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Garment use and lifespan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garment_use_and_lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Environmental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Social and ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 In Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Business models </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Business models subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circular_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Circular models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharing_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharing_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sharing models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharing_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resale_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resale_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Resale models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resale_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Consumption </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Soy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bamboo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bamboo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Bamboo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bamboo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kombucha_(SCOBY)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kombucha_(SCOBY)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Kombucha (SCOBY) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kombucha_(SCOBY)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Protein fibers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufactured_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufactured_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Manufactured fibers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufactured_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PET_plastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PET_plastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 PET plastic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PET_plastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungal_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungal_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Fungal species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungal_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketing_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Marketing controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenwashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenwashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Greenwashing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenwashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Materials controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-hand_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-hand_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Second-hand controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-hand_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="موضة مستدامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موضة مستدامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udr%C5%BEiteln%C3%A1_m%C3%B3da" title="Udržitelná móda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Udržitelná móda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Fashion" title="Ethical Fashion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethical Fashion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda_sostenible" title="Moda sostenible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moda sostenible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="مد سازگار با محیط زیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مد سازگار با محیط زیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_%C3%A9thique" title="Mode éthique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mode éthique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda_sostenibile" title="Moda sostenibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moda sostenibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90" title="אופנה בת קיימא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופנה בת קיימא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="მდგრადი მოდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მდგრადი მოდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenntarthat%C3%B3_divat" title="Fenntartható divat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fenntartható divat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Еколошка мода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еколошка мода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="サステナブルファッション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サステナブルファッション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zr%C3%B3wnowa%C5%BCona_moda" title="Zrównoważona moda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zrównoważona moda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda_sustent%C3%A1vel" title="Moda sustentável – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moda sustentável" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Устойчивая мода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Устойчивая мода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udr%C5%BEate%C4%BEn%C3%A1_m%C3%B3da" title="Udržateľná móda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Udržateľná móda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_moda" title="Sürdürülebilir moda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sürdürülebilir moda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1371232#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Category:Clothing and the environment">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Clothing and the environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_clothing_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Recycling_clothing_icon.png/100px-Recycling_clothing_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Recycling_clothing_icon.png/150px-Recycling_clothing_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Recycling_clothing_icon.png/200px-Recycling_clothing_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Key issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Textile performance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">By type</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming" title="Environmental impacts of fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of leather">Leather</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Sustainability</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">Anti-fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear" title="Biodegradable athletic footwear">Biodegradable athletic footwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">Circular fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_textile" title="Green textile">Green textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion" title="Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion">Sustainability of vintage fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion" title="Zero-waste fashion">Zero-waste fashion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EEF7F1; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; padding:0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Green marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiverBlue" title="RiverBlue">RiverBlue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_True_Cost" title="The True Cost">The True Cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record" title="Nike, Inc.">Environmental record of Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_wastewater" title="Laundry wastewater">Laundry wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/16px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/24px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Template:Clothing and the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Template talk:Clothing and the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_and_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing and the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_economics" title="Category:Environmental economics">a series</a> about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cash_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/90px-Cash_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/135px-Cash_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/180px-Cash_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="32" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Carbon price</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credit">Carbon credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon finance">Carbon finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">Carbon offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading" title="Personal carbon trading">Personal carbon trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigovian tax">Pigovian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon" title="Social cost of carbon">Social cost of carbon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Climate change</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">Corporate sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_commerce" title="Eco commerce">Eco commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_enterprise" title="Environmental enterprise">enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_environmentalism" title="Fiscal environmentalism">Fiscal environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_accounting" title="Green accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Green paradox">paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_trading" title="Green trading">trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_abatement_cost" title="Marginal abatement cost">Marginal abatement cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">reporting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism" title="Sustainable capitalism">capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design_standards" title="Sustainable design standards">design standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">Used good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_Earth" title="Value of Earth">Value of Earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Energy transition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000-watt_society" title="2000-watt society">2000-watt society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">Alternative fuel</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">Carbon neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">Environmental pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental tariff">Environmental tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">Green industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Template:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sustainable fashion is a term describing efforts within the <a href="/wiki/Fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion industry">fashion industry</a> to reduce its <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">environmental impacts</a>, protect workers producing garments and uphold <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> in fashion encompasses a wide range of factors, including cutting <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, addressing <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and waste, supporting <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and ensuring that <a href="/wiki/Garment_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment workers">garment workers</a> are paid a <a href="/wiki/Fair_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair wage">fair wage</a> and have safe working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In 2020, it was found that voluntary, self-directed reform of <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> supply chains by large companies to reduce the environmental impacts was largely unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-destin-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Measures to reform fashion production beyond <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> require policies for the creation and enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardized</a> certificates, along with related <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> controls, subsidies,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and interventions such as <a href="/wiki/Eco-tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-tariffs">eco-tariffs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1990s, roughly coinciding with the 1992 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Conference on Environment and Development, popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Rio Earth Summit</a>, 'green issues' (as they were called at the time) made their way into fashion and textile publications.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> These publications featured companies such as <a href="/wiki/Patagonia_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patagonia (clothing)">Patagonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esprit_Holdings" title="Esprit Holdings">ESPRIT</a>. Doug Tompkins and Yvon Chouinard noted that exponential growth and consumption are not sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the late 1980s, they commissioned research into the impact of fibers used in their respective companies. Fiber and fabric processing are still the norm in sustainable fashion 30 years on.<a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> In 1992, the ESPRIT e-collection was developed by head designer <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Grose" title="Lynda Grose">Lynda Grose</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and launched at retail. In parallel with industry, research around sustainable fashion has been in development since the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The field includes technical projects that try to improve the efficiency of existing operations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorization_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals">Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals</a> (REACH) regulations required in 2007 that clothing manufacturers and importers identify and quantify the chemicals used in their products.<a href="#cite_note-waste-18">[18]</a> In 2012, the world's largest summit on fashion sustainability was held in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, gathering more than 1,000 key stakeholders in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Sustainable Apparel Coalition also launched the <a href="/wiki/Higg_Index" title="Higg Index">Higg Index</a>, a self-assessment standard for the apparel and footwear industries.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a>'s Environment Audit Committee published a report and recommendations on the future of fashion sustainability, suggesting wide-ranging systemic change, such as lowered <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> for repair services.<a href="#cite_note-:7-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion industry</a> followers believe the business sector can act more sustainably by pursuing profit and growth.<a href="#cite_note-:8-23">[23]</a> The movement believes that clothing companies should incorporate environmental, social and ethical improvements on management's agenda.<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-25">[25]</a> This may include increasing the value of local production and products; prolonging the lifecycle of materials; and reducing waste. Another goal may be to educate people to practice environmentally friendly consumption by promoting the "<a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">green consumer</a>".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> Critics doubt the effectiveness that this has. The discussions following the Burberry report of the brand burning unsold goods worth around £28.6 million (about $37.8 million) in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> which is an <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_models">Production models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production models">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taller_de_textiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Taller_de_textiles.jpg/220px-Taller_de_textiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Taller_de_textiles.jpg/330px-Taller_de_textiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Taller_de_textiles.jpg/440px-Taller_de_textiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Traditional textile manufacturing in <a href="/wiki/Teotitl%C3%A1n_del_Valle" title="Teotitlán del Valle">Teotitlán del Valle</a>. Clothes made with techniques like this are considered more sustainable than <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a>.</figcaption></figure> Aesthetic and <a href="/wiki/Social_preferences" title="Social preferences">social preferences</a> of fashion change over time, leading to some items becoming obsolete and affecting garment lifespans.<a href="#cite_note-KF_1-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a> business model became dominant in the 21st century, leading to an increase in consumption of inexpensive garments.<a href="#cite_note-:11-30">[30]</a> This model can disincentives companies from making <a href="/wiki/Durability" title="Durability">durable</a> products.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It also has significant health and environmental risks impacting <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and garment workers.<a href="#cite_note-:11-30">[30]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">slow</a>" movement, particularly <a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">slow food</a>, has been proposed as an alternative to improve the sustainability of fashion.<a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fast_fashion">Fast fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fast fashion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg/220px-Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg/330px-Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg/440px-Fast_Fashion_killt_das_Klima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Protesters holding a placard linking fast fashion to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a></figcaption></figure> The current condition of the fashion system is related to the temporal aspects of fashion; the continuous stream of new goods onto the market, or what is popularly called "<a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a>". As a way to conform to the latest fashion styles, current fast fashion trends presuppose selling clothing in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The quality of a garment does not necessarily translate to a slower pace of consumption and waste.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> These releases are exasperated by the acceleration of fashion trends. As microtrends are only lasting an average of 3 years, the demand for clothes has also accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Consumption has risen to 62 million tonnes annually and is projected to reach 102 million tonnes by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-FF_1-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shein" title="Shein">Shein</a> alone was responsible for about 706 billion kilograms of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in 2015 from the production of polyester textiles and uses up hundreds of gallons of water per garment.<a href="#cite_note-SI_1-37">[37]</a> Additionally, leaving an aftermath of 6.3 million tons of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-HOF_1-38">[38]</a> In January 2021, Shein offered over 121,000 garments made from polyester, making up 61% of their clothing total.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The fashion industry has a value of three trillion dollars. It is two percent of the world's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-40">[40]</a> Most factories that produce "fast" clothing employ workers on low wages. Workers from Shein are reported to make as little as 4 cents per garment produced, as well as operating on 18-hour workdays with 1 day off per month.<a href="#cite_note-BIS_1-41">[41]</a> Exploitative fast fashion production is prevalent in countries like China, Bangladesh and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slow_fashion">Slow fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slow fashion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a> is a proposed sustainable alternative to fast fashion.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The term was coined by Kate Fletcher of the Centre for Sustainable Fashion and inspired by "<a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">slow food</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-44">[44]</a> It intends to challenge growth fashion's obsession with mass-production and globalized style.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A slow-fashion garment often consists of durable materials, traditional production techniques, or design concepts that are seasonless or will last for more than a season. From an environmental point of view, it means that there is less industrial waste following transient trends.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Anglo-Japanese brand <a href="/wiki/People_Tree_Ltd." title="People Tree Ltd.">People Tree</a> was the first fashion company to receive the <a href="/wiki/World_Fair_Trade_Organization" title="World Fair Trade Organization">World Fair Trade Organization</a> product label in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The concept of slow fashion has been criticized. To stop consuming "fast fashion" strikes against low-income consumers whose only means to access trends is through cheap and accessible goods.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Those who are already in a high position in society can afford to slow down and cement their status and position, while those on their way up resent being told to stay at the lower rungs of the status hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garment_use_and_lifespan">Garment use and lifespan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Garment use and lifespan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Textile performance</a></div> The environmental impact of fashion also depends on how much and how long a garment is used. With the <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a> trend, garments tend to be used half as much as compared to 15 years ago. It has been estimated that each year around $172 million worth of garments is expected to be discarded, many of them after being worn only once.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> There has been a 7.1 kg increase in global per-capita textile production from 1975 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Typically, a garment used daily over years has less impact than a garment used once to then be quickly discarded. Studies have shown that the washing and drying process for a pair of classic jeans is responsible for almost two-thirds of the energy consumed through the whole of the jeans' life, and for underwear, about 80% of total energy use comes from laundry processes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-11">[11]</a> The dyeing process also contributes around 15–20% of wastewater. For this reason, techniques are being introduced to reduce energy and water consumption, such as using CO2 in the dyeing process,<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-53">[53]</a> where heat and pressure turn liquid CO2 into a sustainable solvent for the dye (supercritical CO2).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Low-quality products that deteriorate rapidly are not as suitable to be "enchanted" with <a href="/wiki/Comfort_object" title="Comfort object">emotional bonds</a> between user and product.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> According to a study done by Irene Maldini, keeping garments longer does not translate into lower volumes of purchased units.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concerns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></div> The fashion industry is the second largest polluter in the world, just after the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> has made it possible to produce clothing at increasingly lower prices that many consumers consider fashion to be disposable.<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Developing countries typically produce the textiles and clothing for <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2021, the Changing Markets Foundation released a report on the fashion industry's dependence on <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">oil extraction</a>. The report suggested that <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a> in the textile industry account for 1.35% of global oil consumption.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The usage level of fashion materials is 79 billion cubic meters annually.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Only around 20% of clothing is recycled or reused; huge amounts of fashion products end up as waste.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> It has been estimated that in the UK alone, around 350,000 tons of clothing end up in landfills every year. The average American throws away nearly 70 pounds of clothing per year.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Around 5% of the total waste worldwide stems from the textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfibers</a> are tiny threads that are shed from fabric. One study found that 34.8% of microplastics found in oceans come from the textile and clothing industry, and the majority of them were made of <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">elastane</a>;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> but a study off the coast of the UK and U.S. by the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marine_Laboratory" title="Plymouth Marine Laboratory">Plymouth Marine Laboratory</a> in May 2020 suggested there are at least double the number of particles as previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Microfibers are also shed during wear and disposal.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> If no progress is made to reverse the effect, it has been calculated that there will be an increase of 850 metric tons of plastic debris in the ocean by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_ethics">Social and ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social and ethics">edit</a>]</div> One of the main social issues related to fashion concerns labor. Whilst the majority of fashion and textiles are produced in Asia, Central America and North Africa, there is still production across Europe where exploitative working conditions are also found, such as in <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The fashion industry has racial, class and gender inequalities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Local production is engaged in global sourcing of labor exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> At least 25 million people, the majority of whom are women, work in garment manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Employees in their working conditions can be exposed to toxic substances.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Over the last years, over 150 major brands have publicised information about their factories online. Every year, Fashion Revolution publishes a Fashion Transparency Index.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The high place of several fast fashion retailers caused controversy regarding the parameters used for such rankings.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_fast_fashion_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of fast fashion in China">Impact of fast fashion in China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has emerged as the largest exporter of fast fashion, accounting for 30% of world apparel exports.<a href="#cite_note-waste-18">[18]</a> The country exports over approximately <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>159 billion worth of clothing garments annually.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> However, some Chinese workers make as little as 12–18 cents per hour working in poor conditions.<a href="#cite_note-waste-18">[18]</a> Each year, Americans purchase approximately 1 billion garments made in China. The opening up of China and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in the 1980s to private and foreign capital and investments is part of an effort to boost <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin,_274-78">[78]</a> The retail revolution within the U.S. (example Wal-Mart, Target and Nike) and Western Europe, where companies no longer manufactured but rather contracted out their production and transformed, introducing many different product lines manufactured in foreign-owned factories in China.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin,_274-78">[78]</a> Countries such as <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia#Garment_industry" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> export large amounts of clothing into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> every year.<a href="#cite_note-waste-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_models">Business models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Business models">edit</a>]</div> There is a multitude of emerging business models.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_models">Circular models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Circular models">edit</a>]</div> Some business models go under the name of "<a href="/wiki/Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">circular fashion</a>," inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>. Much of the work on circular fashion builds on initiatives in the 1990s and onwards by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Grose" title="Lynda Grose">Lynda Grose</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Kate Fletcher,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Rebecca Earley,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Mathilda Tham and Timo Rissanen,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> especially the thinking around the "metabolism" of garments and wardrobes, "zero waste" production, and the focus on the whole life cycle of garments.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">cradle-to-cradle</a>" model, a circular system named after the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things" title="Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things">book with the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Braungart" title="Michael Braungart">Michael Braungart</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_McDonough" title="William McDonough">William McDonough</a>, has been a popular proponent of circular fashion. Most textile fibers in consumer fashion are amalgamations of various materials to achieve flexible or aesthetic properties, and thus not optimal for circular reproduction. Although all work with textile waste as their raw material, it is often from <a href="/wiki/Pre-consumer_recycling" title="Pre-consumer recycling">pre-consumer</a> origins as it is easier to sort and process. On March 30, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> published the EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharing_models">Sharing models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sharing models">edit</a>]</div> Fashion rental and <a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">clothing swapping</a> are models that are also known as collaborative fashion consumption; their environmental impact and mitigation of pollution are debated.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a> Transportation between users and storage, dry-cleaning, and repackaging causes more environmental impact than reselling or <a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">hand-me-downs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As noted by Levänen et al. (2021), the lowest global warming impacts are achieved by reducing consumption, followed by reusing and recycling.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">Tailored couture</a> is another approach, with the idea being that tailored clothing can reduce mass-production.<a href="#cite_note-DG_1-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open-source content</a> is a concept that builds on the sharing of patterns of clothing.<a href="#cite_note-:14-91">[91]</a> Examples of open-source fashion range from exchanging production techniques to materials, patterns and <a href="/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace">makerspaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resale_models">Resale models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Resale models">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion" title="Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion">Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></div> The most sustainable fibers in fashion are the ones many people already have. Thus, to recirculate existing garments, new business models engage the resale, revival, and recirculation of used, second-hand or <a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">vintage clothing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-93">[93]</a> Other resale models also contain elements of upcycling and repairs.<a href="#cite_note-Henninger2016-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Processes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion" title="Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion">Environmental sustainability of vintage fashion</a></div> A large amount of clothing purchased annually is discarded and eventually ends up in <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charity_shop" title="Charity shop">Charity shops</a> keep a small proportion of donated clothing received.<a href="#cite_note-abc-97">[97]</a> Some efforts have been made to <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycle</a> textiles and clothing, as the technology to do this has existed for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> However, only around 1% of recycled clothes are turned into new items, primarily due to the difficulty and high cost of separating mixed and blended textiles.<a href="#cite_note-:16-96">[96]</a> Most discarded clothing is recycled for other uses, such as building insulation or carpet.<a href="#cite_note-:16-96">[96]</a> Textile recycling firms process about 70% of the donated clothing into industrial items such as rags or cleaning cloths.<a href="#cite_note-abc-97">[97]</a> However, 20–25% of the <a href="/wiki/Second-hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-hand">second-hand</a> clothing is sold into an international market.<a href="#cite_note-abc-97">[97]</a> Where possible, used jeans collected from America, for example, are sold to low-income customers in Africa for modest prices, yet most end up in landfills as the average U.S.-sized customer is several sizes bigger than the global average.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a> in fashion is the process of reusing the unwanted and discarded materials into new materials or products without compromising the value and quality of the used material. The definition of textile waste can be production waste, <a href="/wiki/Pre-consumer_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-consumer waste">pre-consumer waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">post-consumer waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a> suggests a perspective emphasizing the "Wisdom of Nature", where the industry looks into materials in tune with natural cycles.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Biomimicry replicates the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Cycles" title="Natural Cycles">cycles of nature</a>. Materials should be biocompatible, combining biodegradable fibers with processes of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">gasification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biofabrication" title="Biofabrication">Biofabrication</a> refers to the process of using <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> to produce materials used by humans.<a href="#cite_note-:15-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consumption">edit</a>]</div> For some products, the environmental impact can be greater at the use phase than material production,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> leading, for instance, to the suggestion to wash clothes less. Consumers typically have little incentive to be active with their garments—to repair, swap and learn.<a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> There are many ways designers are trying to experiment with new models, often in relation to <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Toffler" title="Alvin Toffler">Alvin Toffler</a>'s notion of the "<a href="/wiki/Prosumer" title="Prosumer">prosumer</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">portmanteau</a> of producer and consumer).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Novel <a href="/wiki/Clothing_technology" title="Clothing technology">technologies</a> for virtual try-ons of clothes sold via <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> may enable more sustainable fashion and reduce wasted clothes and related transportation and production expenses.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> No brand is considered by environmental experts to be fully sustainable, and controversy exists over exactly how the concept of sustainability can be applied in relation to fashion, if it can be used at all, or if labels such as "slow" and "sustainable" fashion are inherently an oxymoron.<a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[32]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">comparison websites</a> exist that compare fashion brands on their 'sustainability record'.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Materials">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, cotton and polyester accounted for almost 85% of all fibers.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Also, many fibers in the finished garments are mixed to acquire desired drape, flexibility or stretch. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellulose_fibers">Cellulose fibers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cellulose fibers">edit</a>]</div> Natural fibers are fibers which are found in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and are not petroleum-based. Natural fibers can be categorized into two main groups, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant fiber">plant fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">animal fiber</a>. Uses of these fibers can be from buttons to eyewear such as sunglasses.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Other than cotton, the most common plant-based fiber, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fibers include: <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">ramie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose" title="Bacterial cellulose">Bacterial cellulose</a> is currently being tested and developed as a new fiber alternative.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cotton">Cotton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cotton">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg/220px-Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg/330px-Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg/440px-Knitted-clothing-factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Textile worker using a bare loom in a Vietnam factory, weaving natural cotton fabrics, 2022</figcaption></figure> Cotton is a major source of apparel fiber. Cotton accounts for over 50% of all clothing produced worldwide. This makes cotton the most widely used clothing fiber.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Up to 1 billion people worldwide depend on the cotton industry, including 100 million smallholder farmers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Cotton is one of the most chemical-intensive crops in the world, but growers in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> have reduced their dependence on these chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-SC_1-113">[113]</a> Conventionally grown cotton uses approximately 25% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Insecticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticides">insecticides</a> and more than 10% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> For every pound of cotton harvested, a farmer uses up 1/3 lb of chemical, synthetic fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Cotton is naturally grown in a variety of colors. Typically, cotton color can come in mauve, red, yellow and orange hues.<a href="#cite_note-peruna-116">[116]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Naturally_colored_cotton" title="Naturally colored cotton">naturally colored cotton</a> has been historically suppressed, mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peruna-116">[116]</a> Back then, it was cheaper to have uniformly white cotton.<a href="#cite_note-peruna-116">[116]</a> color of fabrics made from naturally colored cotton is harder to fades away compared to synthetically dyed cotton fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Though manufacturers prefer cotton to be white so that cotton can easily be synthetically dyed to any shade of color.<a href="#cite_note-peruna-116">[116]</a> During processing, manufacturers may add bleach and various other chemicals and heavy metal dyes to make cotton pure white.<a href="#cite_note-savvy-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a> resins would be added in as well to form "easy care" cotton fabric.<a href="#cite_note-savvy-118">[118]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> Some cotton may be grown without the use of any genetic modification to the crops, fertilizers, pesticides or other agrochemicals.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> All cotton marketed as organic in the United States is required to fulfill strict federal regulations regarding how the cotton is grown.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a> uses 88% less water and 62% less energy than conventional cotton.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Companies have also produced <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> (GMO) cotton plants that are resistant to pest infestations. Among the GMO are cotton crops inserted with the Bt (<a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a>) gene.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a> crops do not require insecticide applications. Insects that consume cotton containing Bt will stop feeding after a few hours and die.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> As a result, the cost of pesticide applications decreased between $25 and $65 per acre.<a href="#cite_note-bt-124">[124]</a> Bt cotton crops yield 5% more cotton on average compared to traditional cotton crops.<a href="#cite_note-bt-124">[124]</a> Bt crops also lower the price of cotton by 0.8 cents per pound.<a href="#cite_note-bt-124">[124]</a> However, insects are predicted to eventually develop resistance to the Bt strain. Researchers have found that members of a cotton bollworm species, <a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">Helicoverpa zea</a>, were Bt-resistant in some crop areas of Mississippi and Arkansas during 2003 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-science-125">[125]</a> Though the vast majority of other agricultural pests remain susceptible to Bt.<a href="#cite_note-science-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Organiccotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Organiccotton.jpg/220px-Organiccotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Organiccotton.jpg/330px-Organiccotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Organiccotton.jpg/440px-Organiccotton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a> yarn</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soy">Soy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Soy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">Soy</a></div>Soy fabrics are derived from the hulls of soybeans—a manufacturing byproduct. Soy fabrics can be blended (i.e. 30%) or made entirely out of soy fibers.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Soy clothing is largely <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>. Although not as durable as cotton or hemp fabrics, soy clothing has a soft, elastic feel.<a href="#cite_note-soy-127">[127]</a> Soy clothing is known as vegetable <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a> for its light and silky sensation.<a href="#cite_note-soy-127">[127]</a> Soy fabrics are moisture-absorbent, antibacterial and UV-resistant.<a href="#cite_note-soy-127">[127]</a> However, soy fabrics fell out of public knowledge during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and cotton sales rose sharply.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bamboo">Bamboo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bamboo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo textile</a></div>Bamboo fabrics are made from heavily pulped bamboo grass. Making clothing and textiles needed less <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-versus-129">[129]</a> Like cotton fibers, bamboo fibers are naturally yellowish in color and are bleached white with chemicals during processing. Prior to a regulatory change in 2010, the majority of fiber and textile marketed as bamboo on the market was actually viscose rayon derived from bamboo. Now manufacturers need to label such products as rayon from bamboo.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a>, like bamboo, is considered a sustainable crop. It requires little water to grow, and it is resistant to most pests and diseases.<a href="#cite_note-earth-131">[131]</a> Hemp fiber comes in two types: primary and secondary <a href="/wiki/Bast_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast fiber">bast fibers</a>. Hemp fibers are considered strong enough for construction uses.<a href="#cite_note-bin-132">[132]</a> Compared to cotton fiber, hemp fiber is approximately 8 times the tensile strength and 4 times the durability.<a href="#cite_note-bin-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kombucha_(SCOBY)">Kombucha (SCOBY)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kombucha (SCOBY)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SCOBY" title="SCOBY">SCOBY</a></div> Furnished by a grant from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>, associate professor Young-A Lee and her team had grown vats of gel-like film composed of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_fiber" title="Cellulose fiber">cellulose</a> fiber, a byproduct of the same symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast (abbreviated <a href="/wiki/SCOBY" title="SCOBY">SCOBY</a>) found in <a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">kombucha</a>. Once harvested and dried, the resulting material has a look and feel much like leather.<a href="#cite_note-:03-133">[133]</a> The fibers are <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> and can foster a <a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">cradle-to-cradle</a> cycle of reuse and regeneration. This material takes about three to four weeks under lab-controlled conditions to grow. Tests revealed that moisture absorption from the air softens this material, which makes it less durable. Researchers also discovered that cold conditions make it brittle.<a href="#cite_note-:03-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protein_fibers">Protein fibers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Protein fibers">edit</a>]</div> Protein fibers originate from animal sources and are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in these protein molecules are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Pesticides are conventionally used in the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, although quantities are smaller. Most commercially produced <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> involves feeding worms a carefully controlled diet of <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberry</a> leaves grown under special conditions. The fibers are extracted by steaming to kill the silk moth <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">chrysalis</a> and then washed in hot water. Its use in textiles is limited due to its high cost.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The silk industry also employs millions of people in rural China.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a> is obtained from the fine, soft hairs of a cashmere goat's underbelly coat. Due to the rarity of the breed, four goats are needed to produce enough cashmere for one sweater. The cashmere industry has been questioned for the working conditions of goat herders and the underpaying of farmers.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> reported in Spring 2021 on a project in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> being undertaken jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Burberry" title="Burberry">Burberry Foundation</a> and PUR Projet, working with goat farmers.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufactured_fibers">Manufactured fibers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Manufactured fibers">edit</a>]</div> Manufactured fibers sit within three categories:<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_fiber" title="Cellulose fiber">cellulosic fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_filament" title="Protein filament">protein fibers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Azlon" title="Azlon">azlon</a>). Manufactured cellulosic fibers include <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> made from bamboo and wood, <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">lyocell</a> (also known under the brand name Tencel) and <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a>. Manufactured synthetic fibers include <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. Other alternative biodegradable fibers being developed by companies include: leather alternative using pineapple leaves;<a href="#cite_note-ecowatch-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biocomposite" title="Biocomposite">biocomposites</a>, fabrics,<a href="#cite_note-ecowatch-140">[140]</a> and leather alternative<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> using various parts of coconut; and fabric and paper made from banana plant stalks and stems.<a href="#cite_note-ecowatch-140">[140]</a> Rayon is a fiber made out of cellulose sometimes used in fast fashion as it is cheaply manufactured.<a href="#cite_note-MG_1-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PET_plastic">PET plastic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: PET plastic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PET_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="PET plastic">PET plastic</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">Synthetic fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_clothing" title="Plastic clothing">Plastic clothing</a></div> Clothing can be made from plastic. Seventy percent of plastic-derived fabrics come from polyester, and the type of polyester most used in fabrics is <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> PET plastic clothing comes from reused plastics, often recycled plastic bottles.<a href="#cite_note-env-145">[145]</a> PET plastics have the <a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">recycling code</a> of one. These plastics are usually beverage bottles (i.e., water, soda and fruit juice bottles). Generally, this method is as follows: plastic bottles are compressed, baled and shipped into processing facilities, where they will be chopped into flakes and melted into small white pellets. Then, the pellets are processed again and spun into yarn-like fiber, where it can be made into clothing.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transfer_Station_Recyclables,_Gainesville,_FL_7054.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Transfer_Station_Recyclables%2C_Gainesville%2C_FL_7054.JPG/220px-Transfer_Station_Recyclables%2C_Gainesville%2C_FL_7054.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Transfer_Station_Recyclables%2C_Gainesville%2C_FL_7054.JPG/330px-Transfer_Station_Recyclables%2C_Gainesville%2C_FL_7054.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Transfer_Station_Recyclables%2C_Gainesville%2C_FL_7054.JPG/440px-Transfer_Station_Recyclables%2C_Gainesville%2C_FL_7054.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Recyclables at transfer station, <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungal_species">Fungal species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fungal species">edit</a>]</div> Alexander Bismarck and Mitchell Jones from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> have conducted research on the possibility of using fungal species to create sustainable leather alternatives. Leather alternatives can be produced by using byproducts of agricultural products such as <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a>. After a few weeks, the fungal mycelium can be processed and chemically treated into a leather-like material. The process is <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">carbon neutral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero-waste</a> design in fashion is a concept that aims to reduce material waste throughout the textile and fashion production process. The concept has existed for a number of years.<a href="#cite_note-:6-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion" title="Zero-waste fashion">Zero-waste pattern making</a> designs patterns for a garment so that when the pattern pieces are cut, no fabric is wasted.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> One of the approaches is using an alternative method to traditional water dyeing; one example of such is <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a> dyeing. Different names for this process are Drydye and Colordry.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Complete_garment_knitting" title="Complete garment knitting">3D seamless knitting</a> is a technology that allows an entire garment to be knit. 3D seamless knitting creates the entire garment. The garments are designed using 3D software. Shima Seiki and Stoll are currently the two primary manufacturers of the technology. The technology is produced through the use of solar energy, and they are selling to brands like <a href="/wiki/Max_Mara" title="Max Mara">Max Mara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a>. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_fashion" title="Talk:Sustainable fashion">talk page</a>. (October 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing_controversies">Marketing controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marketing controversies">edit</a>]</div> The increase in western consumers' environmental interest is motivating companies to use sustainable and environmental arguments solely to increase sales. Because environmental and sustainability issues are complex, it is also easy to mislead consumers. Companies can use sustainability as a "marketing ploy", which is something that can be seen as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Greenwashing is the deceptive use of an eco-agenda in <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">marketing strategies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> It refers mostly to corporations that make efforts to clean their reputation because of social pressure or for the purpose of financial gain.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Greenwashing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></div> A major controversy on sustainable fashion concerns how the "green" imperative is used as a cover-up for systemic labor exploitation, <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, what is generally labelled as "greenwashing". In this, market-driven sustainability addresses sustainability to a certain degree, as brands still need to sell more products in order to be profitable. Thus, almost any initiative towards addressing ecological and social issues still contributes to the damage. In a 2017 report, the industry projects that the overall apparel consumption will rise by 63%, from 62 million tons today to 102 million tons in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_controversies">Materials controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Materials controversies">edit</a>]</div> Though some designers have marketed <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo fiber">bamboo fiber</a> as an alternative to conventional cotton, citing that it absorbs greenhouse gases during its life cycle and grows quickly without pesticides, the conversion of bamboo fiber to fabric is the same as rayon and is highly toxic. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> ruled that the labeling of bamboo fiber should read "rayon from bamboo". Bamboo fabric can cause environmental harm in production due to the chemicals used to create a soft viscose from hard bamboo.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second-hand_controversies">Second-hand controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Second-hand controversies">edit</a>]</div> In Tanzania, used clothing is sold at <a href="/wiki/Mitumba_(clothing)" title="Mitumba (clothing)">Mitumba</a> markets (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> for "bundles"). Most of the clothing is imported from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-waste-18">[18]</a> However, there are concerns that trade in secondhand clothing in African countries decreases development of local industries even as it creates employment in these countries.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> While the reuse of materials brings resource savings, there are some concerns that the influx of cheap.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo textiles">Bamboo textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear" title="Biodegradable athletic footwear">Biodegradable athletic footwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_fashion" title="Digital fashion">Digital fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecodesign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecodesign">Ecodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_activism" title="Fashion activism">Fashion activism</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_textile" title="Green textile">Green textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution in the fashion industry">Pollution in the fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_tracing" class="mw-redirect" title="Product tracing">Product tracing</a> systems, which allow consumers to see the source factory of a product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag" title="Reusable shopping bag">Reusable shopping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a> </li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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(2013). Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys. Routledge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sustainable_fashion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Black, Sandy (2008). Eco-chic : the fashion paradox. London: Black Dog. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-906155-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-906155-09-7">1-906155-09-7</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/966078563">966078563</a>.</li> <li>Black, Sandy (2013). The sustainable fashion handbook. New York: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500290569" title="Special:BookSources/9780500290569">9780500290569</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/939743661">939743661</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiCheng2015" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Tsan-Ming; Cheng, T. C. Edwin, eds. (2015). Sustainable fashion supply chain management: from sourcing to retailing. Springer series in supply chain management. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-12703-3">10.1007/978-3-319-12703-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319127026" title="Special:BookSources/9783319127026"><bdi>9783319127026</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907012044">907012044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+fashion+supply+chain+management%3A+from+sourcing+to+retailing&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Springer+series+in+supply+chain+management&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907012044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-12703-3&rft.isbn=9783319127026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarleyHill2015" class="citation book cs1">Farley, Jennifer; Hill, Colleen (2015). Sustainable fashion: past, present, and future. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857851857" title="Special:BookSources/9780857851857"><bdi>9780857851857</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/860754344">860754344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+fashion%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F860754344&rft.isbn=9780857851857&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Hill%2C+Colleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2014" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Kate (2014) [2008]. Sustainable fashion and textiles: design journeys (2nd ed.). London; Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Earthscan" title="Earthscan">Earthscan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415644556" title="Special:BookSources/9780415644556"><bdi>9780415644556</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/846847018">846847018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+fashion+and+textiles%3A+design+journeys&rft.place=London%3B+Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F846847018&rft.isbn=9780415644556&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherGrose2012" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Kate; Grose, Lynda (2012). Fashion & sustainability: design for change. London: <a href="/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing" title="Laurence King Publishing">Laurence King Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856697545" title="Special:BookSources/9781856697545"><bdi>9781856697545</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/778610112">778610112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+%26+sustainability%3A+design+for+change&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F778610112&rft.isbn=9781856697545&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Grose%2C+Lynda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherTham2015" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Kate; Tham, Mathilda, eds. (2015). Routledge handbook of sustainability and fashion. Routledge international handbooks. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415828598" title="Special:BookSources/9780415828598"><bdi>9780415828598</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/820119510">820119510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+handbook+of+sustainability+and+fashion&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+international+handbooks&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F820119510&rft.isbn=9780415828598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2022" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Vanessa (May 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/07/style/redefining-sustainable-fashion.html">"Redefining 'Sustainable Fashion'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved October 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Redefining+%27Sustainable+Fashion%27&rft.date=2022-05-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F05%2F07%2Fstyle%2Fredefining-sustainable-fashion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardettiTorres2013" class="citation book cs1">Gardetti, Miguel Ángel; Torres, Ana Laura, eds. (2013). Sustainability in fashion and textiles: values, design, production and consumption. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906093785" title="Special:BookSources/9781906093785"><bdi>9781906093785</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827952084">827952084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainability+in+fashion+and+textiles%3A+values%2C+design%2C+production+and+consumption&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+UK&rft.pub=Greenleaf+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827952084&rft.isbn=9781906093785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwiltRissanen2010" class="citation book cs1">Gwilt, Alison; Rissanen, Timo (2010). Shaping sustainable fashion: changing the way we make and use clothes. London; Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Earthscan" title="Earthscan">Earthscan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849712415" title="Special:BookSources/9781849712415"><bdi>9781849712415</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656849440">656849440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+sustainable+fashion%3A+changing+the+way+we+make+and+use+clothes&rft.place=London%3B+Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656849440&rft.isbn=9781849712415&rft.aulast=Gwilt&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Rissanen%2C+Timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fashion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). Shoddy : From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780226-698-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/9-780226-698-22-9">9-780226-698-22-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fashion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unfashionalliance.org/">UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fashion_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fashion" title="Template:Fashion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fashion" title="Template talk:Fashion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fashion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fashion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fashion_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles" title="Index of fashion articles">Index of fashion articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Fashion accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_matrix" title="Fashion matrix">Fashion matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_museum" title="Fashion museum">Fashion museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_plate" title="Fashion plate">Fashion plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_tourism" title="Fashion tourism">Fashion tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion" title="Semiotics of fashion">Semiotics of fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg/75px-Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg/113px-Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg/150px-Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1763" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History of Western fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">History of fashion design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion" title="19th century in fashion">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century in fashion">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fashion_events" title="List of fashion events">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">Fashion show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">Fashion week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards" title="Category:Fashion awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_clothing" title="Designer clothing">Designer clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_fashion" title="Digital fashion">Digital fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">Fashion capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur" title="Fashion entrepreneur">Fashion entrepreneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_editor" title="Fashion editor">Fashion editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_forecasting" title="Fashion forecasting">Fashion forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_illustration" title="Fashion illustration">Fashion illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_influencer" title="Fashion influencer">Fashion influencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_law" title="Fashion law">Fashion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_merchandising" title="Fashion merchandising">Fashion merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China" title="Fast fashion in China">in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion" title="Red carpet fashion">Red carpet fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry" title="Social media in the fashion industry">Social media in the fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion" title="Trickle-up fashion">Trickle-up fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_fashion" title="Trickle-down fashion">Trickle-down fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">Academic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_suit" title="Sailor suit">Sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">Combat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">Ball gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_clothing" title="Christian clothing">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fashion" title="Islamic fashion">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_fashion" title="Modest fashion">Modest fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">British country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chic" title="Chic">Chic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_collection" title="Cruise collection">Cruise collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preppy" title="Preppy">Preppy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)" title="Ivy League (clothes)">Ivy League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Ranger" title="Sloane Ranger">Sloane Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boys" title="Teddy Boys">Teddy Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_fogey" title="Young fogey">Young fogey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Street_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Street fashion">Street fashion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streetwear" title="Streetwear">Streetwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">Hipster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleisure" title="Athleisure">Athleisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorpcore" title="Gorpcore">Gorpcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)" title="Sportswear (fashion)">Sportswear fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfwear">Surfwear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous" title="Ghetto fabulous">Ghetto fabulous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bling-bling" title="Bling-bling">Bling-bling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fashion" title="Alternative fashion">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion" title="Androgyny in fashion">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_style" title="Bohemian style">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_fashion" title="Queer fashion">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk_fashion" title="Steampunk fashion">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrift_store_chic" title="Thrift store chic">Thrift store chic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">Rocker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">Greaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge_fashion" title="Grunge fashion">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">American fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fashion" title="Canadian fashion">Canadian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese fashion">Chinese fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Philippines">Filipino fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">French fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">German fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_India" title="Fashion in India">Indian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Iranian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_fashion" title="Israeli fashion">Israeli fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria" title="Fashion in Nigeria">Nigerian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Russian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea" title="Fashion in South Korea">South Korean fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Swedish fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing" title="History of Thai clothing">Thai fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnamese clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_activism" title="Fashion activism">Fashion activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">Anti-fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement" title="Anti-sweatshop movement">Anti-sweatshop movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">Circular fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion" title="Zero-waste fashion">Zero-waste fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion" title="Ballet and fashion">Ballet and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe" title="Capsule wardrobe">Capsule wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion" title="Chinoiserie in fashion">Chinoiserie in fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undress_code" title="Undress code">Undress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_victim" title="Fashion victim">Fashion victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/48px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/64px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="View this 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art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/100px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/150px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/200px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1646" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_adult_education" title="Environmental adult education">adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts-based_environmental_education" title="Arts-based environmental education">arts-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">Environmental interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environmental journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_education" title="Outdoor education">Outdoor education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">ethic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> 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