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without committing to full-time study.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="block-ole-ng-content-featured-content" class="openlearnng-block openlearnng-block-ole_ng_content block block-ole-ng-content" > <div class="openlearnng-blockcontent"> <div class="home-list-lastest lastest "> <div class="lastest-main simple-block container "> <div class="lastest-top"> <h2> <p>Discover what you can learn with our most popular collections</p> </h2> </div> <div class="lastest-bottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 color-pink"> <div class="ser-grid" dir="ltr"> <div class="ser-grid-item"> <span class="img_permissions" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="img_permissions_icon emulate-link-focus copyright-icon copyright-free"> <img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme_openlearnng/1742374402/icon-copyright-free" alt="Copyright free Icon"/> </span> <span class="img_permissions_text"> <span 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href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/employability-hub"> Employability Hub </a> </h3> <p class="dotdot content-text">Welcome, in this hub you鈥檒l find a range of FREE resources that may help you develop your employability. It is searchable by the ten components of the OU鈥檚 Employability Framework.</p> </div> </div> <div class="box-bottom clearfix"> <div class="type"> <div class="type-inner "> <div class="icons icon-collections"></div> <span>Collection</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 color-pink"> <div class="ser-grid" dir="ltr"> <div class="ser-grid-item"> <span class="img_permissions" aria-hidden="true"> <span class="img_permissions_icon emulate-link-focus copyright-icon creative-commons"> <img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme_openlearnng/1742374402/icon-creative-commons" alt="Creative commons Icon"/> </span> <span class="img_permissions_text"> <span class="openlearn-hide"></span> </span> </span> <div class="box-image"> <span class="not-bibblio-content"> <img class="img-responsive" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/4374476/tool_ocwmanage/image/0/thumbnail_Young%20woman%20studying.jpg" alt="How to quickly sharpen up your study skills" data-copyright-type="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme_openlearnng/1742374402/icon-creative-commons" data-copyright-text="Photo%20by%20Liza%20Summer%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pexels.com%2Fphoto%2Fyoung-focused-woman-writing-in-planner-while-using-laptop-6348140%2F%20under%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.org%2Flicenses%2Fby-sa%2F4.0%22%20target%3D%22_blank%22%3ECreative%20Commons%20BY-SA-4.0%3C%2Fa%3E%20license"> </span> <span class="box-info"> <span title="Article" class="icons icon-ole_article"> <span class="screen-reader">article icon</span> </span> </span> </div> <div class="box-content init-height"> <p class="subject-name">Education & Development</p> <div class="desc"> <h3 class="content-title "> <a class="dotdot not-bibblio-content" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/sharpen-your-study-skills"> How to quickly sharpen up your study skills </a> </h3> <p class="dotdot content-text">OpenLearn has a host of short content to help you improve your study skills and learn useful knowledge and information. 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