressed lower key lifts jacks A, B and C.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English "dogleg" jack system (also used in Baroque Flanders) does not require a coupler. The jacks labeled A in Figure 5 have a "dogleg" shape that permits either keyboard to play A. If the player wishes to play the upper 8' from the upper manual only and not from the lower manual, a stop handle disengages the jacks labeled A and engages instead an alternative row of jacks called "lute stop" (not shown in the Figure). A lute stop is used to imitate the gentle sound of a plucked <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg/400px-Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg/600px-Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg/800px-Dogleg_shove_coupler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Figure 5. Dogleg jack, English coupler system. When depressed, the upper key lifts the "dogleg" jack (jack A) upwards. The lower key lifts all three jacks A, B, and C.</figcaption></figure><p> The use of multiple manuals in a harpsichord was not originally provided for the flexibility in choosing which strings would sound, but rather for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">transposition</a> of the instrument to play in different keys (see <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></i>). </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShortOctaveOnC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ShortOctaveOnC.svg/200px-ShortOctaveOnC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ShortOctaveOnC.svg/300px-ShortOctaveOnC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/ShortOctaveOnC.svg/400px-ShortOctaveOnC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Some early harpsichords and organs had a <a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">short octave</a> in the lowest register. It replaced rarely used bass notes with more widely used notes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some early harpsichords used a <a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">short octave</a> for the lowest register. The rationale behind this system was that the low notes F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> are seldom needed in <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a>. Deep bass notes typically form the <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(music)" title="Inversion (music)">root</a> of the chord, and F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> and G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> chords were seldom used at this time. In contrast, low C and D, both roots of very common chords, are sorely missed if a harpsichord with lowest key E is tuned to match the keyboard layout. When scholars specify the pitch range of instruments with this kind of short octave, they write "C/E", meaning that the lowest note is a C, played on a key that normally would sound E. In another <a href="/wiki/Short_octave#Second_type" title="Short octave">arrangement</a>, known as "G/B', the apparent lowest key B is tuned to G, and apparent C-sharp and D-sharp are tuned to A and B respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case">Case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wooden case holds in position all of the important structural members: pinblock, soundboard, hitchpins, keyboard, and the jack action. It usually includes a solid bottom, and also internal bracing to maintain its form without warping under the tension of the strings. Cases vary greatly in weight and sturdiness: Italian harpsichords are often of light construction; heavier construction is found in the later Flemish instruments and those derived from them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg/220px-FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg/330px-FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg/440px-FalseInnerOuterHarpsichord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A false inner–outer harpsichord from the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. The false inner case begins to the right of the keyboard, and continues backward only far enough to provide a slot to support the jack rail.</figcaption></figure> <p>The case also gives the harpsichord its external appearance and protects the instrument. A large harpsichord is, in a sense, a piece of furniture, as it stands alone on legs and may be styled in the manner of other furniture of its place and period. Early Italian instruments, on the other hand, were so light in construction that they were treated rather like a violin: kept for storage in a protective outer case, and played after taking it out of its case and placing it on a table.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tables were often quite high – until the late 18th century people usually played standing up.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard19_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, harpsichords came to be built with just a single case, though an intermediate stage also existed: the <i>false inner–outer</i>, which for purely aesthetic reasons was built to look as if the outer case contained an inner one, in the old style.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after harpsichords became self-encased objects, they often were supported by separate stands, and some modern harpsichords have separate legs for improved portability. </p><p>Many harpsichords have a lid that can be raised, a cover for the keyboard, and a <a href="/wiki/Music_stand" title="Music stand">music stand</a> for holding sheet music and scores. </p><p>Harpsichords have been decorated in a great many different ways: with plain buff paint (e.g. some Flemish instruments), with paper printed with patterns, with leather or velvet coverings, with <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">chinoiserie</a>, or occasionally with highly elaborate painted artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Only occasionally? From my cursory research (limited as it may be), this seems to be common practice for the instrument. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginals">Virginals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Virginals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/330px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/440px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vermeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Vermeer">Jan Vermeer</a>'s famous painting <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal" title="Lady Standing at a Virginal">Lady Standing at a Virginal</a></i> shows a characteristic practice of his time, with the instrument mounted on a table and the player standing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The virginal is a smaller and simpler rectangular form of the harpsichord having only one string per note; the strings run parallel to the keyboard, which is on the long side of the case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinet">Spinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></div> <p>A spinet is a harpsichord with the strings set at an angle (usually about 30 degrees) to the keyboard. The strings are too close together for the jacks to fit between them. Instead, the strings are arranged in pairs, and the jacks are in the larger gaps between the pairs. The two jacks in each gap face in opposite directions, and each plucks a string adjacent to the gap. </p><p>The English diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> mentions his "tryangle" several times. This was not the percussion instrument that we call <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a> today; rather, it was a name for octave-pitched spinets, which were triangular in shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clavicytherium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></div> <p>A clavicytherium is a harpsichord with the soundboard and strings mounted vertically facing the player, the same space-saving principle as an <a href="/wiki/Upright_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Upright piano">upright piano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearling1996138_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearling1996138-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a clavicytherium, the jacks move horizontally without the assistance of gravity, so that clavicytherium actions are more complex than those of other harpsichords. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg/220px-DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg/330px-DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg/440px-DolmetschSpinet_LateWinter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An ottavino built by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dolmetsch" title="Arnold Dolmetsch">Arnold Dolmetsch</a> in 1923, and modeled after a 1698 instrument by Joannes Carcassi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottavino">Ottavino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ottavino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ottavini are small spinets or virginals at <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">four-foot pitch</a>. Harpsichords at octave pitch were more common in the early Renaissance, but lessened in popularity later on. However, the ottavino remained very popular as a domestic instrument in Italy until the 19th century. In the Low Countries, an ottavino was commonly paired with an <a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">8'</a> virginals, encased in a small cubby under the soundboard of the larger instrument. The ottavino could be removed and placed on top of the virginal, making, in effect, a double manual instrument. These are sometimes called 'mother-and-child'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottick200361_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottick200361-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'double' virginals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedal_harpsichord">Pedal harpsichord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pedal harpsichord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, harpsichords were built which included another set or sets of strings underneath and played by foot-operated <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedal keyboard</a> which trigger the plucking of the lowest-pitched keys of the harpsichord. Although there are no known extant pedal harpsichords from the 18th century or before, from Adlung (1758): the lower set of usually 8' strings "...is built like an ordinary harpsichord, but with an extent of two octaves only. The jacks are similar, but they will benefit from being arranged back to back, since the two [bass] octaves take as much space as four in an ordinary harpsichord<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1980 when Keith Hill introduced his design for a pedal harpsichord, most pedal harpsichords were built based on the designs of extant pedal pianos from the 19th century, in which the instrument is as wide as the pedalboard.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these were mostly intended as practice instruments for organists, a few pieces are believed to have been written specifically for the pedal harpsichord. However, the set of pedals can augment the sound from any piece performed on the instrument, as demonstrated on several albums by <a href="/wiki/E._Power_Biggs" title="E. Power Biggs">E. Power Biggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_variants">Other variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Archicembalo" title="Archicembalo">archicembalo</a>, built in the 16th century, had an unusual keyboard layout, designed to accommodate variant <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuning systems</a> demanded by compositional practice and theoretical experimentation. More common were instruments with <a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">split sharps</a>, also designed to accommodate the tuning systems of the time. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Folding_harpsichord" title="Folding harpsichord">folding harpsichord</a> was an instrument that could be folded up to make it more compact, thus facilitating travelling with it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compass_and_pitch_range">Compass and pitch range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compass and pitch range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the whole, earlier harpsichords have smaller <a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">ranges</a> than later ones, although there are many exceptions. The largest harpsichords have a range of just over five <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, and the smallest have under four. Usually, the shortest keyboards were given extended range in the bass with a "<a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">short octave</a>". The traditional pitch range for a 5-octave instrument is F<sub>1</sub>–F<sub>6</sub> (FF–f‴). </p><p>Tuning pitch is often taken to be A<sub>4</sub> = 415 Hz, roughly a semitone lower than the modern standard concert pitch of A<sub>4</sub> = 440 Hz. An accepted exception is for French baroque repertoire, which is often performed with a = 392 Hz, approximately a semitone lower again. See <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_l%27harmonie_r%C3%A9duite_%C3%A0_ses_principes_naturels" title="Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels">Treatise on Harmony</a></i> (1722) [Dover Publications], Book One, chapter five, for insight into French baroque tuning; "Since most of these semitones are absolutely necessary in the tuning of organs and other similar instruments, the following chromatic system has been drawn up." Tuning an instrument nowadays usually starts with setting an A; historically it would commence from a C or an F. The harpsichord uses the bass clef (F clef). </p><p>Some modern instruments are built with keyboards that can shift sideways, allowing the player to align the mechanism with strings at either A = 415 Hz or A = 440 Hz. If a tuning other than equal temperament is used, the instrument requires retuning once the keyboard is shifted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoration">Decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the historical period, the harpsichord was characteristically decorated; for extensive discussion and illustration see Kottick (2003). Cases were painted in bright colors (especially in 18th century France), or covered with elaborate wood veneer (18th century England), or adorned with sculptural moldings and knobs (Italy). Soundboards bore paintings, either of individual items such as flowers and animals (Flanders, also France), or even (in expensive instruments), full-scale paintings of the kind usually executed on canvas. Keyboards could have the same "white keys" and "black keys" that pianos have today, but builders frequently employed the opposite pattern, with white sharps and black naturals. The study of harpsichord decoration became an important scholarly field in the 20th century, notably with the work of Sheridan Germann (2002), whose knowledge extended to the point of being able to pin down the particular anonymous artists who worked with particular builders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv/220px--Bachbwv933.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="Bachbwv933.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bachbwv933.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv/Bachbwv933.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv/Bachbwv933.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv/Bachbwv933.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv/Bachbwv933.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Bachbwv933.ogv/Bachbwv933.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Bach's <a href="/wiki/Six_Little_Preludes_(Bach)#Little_Prelude_in_C_major,_BWV_933" title="Six Little Preludes (Bach)">Little Prelude in C major</a> being played on a harpsichord</figcaption></figure> <p>The great bulk of the standard repertoire for the harpsichord was written during its first historical flowering, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> eras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first music written specifically for solo harpsichord was published around the early 16th century. Composers who wrote solo harpsichord music were numerous during the whole Baroque era in European countries including Italy, Germany, England and France. Solo harpsichord compositions included dance <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a>. Among the most famous composers who wrote for the harpsichord were the members of <a href="/wiki/Virginalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginalist">English virginal school</a> of the late Renaissance, notably <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540–1623). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_era">Baroque era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Baroque era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, a great number of highly characteristic solo works were created and compiled into four books of <i>ordres</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> (1668–1733). <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a> (1685–1757) began his career in Italy but wrote most of his solo harpsichord works in Spain; his most famous work is his series of <a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_keyboard_sonatas_by_Domenico_Scarlatti" title="List of solo keyboard sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti">555 harpsichord sonatas</a>. Perhaps the most celebrated composers who wrote for the harpsichord were <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a> (1685–1759), who composed numerous suites for harpsichord, and especially <a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a> (1685–1750), whose solo works (for instance, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tempered_Clavier" title="The Well-Tempered Clavier">The Well-Tempered Clavier</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_Variations" title="Goldberg Variations">Goldberg Variations</a></i>), continue to be performed very widely, often on the piano. Bach was also a pioneer of the harpsichord concerto, both in <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_concertos_(J._S._Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)">works</a> designated as such, and in the harpsichord part of his <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_concertos" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg concertos">Fifth Brandenburg Concerto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of the most prominent composers of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> (1732–1809) and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> (1756–1791), wrote harpsichord music. For both, the instrument featured in the earlier period of their careers,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was largely supplanted by the piano starting roughly in the late 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_of_the_harpsichord_revival">Music of the harpsichord revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music of the harpsichord revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_harpsichord" title="Contemporary harpsichord">Contemporary harpsichord</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Stauffer_Harpsichord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4726" data-file-height="7086" /></a><figcaption>Modern harpsichord, made by Colzani in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the 19th century, the harpsichord was almost completely supplanted by the piano. In the 20th century, composers returned to the instrument, as they sought out variation in the sounds available to them. Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dolmetsch" title="Arnold Dolmetsch">Arnold Dolmetsch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichordist" title="Harpsichordist">harpsichordists</a> <a href="/wiki/Violet_Gordon-Woodhouse" title="Violet Gordon-Woodhouse">Violet Gordon-Woodhouse</a> (1872–1951) and in France, <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Landowska" title="Wanda Landowska">Wanda Landowska</a> (1879–1959), were at the forefront of the instrument's renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_concerto" title="Harpsichord concerto">Concertos</a> for the instrument were written by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Concert_champ%C3%AAtre" title="Concert champêtre">Concert champêtre</a></i>, 1927–28), and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a>'s <i>Double Concerto</i> is scored for harpsichord, piano and two chamber <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>. For a detailed account of music composed for the revived harpsichord, see <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_harpsichord" title="Contemporary harpsichord">Contemporary harpsichord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/48px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/64px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_harpsichord_makers" title="List of historical harpsichord makers">List of historical harpsichord makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_keyboard_instruments" title="List of keyboard instruments">List of keyboard instruments</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">clavicembalo</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">clavecin</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Cembalo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">clavecín</i>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">cravo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">клавеси́н</span> (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian"><small>tr.</small></a> <i>klavesín</i> or <i>klavesin</i>), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">klavecimbel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">klawesyn</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In virtually all instances, "more than one" means two. For the one known three-manual instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Albrecht_Hass" title="Hieronymus Albrecht Hass">Hieronymus Albrecht Hass</a>. For forged three-manual instruments, see <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Franciolini" title="Leopoldo Franciolini">Leopoldo Franciolini</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRipinKoster2001" class="citation web cs1">Ripin, Edwin M.; Koster, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000004266">"Buff stop [harp stop and (erroneously) lute stop]"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04266">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Buff+stop+%5Bharp+stop+and+%28erroneously%29+lute+stop%5D&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04266&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Ripin&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft.au=Koster%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000004266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kottick,_Edward_L-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kottick,_Edward_L_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottick,_Edward_L_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottick,_Edward_L.2016" class="citation book cs1">Kottick, Edward L. (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/933437874"><i>A history of the harpsichord</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02347-6"><bdi>978-0-253-02347-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933437874">933437874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+harpsichord&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933437874&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02347-6&rft.au=Kottick%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933437874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich1990" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Cyril (1990). <i>The Piano: A History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, USA; Revised edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816171-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816171-9"><bdi>0-19-816171-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA%3B+Revised+edition&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-816171-9&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWraight2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano". <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">635–</span>644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2Fcal050">10.1093/em/cal050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-1078">0306-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4137311">4137311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191481821">191481821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Recent+Approaches+in+Understanding+Cristofori%27s+Fortepiano&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E644&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0306-1078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191481821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4137311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fem%2Fcal050&rft.aulast=Wraight&rft.aufirst=Denzil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottick198719-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottick198719_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKottick1987">Kottick 1987</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Find full details in <a href="#CITEREFHubbard1967">Hubbard 1967</a>, p. 133 ff., <a href="#CITEREFRussell1973">Russell 1973</a>, p. 65 ff., <a href="#CITEREFKottick2003">Kottick 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard19_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard19_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard1967">Hubbard 1967</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard1967">Hubbard 1967</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubbard1967">Hubbard 1967</a>, various locations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearling1996138-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearling1996138_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDearling1996">Dearling 1996</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottick200361-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottick200361_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKottick2003">Kottick 2003</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchand1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_A._Marchand" title="Leslie A. Marchand">Marchand, Leslie Alexis</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byronslettersjou02byro"><i>Byron's letters and journals: 1816–1817 : 'So late into the night'<span></span></i></a></span>. Harvard: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byronslettersjou02byro/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08945-7"><bdi>978-0-674-08945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byron%27s+letters+and+journals%3A+1816%E2%80%931817+%3A+%27So+late+into+the+night%27&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08945-7&rft.aulast=Marchand&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyronslettersjou02byro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span> "Model IX is the famous double virginal. An ottavino of model VIII is inserted into the case of the virginal like a drawer slipping into a bureau."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawbw.com/~hbv/earlymus/ottavino/">Ottavino</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218131236/http://www.rawbw.com/~hbv/earlymus/ottavino/">Archived</a> 18 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at rawbw.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523193530/http://www.harpsichord.org.uk/pedal/pedalharpsichord.htm">"Pedal Harpsichords"</a>. Harpsichord.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpsichord.org.uk/pedal/pedalharpsichord.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pedal+Harpsichords&rft.pub=Harpsichord.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpsichord.org.uk%2Fpedal%2Fpedalharpsichord.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithhillharpsichords.com/about-keith-hill/">"About Leith Hill"</a>. <i>Keith Hill – Instrument Maker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keith+Hill+%E2%80%93+Instrument+Maker&rft.atitle=About+Leith+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeithhillharpsichords.com%2Fabout-keith-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912045055/http://www.jsbach.org/biggsbachonthepedalharpsichord.html">"Bach on the Pedal Harpsichord by E. Power Biggs at"</a>. Jsbach.org. 20 May 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsbach.org/biggsbachonthepedalharpsichord.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bach+on+the+Pedal+Harpsichord+by+E.+Power+Biggs+at&rft.pub=Jsbach.org&rft.date=1995-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsbach.org%2Fbiggsbachonthepedalharpsichord.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hubharp.com/technical_articles2/soundboard_transposingkeyboard.htm">"The Transposing Keyboard"</a>. Hubharp.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transposing+Keyboard&rft.pub=Hubharp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hubharp.com%2Ftechnical_articles2%2Fsoundboard_transposingkeyboard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitman2021" class="citation book cs1">Breitman, David (1 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781800101944/type/book"><i>Piano-Playing Revisited: What Modern Players Can Learn from Period Instruments</i></a> (1 ed.). Boydell and Brewer Limited. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781800101944">10.1017/9781800101944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80010-194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80010-194-4"><bdi>978-1-80010-194-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piano-Playing+Revisited%3A+What+Modern+Players+Can+Learn+from+Period+Instruments&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer+Limited&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781800101944&rft.isbn=978-1-80010-194-4&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781800101944%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Boalch.org">Boalch-Mould Online</a> A searchable database of 2000+ harpsichord and clavichord makers, 2500 instruments, and 4300 instrument photos.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearling1996" class="citation book cs1">Dearling, Robert, ed. (1996). <i>The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments</i>. London: Carlton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85868-185-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85868-185-6"><bdi>978-1-85868-185-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Encyclopedia+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85868-185-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hubbard" title="Frank Hubbard">Hubbard, Frank</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threecenturiesof00hubb"><i>Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-88845-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-88845-6"><bdi>978-0-674-88845-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Centuries+of+Harpsichord+Making&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-674-88845-6&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreecenturiesof00hubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span> An authoritative survey by a leading builder of how early harpsichords were built and how the harpsichord evolved over time in different national traditions.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottick1987" class="citation book cs1">Kottick, Edward (1987). <i>The Harpsichord Owner's Guide</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harpsichord+Owner%27s+Guide&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kottick&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kottick, Edward (2003). <i>A History of the Harpsichord</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34166-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34166-3"><bdi>0-253-34166-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Harpsichord&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-34166-3&rft.aulast=Kottick&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span> An extensive survey by a leading contemporary scholar.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1973" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Raymond (1973). <i>The Harpsichord and Clavichord: an introductory study</i> (2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-04795-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-04795-5"><bdi>0-571-04795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harpsichord+and+Clavichord%3A+an+introductory+study&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-571-04795-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarpsichord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boalch, Donald H. (1995) <i>Makers of the Harpsichord and Clavichord, 1440–1840</i>, 3rd ed., with updates by Andreas H. Roth and Charles Mould, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-318429-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-318429-X">0-19-318429-X</a>. A catalogue, originating with work by Boalch in the 1950s, of all extant historical instruments.</li> <li>Germann, Sheridan (2002) Harpsichord Decoration: A Conspectus. In <i>The Historical Harpsichord, Vol. 4, A Monograph Series in Honor of Frank Hubbard</i>, ed. by Howard Schott. Pendragon Press.</li> <li>O'Brien, Grant (1990) <i>Ruckers, a Harpsichord and Virginal Building Tradition</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36565-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36565-1">0-521-36565-1</a>. Covers the innovations of the Ruckers family, the founders of the Flemish tradition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Skowroneck" title="Martin Skowroneck">Skowroneck, Martin</a> (2003) <i>Cembalobau: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus der Werkstattpraxis</i> [Harpsichord construction: a craftsman's workshop experience and insight], Fachbuchreihe Das Musikinstrument <b>83</b>, Bergkirchen : Bochinsky, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932275-58-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-932275-58-6">3-932275-58-6</a>. A study (written in English and German) of harpsichord building by a leading figure in the modern revival of historically authentic methods of building.</li> <li>Zuckermann, Wolfgang (1969) <i>The Modern Harpsichord: Twentieth Century Instruments and Their Makers</i>, New York : October House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8079-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8079-0165-2">0-8079-0165-2</a></li> <li><i>The New Grove: Early Keyboard Instruments</i>. Macmillan, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02554-3">0-393-02554-3</a>. (material from here is also available online in <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>)</li> <li>Beurmann, Andreas (2012) <i>Harpsichords and More. Harpsichords, Spinets, Clavichords, Virginals. Portraits of a Collection. The Beurmann Collection in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, and at the Estate of Hasselburg in East Holstein, Germany</i>, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-14470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-14470-2">978-3-487-14470-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harpsichord" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mimo-international.com/MIMO/search.aspx?SC=DEFAULT&QUERY_LABEL=Harpsichords&QUERY=(InstrumentTypeLevel2_exact:%22LEXICON_00002230%22)%20AND%20InstrumentTypeLevel3_exact:%22LEXICON_00002239%22#/Search/(query:(Page:0,PageRange:3,QueryString:'(InstrumentTypeLevel2_exact:%22LEXICON_00002230%22)%20AND%20InstrumentTypeLevel3_exact:%22LEXICON_00002239%22',ResultSize:10,ScenarioCode:DEFAULT,SearchContext:0,SearchLabel:Harpsichords))">More than 450 Harpsichords at the MIMO (Musical Instruments Museums Online) portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-early-music-concert-to-feature-harpsichords-built-in-west-vancouver-1.3167971/">Interview with harpsichord builder Craig Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Scores_featuring_the_harpsichord" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Scores featuring the harpsichord">Scores featuring the harpsichord</a>: Scores at the <a 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id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_piano" title="Pedal piano">Pedal piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music907" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music907" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81982#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81982#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81982#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Clavecin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119454031">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562972">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="cembalo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119095&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550631905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/bfe379dc-1d65-4862-acd8-60d53bb963a2">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&oldid=1275898165">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harpsichord&oldid=1275898165</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harpsichord" title="Category:Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Keyboard_instruments" title="Category:Keyboard instruments">Keyboard 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