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id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Emain_Macha&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emain Macha">Emain Macha</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with the town of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navan">Navan</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Meath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>. </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p><b>Navan Fort</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish language">Old Irish</a>: <i lang="sga">Emain Macha</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[ˈeṽənʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈṽaxə]</a></span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language">Modern Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Eamhain Mhacha</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˌəunʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈwaxə]</a></span>) is an ancient ceremonial monument near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armagh">Armagh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. According to tradition it was one of the great <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_sites_of_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal sites of Ireland">royal sites</a> of pre-Christian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> and the capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulaid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulaid">Ulaidh</a>. It is a large circular hilltop enclosure—marked by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henge">bank and ditch</a>—inside which is a circular mound and the remains of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tumulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tumulus">ring barrow</a>. Archeological investigations show that there were once buildings on the site, including a huge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouse</a>-like structure that has been likened to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple">temple</a>. In a ritual act, this timber structure was filled with stones, deliberately burnt down and then covered with earth to create the mound which stands today. It is believed that Navan was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_polytheism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">pagan</a> ceremonial site and was regarded as a sacred space. It features prominently in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>, especially in the tales of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a>. According to the <i>Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i>, "the [Eamhain Mhacha] of myth and legend is a far grander and mysterious place than archeological excavation supports".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox vcard"> <caption class="infobox-title fn org"> Navan Fort </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Navan_Fort,_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan_Fort%2C_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg/220px-Navan_Fort%2C_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan_Fort%252C_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg/330px-Navan_Fort%252C_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan_Fort%252C_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg/440px-Navan_Fort%252C_County_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="422"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> Navan Fort or Eamhain Mhacha </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <div style="width:250px;padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;width:250px"> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Navan Fort is located in Northern Ireland"><img alt="Navan Fort is located in Northern Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_Northern_Ireland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1026"></a></span> <div class="od notheme" style="top:70.129%;left:53.426%;font-size:91%"> <div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Navan Fort"><img alt="Navan Fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%2528red%2529.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%2528red%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%2528red%2529.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%2528red%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.2em"> Location of the site in Northern Ireland </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th> <td class="infobox-data label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DNavan_Fort%26params%3D54_20_53_N_6_41_50_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°20′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°41′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.34806°N 6.69722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.34806; -6.69722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Navan Fort is the heart of the larger 'Navan complex', which also includes the ancient sites of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haughey%27s_Fort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haughey's Fort">Haughey's Fort</a> (an earlier hilltop enclosure), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King%27s_Stables?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King's Stables">King's Stables</a> (a manmade ritual pool) and Loughnashade (a natural lake that has yielded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Votive_offering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a>).</p> <p>The name <i>Eamhain Mhacha</i> has been interpreted as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macha">Macha</a>'s twins" or "Macha's brooch", referring to a local goddess. 'Navan' is an anglicisation of the Irish <i>An Eamhain</i>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Construction_and_early_history"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Construction and early history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Purpose"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Purpose</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_Irish_mythology"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In Irish mythology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conservation_and_tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Conservation and tourism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Texts"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Texts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The Irish name of Navan Fort is <i>Eamhain Mhacha</i>, from Old Irish: <i>Emain Macha</i>. The second element refers to the goddess Macha, for whom nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armagh">Armagh</a> (<i>Ard Mhacha</i>) is also named. However, the overall meaning of the name is unclear. It has been interpreted as "Macha's twins" or "Macha's pair" (possibly referring to the two features on the hilltop, or to Navan Fort and another nearby monument),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as "Macha's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_brooch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic brooch">brooch</a>" (possibly referring to the shape of the monument). There are tales that try to explain how the name came about. In the second century AD, Greek geographer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> noted a place called <i>Isamnion</i> somewhere in southeastern Ulster. Some scholars believe this refers to <i>Emain</i>, and Gregory Toner has derived it from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> <i>*isa-mon</i> ("holy mound"). Others believe it refers to a place on the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><i>Eamhain Mhacha</i>, and its short form <i>An Eamhain</i>, was anglicised as 'Owenmagh', 'Nawan' and eventually 'Navan'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Navan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan.jpg/220px-Navan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan.jpg/220px-Navan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan.jpg/330px-Navan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Navan.jpg/440px-Navan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Navan Fort seen from the outer bank, the 40-metre mound in the background </figcaption> </figure> <p>Navan Fort, sometimes called <b>Navan Rath</b>, is a State Care Historic Monument in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Townland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Townland">townland</a> of Navan. It is on a low hill about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armagh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armagh">Armagh</a> (at grid ref. area H847 452).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site consists of a circular enclosure 250 metres (820 feet) in diameter, marked by a large bank and ditch encircling the hill. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henge">ditch is on the inside</a>, suggesting the earthwork was symbolic rather than defensive. Inside the enclosure two monuments are visible. North-west of centre is an earthen mound 40 metres (130 feet) in diameter and 6 metres (20 feet) high. South-east of centre is the circular impression of a ring-barrow, about 30 metres (98 feet) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-navan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-navan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Construction_and_early_history">Construction and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Construction and early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NavanFortIronAge_(2).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG/220px-NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG/220px-NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG/330px-NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG/440px-NavanFortIronAge_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Small-scale reconstruction of the circular building that once sat on the site of the mound </figcaption> </figure> <p>Flint tools and shards of pottery show activity at the site in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (c. 4000 to 2500 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the eighth century BC (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Ireland">Bronze Age</a>), a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timber_circle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timber circle">ring of timber poles</a> was raised at the western site, where the high mound now stands. It was 35m in diameter and surrounded by a ring ditch with an eastern entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ditch was 45 metres (148 feet) in diameter, 5 metres (16 feet) wide and 1 metre (3.3 feet) deep. In the fourth century BC (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Ireland">Iron Age</a>) a new wooden structure was built on the same spot. It was a round building attached to a bigger round enclosure, making a figure-of-eight shape, both with eastern entrances. The larger ring of the figure-of-eight was 30 metres (98 feet) in diameter, the smaller about 20 metres (66 feet). The smaller building had a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hearth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hearth">hearth</a>. The structure has been interpreted as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouse</a> with an attached yard or pen, or a building with an attached enclosure for rituals. Finds suggest that at this time the site was occupied by someone of high standing such as a king, chieftain or druid.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chape">chape</a>, a finely-decorated pin and the skull of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbary_macaque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary monkey</a>, which was likely a pet that was either imported or given as a gift.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure was rebuilt several times over the following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the first century BC, a huge timber roundhouse-like structure was built on the same spot. It was 40 metres in diameter and consisted of an outer wall and four inner rings of posts (probably holding up a roof), which circled a huge central pillar.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oak">oak</a> pillar has been dated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dendrochronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> to the year 95 BC<sup id="cite_ref-navan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-navan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> and could have stood about 13 metres tall.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building had a western entrance, toward the setting sun, which suggests it was not a dwelling. A ditch and bank were dug around it. There is evidence that the huge ditch and bank that encircles the hill was dug at about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-dating_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dating-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Not long after it was built, the building was filled with thousands of stones, to a height of nearly 3 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stone <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cairn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cairn">cairn</a> was flat-topped and split into wedges, resembling a spoked wheel when seen from above. There is some evidence that the stones came from an older monument in the area, perhaps a passage tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was then deliberately burnt down before being covered in a mound of earth. It was made up of many soil types, suggesting that soil was brought from surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is archaeological evidence for similar repeated building and burning at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hill_of_Tara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hill of Tara">Tara</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Ailinne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dún Ailinne">Dún Ailinne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-navan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup></p> <p>In the first or second century BC, a figure-of-eight structure was also built at the eastern site. It was similar to those at the western site and may have been built around the same time as the mound.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger ring was 30 metres (98 feet) in diameter, the smaller about 20 metres (66 feet). This figure-of-eight structure was then cleared away and replaced by another round wooden structure. It was double-walled, had a central hearth and an eastern entrance. Two graves were found just outside the entrance. This structure was in turn replaced by a ring-barrow: a round mound, usually raised over a burial, surrounded by a ditch and bank.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Purpose" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>It is believed that the creation of the mound was a ritual act, but its meaning is unclear and there are several theories. The timber building may have been built only as a temporary structure to be burned, or it may have briefly served as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple">temple</a> before its ritual destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-dating_10-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dating-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars suggest that the event was a sacrificial offering to the gods and that the structure was symbolically given to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a> by being ritually burned and buried. Dr Chris Lynn has likened it to the '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wicker_man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wicker man">wicker man</a>' rite allegedly carried out by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, in which a large wooden effigy is burned with a living sacrifice inside.<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the huge outer bank and ditch was made to mark out the hilltop as a sacred space. It could also have been seen as a way of containing the power of the Otherworld within that space.<sup id="cite_ref-warner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-warner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Dr Richard Warner suggests that the mound was made to be a conduit between this world and the Otherworld.<sup id="cite_ref-warner_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-warner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be an attempt to replicate an ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tumulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tumulus">burial mound</a> (<i>sídhe</i>), which were believed to be portals to the Otherworld and the homes of ancestral gods.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes the mound was made as a platform on which druids would perform ceremonies and on which kings would be crowned, while drawing power and authority from the gods and ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-warner_13-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-warner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>It is possible that each part of the monument represents something. The stones inside the wooden structure may represent souls in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tech_Duinn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech Duinn">house of the dead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the souls of fallen warriors in their equivalent of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valhalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that the monument symbolizes a union of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">three main classes of society</a>: druids (the wooden frame), warriors (the stones) and farmers (the soil).<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central pillar could also represent the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_pillar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World pillar">world pillar</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World tree">world tree</a> linking the sky, the earth and the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radial pattern of the stone cairn may represent the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taranis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taranis">sun wheel</a>, a symbol associated with Celtic sun or sky deities.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Dr Lynn writes: "It seems reasonable to suggest that, in the beginning of the first century BC, Navan was an otherworld place, the home of the gods and goddesses. It was a Celtic tribe's sanctuary, its capitol, its sacred symbol of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereignty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and cohesion".<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_11-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A recent study used remote sensing (including lidar, photogrammatry, and magnetic gradiometry) to map the site, and found evidence of Iron Age and medieval buildings underground, which co-author Patrick Gleeson says suggests that Navan Fort was "an incredibly important religious center and a place of paramount sacral and cultural authority in later prehistory".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="In_Irish_mythology">In Irish mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In Irish mythology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NavanFortIronAge_(5).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG/220px-NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG/220px-NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG/330px-NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG/440px-NavanFortIronAge_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Reconstructed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouse</a> at the Navan Fort centre </figcaption> </figure> <p>In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster_Cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>, Emain Macha is the royal capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulaid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulaid">Ulaidh</a>, the people who gave their name to the province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. It is the residence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conchobar mac Nessa">Conchobar mac Nessa</a>, king of Ulster. He is said to have had a warrior training school at Emain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conchobar's great hall at Emain was called by medieval writers <i>in Chraebruad</i> (the red-branched or red-poled edifice), and his royal warriors are named the Red Branch Knights in English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Emain Macha is said to have been named after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macha">Macha</a>, who is believed to have been a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereignty_goddess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereignty goddess">sovereignty goddess</a> of the Ulaidh.<sup id="cite_ref-O_hOgain_-_Macha_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-O_hOgain_-_Macha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tale says that Macha, queen of the Ulaidh, forced her enemy's sons to dig the great bank-and-ditch after marking it out with her neck-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_brooch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic brooch">brooch</a> (<i>eomuin</i>), hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-O_hOgain_-_Macha_18-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-O_hOgain_-_Macha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another tale, Macha is the fairy wife of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cruinniuc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cruinniuc">Crunnchu</a>. Despite promising not to speak of her, Crunnchu boasts that his wife can outrun the king's horses. The king forces the pregnant Macha to race the horses. She wins, but then gives birth to twins on the finish line. Before dying in childbirth, she curses the Ulstermen to be overcome with the exhaustion of childbirth at the time of their greatest need. This is a fore-tale of the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></i> (Cattle Raid of Cooley). The name Emain Macha is thus explained as "Macha's twins".<sup id="cite_ref-O_hOgain_-_Macha_18-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-O_hOgain_-_Macha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annals of the Four Masters">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i> says that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Collas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Collas">Three Collas</a> conquered the area in 331 AD, burning Emain Macha and driving the Ulaidh eastwards over the River Bann. Another tradition is that Emain Macha was destroyed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a>, or his sons, in the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Many other characters from Irish mythology are associated with Emain Macha, including:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amergin_mac_Eccit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amergin mac Eccit">Amergin</a> the poet</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a>, the great warrior</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emer">Emer</a>, his strong-willed and beautiful bride</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conall_Cernach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conall Cernach">Conall Cernach</a>, his foster-brother and close friend</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%B3egaire_B%C3%BAadach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lóegaire Búadach">Lóegaire</a>, another warrior</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathbad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathbad">Cathbad</a>, the chief druid</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fergus mac Róich">Fergus mac Róich</a>, another great warrior and king</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deirdre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deirdre">Deirdre</a> of the Sorrows, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naoise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naoise">Naoise</a>, her brave lover</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leabharcham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leabharcham">Leabharcham</a>, the wise woman</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Conservation_and_tourism">Conservation and tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Conservation and tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_the_Navan_Fort_Armagh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1516235.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Entrance to the Navan Fort visitors centre </figcaption> </figure> <p>Until 1985, the site was threatened by the growth of a nearby limestone quarry. Due mostly to the efforts of the activist group Friends of Navan, a public inquiry held that year halted further quarrying, and recommended that Navan be developed for tourism. A visitor centre, featuring artefacts and audio-visual exhibitions, was opened in 1993, but closed in 2001 for lack of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reopened in 2005 after the site was bought by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armagh_City_and_District_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armagh City and District Council">Armagh City and District Council</a>.</p> <p>Other significant prehistoric sites nearby include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haughey%27s_Fort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haughey's Fort">Haughey's Fort</a>, an earlier Bronze Age hill fort two-thirds of a mile (1 km) to the west; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King%27s_Stables?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King's Stables">King's Stables</a>, a manmade pool also dating to the Bronze Age; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Loughnashade&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Loughnashade (page does not exist)">Loughnashade</a>, a natural lake which has yielded Iron Age artefacts.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Eamhain Mhacha is the name of an Irish traditional music group formed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish heavy metal band <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waylander_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waylander (band)">Waylander</a> also has a song called "Emain Macha" on their 1998 album <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reawakening_Pride_Once_Lost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reawakening Pride Once Lost">Reawakening Pride Once Lost</a></i>.</p> <p>"Emain Macha" is the name of a place in the computer games <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dark_Age_of_Camelot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dark Age of Camelot">Dark Age of Camelot</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mabinogi_(video_game)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mabinogi (video game)">Mabinogi</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Bard%27s_Tale_(2004_video_game)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Bard's Tale (2004 video game)">The Bard's Tale</a></i>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></i> ("Is this a fairy host in Eamhain Mhacha?") – an Irish poem dated to the late 16th century.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop2004" class="citation book cs1">MacKillop, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DU-O0wzFcu2gC%26pg%3DPA181"><i>A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860967-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860967-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Celtic+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860967-4&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-O0wzFcu2gC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Conor. "The making of a royal site in early Ireland". <i>The Past in the Past: the Re-use of Ancient Monuments</i>. Edited by Richard Bradley & Howard Williams. Routledge, 1998. p.139</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, Richard (2013). "Ptolemy's Isamnion promontory: rehabilitation and identification". <i>Emania – Bulletin of the Navan Research Group</i>, Issue 21. pp.21-29</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry%3D10437">Navan, Co Armagh</a>. PlaceNamesNI.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722033155/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/state_care_monuments_2007.pdf">"Navan Fort"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environment and Heritage Service NI – State Care Historic Monuments</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/state_care_monuments_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Heritage+Service+NI+%E2%80%93+State+Care+Historic+Monuments&rft.atitle=Navan+Fort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehsni.gov.uk%2Fstate_care_monuments_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-navan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-navan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-navan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-navan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn2003" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Chris (2003). <i>Navan Fort: Archaeology and Myth</i>. Spain: Wordwell Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-869857-67-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-869857-67-4"><bdi>1-869857-67-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navan+Fort%3A+Archaeology+and+Myth&rft.place=Spain&rft.pub=Wordwell+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-869857-67-4&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-halpin-newman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-halpin-newman_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andy Halpin & Conor Newman. <i>Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide to Sites from Earliest Times to AD 1600</i>. Oxford University Press, 2006. pp.95-98</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://irisharchaeology.ie/2014/05/a-barbary-ape-skull-from-navan-fort-co-armagh/">"A Barbary Ape Skull from Navan Fort, Co. Armagh"</a>. Irish Archaeology. 19 May 2014.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A New History of Ireland, Vol 1</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005. p.167</span></li> <li id="cite_note-dating-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dating_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dating_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._P._Mallory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. P. Mallory">James Patrick Mallory</a>, David Brown & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_Baillie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mike Baillie">Mike Baillie</a> (1999). "Dating Navan Fort". <i>Antiquity</i>, Volume 73, Issue 280. pp.427-431</span></li> <li id="cite_note-lynn-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lynn_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn, Chris. "Navan Fort: Home of Gods and Goddesses?". <i>Archaeology Ireland</i>, Volume 7, Issue 1. 1993. pp.17-21</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallory, James Patrick (2002). "Recent excavations and speculations on the Navan complex". <i>Antiquity</i>, Volume 76, Issue 292. pp.532-541</span></li> <li id="cite_note-warner-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-warner_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-warner_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-warner_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, Richard (2000). "Keeping out the Otherworld: The internal ditch at Navan and other Iron Age hengiform enclosures". <i>Emania – Bulletin of the Navan Research Group</i>, Issue 18. pp.39-42</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggel2020" class="citation news cs1">Geggel, Laura (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livescience.com/iron-age-temples-medieval-kings-ireland.html">"Massive ancient temple complex may lurk beneath famous Northern Ireland fort"</a>. <i>LiveScience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LiveScience.com&rft.atitle=Massive+ancient+temple+complex+may+lurk+beneath+famous+Northern+Ireland+fort&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Geggel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Firon-age-temples-medieval-kings-ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleesonQueen's_University_BelfastOthersCitationNeededc._2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gleeson P, Queen's University Belfast, Others, CitationNeeded (c. 2020). "Citation Needed". <i>Citation Needed</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Citation+Needed&rft.atitle=Citation+Needed&rft.aulast=Gleeson&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.au=Others&rft.au=CitationNeeded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hÓgáin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_h%C3%93g%C3%A1in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dáithí Ó hÓgáin">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí</a> (1991). <i>Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+Legend+%26+Romance%3A+An+encyclopaedia+of+the+Irish+folk+tradition&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=%C3%93+h%C3%93g%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ó hÓgáin, p.413</span></li> <li id="cite_note-O_hOgain_-_Macha-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-O_hOgain_-_Macha_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-O_hOgain_-_Macha_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-O_hOgain_-_Macha_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hÓgáin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_h%C3%93g%C3%A1in?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dáithí Ó hÓgáin">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí</a> (1991). <i>Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition</i>. Prentice Hall. pp. 284–285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+Legend+%26+Romance%3A+An+encyclopaedia+of+the+Irish+folk+tradition&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=%C3%93+h%C3%93g%C3%A1in&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing2013" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy (2013). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Northern Europe</i>. Routledge. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Northern+Europe&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender2001" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Barabara (2001). "The Politics of the Past: Emain Macha (Navan), Northern Ireland". In Layton, Robert (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/destructionconse00layt"><i>Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property</i></a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/destructionconse00layt/page/n215">199</a>–209. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21695-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21695-8"><bdi>0-415-21695-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+the+Past%3A+Emain+Macha+%28Navan%29%2C+Northern+Ireland&rft.btitle=Destruction+and+Conservation+of+Cultural+Property&rft.pages=199-209&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21695-8&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Barabara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdestructionconse00layt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DMOEaLoHj4EE">"Reels at Fleadh Tullamore 2009"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YouTube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Reels+at+Fleadh+Tullamore+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMOEaLoHj4EE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emain_Macha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://daoc.shadowsedge.org/emain.php">Shadows Edge – DAOC – Emain – Dark Age of Camelot New Frontiers Map</a></span></li> </ol> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton,_R.1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Hutton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, R.</a> (1991). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pagan_Religions_of_the_Ancient_British_Isles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles"><i>Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-063118946-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-063118946-6"><bdi>978-063118946-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-063118946-6&rft.au=Hutton%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavan+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050610073737/http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~dc920/bricriu.html">Bricriu's Feast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DU-O0wzFcu2gC%26q%3Demain%2Bmacha%26pg%3DPA181">Oxford Dictionary of Celtic Mythology</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emain_Macha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emain Macha">Emain Macha</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://visitarmagh.com/places-to-explore/navan-centre-fort/">Navan Centre & Fort</a> – Official site at Visit Armagh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402022244/http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/navanforteng.pdf">Navan Fort</a> – information at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Environment_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Ireland Environment Agency">Northern Ireland Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.navan-research-group.org/index.html">Navan Research Group</a> – official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4075872.stm">"High Hopes for NI Tourist Centre"</a> (BBC News)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/emain_macha.shtml">BBC Timelines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011041448/http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/places/monuments/navan.shtml">Environment and Heritage Service page on Navan Fort, with photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Assets/Photo_albums/Eleven/pages/Navan_Fort.html">Geography in Action: Navan Fort</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018014150/http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Assets/Photo_albums/Eleven/pages/Navan_Fort.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.miotas.org/article.cfm?id%3DEmain_Macha">The Mysterious Ritual at Emain Macha in 94BC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222204559/http://www.miotas.org/article.cfm?id%3DEmain_Macha">Archived</a> 22 December 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Navan_Fort&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Dimadick" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730623162"> <span>Last edited on 3 November 2024, at 08:39</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0" title="Эмайн Маха – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эмайн Маха" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Macha" title="Emain Macha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emain Macha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamhain_Mhacha" title="Eamhain Mhacha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eamhain Mhacha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navan_Fort" title="Navan Fort – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Navan Fort" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Macha" title="Emain Macha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emain Macha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Macha" title="Emain Macha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emain Macha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamhain_Mhacha" title="Eamhain Mhacha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eamhain Mhacha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamhain_Mhacha" title="Eamhain Mhacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eamhain Mhacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2597%2590%25EB%25B2%2588_%25EB%25B0%2594%25ED%2597%2588" title="에번 바허 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에번 바허" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Macha" title="Emain Macha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emain Macha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Macha" title="Emain Macha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emain Macha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Navan" title="Fort Navan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fort Navan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_Navan" title="Forte Navan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forte Navan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0" title="Эмайн Маха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмайн Маха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Macha" title="Emain Macha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emain Macha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navanin_linnoitus" title="Navanin linnoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Navanin linnoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD-%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0" title="Емайн-Маха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емайн-Маха" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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